FINAL

(SESSION SEPTEMBER 2021)

Pharmacoepidemiology
PCL20502

LECTURER :

SEPTEMBER 2021 TIME : 3 HOURS

Instructions :
1. Candidates must read all questions carefully.
2. The examination script consists of the followings:

 Types of
Part  Instruction  Duration
Questions
A  25 (MCQ)  Answer ALL question.  45 Minutes
 2 Hours 15
B  ESSAY (Option)  Answer 3 out of 5 questions.
Minutes

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Pharmacoepidemiology

CONFIDENTIAL
PART A (MCQ)
(25 Marks)

INSTRUCTION

This part consists of TWENTY FIVE (25) questions. Answer ALL questions.

Not Available

Pharmacoepidemiology

PART B
(75 Marks)
 Duration : 2 Hours 15 Minutes

INSTRUCTION

This part consists of FIVE (5) questions. Answer THREE (3) questions only.

(Question 1)

(A)

Explain the following terms in relation to pharmacoeconomic with an example: sensitivity analysis, perspective of
analysis, cost and QALY.

(10 marks)

(B)

Data from a case-control study of 300 lung cancer and 800 community-based controls are shown below.1 Detailed
dietary data were obtained by interview. This example addresses the relation between smoking (1 box daily) and lung
cancer.

Smoking Lung cancer Total

Positive Negative

+ 250 50 300

- 250 550 800

Total 1100

i) Calculate and interpret the odd ratio.

ii) Explain FIVE (5) criteria for establishing the validity of psychiatric diagnoses. 2/4
 (15 marks)

25 marks
(Question 2)

(A)

Explain FIVE (5) basic concepts of statistic and give example based on the following abstract.

(15 marks)

(B)

Explain the steps in estimating sample size by using one example of study.

                                                                                         (10 marks)

25 marks
(Question 3)

(A)

One researcher want to evaluate the association of lung cancer and smoking in hospitalized patients by using case
control study design. Explain information bias that probably can occur in this study.

                                                                                                    (10 Marks)  

(B) 

Discuss with diagram the functions of Drug Control Authority and Malaysian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory
Committee (MADRAC) at national level and with WHO Program for international drug monitoring.

(15 Marks)

     

25 marks 3/4
(Question 4)

(A)

Explain TWO (2) methods of conducting economic evaluation with an example. 

                                                                               (10 marks)

(B)

A study to compare effectiveness of two antidiabetic drugs and outcome from treatment is more patients with more than
1% reduction of HbA1c.

Drug A Drug B

Medicine /patient RM40 RM25

Laboratory/patient RM20 RM20

Adverse Event/patient RM50 RM50

Physician/patient RM25 RM25

total RM135 RM120

Number patient per 100 treated with >1% decrease 25 19

in HbA1c

Evaluate the cost and the effectiveness of the drugs by using 3 methods and illustrate the result of cost effectiveness
analysis using appropriate diagram.

  (15 marks)

25 marks
(Question 5)

(A)

Discuss ANOVA test including types of test, when to use and the assumption to use this test.

(10 Marks)

(B)

Discuss pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacy practice is complement each other in our daily work. Discuss on how the
pharmacoepidemiology research can contribute to evidence-based medicine.

(15 Marks)

25 marks
END OF QUESTION

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