CHAPTER1

CHAPTER ANALYSIS

TIT JEE IlTJEE IITJEE JEE Advanced JEE Advanced JEE Advanced JEE Advanced JEE Advanced
I 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper
Topic 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Introduction
The International System of
Units
Measurement of Length
Measurement of Mass
Measurement of Time
Accuracy, Precision of
Instruments and Errors in I I I I I 2 I I I 2 I
Measurement
Significant Figures
Dimensions of Physical
I I
Quantities
Dimensional Formulae and
1
Dimensional Equations
Dimensional Analysis and its
I I
Applications

QUESTIONS
1. Let [E0] denote the dimensional formula of the permit­ (C) Joule (ampere)-2
tivity of the vacuum and [µ0] that of the permeability of (D) Ohm second
the vacuum. If M = mass, L = length, T = time and I =
(IIT JEE 1998)
electric current:
(A) [E0]=[M- 1 L-3 T -2 I] 3. The dimension of (II 2)t:0 E 2 (t:0 : permittivity of free
(B) [e0] =[M- 1 L-3 T4 12] space; E: electric field ) is
(C) [µo] = [MLT-2 1-2] (A) MLT- 1 (B) ML2 T-2
(D) [µ0] = [ML2 T- 1 I] (C) ML- 1 T-2 (D) ML2 T- 1
(IIT JEE 1998) (IIT JEE 2000)
2. The SI unit of the inductance, the henry can be written
4. A quantity Xis given by E0 Ll':,,VIl':,,T where £0 is the per­
as
mittivity of free space. L is a length, 1':,,V is a potential
(A) Weber (ampere)- 1 difference and l':,,t is a time interval. The dimensional for­
(B) Volt second (ampere)- 1 mula for Xis same as that of
 JEE ADVANCED - PHYSICS

(A) resistance. (B) charge. For T, he takes the time of n oscillations with the stop
(C) voltage. (D) current. watch of least count !!..T and he commits a human error
of 0.1 s. For which of the following data, the measure­
(IIT JEE 2001)
ment of g will be most accurate?
5. A cube has a side of length 1.2 cm. Its volume should be (A) I!../== 5 mm; !!..T== 0.2 s; n== 10; A== 5 mm.
(A) 1.4 X 10-4 m3 (B) 1.7 x 10-6 m3 (B) !!..I== 5 mm; !!..T== 0.2 s; n== 20; A== 5 mm.
(C) 1.79 X 10- m6 3 (D) 1.728 X 10-6 m3 (C) !!..I== 5 mm; !!..T== 0.1 s; n== 20; A== I mm.
(IIT JEE Screening 2003) (D) !!..l== 1 mm; !!..T== 0.1 s; n == 50; A== I mm.
6. If nth division of main scale coincides with (n + 1)th (IIT JEE 2006)
divisions of the vernier scale. If one main scale division 12. The circular divisions of shown screw gauge are 50.
is equal to a units, find the least count of the vernier It moves 0.5 mm on main scale in one rotation. The
caliper. diameter of the ball is
(IIT JEE Main 2003)

a az) .
7. In the expression P == b exp ( - , pis pressure, z 1s
kO
distance, k is Boltzmann constant and u is the tempera­
ture. The dimensional formula of b is
(A) [M I L31'2] (B) [M I L21'2] (A) 2.25 mm (B) 2.20 mm
(C) [M L'1'
1 1] (D) [M0L2T0] (C) 1.20 mm (D) 1.25 mm
(IIT JEE Screening 2004) (IIT JEE 2006)
8. A screw gauge of pitch 1 mm has a circular scale divided 13. Some physical quantities are given in Column I and
into 100 divisions. The diameter of a wire is to be mea­ -some possible SI units in which these quantities may be
sured by above said screw gauge. The main scale reading expressed are given in Column II. Match the physical
is 1 mm and 47th circular division coincides with main quantities in Column I with the units in Column II:
scale. Find the curved surface area of the wire in true
significant figures. (Given the length of wire is equal to Column I Column II
5.6 cm and there is no zero-error in the screw gauge.)
(A) GMcM,
(IIT JEE Main 2004) G-universal gravitational
(P) (volt)(coulomb)
9. Which of the following choices does not represent the constant,
(metre)
same dimensions of the mentioned physical quantities? M mass of the Earth,
0
-

M -mass of the Sun.

(A) Heat, potential energy and work.
(B) Electric flux, electric field and electric dipole 3RT
(B)
moment. M (Q) (kilogram)(metre)3
(C) Pressure, stress and Young's modulus. R - universal gas constant, (secondt2
(D) Potential difference, voltage and electromotive T -absolute temperature,
force of a galvanic cell. M-molar mass.
(IIT JEE Screening 2005) p2
(C) 2 2
10. The side of a cube is measured by vernier callipers (10 qB
F-force, (R) (metre)2(secondt2
divisions of a vernier scale coincide with 9 divisions of
main scale, where 1 division of main scale is 1 mm). q-charge,
The main scale reads 10 mm and first division of vernier B -magnetic field.

scale coincides with the main scale. Mass of the cube GM

is 2.736 g. Find the density of the cube in appropriate (D) _e
Re
significant figures.
(IIT JEE Main 2005) G-universal gravitational (S) (farad)(volt)2(kgt 1
constant,
11. A student performs an experiment for determination of M -mass of the Earth,
e

g(== 4;: l), l == I m, and he commits an error of I!.. I. R - radius of the Earth.
(IIT JEE 2007 Paper-1)
 PHY I ,.\L \; onr n, l i".1

14. A student performs an experiment to determine the 17. A vernier calipers has 1 mm marks on the main scale. It
Young's modulus of a wire, exactly 2 m long, by Searle's has 20 equal divisions on the vernier scale which match
method. In a particular reading, the student measures the with 16 main scale divisions. For this vernier calipers,
extension in the length of the wire to be 0.8 mm with the least count is
an uncertainty of ±0.05 mm at a load of exactly 1.0 kg. (A) 0.02 mm (B) 0.05 mm
The student also measures the diameter of the wire (C) 0.1 mm (D) 0.2 mm
to be 0.4 mm with an uncertainty of ±0.01 mm. Take (HT JEE 2010 Paper-2)
g = 9.8 m/s2 (exact). The Young's modulus obtained from
the reading is � ·• 18. The density of a solid ball is to be determined in an
(A) (2.0 ± 0.3) x l 011 N/m2 • experiment. The diameter of the ball is measured with
(B) (2.0 ± 0.2) x 1011 N/m2• a screw gauge, whose pitch is 0.5 mm and there are
(C) (2.0 ± 0.l ) x 1011 N/m2 • 50 divisions on the circular scale. The reading on the
main scale is 2.5 mm and that on the circular scale is
(D) (2.0 ± 0.05) x 1011 N/m2 • 20 divisions. If the measured mass of the ball has a rel­
(HT JEE 2007 Paper-2) ative error of 2%, the relative percentage error in the
density is
15. Students I, II and III perform an experiment for mea­
suring the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a simple (A) 0.9% (B) 2.4%
pendulum. They use different lengths of the pendulum (C) 3.l % (D) 4.2%
and/or record time for different number of oscillations. (HT JEE 2011 Paper-2)
The observations are shown in the table.
4
Least count for length 0.1 cm.
= 19. In the determination of Young's modulus (y = MLf)
nld
Least count for time = 0.1 s.
by using Searle's method, a wire of length L 2 m and
=

Total time diameter d 0.5 mm is used. For a load M = 2.5 kg,

Length of Number of Time
=

for (n) an extension l 0.25 mm in the length of the wire is

Student pendulum oscillations period
=

oscillations observed. Quantities d and/ are measured using a screw

(cm) (n) (s)
(s) gauge and a micrometer, respectively. They have the
I 64.0 8 128.0 16.0 same pitch of 0.5 mm. The number of divisions on their
II 64.0 4 64.0 16.0 scale is 100. The contributions to the maximum probable
error of the Y measurement
III 20.0 4 36.0 9.0
(A) due to the errors in the measurements of d and/
If E1, Ell and Em are the percentage errors in g, that is, are the same.
(B) due to the errors in the measurements of d is twice
( � x 100) for students I, II, and III, re�pectively, then that due to the error in the measurement of/.
(C) due to the errors in the measurements of l is twice
(A) E1 = 0 (B) E1 is minimum that due to the error in the measurement of d.
(C) E1 Ell
= (D) Ell is maximum (D) due to the errors in the measurements of d is four
times that due to the error in the measurement of l.
(HT JEE 2008 Paper-1) (HT JEE 2012 Paper-1)
16. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1 m length
20. The diameter of a cylinder is measured using a vernier
to determine g, the acceleration due to gravity. He uses a
callipers with no zero error. It is found that the zero of
stopwatch with the least count of 1 s for this and records
the vernier scale lies between 5. IO cm and 5.15 cm of
40 s for 20 oscillations. For this observation, which of
the main scale. The vernier scale has 50 divisions equiv­
the following statement(s) is(are) true?
alent to 2.45 cm. The 24th division of the Vernier scale
(A) Error tiT in measuring T, the time period, is 0.05 s. exactly coincides with one of the main scale divisions.
(B) Error tiT in measuring T, the time period, is 1 s. The diameter of the cylinder is
(C) Percentage error in the determination of g is 5%. (A) 5.112 cm (B) 5.124 cm
(D) Percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%. (C) 5.136 cm (D) 5.148 cm
(HT JEE 2010 Paper-1) (JEE Advanced 2013 Paper-1)
21. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer 24. During Searle's experiment, zero ofthe vernier scale lies
using the codes given below the lists: between 3.20 x 10-2 m and 3.25 x 10-2 m of the main
scale. The 20th division ofthe vernier scale exactly coin­
List I List II cides with one of the main scale divisions. When an
P. Boltzmann constant 1. [ML2 T-1] additional load of 2 kg is applied to the wire, the zero
of the vernier scale still lies between 3.20 x 10-2 m and
Q. Coefficient of viscosity 2. [ML- 1 T- 1 1
3.25 x 10-2 m of the main scale but now the 45th divi­
R. Planck constant 3. [MLT-3 K - 1] sion ofvernier scale coincides with one ofthe main scale
S. Thermal conductivity 4. [ML2T-2 K -1] divisions. The length ofthe thin metallic wire is 2 m and
its cross-sectional area is 8 x 10-1 m2• The least count of
Codes: the vernier scale is 1.0 x 1o-s m. The maximum percent­
p Q R s age error in the Young's modulus ofthe wire is __.
(A) 3 1 2 4
(B) 3 2 1 4
(C) 4 2 1 3
(D) 4 1 2 3 (JEE Advanced 2014 Paper-I)
(JEE Advanced 2013 Paper-2) 25. During an experiment with a meter bridge, the galva­
22. To find the distance d over which a signal can be seen nometer shows a null point when the jockey is pressed
clearly in foggy conditions, a railway engineer uses at 40.0 cm using a standard resistance of90 Q, as shown
dimensional analysis and assumes that the distance in the figure. The least count of the scale used in the
depends on the mass density p of the fog, intensity meter bridge is I mm. The unknown resistance is
(power/area) S of the light from the signal and its fre­ +
quency/ The engineer finds that dis proportional to S11".
The value ofn is --·
(JEE Advanced 2014 Paper-1) R 90Q
23. A student is performing an experiment using a reso­
nance column and a tuning fork of frequency 244 s- 1•
He is told that the air in the tube has been replaced by
another gas (assume that the column remains filled with
the gas). If the minimum height at which resonance
40.0 cm
occurs is (0.350 ± 0.005) m, the gas in the tube is
(Useful information: -)167RT = 640 J 112 mo1- 112; (A) 60 ± 0.15 Q (B) 135 ± 0.56 Q
(C) 60 ± 0.25 Q (D) 135 ± 0.23 Q
-1140RT = 590 J 1/2 mo1- 112• The molar mass M in
(JEE Advanced 2014 Paper-2)
grams is given in the options. Take the values of -110/M
for each gas as given there.) 26. Consider a vernier calipers in which each 1 cm on the

{IO= 2-)
main scale is divided into 8 equal divisions and a screw
(A) Neon [M = 20, {20 10
gauge with 100 divisions on its circular scale. In the
vernier calipers, 5 divisions of the vernier scale coin­

J¥f I)
cide with 4 divisions on the main scale and in the screw
gauge, one complete rotation ofthe circular scale moves
(B) Nitrogen [M = 28, = it by two divisions on the linear scale. Then,

{IO= _2_)
(A) if the pitch of the screw gauge is twice the least
(C) Oxygen [M = 32, V32 16
count ofthe vernier calipers, the least count ofthe
screw gauge is 0.01 mm.

!2)
(B) if the pitch of the screw gauge is twice the least
count ofthe vernier calipers, the least count ofthe
(D) Argon [M = 36, {IO=
V36 32
screw gauge is 0.005 mm.
(C) if the least count of the linear scale of the screw
(JEE Advanced 2014 Paper-1) gauge is twice the least count of the vernier
 r

PHY ICAI �··oRLD,

calipers, the least count of the screw g�uge is
0.01 mm.
(D) if the least count of the linear scale of the screw
gauge is twice the least count of the vernier
calipers, the least count of the screw gauge is
readings of the two calipers are shown in the figure.
The measured values (in cm) by calipers C 1 and C2
respectively, are

I I I I I I I I III11111I I I I 111I I III I I

2 3 4

0.005 mm. j
(JEE Advanced 2015 Paper-I) c,
27. Planck's constapt.;h, speed of light c and gravitational
constant G are used to form a unit of length L and a unit
of mass M. Then the correct option(s) is(are)
5
0 10

(A) Moc -Jc (B) Moc JG

(C) Loc../h (D)
I I I I I I I 1111I I I[I11111 I
2 3 4

j
L oc JG
C, I 111 I 111
1
(JEE Advanced 2015 Paper-I)
28. The energy of a system as a function of time t is given as
E([) =A 2 exp (-at), where a= 0.2 s- 1• The measurement
of A has an error of 1.25%. If the error in the measure­
5
0 10

ment of time is 1.50%, the percentage error in the value (A) 2.87 and 2.86 (B) 2.87 and 2.87
of E(t) att = 5 s is __ . (C) 2.87 and 2.83 (D) 2.85 and 2.82
(JEE Advanced 2015 Paper-2)
(JEE Advanced 2016 Paper-2)
29. In terms of potential difference V, electric current/, per­
mittivity t:0 , permeability µ0 and speed of light c, the 32. In an experiment to determine the acceleration due to
dimensionally correct equation(s) is(are) gravity g, the formula used for the time period of a peri-
(R )
(A) µ0/ 2 = eoV 2 (B) t:0 / = µ0V odic motion is T = 2n J7 - r .The values of R and
(C) I= t:0 cV (D) µ0 c/ = e0V rare measured to be (60 ± 1) mm and (10 ± 1) mm,
5g

respectively. In five successive measurements, the time

(JEE Advanced 2015 Paper-2)
30. A length-scale (/ ) depends on the permittivity ( e) of a
dielectric material, Boltzmann constant k8, the absolute
temperature T, the number per unit volume (n) of certain
charged particles, and the charge (q) carried by each of
the particles, Which of the following expressions(s) for /
is(are) dimensionally correct?
(A) I= (B) l =
(ek8 ) T
period is found to be 0.52 s, 0.56 s, 0.54 s and 0.59 s.
The least count of the watch used for the measurement
of time period is 0.01 s. Which of the following state­
ment(s) is(are) true?
(A) The error in the measurement of r is 10%.
(B) The error in the measurement of Tis 3.57%.
(C) The error in the measurement of Tis 2%.
(D) The error in the determined value of g is 11%.

nq2 (JEE Advanced 2016 Paper-2)

33. A person measures the depth of a well by measuring the

(C) I=
(JEE Advanced 2016 Paper-I)
31. There are two vernier calipers both of which have I cm
divtded into 10 equal divisions on the main scale. The
vernier scale of one of the calipers (C 1) has 10 equal
divisions that correspond to 9 main scale divisions. The
vernier scale of the other caliper (C2) has 10 equal divi­
sions that corresp,md to 11 main scale divisions. The
time interval between dropping a stone and receiving the
sound of impact with the bottom of the well. The error
in his measurement of time is 8I' = 0.01 seconds and
he measures the depth of the well to be L = 20 metres.
Take the acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m s-2 and the
velocity of sound is 300 m s- 1• Then the fractional error
in the measurement, &IL, is closest to
(A) 0.2% (B) 1%
(C) 3% (D) 5%
(JEE Advanced 2017 Paper-2)
 JFl-' ADV

ANSWER KEY

a
1. (B), (C) 2. (A), (B), (C), (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. 7. (D)
n+l
8. 2.6 cm2 9. (B) 10. 2.66 g/cm3 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (A) � (P), (Q); (B) � (R), (S); (C) � (R), (S); (D) � (R), (S) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (A), (C)
17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. 3 23. (D) 24. 4 25. (C)
26. (B), (C) 27. (Af (C), (D) 28. 4 29. (A), (C) 30. (B), (D) 31. (C) 32. (A), (B), (D)
33. (B)

ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS

1. Topic: Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Now, dimension of

Equations
From cou.Jmbs law, we know that
::::} e = _l _ q1q2 = M-IL-3 T4 A2M2 L2T -6 K2 = ML-IT-2
F = _I_ q1q22
1nt:0 r 4n r' F
0
Answer (C)
4. Topic: Dimensional Analysis and its Applications
Therefore,
Given that X = t:0 L (:)
Now, c=--
Jeo�1o Therefore, dimensional formula for Xis
Therefore,

