CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

CHAPTER 3:
THE MOLE CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecules

Relative Atomic Mass Of an element Relative Atomic Mass Of an molecule

(RAM) (RMM)
Definition The average mass of an atom of the element The average mass of molecule compared to
compared to 1/12 of the mass of one 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
carbon-12 atom.

Fomulae
Average mass of an atom of the element Average mass of molecule
1/12 x mass of one carbon-12 atom. 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12 atom.

Example

Question
(OBJECTIVE)

RAM He is 4 means that: RMM H20 is 18 means that:

Average Mass of 1 atom of Helium is 4 times Mass of H20 is 18 times

the mass 1/12 carbon-12 atom the mass 1/12 carbon-12 atom

Why use Carbon -12 as standard??

1. Solid at room 2. Carbon-12 easily combines with 3. Found in most

temperature, so can other elements substanances
handled easily

Question
(OBJECTIVE)

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

No Element Symbol Relative No Element Symbol Relative

Atomic Mass Atomic Mass
1 Aluminium Al 27 21 Copper Cu 64
2 Silver Ag 108 22 Lithium Li 7
3 Argon Ar 40 23 Magnesium Mg 24
4 Barium Ba 137 24 Manganese Mn 24
5 Beryllium Be 9 25 Sodium Na 23
6 Boron B 11 26 Neon Ne 20
7 Bromine Br 80 27 Nickel Ni 59
8 Iron Fe 56 28 Nitrogen N 14
9 Fluorine F 19 29 Oxygen O 16
10 Phosphorus P 31 30 Lead Pb 207
11 Helium He 4 31 Rubidium Rb 85.5
12 Hydrogen H 1 32 Caesium Cs 133
13 Iodine I 127 33 Silicon Si 28
14 Potassium K 39 34 Scandium Sc 45
15 Calcium Ca 40 35 Tin Sn 119
16 Carbon C 12 36 Sulphur S 32
17 Chlorine Cl 35.5 37 Titanium Ti 48
18 Cobalt Co 59 38 Vanadium V 51
19 Crypton Kr 84 39 Xenon Xe 131
20 Chromium Cr 52 40 Zinc Zn 65

HOW TO CALCULATE RELATIVE MOLECULE MASS

Zn(OH)2 K4Fe (CN)6.3H20

Question
Answer: Answer: (OBJECTIVE)
=65 + 2(12 +1) =4 (39) + 56 + 6 (12+ 14) + 3(2(1) +16)
=91 =422

You can score CHEMISTRY. Understand

concept and Do Exercises

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

3.2 Moles Concepts

Formula to calculate
mole (n)

MV
Number of particles (N) ----------------------
---------------------- 1000
mass Volume
Avogadro Constant(NA) ---------------------- ----------------------
(6.02 X 1023) Molar Mass Molar Volume

Vm (rt)= 24 dm3mol-1
Vm (stp)= 22.4 dm3mol-1

Calculate number of Particles

Question
A gas jar is filled with 2 moles of oxygen gas, O2 (OBJECTIVE)
a) How many molecules of oxygen b) How many atoms of oxygen are there in the gas jar?
are there in the gas jar?
Solution: Solution:
N = n X NA N = n X NA
= 2 X 6.02X 1023 = 2 X 6.02X 1023 X 2 (Because 1 molecule O2 = 2 atoms Oxygen)
= 1.204 X 1023 = 2.408 X 1024

How many molecules are there in 672 cm2 of hydrogen gas, H2 at STP?

Step 1 : Find mole (n) = (672 /1000) dm3 ÷ 22.4 dm3

= 0.03 mol

Step 2: Find unknown ( Number of molecule) = n X NA

= 0.03 X (6.02 X 1023)
= 1.806 X 1022 molecules

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

3.3 Chemical Formula

Meaning: Chemical Formula is a representation of a chemical

substance using alphabets to represent the atoms of subscript
numbers to show the number of each the of atom found in the
elementary entities of the substances.

