Periodic table

The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups;

The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods;
The congeners of an element are the other member of its group;
An element and its congeners are generally very similar and show a gradation in properties. The
properties of sodium (Na), for example, are a good clue to the properties of its congeners in Group
I;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg-44)

Alkali metals
The elements of group I, Lithium,Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium, are
collectively called the alkali metals;
The alkali metals are all soft, silvery metals, melt at low temperature and produce hydrogen when in
contact with water;
The force of the reaction of alkali metals and water starts weak with lithium but becomes intense
while advancing to francium;
All alkali metals are stored under oil to keep them out of contact with air and moisture (because
they react with water, cesium produces an explosion in reaction with water)
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg-44)

Alkali earth metals

The elements of group II, Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium , Strontium, Barium and radium, are
collectively called alkali metals;
Calcium, Strontium and Barium react strongly enough to release hydrogen from the water,
Magnesium release hydrogen from the water only if is heated, Beryllium does not react with water
even if it is red hot.;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 44-45)

Noble gases
The elements of group VIII, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, are called Noble
gases;
The group VIII are called noble gases because they form very few compounds;
The noble gases are chemically aloof;
All the group VIII elements are colorless, odorless gases;
The noble gases exist as independent single atoms;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 45)

Halogens
The elements of group VII, most importantly fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine
(I);
Many of the properties of the halogens show a smooth variation from fluorine to iodine;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 45)

Transition metals
The elements in the part of the table that lies between Groups II and II are called the transition
metals;
The transition metals take their name from their role as a transition between the chemically active
metals of Groups I and II and the much less active metals of Groups III and IV;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 45)

Metals and nonmetals

A metal is a substance that conducts electricity, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile;
A malleable substance is one that can be hammered into thin sheets;
A ductile substance is one that can be drawn out into wires;
A nonmetal is a substance that does not conduct electricity very well and is neither malleable nor
ductile;
All gases are nonmetals;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 45-46)

Atomic mass units and atomic weights

Atomic masses are often reported as multiples of the “atomic mass unit” (amu);
Atomic mass unit is 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12;
Since the mass of a single carbon-12 is 1.9926 x 10-23g, and 1 amu is one-twelfth that mass, it
follows that: 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24
A natural sample of an element is a mixture of isotopes with different atomic masses;
The average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample is called the atomic weight (AW) of
the element;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 54-55)

Moles
The “mole” (mol) is the unit chemists use for expressing large numbers of atoms, ion, and
molecules;
One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12;
1 mol of atoms (of any element) is 6.022 x 1023 atoms of the element;
The number 6.022 x 1023 is called Avogadro’s number NA;
To obtain 1 mol of any element, we must weigh out a mass in grams equal to its atomic weight in
atomic mass units. For example, if we want 1 mol of magnesium (atomic weight of 24.31 amu), we
weigh out 24.31 g of magnesium;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 56-57)

Molar mass
The mass per mole of atoms of an element is called the molar mass of the atoms;
If the atomic weight of the element is x amu, then the molar mass of the atoms is x g/mol;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 57-58)

Compounds
A molecular compound is a compound that consists of molecules;
An ionic compound is a compound that consists of ions;
An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 59-55)

Molecules an molecular compounds

A molecule is a definite and distinct group of bonded atoms;
A molecular formula is a combination of chemical symbols and subscripts showing the number of
atoms of each element in a molecule;
A diatomic molecule is a molecule that consists of only two atoms;
A polyatomic molecule is one that consists of more than two atoms;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 59-60)

Molecular weight
The Molecular weight (MW) of a compound is the average mass of one of its molecules;
The molecular weight is calculated by adding together the atomic weights of the elements present;
If the molecular weight of the compound is x amu, the molar mass of the molecules is x g/mol.
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 60-61)
Ions and ionic compounds
An electrolyte solution is a solution that conducts electricity;
A non electrolyte solution does not conduct electricity;
A cation is a positively charged ion;
An anion is a negatively charged ion;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 62)

Cation
it easy to explain the existence of ions in terms of the nuclear atom. Since an electron has one unit
of negative charge, removing one electron from a neutral atom leaves behind a cation with one unit
of positive charge;
In groups I, II, and III of the table, the group number is the maximum (and sometimes the only)
charge number a cation can have. Thus, indium is in Group III and forms In3+ ions etc;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 62-63)

Anions
If an atom gains an extra electron,m it acquires a single negative charge and becomes an anion.
Each electron that an atom gains increases its overall negative charge by one unit;
It is helpful to note that for an element at the right of the periodic table, the charge number of the
anion it forms is equal to the group number minus 8. Thus oxygen, in Group VI, forms the oxide ion
O2- with charge number 6-8=-2. Phosphorus, in Group V, forms the phosphide ion P3- with charge
number 5-8=-3;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 63-64)

Polyatomic ions
By a polyatomic ion we mean a bonded group of atoms with an overall positive or negative charge.
Since polyatomic ions are like charged molecules, they are often called “molecular ions.”It is
important, however, to understand that the corresponding uncharged molecules might not exist;
(General chemistry, Atkins, Pg 64-65)

Ionic compound
We symbolize an ionic compound by giving a chemical formula that shows the relative number of
atoms of each element in the compound;
We omit the charges on the ions when writing a formula, but it must be remembered that the
compound consists of ions;
The relative numbers of cations and anions in an ionic compound are easy to determine, once we
know the charges of the ions present. Since the compound as a whole is electrically neutral, the
charges of the charge of the cations must be canceled by the charges of the anions.

Formula unit and formula weight

A formula unit is a group of ions that matches the formula of the compound. Thus, the formula unit
of “NaCl” consists of one Na+ ion and one Cl- ion;
The formula weight (FW) of an ionic compound is the mass of one formula unit. Like molecular
weight, it is obtained by adding together the atomic weights of the elements present in the unit.
If the formula weight of the compound is x amu, then its molar mass is x g/mol.

Capitulo 1 e nomenclatura Ajustar as def .