Thus, dimensional formula for Xis same as that of cur­

rent.
Answer (B), (C) Answer (D)
2. Topic: The International System of Units 5. Topic: Significant Figures
Induction L = � = weber/Ampere We have
V= / 3 = (1.2 X 10-2)3 = 1.728 X 10-6 m3
Also' e=-L -
(di) =}
-e
L=--=---- ,volt--second Since l has two significant figures, V should also have
dt (di/dt) Ampere two significant figures; hence,
V= 1.7 x 10- 6 m3
2U Joule
Also U = _!_Li 2 =} L= = . Answer (B)
2 i 2
(Ampere 1
6. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors
U = _!_ Li 2 = i 2 RT L = RT = Ohm-second in Measurement
and =}
2 We know that (n + 1) divisions on the vernier scale = n
Answer (A), (B), (C), (D) division on the main scale
Therefore,
3. Topic: Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional
Equations 1 division on the vernier scale= (-n-)
n+l
divisions on the
Dimension of e0 = M-1 L 3- T4 A 2 main scale
Dimension of electric field E= MLT- 3A- 1 = (-n-)
n+l
a units
 Therefore, the least count (LC) of the vernier caliper is 10. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement
l(MSD)- l(VSD)=a-(�)a =-a- It is given that
n+l n+l
l MSD= l mm
7. Topic: Dimensions of Physical Quantities
The given expression is 9MSD= l O VSD

i
P= exp (- ;; )
The least count (LC) is
9
Now, to- Iz] = [L 1 ]
l MSD- 1 VSD = 1 mm--
10
mm

[OJ= [Kl ] = 0.1 mm=0.01 cm

[k] = [M 1L2T"2K -1) The obse.rved reading is
Since the terms whi1�h are raised to power in an exponen­ MSR+(VSR xLC)=10+(1 xO.l )= 10.1 mm
tial function are dimensionless, we get
The volume of the cube is
[a]= [�] = [M 1 I!r2 J V=(l0.1)3 =1030.301 mm3= 1.030301 cm3
Therefore, the density of the cube (when the LC of the
Also, [P]= [M L - r J
1 1 2
[b]=[; J =[M0 L2T 0 ] vernier calipers is 0.01 cm) is
2 73
Answer (D) M= · = 2.65553464 g/cm3 = 2.66 g/cm3
V L.030301
8. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement 11. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors
We have the least count (LC) of the screw gauge as fol­ in Measurement
lows: We have
Least count (LC)=· ----- Pitch
----­
No. of divisions on the circular
Therefore,
1 mm
=--=0.l mm
100 !ig !ll 2/J.T
-=-+--
The diameter of the wire is g I T
MSR+(LC xCSR)= 1+(0.01 x47) =1.47 mm Since !l/ = 1 mm and !J.T= O. l s are least of the four
The curved surface area is S=2,rrL. That is, given set of data and the number of oscillations observed
is maximum (n = 50), g is most accurate with minimum
s� 2n(1)L amplitude (1 mm).
Answer (D)
S=mlL =n(\� )5.6 =2.5848 cm2= 2.6 cm2
7
12. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement
which is corrected to two significant digits.
Since zero of the main scale coincides with the fifth divi­
9. Topic: Dimensions of Physical Quantities sion of the circular scale, we have the zero error as
Electric flux: The unit of electric flux is V m (volt metre) 0.5
or N m2 IC (newton metres squared per coulomb), whose 5x-= 0.05 mm
50
dimensional formula is given by [M 1 L3T 3- A - 1 ].
Electric field: The unit of electric field is V/m (volt/
metre) or N/C (newton per coulomb), whose dimen­
sional formula is given by [M 1 L 1 T-3K 1 ].
Electric dipole moment: The unit of electric dipole
moment is C m (coulomb metre), whose dimensional
formula is given by [M0L 1 T 1 A 1 ].
Answer (B)
 1'

The actual measured (see the figure shown here) reading 15. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
gives in Measurement
0.5 Student-I:
(2= 0.5) mm+ ( 25x ) mm - 0.05 mm
50
E1 = Ag xl OO=(_QJ_+ 2xO.l)xI00=2._%
= (1 + 0.25 - 0.05) mm= 1.20 mm g 64.0 128 16
Answer (C)
Student-II:
13. Topic: Dimensions of Physical Quantities
g
(A) Quantity gi'(,en. in option (A) has a dimension of EII = A xlOO = (_QJ_+ 2xQJ)xlOO = �%
g 64.0 64 32
force x (length)2 ; quantities given in options (P) and
(Q) has the same dimensions: GMeM, = Fr2 or its Student-III:
unit is kg m3 s-2. g 2xO.l
E111 A xI00=(�+ ) xl 00=�%
3RT • • • g 20.0 36 18
(B) We have --= cm2 ,s => the umt m2 s-2 , which IS
M Therefore, the percentage error in g for E, is minimum.
nothing but energy per unit mass; the dimensions of Answer (B)
this quantity is L/T2; quantities given in options (R)
and (S) have the same dimension. 16. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement
2
(C) We have 1; ,- = v 2 => the unit m2 s-2, that is, the 41r2/ �g M 2�t
q B We have g=--=>-=-+-
t 2
g
condition is same as that of option (B). / (

(D) It is square of the escape velocity of the Earth: At = _!_= 0.25 (Since A/ = 0)
t 40
GMe W
--= v = - => the umt 111 s-2 2