Cation Formula of cation Anion Formula of Anion

Sodium ion Na+ ion Chloride ion Cl- ion
Potassium ion K+ ion Bromide ion Br- ion
Silver ion Ag+ ion Iodide ion I- ion
Ammonium ion NH4+ ion Hydroxide ion OH- ion
Calcium ion Ca2+ ion Nitrate ion NO3- ion
Magnesium ion Mg2+ ion Manganate (VII) ion MnO4- ion
Zinc ion Zn2+ ion Oxide ion O2- Ion
Lead(II) ion Pb2+ ion Carbonate ion CO32- ion
Copper(II) ion Cu2+ ion Sulphate ion SO42- ion
Iron(II) ion Fe2+ ion Thiosulphate ion S2O3 2- ion
Iron (III) ion Fe3+ ion Dichromate (VI) ion Cr2O7 2- ion
Aluminium ion Al3+ ion Phosphate PO43- ion

How to create chemical formula

Aluminium carbonate???

Aluminium ion carbonate ion

Al3+ ion CO32- ion
Symbol Al CO3
Charge 3 2

Answer: Al2 (CO3)3

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

3.3 Chemical Formula

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

Chemical Formula that shows the simplest Chemical Formula that shows the actual
ratio of the number of atoms of each number of the number of atoms of each Question
element in a compound element in a molecule of a compound
Propene = CH2 Propene = C3H6

How to calculate:

Hydrocarbons consists of carbon and hydrogen. 5.7 g of hydrocarbon contains 4.8g of carbon. If the
relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 114, determine its molecular formula

Answer:

To calculate empirical Formula, use table

Element C H
Mass (g) 4.8 g 5.7-4.8= 0.9 g
Number of mole (mole) 4.8 0.9
----- = 0.4 mol ------ = 0.9 mol
12 1
Ratio 0.4 0.9
------ =1 ----- = 2.25
0.4 0.4

Simplest ratio 1x4=4 2.25 x 4 =9

Empirical Formula C4H9

Molecular Formula

(C4H9 ) n = 114

(4 (12) +9 (1) ) n =114

57 n =114

n =114 /57
Question
n= 2

Molecular Formula : (C4H9 ) n = ( C4H9 ) 2

Molecular Formula = C8H18

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CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation
Experiment Empirical Formula
More reactive metal than
Hydrogen (Al, Mg)
1. Weigh and record the mass of a
crucible together with its lids
2. Rub 10 cm magnesium ribbon
with a sand paper until shiny. Coil
the magnesium ribbon and put it in
the crucible.
3. Weigh and record the mass of
the crucible together with its lied
and the coil of magnesium ribbon
4. Heat the crucible without lid
5. When magnesium ribbon starts
to burn, close the crucible with its
lid.
6. Using a pair of tongs, lift the lid
slightly from time to time and
quickly place it back.
7. When the burning of magnesium
ribbon is complete, take off the lid
and heat the crucible with high
temperature for 1 to 2 minute.
8. Put back the lid of the crucible
and allow it cool to room
temperature.
9. Weigh the mass of crucible
together with its lids and its
contents again.
10. Repeat the heating, cooling and
weighing process until a constant
mass is obtained.
11. Record the constant mass
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)
Less reactive metal than Hydrogen (Cu, Pb)
1. Weigh the mass of 12 cm glass tube using an electronic
balance and record its mass.
2. Put some copper (II) oxide powder into the glass tube. Use
wooden splinter to move copper (II) oxide powder into the
middle of the glass tube. Weigh the mass of the glass tube
together with its contents and record the mass.
3. Fill 2/3 of boiling tube with water.
4. Close boiling tube with a rubber stopper that has a 12 cm
glass tube. Clamp the boiling tube onto the retort stand.
5. Insert a few granules into another boiling tube. Add 1.0
moldm-3 hydrochloric acid into the boiling tube until it is 1/3
full.
6. Close the boiling tube with rubber stopper that has a 10 cm
glass tube. Clamp the boiling tube onto the other retort stand.
7. Connect the glass tube that contains copper (II) oxide
powder as diagram.
8. Let the hydrogen flow for 10 seconds by allowing the air
bubbles to be released in the water before starting the heating
process.
9. Heat the copper (II) oxide using spirit lamp with continuous
flow of hydrogen has through the glass tube.
10. Stop the heating when the black colour of Copper (II) oxide
turns brown completely.
11. Keep a continuous flow a hydrogen gas until the glass tube
is cooled back to room temperature
12. Remove the glass tube that contains brown powder.
Eliminate water drops at the end of the glass tube with a
cotton bad.
13. Weigh the mass of the glass tube together with its contents
and record its mass.
14. Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing processes from
steps 9 to 13 until a constant mass reading is obtained.
15. Record the constant mass
PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA
CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

