NOTLAR

WHILE + VING / tKEN

1. About 60 soldiers of the Duke of Milan are killed by an avalanche while crossing the mountains
near Saint Gotthard Pass in the Italian Alps.
2. A park geologist and a volunteer are killed by an avalanche while working on a project to
monitor Yellowstone National Park geothermal features.
3. One classic lawof avalanches for mountaineers is that they face the least danger while moving
on ridges, somewhat more danger while moving on the valley floor, and the most danger when
moving directly upon the slope itself.
Definitely more students are able to carry out different activities while enhgncing their
experiences and enrich their university life.
5. While presenting the first space travel performed by means of rocket propulsion, Cyrano's
works do not deal with science, nor even science fiction.
JUST AS - DIGIG1BI
Just as new research has exploded the notion of a homogeneous peasantry, so has it challenged
the assumption that peasants were a phenomenon of colonialism.
Just as people need nutrients to grow, phytoplankton in the ocean also need nutrients.
The word for brother could also be used to identify the husband , just as sister could also
designate a wife. Father could easily mean a grandfather or an ancestor.
Just as an absolute monarch ruled the state, so too the early Roman family was ruled by the
senior male, the paterfamilias, who wielded absolute power (patria potestas) for life.
Just as the gods were ranked in order of importance, so too were the priests.
WHILE / İKEN (ÖZNE - NESNE)
Some eventually settled the rich grazing lands between the Vaal and Orange Rivers in South
Africa, while others chose the equally productive lands in and around the Cape of Good Hope
peninsula.
From the east came Afroasiatic-speaking peoples, while those of Niger Congo affiliation
encroached from the west.
While the laws illustrate the highly patriarchal organization of Babylonian society, women are
accorded a certain amount of rights.
While our picture of stellar evolution has been established with the aid of ground-based
observations, progress in the study of star formation has come to depend increasingly on
observations from space.
5. While some European markets had not experienced major changes (Slovakia, Cyprus, Hungary
etc.), Romania, Poland and Austria saw significant growth due to the high price of gas.
THEREFORE - BU YUZDEN/BOYLECE
1. It is likely that air conditioning usage is a significant
contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Cooling the home, therefore, ironically may result in
warming the planet, resulting in further demands for cooling, in a potentially accelerating
feedback loop.
2. Anthropologists focused primarily non-western and/or rural and maritime cultures. Therefore,
anthropologists often studied societies in which people had close relations with animals and
nature.
3. Algerian men and women do very little private socializing together. The sexes are separated at
most gatherings. Dating is not allowed, and marriages are ,therefore, arranged by well meaning
families or matchmakers.
4. University, in this way, will take up with establishing close relationships with its
entrepreneurial milieu by networking. The faculty member, therefore, fits his research
activity into the scheme of the strategies of his/ her university.
5. Only towards the end of the twentieth century did space
observations of remote supernovae indicate that the Universe had expanded more slowly in an
earlier epoch, and therefore that a long-lasting acceleration of the Universe's expansion had
taken place.
3. The word for brother could also be used to identify the husband, just as sister could also
designate a wife. Father could easily mean a grandfather or an ancestor.
4. Just as an absolute monarch ruled the state, so too the early Roman family was ruled by the
senior male, the paterfamilias, who wielded absolute power (patria potestas) for life.
5. Just as the gods were ranked in order of importance, so too were the priests.
WHILE / İKEN (ÖZNE - NESNE)
1. Some eventually settled the rich grazing lands between the Vaal and Orange Rivers in South
Africa, while others chose the equally productive lands in and around the Cape of Good Hope
peninsula.
2. From the east came Afroasiatic-speaking peoples, while those of Niger Congo affiliation
encroached from the west.
3. While the laws illustrate the highly patriarchal organization of Babylonian society, women are
accorded a certain amount of rights.
4. While our picture of stellar evolution has been established with the aid of ground-based
observations, progress in the study of star formation has come to depend increasingly on
observations from space.
While some European markets had not experienced major changes (Slovakia, Cyprus, Hungary etc.),
Romania, Poland and Austria saw significant growth due to the high price of gas.
THEREFORE - BU YUZDEN/BOYLECE
It is likely that air conditioning usage is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions. Cooling the home, therefore, ironically may result in warming the planet, resulting
in further demands for cooling, in a potentially accelerating feedback loop.
Anthropologists focused primarily non-western and/or rural and maritime cultures. Therefore,
anthropologists often studied societies in which people had close relations with animals and
nature.
Algerian men and women do very little private socializing together. The sexes are separated at
most gatherings. Dating is not allowed, and marriages are ,therefore, arranged by well meaning
families or matchmakers.
University, in this way, will take up with establishing close relationships with its
entrepreneurial milieu by networking. The faculty member, therefore, fits his research activity
into the scheme of the strategies of his/ her university.
Only towards the end of the twentieth century did space observations of remote supernovae
indicate that the Universe had expanded more slowly in an earlier epoch, and therefore that a
long-lasting acceleration of the Universe's expansion had taken place.
IN THAT / -İĞİ İÇİN/ÇÜNKÜ/MADEM Kİ
1. CBA differs from financial analysis in that it assesses the costs and benefits to the whole of
society rather than to a portion of . society.
2. Human society is a facet of natural selection in that it organizes people to reproduce the
human species.
3. The mitigating factors were not present, in that little
technological progress occurred and the level of income was never high enough for a demographic
transition to be relevant.
4. Deregulation poses a challenge to the theory of regulation in that it is supposed to benefit
consumers, not producers.
5. Specifically, light media are 'biased" towards space in that they allow for the creation of
spatially expansive empires.
WHEREBY - VASITASIYLA/ KI ONDAN/ONUNLA
1. A social system in ancient Europe whereby amember of the nobility provided a person or
community protection in exchange for services.
2. In the process of distillation water is heated and evaporation takes place, whereby water
changes back to water when cooled.
3. Bronze is made for the first time in a process whereby copper is combined with tin to create a
new metal that can be used in many tools.
4. Archbishop Theobald finally negotiated a compromise
whereby Matilda's son Henry should succeed to the crown on Stephen's death.
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5. An institution whereby private citizens in ancient Athens were obliged to pay for public works
from their own resources.
DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF // - E RAĞMEN
1. Despite remonstrances of the Tuscan ambassador and of Grand Duke Ferdinand II, he was
eventually compelled to appear and stand trial.
2. Despite the existence of exceptions, they are intellectually satisfying and practically
useful.
3. Despite its name, chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens.
4. Despite its mostly vegetarian diet, the binturong has been reported to swim in rivers and prey
on fish.
5. Despite such an extraordinary diversity of species, many crustaceans have a similar structure
and way of life.
HOWEVER /BUT / YET - ANCAK
1. Napoleon really revived the absolute monarchy but made it more modem and efficient. However,
Napoleon concentrated his efforts on expanding and consolidating his empire through warfare
and foreign policy.
2. Karl XV had promised to abolish the position of stadholder in Norway. However, the Swedes
denied this demand and argued that the Norwegians were bound to the Swedes under the Act of
Union.
3. It was not easy to retool the engines of state enterprise. The crisis African states faced
was, however, eased by the gradual decline in demand for African slaves in the Americas and by
the coincident expansion of demand for slave labor in Africa itself.
Ill
4. As the war ended, Yugoslavia was still theoretically a monarchy. The actual power, however,
was wielded by Marshal Tito and his National Liberation Movement.
5. The first plan was introduced in 1949. The pace of reform, however, remained very slow, and
was overtaken by emerging nationalist' movements.
AS TO - ILGILI
1. It is natural to inquire as to the chances of striking oil if the site has tested good or,
alternatively, if it has tested bad.
2. Meanwhile the slow but steady decline in students’ test scores has aroused much concern but
little agreement as to remedial measures.
3. The current state of market demand determines the good’s price, not the seller’s best guess as
todemand.
4. From time to time, the paint lost flexibility as it dried and
flaked away. For many ancient cultures art historians find only traces of paints that serve as
clues as to the colors artists used.
5. Stonehenge and other giant stone sites also are placed in such a way as to catch the sunlight
on particular days of the year.
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AS-OLARAK
1. Ceres is a good example of how sets of minor gods and goddesses served as assistants to look
over particular human affairs.
2. Ceres is an example of the way Roman communities adopted gods and goddesses as patrons,
particularly in times of crisis.
3. For a period of some three centuries Christians were cruelly persecuted by the Roman Empire.
Rome regarded the new religion as a threat to its power.
4. Among these objects are stone tubes used as pipes for smoking wild tobacco, a plant still used
by native South American shamans as a hallucinogen.
5. In historic Native American groups'deformed individuals were sometimes viewed as having
special connections to the spirit world.
BEGIN + GERUND/ INFINITIVE
When children go back to school in the fall, they begin to spread the disease; when summer comes
and school ends, cases of chickenpox diminish.
When young people begin to use cocaine, communities begin to feel the effects of increased
crime, violence, and social decay.
When the parasites reach various stages in their development, that they begin to attach
themselves to a host creature and radically change in appearance.
As the nucleus of a comet nearing the Sun approaches the distance of the asteroid belt (outside
the orbit ofMars), its ices begin to sublimate (turn to gas), releasing hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, and other substances in the form of vapors and particles.
When Portland cement is mixed with water, the various ingredients begin to react chemically with
the water. For a short time, the resultant mix can be poured or formed, but as the chemical
reactions continue, the mix begins to stiffen, or set.
The fact that at puberty humans begin to produce odorous sweat suggests the role of pheromones
in primate courtship.
The structure of such a universe would allow the expansion to continue until it filled the
interior of a black hole appropriate for the mass of the entire universe at which point it would
begin to collapse.
8. Females may lay up to 300 eggs in an underground nest where, unlike most other insects, she
guards them from potential predators and remains with the young nymphs for several weeks after
they hatch, sometimes until just before they begin to disperse.
9. More specifically, a low-temperature environment is termed a cryogenic environment when the
temperature range is below the point at which permanent gases begin to liquefy.
10. When streams of air in the upper atmosphere begin to
meander back and forth along an east-west axis, they may add to cyclonic or anticyclonic systems
that already exist in the lower troposphere.
11. The antlers of temperate-region species of deer begin togrow during early summer. The
growing antlers are covered by a thin layer ofskin covered by short, fine hairs.
12. Shortly after appearance of the choreiform movements that typify Huntington disease, most
patients will begin to have trouble thinking clearly and remembering previous events.
13. The agents of transport and deposition are mechanical in nature and all operate in the same
way. Initially, some force causes a particle to begin to move.
14. Listeners behind the train, as it pulls further away from them, hear the pitch of the
whistle begin to fall.