Re g m Therefore, �t = 0.025x2 = 0.05 s

The dimensions are same as that of option (B). Therefore, the error in measurement is

Answer (A)�(P), (Q); (B)�(R), (S); Ag = '!:_�T = 2x0.05

(C)�(R), (S); (D)�(R), (S) g T 2

14. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors The percentage error in measurement of g is 5%.
in Measurement Answer (A), (C)
We have 17. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors
in Measurement
Stress F I
Y=--=-X-=-- 4Fl
train 2
A M rcc/ D.1 In vernier scale, 16 mm is divided into 20 parts, that is,
l VSD = 16/20 mm.
�y 2�d A(M) Least count= 1 MSD - l VSD
= +
Y d Al
LC= (l - ��) mm= 0.2 mm
�y 0.01 + 0.05
= 2( )
Y o., 0.8 Answer (D)
= 0.05 + 0.06= 0.1l 18. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors
4 X(l X9.8)X2 in Measurement
and => y =
,r(0.4 x 10-1) x0.8x10-3
2
For the screw gauge, we have
Pitch
.4 Least count=------------
= 78 _,, =l .96 x I011 N/m2 Number of divisions on head scale
0.4 XI 0
05
Therefore, �y= 1.96 x 10 11 x 0.1 l = 0.22 x 1011 LC =- . mm=0.01 mm
50
Y= (l.96 ± 0.22) x 1011 N/m2 Therefore, the diameter of the ball is
Answer (B) D= 2.5+0.0lx20= 2.70 mm
 11 r\ l

The dimensions of coefficient of viscosity are

The density of the ball is p=M =
V (413 '11:r�(D/2)3 [17]=[ML- 1r2 ][T]=[ML- 1 r 1 1
3 Thus, the correct mapping is (Q) -t (2).
Therefore lip= !:J.M+ !:J.D The dimensions of Planck constant are
'p M D
!:J.M [h]=[ML2r2 J[T] = [ML2r1 1
Now, - = 0.02 and !:J.D=Least count .Therefore,
M Thus, the correct mapping is (R ) -t (1).
0 01 The dimensions of thermal conductivity are
lip =b.02+3( · )=0.031
p 2.7 [ .1
[k]= ML1r J [ML1r3K- 1 J
Hence, the percentage error in d¢nsity is 3.1%. [L][K]
Answer(C) Thus the correct mapping is (S) -t (3).
19. Topic:Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors Answer(C)
in Measurement 22. Topic: Dimensions of Physical Quantities
The least count is obtained as .Q2. == 0.005mm Given doc p" Sb be
100
The contributions to the maximum probable error of the
Y measurement are calculated as follows:
!:J.Y !:J.l 2!:J.d
-=-+-- Equating the coefficients, we get
y · I d
!:J./ 0.005 X 10-3 1 a+b=0-3a= l -3b-c=O
-=---- =-
/ 0.25X 10-3 50 1
b=-a a=---c=3b
2!:J.d 2X 0.005 X 10-3 =- 1 3
--=
d 0.5 X 10- 3 50
Answer (A) b=! c=-3b�c= 1
3
20. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors 1 1
in Measurement Therefore, b=-=- � n=3.
n 3 Answer(3)
We know that 50 vernier divisions are equivalent to
2.45 cm or 24.5 mm or 49 scale divisions of 0.5 mm 23. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors
each . in Measurement
50 vernier scale divisions=49 main scale divisions At first resonance position "A=4/, v=n"A becomes v=4ne
49 For I=(0.350 ± 0.005) v lies between 336.7 m s- 1 and
1VSD= MSD 346.5 m s- 1•
50
Vernier constant=1MSD-1 VSD

,,;, _!_
50
MSD where 1MSD
I=},,_
=0.5mm 4
1 1 1
VC=-x-mm=-mm
50 .2 100
=0.001cm --..---�
--------
- ....
.. -----
.................
........ ·-
-...-
-·-
...
--------------
·------ ·-
Reading=5.10+VCx24=5.10+0.024=5.124 cm --
...... --------­
·------ --
Answer(B)
21. Topic: Dimensions of Physical Quantities
Also
The dimensions of Boltzmann constant are
[k] = [ML2T -2K 1- ] IOOyRT
xlO
Thus, the correct mapping is (P ) -t (4). M
 In general, we have
v = Jc100x1 .67RT)� ( for monatomic gas)
R X
-=---
90 (100-x)
log R = log x + log (100 - x)

