CONCEPT OF ATOMIC,

MOLECULAR AND
EQUIVALENT MASSES
Prepared by-
Mr. Ram Pal Sahu

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 Atoms-
Atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element that does not exist
freely in nature but takes part directly in chemical combinations.
It is divisible into proton, electron and neutrons, called as subatomic
particles.
Molecules-
A molecule is made of atoms bonded together which exist freely in nature
but does not participate directly in chemical combinations.

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 Atomic Mass-
 The average relative mass of an atom of an element as compared to 1/12th the mass
of one atom of carbon-12 (C − 12).
 In other words,
atomic mass is a number which expresses as to how many times an atom of the
element is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of carbon atom.
 Therefore,
Atomic mass = Mass of an atom of the element ÷ 1/12 th mass of one carbon atom
(C-12)
 Atomic mass is expressed in atomic mass unit (amu or u).
 Atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 th the mass of carbon atom C− 12.
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 Average Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of each isotope is determined separately and then
combined according to the ratio of their proportion of occurrence. This is
known as average atomic mass.
If an element have three isotopes with atomic masses m 1, m2 and m3 and
these occur in the ratio of x:y:z respectively.
then its average atomic mass

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 e.g. Boron occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes B 10 ,B11 with atomic
mass 10 and 11 in the ratio of 1 : 4 respectively.
Therefore, average atomic mass of boron

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 Gram Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is the gram atomic mass
or it is also called gram atom.
 e.g. the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 u, therefore gram atomic mass of
oxygen is 16 g.

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 Molecular Mass
The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the
substance is called molecular mass of the substance.
It is expressed in atomic mass unit(u).
e.g. Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2×atomic mass of hydrogen + atomic mass
of sulphur + 4×atomic mass of oxygen
= 2×1 + 32 + 16×4 = 98u

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 Gram Molecular Mass
 Molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called gram
molecular mass.
 It is also called as gram molecule,
e.g. molecular mass of N2 is 28u and its gram molecular mass is 28g.

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 Equivalent Mass or Equivalent Weight
The number of parts of a substance that combines with or displaces,
directly or indirectly, 1.008 parts by mass of hydrogen or 35.5 parts by
mass of chlorine or 8 parts by mass of oxygen is called the equivalent mass
of the substance.

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 Vapour Density
Vapour density of a gas is the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of the
gas to the mass of equal volume of hydrogen, measured under same
conditions of temperature and pressure.

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Mole
A mole is amount of substance that contains as many as particles that are
present in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope.
There are 6.022 × 1023 atoms in 12 g carbon-12.

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 Gram Molar Volume
 The volume occupied by 1 mole of a substance is called the gram molar
volume of the substance.
 The gram molar volume of perfect gas is 22.4 L at STP or NTP.
 STP or NTP means 273.15 K (0 °C) temperature and 1 bar (10 5 Pascal)
pressure.

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  In simple language: (According to IUPAC)
 STP stands for Standard Temperature and Pressure.
 NTP stands for Normal Temperature and Pressure.

 At STP: Pressure =1 bar =0.987 atm

 Temperature =273K or 0∘C

 At NTP: Pressure =1 atm

 Temperature =293K or 20∘C

 Also, 1atm=1.013bar
 1atm=76.0cm
 1atm=0.760m
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CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of an actual
chemical change,
e.g. Zn + H2SO4 -----→ ZnSO4 + H2↑

A chemical equation represents:

• Compounds taking part in the reaction.
• Products or compounds formed during the reaction.
• Catalysts used for the reaction (if any).

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 Balancing of a Chemical Equation
When the number of atoms of an element present on right hand side [RHS]
of the equation becomes equal to that of present on left hand side [LHS] of
the equation, the equation is said to balanced.

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 To balance a chemical equation, following steps are followed:

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Limiting Reagent
The substance that is completely consumed in a reaction is called limiting
reagent because it determines the amount of product.
The other reactant present in excess is called excess reagent.
e.g.

Thus, H2 is limiting reagent and O2 is excess reagent.

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 •Strength of a Solution
(i) Molarity (M)
It is the number of moles of solute present in 1L of the solution. It is denoted by
M.

e.g. 0.25 mol L−1 (or 0.25 M) solution of NaOH means that 0.25 mol of NaOH
is dissolved in 1 L

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(ii) Normality(N)
It is the number of gram equivalents of solute dissolved per litre of the solution.

e.g. 0.50 g equiv.L−1 (or 0.50 N) solution of H2SO4 means that 0.50 g equiv. of
H2SO4 is dissolved in 1 litre of solution.

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(iii) Molality(m)
It is the number of moles of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent.
It is denoted by m.

e.g. 1.00 m kg−1 (or 1.00 m) solution of KCl means that 1 mol (74.5 g) KCl
is dissolved in 1 kg of water.

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 (iv) Formality(F)
It is the number of gram formula weight of solute dissolved in 1 litre of
solution when formula weight equals to the atomic weight, then formality
equals to molarity.

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 Note-
Molality is independent of temperature whereas molarity, normality and
formality change with temperature.
This is because volume depends upon temperature and the mass do not.

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