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23. Sigmund Freud, two decades after Niemann’s work, began experimenting with cocaine, thinking
it could be used to treat “nervous fatigue,” an ailment many upper and middle-class Viennese
were diagnosed with.
24. Astronomers began using charge-coupled devices in their work in the early 1980s, when the
increasing power and clock speed of semiconductors, and the computers needed to drive the
hardware and analyze the data became both fast and affordable.
25. After several minutes of vocalizing, they walk parallel to each other, tense and alert,
until one of them turns toward the other and lowers his antlers. They lock antlers and begin
shoving each other. When one succeeds in pushing the other backwards, the loser runs off.
26. The male brushes his hairpencils on her antennae. She
responds by closing her wings. This signals the male to land on her and begin mating.
27. In the United States alone, 25.2 million men, 23.2 million women, and 4.1 million teens
between 12 and 17 years of age smoke. Every day, more than three million youths under the age
of 18 begin smoking.
28. Infrared spectrography was introduced in the 1960s and, in 1983, the Infrared Astronomy
Satellite (IRAS) began gathering information on cometary dust particles that was unobtainable
by ground-based technology. Today, observations are also made by radio astronomy and
ultraviolet spectrography.
29. Imagine that geologists a million years from now began
studying Earth’s surface within a 3 mi (5 kilometer) radius of your home. What would they find?
They would probably discover considerable variation in the sediment deposits that are
accumulating in your region today.
30. Canadian wildlife biologists began removing one egg from wild nests. Most of the eggs were
hatched in an incubator, while others were placed into the nests of wild sandhill cranes,
which served as foster parents.
31. In the twentieth century, scientists began applying cryogenic techniques to biological
systems. They explored methods for treating blood, semen, tissue, and organs with ultra-low
temperatures.
32. With Pauling’s discovery, scientists worldwide began racing to discover the structure of
other biological molecules, including the DNA molecule.
33. In the late sixteenth century, William Gilbert began experimenting with static electricity,
pointing out the difference between static electric attraction and magnatic attraction.
34. Those are mostly elements that have been known for
thousands of years and that already had Latin names before chemists began handing out the
symbols.
35. Plate usage has also evolved. The first etchings were done on iron plates, which corroded
quickly. Around 1520, the Dutch artist Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533) began using copper plates,
and other printmakers swiftly followed.
36. About the time of the American Revolution, the then-future U.S. president Thomas Jefferson
began excavating Indian burial mounds that had been constructed on his property in Virginia.
37. Ice built up higher and higher in some areas, and eventually began flowing out from these
 ice centers.
38. It was not until the seventeenth century that Europeans began using explosives in peacetime
to loosen rocks in mines and clear fields of boulders and trees.
39. By 1995, sale of ANFO components were not regulated as TNT and dynamite were.
Unfortunately, terrorists also began using bombs made from fertilizer and fuel oil.
40. With web-based star catalogues and other Internet and electronic resources, such as the
Hubble Guide Star Catalog and the Lowell Observatory Asteroid Database, professional and
amateur astronomers have begun sharing resources and comparing data in hopes of creating a
more accurate and complete picture of the heavens.
41. Finally, some psychologists have begun using certain basic principles of associative
learning theory to explain a number of well-known yet poorly understood elements of perceptual
learning.
42. During embryonic development, the excretory system and the digestive system begin their
formation. Within six days in the laboratory, all embryonic systems have begun developing.
43. In the same year, the archeologists R. Pumpelly and Hubert Schmidt, working in Turkestan,
had already begun using sifting techniques to save small objects, and were recording the
vertical and horizontal locations of even the smallest objects in each cultural layer
44. Recently, a new population of rabbits that are resistant to this virus has begun growing,
and the problem is far from being solved.
45. In coastal areas, salty water may migrate towards the well, replacing the fresh water that
has been withdrawn. This is called salt water intrusion. Eventually, the well will begin
pulling this salt water to the surface; once this happens, the well will have to be abandoned.
46. In 1991, a repository called the Genome Database was created, marking the first major
computational effort to begin teasing out the complex genetic material that separates humans
from other organisms.
47. The computer passed a message across the Internet to activate an observatory in Los Alamos,
New Mexico, which automatically began making observations. Meanwhile, scientists at Beppo-SAX
were called in to identify the location of the gamma ray source.
48. Geochemical analysis became important in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when
chemists first began investigating the compounds that formed naturally in the earth, air, and
water.
49. Building on the work of both Semmelweis and Pasteur, Lister began soaking surgical
dressings in carbolic acid (phenol) to prevent postoperative infection.
CLAUSE
REDUCTION
ANLAMI
Who develops
Which is deserted
Who conquered
Which start
Which had been inspected
Who are recruited
Which have terminated
Who was ruler
Which had propelled
Which are ruled
Who wielded
Which have been assessed
Which invokes
Who encroached
Which was allocated
Who advertised
Who has refunded
Which had been severed
Who is injudicious
Which were invaded
Who was wise
Which issued
Who had ignored
Which had been demanded
Which meander
Which was adduced
Who were acquitted
CLAUSE REDUCTION