17 dR dx dx
vAr =640x-= 340 ms-1 -=+-+ ---
32 R - x - (100-x)
For diatomic gasest-YF 1 .4 dR- 0.1 0.1
+ +
60 -- 40 - 60
v= �140RT {io � 590 {io
fii . fii � dR =
0.6+0.4x60 60 =0_25 .Q
=
240 240
v0' =590X.2._=33I.8m s-1 Therefore, the value of the unknown resistance 1s
18
( 60 ± 0.25).
vN, =590x� = 354 m s-' Answer (C)
5
Answer (D) 26. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement
24. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
in Measurement On vernier calipers, 1 MSD = .! cm.
8
FL
From Y=-, we get Given that 5 VSD coincides with 4 MSD. Therefore,
Ae
LiY X100 = Lil X100 1 VSD = i MSD
y e
5
.
1
/2 =3.20 X 10- + 20 X1 X 10-s
2
Least count=1 MSD -1 VSD = -cm
40
/1 = 3.20 X 10- + 45 X 1 X10-s
2
Now, if the pitch of the screw gauge is twice the least
I= (12 - /1)=25 x 1 x 10-s m count of the vernier calipers, that is,
Out of25 x 1 o-s m, the error can be for 1 division, that
is, 1 x 10-s m. Pitch= 2x _!__= _!__ cm
40 20
LiY Ix 10-s
x lOO = 4% Pitch
f 25X10-s Least count=----------­
Answer (4) Total divis'ioo of circuJar scale
1120
25. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors = =0.5x10-3 cm
100
in Measurement
=0.0005 cm=0.005 mm
In balanced condition:
Now, the least count of the linear scale of screw gauge is
R
-=-- 40 -= 40 twice the least count of the vernier calipers, that is
-
90 (100-40) 60
1 1
R=60Q 2x-=- cm
40 20
+ - Therefore, two divisions on the linear scale is equivalent
1 1
to2x-=-cm = 1 mm
20 10
Therefore, the least count of screw gauge is
Pitch- 1 mm
------ ---- = --=0.01 mm
Total divisions of circular scale 100
Answer (B), (C)
40cm
 PITY . 1 , \'(.'OR. LO, P-U

27. Topic: Dimensional Analysis and its Applications 28. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors
The dimensions of Planck's constant is h =[M 1 L21 1 ] in Measurement
Speed of light is c=[L'T- 1 ] We have
Gravitational constant is G=[M-1 L3 r-2] dE = A2(-ae-a'dt)+2A(dA)e-a'
Let L oc h xc Y G ' .
[L] =[M 1 L2T-1 ]' [L'T-1 ]Y [M-1 L3T-2]' Relative error is � = -adt+2 ( �)
Comparing, we get
t'· ,.

�=-a{ )+2(�) �
t

2x+ /;3:: �}· Therefore,% error (at t= 5 s)=(0.2 x 5 x 1.5) +(2 x 1.25)
-x-y-2z=O
Considering the worst case, all errors are added.
Solving, we get Therefore, % error= 1.5 + 2.5 =4.
x=z Answer (4)
y+ 5x= 1 29. Topic: Dimensional Analysis and its Applications
-y-3x= 0 Dimensions of
or 2x= 1 [V] = [M 1 L2T-3A-1 ]
1 [/]=[A]
x= - =z
2 [eo] = [M-1L-JT4A2]

y= --
3 [µo] = [M'L 1 T-2A-2]
2
[c] = [VT-1]
Therefore,
(A) µ/2 = eo v 2
LHS � [M 1L'T-2]
RHS � [M 1L 1 T- 2]; dimensionally correct.
(B) e/=µ0V
Let Moc h C G° b c
LHS � [M- 1L-3T4A3 ]
[M] =[M 1L2T- 1 ]• [VT-l]b [M-1L3T-2]" RHS � [M2L3T-5A-3]; dimensionally incorrect.
Comparing, we get a - c= 1. (C) I=e0cV

2a+b+3c= o} a+c=O LHS � 0[A]

RHS � [A]; dimensionally incorrect.
-a- b-2c = 0
(D) µ0cl = e0 V
Therefore, LHS � [M 1 ur-3A- 1 J
2a = 1 RHS � [L-1 T 1 A1 ]; dimensionally incorrect.
1 Answer (A), (C)
a= -
2
30. Topic: Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional
1 Equations
c=--
2 We have the number per volume as
n = [L]-3
b= !2 (1)
and [k8 7] is the unit of energy:
Therefore,
[kB 1] = [F)[L] (2)
where [F] is the dimension of force. Using

F·=-- Q1
Answer (A), (C), (D) 2
4n 0 r
 F. \D\" 1( ID Pl-t'l.SICS

we get the dimensions as follows: => x=8- 7.7 = 0.3 mm=0.03 cm

[QJ2 Hence, the measured value by C2 is obtained as
[t:] = (3) 2.8 + x = 2.83 cm
[F][LJ2
Let us check each option one by one as follows: Answer (C)

