Stoichiometric and Composition Relationships

System: A substance or a group of substances under consideration is called a system.

Surroundings: are the substances around the system under consideration.
Process: The changes that taking place within the system is termed a process. In
chemical engineering the changes that cause a physical or chemical change in material,
or changes the condition of energy

Example: Consider a combustion chamber where a fuel (natural gas) is burning in

presence of air. Here the fuel and the air which are present in the chamber are system, the
burning operation i.e. conversion of methane in to CO2 by releasing energy is the process.

Isolated System: If the boundaries of the system are limited by a mass of materials and
its energy content is completely detached from all other matter and energy. i.e. a physical
system that does not interact with its surroundings. It obeys a number of conservation
laws: its total energy and mass stay constant. They cannot enter or exit, but can only
move inside the boundaries. These systems do not exist in reality. But for a longer period
Thermos Flask can be taken as an example.

Law of conservation of mass: The law of conservation of mass or of matter states that the
mass of substances in a closed system will remain constant, no matter what processes are taking
place inside the system. Another way of stating that though matter may change form, it can be
neither created nor destroyed. The mass of the reactants must always equal the mass of the
products
This is the basis of the material balance of a process.

Ex: H2 + 1/2O2 H2O

2.0160g (2x1.0080) of hydrogen will combine with 15.9994g of oxygen to

produce 18.0154g of H2O

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
2 Al2O3(s)

4 moles of Aluminum will react with 3 moles of Oxygen to give 2 moles of

Aluminum Oxide.

108g (4x27) + 96g (3x32) 204g (2x102)

Intensive and Extensive Properties: Thermodynamic properties can be divided into two
general classes, intensive and extensive properties.
An intensive property is independent of the amount of mass.
The value of an extensive property varies directly with the mass.
 If a quantity of matter in a given state is divided into two equal parts, each part
will have the same value of intensive property as the original and half the value of the
extensive property.
Temperature, pressure, specific volume, and density are examples of intensive
properties. Mass and Total volume are examples of extensive properties.

Stoichiometry: is the part of chemistry that studies amounts of substances that are
involved in reactions. This describes the quantitative relationships between elements in
compounds and following these relationships through chemical reactions
All reactions are dependent on how much material is taken. Stoichiometry helps to find
out how much of a compound that will need or maybe how much is started with. In a
correctly written reaction mass of reactants is equals to mass of products.

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
2 Al2O3(s)

The numbers in the front are called stoichiometric coefficients

A correctly written reaction will also indicate relative volumes of those reactants and
products that are in gaseous state. This volumetric relation fallows from Avogadro’s Law
states that "equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties". This
number (Avogadro's number) is 6.023 X 1023. It is the number of molecules of any gas
present in a volume of 22.41 L and is the same for the lightest gas (hydrogen) as for a
heavy gas such as carbon dioxide or bromine.

Mole Concept

The term mole literally means a small mass. It is used as the bridge between chemistry on
the atomic and macroscopic scale.

Atomic Mass: The units in which the mass of an atom are expressed are atomic mass
units. Atomic mass units are defined in terms of the 12C isotope, which is assigned a mass
of exactly 12.000... amu.

Atomic Weight: The atomic weight of an element is the weighted average of the atomic
masses of the different isotopes of an element. Naturally occurring carbon, for example,
is a mixture of two isotopes, 12C (98.89%) and 13C (1.11 %). Individual carbon atoms
therefore have a mass of either 12.000 or 13.03354 amu. But the average mass of the
different isotopes of carbon is 12.011 amu.

Gram atom: The mass in grams of a given element that is equal numerically to its atomic
wt. is termed a “gram atom”. One gram of elements consists of equal number of atoms.

Ex: 32g of sulphur consists of exactly same number of slphur atoms that 80g of bromine
contain the bromine atoms.
 mass in grams
g .atom of an elemental subs tan ce =
atomic wt .

mass in pounds
lb. atom of an elemental subs tan ce =
atomic wt .

mass in kilo grams

kg . atom of an elemental subs tan ce =
atomic wt .

Molecular Weight: The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of the atomic
weights of the atoms in the molecules that form these compounds.

Example: The molecular weight of the sugar molecule C12H22O11 is the sum of the atomic
weights of the 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms in a sugar
molecule.

12 C atoms = 12(12.011) amu = 144.132 amu

22 H atoms = 22(1.0079) amu = 22.174 amu
11 O atoms = 11(15.9994) amu = 175.993 amu
342.299 amu

Gram Mole: The mole is a unit that is defined as 6.023 X 1023 particles. It is also equal to
the formula mass of a substance expressed in grams.

For example: 1 mole of H2O = 6.023 X 1023 molecules of H2O = 18 grams H2O

mass in grams
g .mole of a subs tan ce =
molecular wt.

mass in pounds
lb.mole of a subs tan ce =
molecular wt.
mass in kilo grams
kg .mole of a subs tan ce =
molecular wt.

Relation between mass and volume for gases: all substances in the ideal gaseous state,
1g.mole of material at standard conditions (00C, 760mmHg) occupy 22.414lt.

1.0g.mole - 22.414lt.
1.0kg.mole - 22.414m3
1.0lb.mole - 359.0cft