Who slayed

Which is annulled

Who reprimanded

Which had exculpated

Which had
been'concealed
Which are decayed
Who has been
detained
Who was conceited

Which had propelled

Which was expelled

Who had supported

Which have been used

Which forgot

Who composed

Which were appointed

Who revived

Who has destroyed

Which had been

ruined
Who is dedicated
Which was mandated

Who was determined

Which was exploited

Which was being

exploited
Which had been
drafted
Which observes
Which was cited

Who were diminished

ANLAMI
REWRITE SECTION -WHICH/ WHO- REDUCTION
1. The body of each essay, which also includes a by-line for the contributing writer-scholar, is
divided into the three parts. Interpret:
Rewrite:
2. Abernathy was at the heart of the Civil Rights movement, which lasted from 1954 to 1968.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
3. His style of speaking and writing, which was urbane and refined, bore the hallmarks of careful
and discriminating reading; at times he would invoke great American or British thinkers or
quote aphorisms in Latin.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
4. He had first to deal with proposals for mutual security arrangements, which had been
considered among Western nations as a means to deal with Soviet expansionism. Interpret:
5. Allende spent the first eight years of his life in the northern rural town of Tacna, which had
once been part of Peru and . was returned to it in 1931.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
6. Armstrong’s system was obviously superior to any AM system in use, yet its introduction was
met with the scepticism of industry, which had invested heavily in AM broadcasting. Interpret:
Rewrite:
7. It was also a way to assert control over the PLO, which had set up operations in Lebanon
following its expulsion from Jordan. Interpret:
Rewrite:
In 1972, increasingly ill and lonely, Auden decided to leave New York for good and spend winters
at Christ Church, Oxford, which had offered him a residence Interpret:
Rewrite:
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9. Coming into office in the aftermath of the Boer War, which had shown Great Britain to be
dangerously isolated, he strengthened ties with othernations.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
10. Titanic, which had sunk in 1912 on its first voyage from
England to New York City, was thought to lie some 13,000 feet below the surface— too far for
divers or previous submersibles to go.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
11. France, which had helped Israel during the fighting, agreed to build a nuclear reactor at
Dimona.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
12. the 1891 Erfurt Program of the German Social Democratic Party, the theoretical part of
which had been drafted by Kautsky and its tactical section by Bernstein, was based on Marxist
formulations.
Interpret:
13. At age eighteen, Brando left a job as a ditch digger, which had been arranged by his
father, and moved to Greenwich Village in Manhattan to live with Frances and pursue his own
career as .an actor.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
14. Kahn was working for the consulting firm Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) of Cambridge,
Massachusetts, which had been contracted to build the machines necessary to run ARPANET’S
message processing.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
15. The socialist leader was not able to unite his party, which had been torn by dissension
over the war and by the emergence of two communist political organizations.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
16. He became the first High Court justice to resign to re-enter politics and won the seat,
which had been held by the United Australia Party for eight years.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
17. In 1938, despite his ill health, Falla was named president ofthe Institute of Spain, which
had been created by General Francisco Franco’s regime.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
18. In June, 1938, Freud and his family, through the intervention of influential foreigners,
were allowed to leave Austria, which had been annexed by Nazi Germany in March of that year.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
19. When a poster of Guevara, which had been mounted on the podium, was tom up by the event’s
producer, Henze himself replaced it with a red flag.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
20. His father forced him to attend the Realschule, and Hitler’s grades, which had been
excellent, became quite poor. The boy became sullen, resentful, uncooperative, and withdrawn,
both at home and at school.
Interpret:
21. John Crowfoot, who had become director of education in the Sudan, recognized that he was
nearing the end of his government service.
. Interpret:
Rewrite:
22. They arranged for their children to stay with John’s parents, who had retired to Worthing
on the south coast of England. Interpret:
Rewrite:
23. Billie Holiday wanted to be with her mother, who managed to reverse the judge’s ruling and
bring her daughter to New York to work as a maid in 1927.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
24. Hoover was a good man, indeed a great man, who was overpowered by the awesome circumstances
of the Great Depression Interpret:
Rewrite:
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25.The broad sweep of Hoover’s unusual career has been
obscured, not to say eclipsed, by the revelations of FBI abuses of civil liberties, particularly
his vendetta against King, who was recognized after his assassination as one of the true moral
leaders of the nation.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
26.In 1973, Zhou Enlai, who was ill with cancer, asked Mao to bring Deng back into the
government to help him run the country on a day-to-day basis.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
27.It was Hu who was sacrificed in the spring of 1987. Interpret:
Rewrite:
28.After the Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of the capital, those who were not executed for
political reasons were assigned to work camps.
Interpret:
29. Mother Jones supported Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa in his fight for better wages and
living conditions for Mexican workers, who were often used as strike-breakers, particularly in
Western mines.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
30. For scientists such as Lemaître who were obsessed with questions about the structure and
origins of the universe, the 1920’s was a propitious time, for both the available theories and
instrumentation were undergoing significant advances. Interpret:
Rewrite:
31. Only individuals who are insulated by wealth and middle- class comforts can escape the
struggle for survival.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
32. The seven components of Licht vary greatly in their structure and musical materials, but
each is intended as an elaboration of a thematic program dealing with three principal
“characters” who are identified as Michael, Eva, and Luzifer.
BEING V3
GERUND PASSIVE / CONTINUOUS REDUCTION)
1. That would allow this factor to be isolated without being contaminated by the powerful
enzymes, such as trypsin, that the pancreas normally secretes into the duodenum.
2. After being named a manager at Stanley and moving to Dallas, Ash thoughts he would continue to
progress within the company hierarchy.
3. Besides being repeatedly attacked by Marcos loyalists and having to defend her fledgling
government against numerous coup attempts, Aquino had to lead recovery efforts following an
eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, a 7.7 magnitude earthquake, and a category five typhoon
that collectively devastated the countryside.
4. After graduating at the top of her eighth grade class in Stamps, she went to Los Angeles to
pass the summer with her father, but after being attacked by his girlfriend, she lived for a
month in a junk yard with runaways from many races.
5. The key issue will always be at what price. Renewable resources are those resources that are
harvested after being planted, cultivated, raised, or otherwise produced in a manner that
allows for more of them to be produced from the same source.
6. The father is Tom Joad—the surname coming from the Biblical character “Job,” whose faith is
tested by God in the Old Testament. When Joad returns home after being paroled from prison for
manslaughter, he finds the family farm in disarray and the crops destroyed in the dust Bowl.
7. Because dust particles are so small, they can remain suspended in air for long periods of
time. For this reason, dust may be transported across or between entire continents before
being deposited, usually in rainfall.
8. Instead of being found only in Africa, our species now lives in virtually every part of the
world, from the driest of deserts to the highest of the world’s plateaus.
9. The Qing ruled China during 1644-1911 and brought Chinato an apex of wealth and power in the
mid-eighteenth century before being humiliated by the British in the Opium Wars.
10. Containers can be transferred, without being opened, to trucks or trains and taken directly
from their port of arrival to the distribution center that ordered the goods.
11. Despite the attention being paid to the training of “idiots,” “deaf-mutes,” and the “blind”
at national institutions, local authorities across Europe were not rushing to establish
residential schools at taxpayers’ expense.
12. As Roy Porter concludes in his acclaimed survey, English Society in the Eighteenth Century,
the eighteenth century agricultural revolution created a landless proletariat, many of whom
remained on the margins of society for decades before being integrated (if they ever were)
into new positions in society.
13. The colonies were established for the removal of raw materials and human labor, while being
promoted as part of a larger imperial mission.
14. Drug traffickers smuggle powder into consumer countries, where it is “cut” with fillers