More reactive metal than Hydrogen (Al, Mg) Less reactive metal than Hydrogen (Cu,Pb,Fe)
Data: Data:
Description Mass (g) Description Mass (g)
Crucible + lid Glass tube
Crucible + Lid + Mg ribbon Glass Tube + Copper (II) oxide
Crucible + Lid + Mg Oxide Class tube + Copper
Copper
Oxygen

Observation: Grey solid (Mg) turn to white (MgO) Observation: Black (CuO) turn to brown(Cu)

Chemical Equation: Chemical Equation:

2 Mg + O2 → 2MgO Zn+ 2HCl → ZnCl2 +H2
CuO +H2 → Cu +H2O
2H2 + O2 → H2O
Precautionary Step: Precautionary Step:

1) Rub 10 cm magnesium ribbon with a sand paper 1. Let the hydrogen flow for 10 seconds by
until shiny → to get rid the layer of magnesium allowing the air bubbles to be released in the
oxide. water before starting the heating process→ to
remove all air or oxygen gas in the glass tube.
2) When magnesium ribbon starts to burn, close This is because a mixture of hydrogen and air
the crucible with its lid. → to reduce magnesium can cause an explosion when ignited.
oxide from being released into surrounding in
the form of white smoke. 2. Keep a continuous flow a hydrogen gas until
the glass tube is cooled back to room
3) Using a pair of tongs, lift the lid slightly from temperature → to prevent oxidation of copper
time to time and quickly place it back. → to allow to form copper (II) oxide again.
oxygen from outside to enter so that the burning
process of magnesium occurs continously. 3. The glass tube needs to be dipped into the
water in the test tube → to prevent outside air
4) Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing from entering into the glass tube during the
process until a constant mass→ to ensure that the heating if the flow of hydrogen gas is stopped.
reaction is completed
4) Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing
process until a constant mass→ to ensure that
the reaction is completed .

Question

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

3.4 Chemical Equation

How to balance chemical equation??????

S

Can use method: Magic Box

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

How to solve calculation in Chemical

Equation???

Just try Do It
Burning of Aluminium in air is as follows:

4Al + 3O2 → 2Al203

What is the mass of aluminium oxide produced if 5.4g of aluminium is burnt completely in air?

[Relative atomic mass: O=16, Al=27]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How to solve??

Unknown value Known Value

Chemical Formula Involved 2Al203 4Al
Mole (n) calculation y 5.4
-------- = 0.2 mol
27
Mole (n) equation 2 4
Relationship
y =0.2
---- -----
2 4

4 y= 0.2 x 2
4 y= 0.4
Y = 0.4 /4 =0.1 mol
Calculate value required Mass Al203 = n x RMM
= 0.1 x (2( 27)+ 3 (16))
=10.2 g

Question PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

CHAPTER 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

RECAP

Terms Definition
1. Relative Atomic Mass Of an element The average mass of an atom of the element
(RAM)
compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12
atom.
2. Relative Atomic Mass Of an molecule The average mass of molecule compared to 1/12 of
(RMM)
the mass of one carbon-12 atom
3. Chemical Formula Chemical Formula is a representation of a chemical
substance using alphabets to represent the atoms of
subscript numbers to show the number of each the of
atom found in the elementary entities of the
substances.
4. Empirical Formula Chemical Formula that shows the simplest ratio
of the number of atoms of each element in a
compound
5. Molecular Formula Chemical Formula that shows the actual number
of the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule of a compound

You had Finished

this chapter

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA