First Law of Thermodynamics

∆ U =Q−W , where ∆ U is internal energy, Q is heat transfer, and W is work

Work done is the area under a PV diagram
3
Total translational kinetic energy = PV
2
2
3 −23 m kg
Average kinetic energy = k T k
, where B is Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 x 10
2 B 2
s K

Length of mercury thread (in thermometer) = T =

( l x −l 0
l 100 −l 0 )
, where l x is what the length

Heat transfer = Q=mc ∆ T , where m is mass (kg), c is specific heat, and ∆ T is change in temperature

For various compounds in a mixture, Q 1=Q 2=Qn

2 2
kg m kg m
W =Pt , where W is work (Joules = 2 ), P is power (Watts = 3 ), and t is time (seconds = s)
s s

Rate of energy loss = J ,

ϵ A σ T , where ϵ is emissivity, σ is Stephan Law constant 5.67 x 10
4 −8
2 4
m K
T is temperature, and A is area

PV =N k B T , where N is number of particles, and k B is Boltzmann’s constant

W =P ( A )( d ) , where A is area ( π r 2) and d is distance (m)

Thermodynamic Processes
1. Isochoric (constant volume)

Work done is zero (W =0 ¿ so (∆ U =Q )

2. Adiabatic

The heat exchange is zero (Q=0) so (∆ U =−W )

P2 V 2−P1 V 1
P1 ( V γ1 )=P 2(V γ2) and W =
1−γ
3. Isothermal (constant temperature)
V2
Change in internal energy is zero (∆ U =0) so (W =Q ), also for these processes W total =NRT ln
V1
P1
AND W total =NRT ln , where N is moles, Pi V i =Pf V f and Pi V i=nrt
P2
4. Isobaric (constant pressure)
Work done is change in volume times constant pressure (W =P ∆ V ) so (∆ U =Q−P ∆ V )
5. Free Expansion (not shown in graph)

The internal energy, heat transfer, and work done are all zero ( ∆ U =Q=W =0)
Diatomic molecules have 5 degrees of freedom

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Q
∆ S=
T
∆ Suniverse =∆ S system +∆ S surroundings

∆ S=Q ( −1
T
H
+ )
T
1
C

Q = mc∆t OR mL