such as cornstarch before being sold for $50 to $150 per gram.
15. Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system by interfering with dopamine cycling.
Dopamine stimulates neurons in the brain, allowing people to experience pleasure, normally,
dopamine is active only briefly before being carried away by a dopamine transporter.
16. According to J.B. King, there are three main methods for directly testing an agent’s
carcinogenic potential in an ethical manner (i.e., not knowingly putting humans at risk of
being exposed to carcinogenic agents for experimental purposes).
17. Government cadastral maps gradually changed from being used to effect one particular
measure to being a body of information useful for a variety of government needs.
18. Another limiting characteristic of CMI as a long-term drought- monitoring tool is that it
typically begins and ends each growing season near zero. This limitation prevents CMI from
being used to monitor moisture conditions outside the general growing season, especially in
droughts that extend over several year.
19. Members of the affected community have the most to lose from being vulnerable and the most
to gain from being effectively prepared.
20. Because of this effect of clouds, all else being equal, clear nights are colder than cloudy
nights; in the absence of clouds, more infrared radiation leaving the surface escapes directly
to space without being intercepted.
21. The only pesticides allowed in the United states are those that are registered for use in
the United states; however, export law does not prevent unregistered pesticides from being
manufactured and exported.
22. In an example of this sentiment, writer Rudyard Kipling argued that the development of
other regions was part of the “white man’s burden,” which spoke to a paternalistic
responsibility that came with being supposedly more advanced.
23. Ninoy Aquino became a governor and, later, a senator, but his political speeches frequently
questioned the policies of President Ferdinand Marcos. As the only Liberal Party member to
have succeeded in being elected to the Senate, Aquino was politically unpopular among his
colleagues.
24. Brooches in antiquity were also not simply ornamental items but frequently were employed to
join pieces of clothing. However, most examples show some form of decorative elaboration,
either through being made of showy metals like copper or gold or by being engraved or
decoratively enlarged and used as a setting for gems.
25. When Geyser, like Francisco Suarez, ascribed a concrete, individual spiritual essence to
human existence, he did not do so primarily in the Thomistic sense of a universal spiritual
essence which achieves individuality by being united with matter.
26. This official language had the advantage, moreover, of being propagated through public
education initiatives under taken by most European states to ward the end of the nineteenth
century.
27. The most famous of these pilots, the “Night Witches,” received the high Soviet
distinction of being named a Guards Regiment.
28. By the eighteenth century, nocturnal disturbances, especially in the cities, stood
less chance of being overlooked.
29. Typhus has a long history of being associated with war and famine, frequently
flourishing in military encampments and jails, but it became almost endemic among some urban
populations during the nineteenth century.
30. The infrastructure is in the process of being restored, and all but 30,000 or so
refugees have returned.
31. John Gay also explained why a person may be virtuous.
Curiously enough, he made little of man’s obligation to obey the will of God. Rather he appealed
to the universality of man’s inclination to seek pleasure and to avoid pain; and he equated a
person’s happiness with his being pleased.
32. It suddenly occurred to him that the experimental ligation of the pancreatic duct and
the subsequent degeneration of those parts of the pancreas responsible for external secretion
into the duodenum might then result in one’s being left with only that part of the pancreas
important in these cretion of the internal factor thought to be important in diabetes.
33. Although the precise situation in which the Paddocks envisioned triage's being applied
no longer holds, ethical questions associated with the allotment of limited aid seem certain
to be raised repeatedly in the future.
34. Her visibility in the world of astronomy was an inspiration to other women and led to her
being designated, in 1922, America’s leading woman scientist by the League of Women Voters.
35. At this time, Gagarin received permission to tell Valentina about his training as a
cosmonaut and his being chosen to fly the first Soviet space mission, which was less than one
month away.
36. Guandi died June 10, 1926, in a Barcelona hospital from injuries resulting from his being
hit by a streetcar during one of his daily walks.
37. In 1953, this book won for Hemingway the Pulitzer Prize and was also instrumental in his
being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
38. Himmler’s brief tenure as a military commander, first in the Upper Rhine Valley and then as
commander in chief of Army Group Vistula, was an unmitigated fiasco and ended in his being
relieved of all military duties.
39. Jean Monnet’s success in coordinating economic aspects of the Anglo-French war effort,
particularly shipping, led to his being given the post of Deputy Secretary-General of the
League of Nations after the war ended in 1918.
40. The stress of Pasternak’s literary plight, combined with his
being torn between his family and his lover, eroded his health and necessitated prolonged
periods of rest.
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41. In 1938, Patton was ordered back to Fort Myer to replace General Jonathan Wainwright. He
was fifty-three years old at the time, and although the war clouds were gathering in Europe
and Asia, it seemed likely that age alone might preclude his being considered for a possible
combat command.
42. In 1998, Pinchot’s autobiography begins with a discussion of his choice of forestry as a
career, and concludes with his being fired by President Taft.
43. In the 1980’sand 1990’s, Rotblat became Pugwash’s president and remained at the forefront
of efforts to foster cooperation among nations. These efforts led to many awards, including
his being named a Commander of the British Empire in 1965.
44. Russel’s Principles of Social Reconstruction (1916) signaled a deepening involvement with
questions of human relations, and his anti-war efforts led to his being fined in 1916,
imprisoned for six months in 1918, and as a result deprived of his lectureship at Trinity
College.
45. His command of the French language combined with scholarly prowess led to his being sent to
Paris, first to the Lycée Louis- le-Grand and then to the famous École Normale Supérieure of
the University of Paris.
46. When her portrait of identical twins appeared in the exhibit, the twins’ parents protested
that the image was a distortion and tried to stop the picture from being reproduced elsewhere
because they thought their daughters would be exploited.
47. After years of autocratic rule under the Duvaliers, populist priest Aristide won the
Haitian presidency by a democratic vote. A major goal as president was to aid the poor. His
tenure in office included being overthrown in a coup in 1991
48. Balfour’s dismay at being thrown out of office was
compounded when he lost his own seat in Parliament in 1906.
49. Coward was a hedonist and snob who thrived on being surrounded by people as famous as
himself and dominating the festivities with his wit.
50. Although his mother was Roman Catholic, Camus was an agnostic. His medical problems
prevented him from being offered a teaching position in Algeria
51. During times when being an African American often meant being invisible, being
disheartened, and being denied chances to achieve intellectually, especially if female,
Bethune became a person whose entire life disproved such stereotypes.
52. 1968. As a public figure in an Islamic society, BoutrosGhali faced the challenges of being
a Coptic Christian and being married to a Jewish wife, Leia Maria BoutrosGhali
53. Working closely with Hugh Dalton, a former professor of economics who somehow escaped being
labeled an “intellectual,” Bevin finally succeeded in 1937 in convincing the parliamentary
Labour Party to stop voting against rearmament measures.
54. The troublemakers end up being severely punished, while the victims end up rich and live
happily thereafter.
-
55. Senior warriors take boys and girls to a special place where they participate in more
ceremonies involving being sprayed with medicines that are thought to enhance bravery and
endurance
56. Bodily functions must not be mentioned or implied between
adjacent generations or between women and men. Going to the lavatory is a laborious undertaking
because one must avoid being seen on the way there.
57. Hausa communities in the 15th and 16th centuries found themselves in a regional power
vacuum with the decline of Bornu-Kanem to the east, Songhai to the west, and being restrained
by the northerly Berbers and the long-standing southward migration of the Sahara.
58. I asked Tan about the commercial constraints on his work, and he gave a very candid answer:
“It is inescapable. You can’t avoid being commercialized.
59. Scientist are trying to find out that How people can avoid being infected.
60. “It is not enough simply to avoid being found guilty of a
crime,” the policy states. “Instead, as an employee of the N.F.L. or a member club, you are held
to a higher standard and expected to conduct yourself in a way that is responsible, promotes the
values upon which the league is based, and is lawful.
JUST AS - TIPKI - DIGI GiBl
1. Just as solid wastes comprise a vast number of materials, they • arise from a multitude of
separate sources as well as many kilometers of streets upon which solid wastes accumulate.