[L]-J'2[Q] 32. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors

(A) ------=[Lr1 in Measurement
[Q] 1,2 112
( ) [F] [L] The time period is measured for five successive mea­
[L][FJ 1n
.. ,'"• surements as follows:
_ gl_
( J FJ112 )[F] '2[LJ T(s) 0.52 0.56 0.57 0.54 0.59
1 112
[L][
(B) [L] 11T 0.04 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
[Lfm[Q] =
_ 0.52+0.56+0.57+0.54 +0.59
(C) ___[Q _ _] --- =[L]312 Therefiore, Tmean
] 5
_J_Q_ [L r1 [F]1 '2 [L]1'2
-

[L][Ft2 2·78
= =0.556"' 0.56
[Q] 5
(D) [L]
12 1'2 ''2 and /1T (absolute error)= JT-Tmean J
(__19) 1 )[Lr 1 [F] [L]
[L][F]
0.04 +0 +0.0 I+0.02+ 0.03
Answer (B), (D) !1Tm�n = =0_02
5
31. Topic: Accuracy, Precision oflnstruments and Errors Thus, the error in the measurement of T is
in Measurement
!1T xlO 0 02
We have the following cases: O= · x100 =3.57% (I)
T 0.56
Case 1: Standard vernier calipers
Main scale reading=2.8 cm Hence, option (B) is correct.
Vernier scale reading The error in the measurement of r is

=7 x Least count=7x (i�) =0.7 mm =0.07 cm

/1r
r
I
-xlOO =-xlOO =10%
10
(2)

Therefore, the measured value by C 1 is obtained as 2.8 Hence, option (A) is correct.
+ 0.07=2.87 cm Now, it is given that
Case 2: Non-standard vernier calipers
7(R - r)
Applying first principle, at the point of matching: T = 2n�
5g
Distance measured from main scale = Distance mea­
sured from vernier scale ,. (
7( r)
=> T 2 =4 2 �; )
2.8 cm+ 8 mm=(2.8 cm+ x) + 7(LC of vernier scale)
(1)
+-- 2.8 cm----.
-----_,,,-�-;�=====t:====;-- Main scale g=
(
28n2 R r
� )
x 5 T
� Vernier scale
Taking log and differentiating on both the sides of this
Here, x is the distance between the main scale reading equation, we get
and the zero of the vernier scale.
Now, to get least count of vernier scale, we have the fol­
28n2 )
In g=In (- - +ln(R-r)-2lnT
lowing: 5
10 divisions of vernier scale=11 main scale division 11g = 11R + /lr + 211T
g ( R-r ) T
=> 1 Vernier scale division = .!.!=1.1 mm
10
(2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get 1
=(1; )+2xo.0357
(28 + 8) mm=(28 + x) + 7(1.1) mm 0
 (

PHYSICAL WORLD, UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS 'P-15

"
.
.,
�g X100 =
g
(_!_
25
+2 X 0.0357) X100
(
expanding 1 +
8
f)
II'
" using binomial approximation

=(4 +7.14)%= 11.14%=11%

o: )+ �. (1+ f)
8
Therefore, the error in the determined value g is 11%. T+8T= f!(1+½
Answer (A), (B), (D)
33. Topic: Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors = {u fu(J_ OL .!:_ + .!:_ 8L
in Measurement·' ·. fg +{g 2 L ) +
v, v, L
Let the time taken by stone to reach bottom of will be t 1
and time taken by sound to reach the observer be t2 then = {u+.!:_+
g .!:_
vg (!_ v{u
v, 2
) +
8L
v, L
tl =
fl (1) given, L = 20 m, g = l O m/s, v, = 300 m/s and using

and
L
t2 = -
s
(2) equation (3):
v{u
g +.!:_ = T, above equation becomes
v,

Where L is depth of well I 2x 20 20 8L

g is acceleration due to gravity T+OT=T + (- )--+- )-
2 10 300 L
v, is velocity of sound
. L
Total time taken, T = t 1 +t2 =--+-
.fii (3)
g v,
If 8L is error in depth of well measured and 8T is error
is time measured then
2(L + 8L) +- -
(L+ -
8L)
T + uT=
s:
� It is given that 81' = 0.01 sec, therefore,
g v,
8L 15 l 15
2L 8L L 8L (-)xl00%=-x-x100%=-%
T+8T= -(1+-) +-( l+-) L 16 100 16
g L v, L
error= 1%
8L 112 L 8L
expanding ( l+ ) + ( l+ ) Answer (B)
L v, L