2. Just as living bodies went through stages of development, so human societies also moved from
one stage to another.
3. Just as Luther’s Bible had introduced Protestants to literary German in the 16th and 17th
centuries, so Mendelssohn’s texts introduced Yiddish-speaking Jews to formal German.
4. Just as they had in the era of classicism, writers again began looking to the past for some
forms of literary inspiration, but their models were not limited to the ancient Latin and
Greek classics; they also included Shakespeare, Homer, and Milton.
5. Suddenly, the realm of creation had grown dramatically, just as it had when Galileo Galilei
pointed his crude telescope toward the heavens.
6. They believed that this rational soul could uncover the self- evident moral principles that
exist in the universe, just as it could discern natural physical laws.
7. Thus Needham, just as his collaborator Buffon, supported the idea that the natural world has a
long history in which change has occurred.
8. It had nine performances, a normal run for the era. A
successful and deeply symbolic revival occurred in 1789, just as the French Revolution was
beginning.
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9. Just as geometers derive a complete system of true knowledge from a few simple axioms, so by
the process of deductive reasoning, people could derive a complete explanation of all the
phenomena in the world.
10. The spinning jenny greatly increased the production of cotton yarn. The machine drew and
twisted yarn simultaneously just as a human spinner with a wheel would do.
11. Filmer had tried to legitimize the claims of 17th-century absolute monarchs by this appeal
to biblical, historical tradition. Locke’s arguments drew from the Bible just as Filmer had
done but used the scriptural material to demolish Filmer’s claims.
12. Highly qualified teachers can narrow the achievement gap just as incompetent teachers can
widen it.
13. Like Dewey, an activist educator would denounce rote learning for a more interactive and
experiential approach to teaching and learning. Just as Dewey advocated, an activist teacher
would also place emphasis on thinking, reflection, democratic ideals, and on the value of
community.
14. Just as White male teachers made more money than White female teachers, White teachers made
more money than Black teachers.
15. Just as the neoliberal economic policies of global capitalism tend to be the defining
feature of globalization, neoliberal ideology also tends to be the dominant force currently
influencing educational reform, eclipsing the potential of more democratic goals.
16. Although most of the European colonists were from the British Isles, they still brought
different conceptions about the purpose of their life in the NewWorld, just as they differed
in Britain about the accessibility and availability of literacy.
17. Just as philosophy of science is closely related to epistemology, political/social
philosophy is closely related to ethics.
18. Just as social and political factors initiated and propelled the Sputnik-era reforms in
mathematics and science education, new social and political realities beginning in the mid-
1960s acted as oppositional forces to the philosophical underpinnings of these reforms.
19. Just as the state is a creation of humans designed with the hope of a better existence,
education is a creation of humans designed with the hope of supporting that better way of
life.
20. Just as it wanted to avoid imperial clashes with Russia, so too Britain feared that the
 entente with France might not prove strong enough to prevent Germany and France reaching a
settlement of their differences.
21. It can be argued that the computer is simply a tool, just as a pencil is a tool that allows
an artist to create
22. Just as he felt that the Church as an institution was perverting grace and salvation, he
felt that compulsory schooling was perverting learning and education.
23. Grey endeavoured to steer a difficult middle path. He had met the Russian threat by the
agreements of 1907, just as his predecessor in the Foreign Office, Lord Lansdowne, had removed
the imperial rivalry with France in 1904 by a general settlement.
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24. The treaties provided the illusion of peace in eastern Asia without solving the underlying
conflicts, just as the later Locarno Treaties created the illusion of peace in Europe.
25. It was a mass party relying on the support of the agricultural labourer in the south, just
as the Socialist strength lay in the industrial towns of the north.
26. Just as Mussolini did not wish to be dependent on a genuine representative assembly, so he
did not intend to be at the mercy of Fascist followers more revolutionary than he.
27. The apparently benign, modest and down-to-earth leader - it was easy for the Stalin cult to
portray him as the father of his people just as the tsars before him had been - had turned
into a monstrous tyrant.
28. Stalin was a consummate actor who could hide his true nature and, if he chose, charm those
who had dealings with him, just as he was to charm Churchill and Roosevelt when the three
leaders met during the Second World War.
29. Against the European imperialist nations, Japan, though
weaker than their combined strength, had a chance of success. Just as the weaker US in the
eighteenth century had made itself dominant in the Western hemisphere - a parallel not lost on
Japan - by taking advantage of Europe’s distress, of Europe’s great internecine wars, so Japan
in the twentieth century would profit from the conflicts ofEurope.
30. Britain tolerated Hitler’s illegal actions just as rearmament in the Weimar years had been
accepted. France, though more alarmed than Britain by the development of German military
strength, would not take action without the certainty of British support in case such actions
should lead to war with Germany.
31. Just as in Europe, where Hitler’s Blitzkrieg had failed finally in 1942, so did Japan’s
oriental Blitzkrieg now fail in its purpose of forcing its principal enemies to accept Japan’s
claim to predominance in eastern and southern Asia.
32. The composition of the Communist Party in 1949 provides striking evidence of this: just as
the war aided the growth of communism, so it revealed the corruption, incompetence and
inefficiency of the Kuomintang and Chiang Kaichek’s leadership.
33. The nuclear-arms race was significantly accelerated just as the Soviet Union was closing
the real missile gap with the US in the 1960s.
34. Only a minority, though, were members of a union. In the US in 1900, only about 1 million
out of more than 27 million workers belonged to a labour union. Unions in America were male
dominated and, just as in Britain, women had to form their own unions.
35. Mao believed in driving the revolution forward by appeals to the masses, but just as
important was the exercise of control through coercion.
36. Just as a radical Labour administration after 1945 had been ready to take on the
establishment, so Mrs Thatcher relished doing the same: the British Medical Association, the
National Union of Teachers, university vice-chancellors, lawyers and judges.
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HOWEVER - USAGE (+/-)
1. Mark Antony was becoming a troublesome rival to Octavian. However, to the public, Mark Antony
was clearly linked with Julius Caesar’s triumphs and was an important Roman military figure.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
There is little agreement as to the exact nature of the debates that took place. However, it is
clear that after the second council, Buddhists divided into a number of different sects, and
unity among them was no longer possible.
A)...............HOWEVERB)...............
3.
4.
6.
He also built many shrines in places associated with Buddha’s life. However, he honored all
religions and holy men.
A)...............HOWEVERB)...............
A series of puppet kings was appointed in Babylon, until local rebellion returned control to the
Kassites. Eventually, however, the Elamites raided Babylonia and plundered such national
treasures as Naram-Sin’s Victory Stela, Hammurabi’s Law Code, and even Marduk’s cult statue from
Babylon.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
Ochus’s bloodthirsty reputation—possibly the worst in this regard of any of the Achaemenid kings
—was compounded by the murder of all his relations, regardless of sex or age, soon after his
accession. However, his ruthless ferocity did not stop revolts from rocking the empire.
A)..............HOWEVER B)...............
After conquering the Persian capital of Persepolis, he rested there for a few months and then
continued his pursuit of Darius. However, his own men had already assassinated Darius.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
7. At the Battle of Delium, he assisted Socrates who had been wounded and in turn benefited from
the older man’s advice. However, Alcibiades was too extravagant a personality to abide by the
moral strictures that Socrates required of his pupils.
A)...............HOWEVER B).............
8. The Aeneid became a standard school text of the ancient world and was a critical part of a
good education. Virgil, however, considered the work unfinished.
A)..............HOWEVER B)................
9.
Navies became more and more important as civilizations increased their trade and social
contacts. However, for the most part ships were used for cargo transportation, raiding, and
exploration.
A)..............HOWEVER B).............
10. The Caesars adapted by expanding the opportunities for citizenship and by giving slaves and
freedmen opportunities to gain wealth and improve their status. However, there is no evidence
that wealth disparities diminished over the whole imperial period.
A)..............HOWEVER B)................
11. One group of outsiders who seized power sometime around 1600 b.c.e. was the Hyksos, a
Semitic people. However, by 1300
b.c.e. a native dynasty had returned to power, and the outsiders were expelled.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
12.Copper smelting began in Catal Huyuk (perhaps the earliest city excavated, found in modernday
Turkey) before the Bronze Age. However, the people in northern Thailand were the first to make
bronze (an alloy of tin and copper) around 4000 b.c.e. A) HOWEVER B)
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13. Over the centuries people as far separated as the Celts and Chinese adopted the horse to
great advantage. However, at first the horses were mainly used to pull war chariots; later for
cavalry, and not commonly for agricultural labor.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
14. Under an international agreement, it is illegal to remove them from the wild without
special permits. However, a number of these rare parrots are illegally captured, smuggled from
their native habitats to the United States and Canada, and sold on the black market for
thousands of dollars a piece.
A)..............HOWEVER B)...............
15. For example, populations of zebra mussels are declining in some parts of the Great Lakes
because a native sponge growing on their shells is preventing them from opening up their
shells to breathe. However, it is not clear whether the sponges will be effect.
A) HOWEVERB).............
16. No single cause has been identified to explain these amphibian declines. However,
scientists have identified a number of factors that can affect frogs and other amphibians at
various points in their life cycles.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
17. An even more ambitious approach is to develop complex computer models for managing
multispecies fisheries in large marine systems. However, it is a political challenge to get
groups of nations to cooperate in planning and managing such large systems.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
18. The estimated number of whales killed commercially
worldwide dropped from 42,480 in 1970 to about 1,300 in 2007. However, despite the ban, more
than 26,000 whales were hunted and killed between 1986 and 2007.
A)..............HOWEVER B)..............
19. Most fishing boats hunt and capture one or a small number of commercially valuable species.
However, their gigantic nets and incredibly long lines of hooks also catch nontarget species,
called bycatch.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
20. Most of the tall-grass prairies in the United States have been plowed up and converted to
crop fields. However, these prairies are ideal subjects for ecological restoration for three
reasons.
A)...............HOWEVER B).............
21. When hotspots are protected, local people can be displaced and lose access to important
resources. However, the goal of this approach—to protect the unique biodiversity in areas
under great stress from human activities—remains urgent.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
22. Some governments are also making progress. By 2007, the Brazilian government had officially
 protected 23% of the Amazon—an area the size of France—from development. However, many of
these areas are protected only on paper and are not always secure from illegal resource
removal and degradation.
A)...............HOWEVER B)................
23. Not surprisingly, elk populations have declined with the return of wolves. However,
drought, grizzly bears (which kill elk calves), and a severe winter in 1997 have contributed
to this decline.
A)...............HOWEVER B)................
24. Elk in the park are hunted in limited numbers, but wolves, as a protected species, are not
hunted. However, wolves kill one another in clashes between packs, and a few have been killed
by cars.
A)...............HOWEVER B)................
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25. These areas have helped Florida’s key deer, the brown pelican, and the trumpeter swan to
recover. According to a General Accounting Office study, however, activities considered
harmful to wildlife occur in nearly 60% of the nation’s wildlife refuges.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
26. The world’s 1,600 botanical gardens and arboreta contain living plants representing almost
one-third of the world’s known plant species. However, they contain only about 3 % of the
world’s rare and threatened plant species and have too little space and funding to preserve
most of those species.
A)...............HOWEVERB).
27. For example, in a mature tropical rain forest, some trees die and others take their places.
However, unless the forest is cut, burned, or otherwise destroyed, you would still recognize
it as a tropical rain forest 50 or 100 years from now.
A)..............HOWEVER B)................
28. In most large populations, genetic diversity is fairly constant and the loss or addition of
some individuals has little effect on the total gene pool. However, several genetic factors
can play a role in the loss of genetic diversity and the survival of small, isolated
populations.
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
29. Injuries and deaths from shark attacks are highly publicized by the media. However, the
 risk of injury or death from a shark attack for people going into coastal waters as swimmers,
surfers, or divers is extremely small.
A)...............HOWEVER.................B)
30. However hard we tried we couldn’t produce the necessary quality.
A)...............HOWEVER B)............
31.They opened the injured chest of the princess and repaired a ruptured vein. But the internal
bleeding simply would not stop, however hard they tried.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
32.Despite all the effort, there are so many things that can go wrong. It might fail the first
time. However hard you work, you always need luck as well."
A)...............HOWEVER B).............
33.When you review the plans for fossil fuel extraction, the horrible truth dawns that eveiy
carbon-cutting programme is a con. Without supply-side policies, runaway climate change is
inevitable, however hard we try to cut demand.
A)...............HOWEVERB)...............
34.Schools whose entrants come from disadvantaged areas, however prodigious the teachers'
efforts, however impressive the value added by the school, will rate less well than
indifferent schools with entrants from socially and economically privileged backgrounds.
A)..............HOWEVER B)...............
35.The Department for Children, Schools and Families, like its
predecessor departments, has been disinclined to take much notice of such criticisms, however
extensive and heartfelt they may be.
A)...............HOWEVERB)...............
36.However extensive the work, the audit failed to uncover the essential truth: the assets were
fake.
A)...............HOWEVERB)..............
37.If a man truly knows who he is and remains true to himself, the choice is no choice at all.
He must fulfil his destiny and become who he is meant to be. However much he might hate it.
A)...............HOWEVER.................B)
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38. To her critics, she seems to represent a fraud to be exposed, a wrong to be righted. “She’s
a shark,” one declares in Salon. “However much she’s got, Martha wants more.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
39. We have but one life. However much money we make, we cannot buy it back. As far as self-
direction, autonomy and social utility are concerned, many of those who enter these industries
and never re- emerge might as well have locked themselves in a cell at graduation. They lost
it all with one false step, taken at a unique moment of
freedom.
A)...............HOWEVER B)
40. She asks if I like the film, and I'm lost for words. However much you admire Tyrannosaur,
it's hard to like it.
A)...............HOWEVER B).............
41. Swoop to check-in, looking all happy with exaggerated smile on my face, trying to pretend
the bass weighs nothing. Got away without weighing it again, so only £64 excess this time.
Note to self.... smile more, however much it hurts.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
42. However much he protests, his is a remarkable story. Wiggins was 12 when he started racing
at the Herne Hill velodrome in London - the same track on which his father had raced years
before.
A) HOWEVERB)............
43. The ongoing antitrust investigations into Google invite
comparisons to the case against Microsoft. But however easy the links are to make, many are also
facile. The most significant resemblance between the two situations may be their outcomes.
A)..............HOWEVER B)................
44. However easy it is to wax poetic about the modern-day miracle of Google, the site is also
among the world’s biggest teases.
A)...............HOWEVER B)..............
45.However beneficial these reforms, Mr. Callahan argued that in the present cultural and
economic environment, they w'ill still fall far short of what is needed to make the system
sustainable. A)HOWEVER B)..............
46. He concedes, though, that it is going to be tougher to get
people to think about these trusts, however beneficial they are to their heirs. “The problem is
you can’t scare them into your office anymore by saying you’ve got a big tax you’re going to pay
A)...............HOWEVER B)...............
47. Glass industry veterans say cheaper natural gas, which is used to melt sand into glass and
is critical to the manufacturing process, isn’t a game changer in terms of jobs, however
beneficial the cost savings are. Pressure from inexpensive imports remains intense, and labor
in Mexico and China is still cheaper than in the United States.
A)...............HOWEVERB)................
48. The politicians offered a dose of reality to the corporate
chieftains. Mr. Zuma, for instance, reacted to a proposal for a nonbinding, model treaty on
international direct investment by saying that however beneficial it would be, the executives
were underestimating the vastly disparate circumstances that countries seeking foreign capital
found themselves in.
A)...............HOWEVERB)...............

3. We can infer from the passage

that the
earth’scrust
PASSAGE 1
A) has completely stopped the
process of cooling underneath
When it was formed many million B) is constant a source of
years ago, geothermal
the earth was a liquid. It is still
cooling and many energy
miles below hard crust is still
hot. However, in some places, the C) is not suitable for any kind
heat is closer to the surface. ofdrilling
These places are associated with D) is constantly warming and cooling
volcanic activity or hot Sulphur due to volcanic activity
springs. By drilling deep into the E) varies in thickness from place
earth’s crust, we can reach rocks to place
that are much warmer
than those at the surface. Pumping
water down
into these rocks and extracting
steam produces a
source of energy that can be used
to produce
electricity. It is called
geothermal energy.
1. It is explained in the passage
that under the
hardsurfaceoftheearththere

A) exists ahotcorewhichcan be used

asasource
of energy.
B) seems to be a great deal
ofvolcanic
activity which threatens life.
C) is a hot liquid layer which has
never been
drilled.
D) could be a number of hot Sulphur
springs,
the main cause ofvolcanic activity.
E) has never been sufficient heat
tomelt rocks.
2. According to the passage,
geothermal
energy
A) has been used by man for
millionsof years
B) can be produced both plentifully
and
cheaply
C) is a by-product of extensive
volcanic
activity
D) is the result of the contact of
water with the
hot rocks below the earth’s surface
E) is recognized as the only form
of energy that
would never be exhausted

The Japanese have a special way of making decisions. They call itthe consensus system. When a
firm is thinking of taking a certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to discuss the
proposal and give their opinions. The purposeisto reach consensus (general agreement). As soon
as everyone agrees on the right course of action, the decision is taken. Because of this
method,agroup ofworkers, rather than a person, is responsible for company policies. One
advantage of this is that decisions come from amixture of experiencefrom
thetop,themiddleandthebottom of an enterprise. Another advantage is that junior staff frequently
suggest ideas for change. A disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making can be slow.
In view of the explanation given in the passage, the consensus system .
A) can be defined as a collective decision making process
B) has a number of drawbacks that can not be overcome
C) is rapidly falling outof favour as aresultof the economic recession
D) gives undue importance to the views of the junior staff
E) has already led to the laying off numerous workers
5. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the Japanese style of decision-making in industry
A) policies can go into effect morespeedily
B) the working conditions can be improved much more efficiently
C) the workers find themselves at the mercy of their employers
D) the interaction between the management and the workers has reached a lowebb
E) tendstotakealongtimebeforeany action is agreed upon
6. According to the passage, the most striking featureoftheJapaneseconsensussystemisthat
A) the introduction of changes into a firm’s policy-making is moreorlessimpossible
B) decisions are taken fast andaccurately
C) it is the point of view of management that prevails
D) everyone, fromthetoptothebottom,ina firm hasafair share indecision-making
E) workers are denied the right to discuss indetail
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Rabies is a very frightening disease because once symptomsdevelop, it is always fatal.
Thedisease is caused by a virus and it affects many species of animals, particularly dogs,
jackals, foxes and bats. In Britain, no indigenous case of human rabies has been reported since
1902, but it is widespread among animals in most parts oftheworld. Unfortunately, in the last 30
years, the disease has been spreading across Europe from the East, especially in foxes, and has
now reached Northern France. For this reason, strict animal quarantine laws are in force in
Britain and it is rightly regarded as a serious offenceto attempt toevade them.
As it is pointed out in the passage, what makes rabies sodangerous a disease isthat
A) quarantine regulations concerning the disease are disregarded by mostpeople
B) very few people can recognize the symptoms
C) as soon as it manifests itself in the patient it is already too late for any treatment
D) it is nowthreatening the whole ofEurope
E) during the last thirty years it seems to have become indigenous eveninEngl and
8. The passage suggests that the British
government has already taken strict
measures to. . . .
A) bantheimportofanimalsfromFrance and other countries
B) discourage the keeping of pets inBritain
C) deal with the recent outbreaks of rabies, especially in foxes in Britain
D) ensure that no rabies enters thecountry
E) make sure that rabies patients will receive affectivetreatment
9. It is clearly stated in the passage that, for nearly a
century________.
A) thanks to new diagnostic techniques rabies has beenconfinedtodogs,jackals,foxesand bats
B) strict quarantine laws have been in effect in Britain
C) rabies has been one of the most frightening diseases in Europe
D) there have been remarkable advances made in the treatment ofrabies
E) no one in Britain has contracted rabies
Whenweturntotheproblemoffishing,weseethat, throughaUNConvention onthe Lawof the Sea, the world’s
nations have indicatedthattheyrecognize the risks of over-fishing. Nations can now declare 200-
mile exclusive economic zones and exclusive fishing zones and control the catch at a level that
is sustainable. Developing nations seem to be beginningto benefit from the newfisheries regime
which offers the promise of allowing them to manage fishing resources foroptimum, that is long-
term, benefits.
10. We can understand from the passage that the
statutory measures taken by the UN, regarding
fishing________.
A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the near future
B) have had no beneficial impact onthe situation
C) have been welcomed by all the member countries
D) came into effect too late to be of any use whatsoever
E) have unfortunately served the interests of only the developedcountries.
11. One major benefit arising out of the 200- mile
exclusive fishing zone is, as we understand
fromthepassage,to_______.
A) ensure that an ever-increasingquantity offish shall becaught
B) keep under control the amount of fish caught
C) exploit the marine resources through international cooperation
D) help developing countries to improve their inefficient economies
E) preventnew fisheries fromcominginto being
12. It is stated in the passage that in the
management offisheries, .
A) no consideration should be given to the size of the catch
B) one cannot plan ahead to the future
C) the introduction of restrictive m easures should beavoided
D) oneshouldgiveimportancetofuture rather than to presentgains
E) the 200-mile zone policycan be ignored
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14. We can understand from the
passage that
; the officialfigures
i givenregardingthedeath toll
PASSAGE 5 A) didn’t reflect the actual extent
ofthe
The exact number of people who died
in the tragedy
cyclone that struck Bangladesh last B) overestimated the number
year will probably never be known. ofvictims
Winds reaching 145 C) were much higher than the
authorities
miles per hour hammered the expected
country’s low- lying south-eastern D) included only those drowned
coast for nine hours, at one point E) exceeded the number of those who
driving a wall of water roughly 20 survived thedisaster
feet high across the area — one of
the most densely
populated places in theworld. It
wasthestrongest
stormeverrecordedintheregion.Theoff
icialnews
agency reported that 125.000
victims had been
confirmed dead, but it was believed
that the toll
was actually muchhigher.

13. Onecan infer from

thepassagethatone
reason whysomanyliveswerelostinthe
clonewasbecause

A) most of the population had no 15. Thepassage aims to impress on

decent housing
B) the Bangladesh government had
failed to
foresee such a disaster
1
C) the country had still not
recovered from the
previous similarcyclone
D) it struck only a very narrow
stretch ofland
E) the area struck was one of the
most
overcrowded in theworld
thereader
A) the extent of suffering
experienced by
the people inBangladesh
B) the magnitude of thecyclone’s
destructive force
C) the inadequacy of the relief
worksent in
D) the extent of poverty and misery
in
Bangladesh
E) the frequency with which such
disasters hit the world.

16. However hard he tries, he’ll never again

enjoy the confidence of the country as a
whole.
a. Apparently, he is quite confident that he does enjoy the respect of most people in the
country.
b. So long as he tries, there’s every chance that he will gain the support of the whole country.
c. It will be hard to recover the respect of the country at large.
d. No matter what he does, he’ll never recover the trust of the country as a whole.
e. If only he’d try a little harder, he would gain the respect of the whole country.
17. If only he had kept to the original statement he made to the police!
a. How lucky that the police realised that his first statement was false!
b. It was a good thing he did deny the statement he gave to the police.
c. I wish he hadn’t gone back on that first statement he made to the police.
d. I wish he had gone back on that first statement he made to the police.
e. I wish he did not go back on that first statement he made to the police.
18. He entered furtively, in the vain hope that the others would not realise he was late.
a. However stealthily he may enter, they are bound to know he was late.
b. Though he crept in quietly, he couldn’t hide from them the fact that he was late.
c. By creeping in so quietly he only drew attention to the fact that he was late.
d. He must have expected that some of the others would arrive late.
e. Once they realised, he was late it was too late to try and hide the fact.
19. The more time I spend with him the more I realize that he really is a most remarkable man.
a. As I get to know him better it becomes more and more apparent that he’s really an outstanding
person.
b. Of the people I know well, he is the most extraordinary of all.
c. It’s really worth spending time on getting to know a wonderful person like that.
d. It was a long time before I really understood that he’s actually a very fascinating person.
e. The really fantastic thing about him is that I still feel there’s a lot more to him than I
know.
20. At this stage, there is no sense in discussing the matter with anyone else.
a. Whatever happens, news of the matter must not be allowed to leak out.
b. There’s a lot at stake so the matter must not be allowed to go anyfurther.
c. For now, the fewer the people who know, the better.
d. For the present it’s pointless to bring others into the discussion.
e. Once the stage is passed we can safely ask the others for their opinions.
21. He’ll never get oranges to grow here; the climate just isn’t suitable.
a. If he wants to grow oranges he could try here; the climate is justright.
b. Oranges require sun and warmth, so naturally they won’t grow here.
c. However hard he tries, he won’t manage to grow oranges here as it’s the wrong sort of
climate.
d. The climate may be right for growing oranges, but he’s had no success.
e. The climate is the most important factor when growing oranges.

Obviously, concessions will 24. Many countries share the view

22. have to be that drastic
made on both sides if an
agreement is to measures must be taken to stop the
be reached. pollution of the seas.
Allowances will have to be a. The pollution of the seas can only
a. made on both be
sides if they fail to reach prevented provided that many
an agreement. countries
If either side shows positive follow the same policy.
b. signs of giving
ways, the resulting agreement
b. By putting into practice, a series
will not be in of precautions
it is generally believed' that the
their favour. pollution of the
Both sides have admitted that seas will be prevented.
c. they are not
willing to make any c. Owing to the pollution of the seas,
concessions. many
Clearly there can only be an countries find it necessary to
d. agreement so develop new strategies.
long as both sides are
willing to give way
d. The seas will, it seems, continue to
over something. be
Before coming to an polluted unless this agreement is
agreement, both sides will accepted by a majority of the
e.
have to discuss any countries.
concessions they
might consider making. e. A lot of countries agree that it is
essential to take strong action to
put an end to the pollution of the
seas.
The directors of the firm
23. have agreed to
a change in policy; it’s up
to us to 25. Within a few weeks of winning the
implement it. election his leadership skills were
 put to
The task of putting into the test.
a. effect the policy
changes agreed to by the a. His election confirmed thatthe
firm's directors is country
ours. recognised him as their leader.
Having agreed to a change in
b. Shortly after he was elected he had
b. policy, we to
must force the directors of prove that he really could be a
firm to leader.
c. Having shown his ability to lead he
implement it. won
The firm’s directors realise
c. that the change the election a couple of weeks later.
in policy will be difficultd. It wasn't until after he had been
to implement. elected
The directors of the firm that they realised he was a gifted
d. have decided to leader.
give the task of implementing
e. A few weeks later he came out well
the change in ahead
policy to us. of the others in the elections.
e. Any change in policy on the
part of the firm's directors
requires our approval
before it can be implemented.

You should get some professional advice if you're thinking about changing the system radically.
My professional advice to you is to avoid any major changes in the system.
Don't make any radical changes in the scheme; that's my advice to you.
It would be very unprofessional behaviour if you were to make any major changes in the system.
If you're considering major alterations in procedures, I suggest you consult an expert.
Without consulting an expert, you were ill advised to introduce any major changes to the system.
The West main response to events in Yugoslavia has been to avoid any direct involvement.
The West could have responded to the situation in Yugoslavia with a policy of active
involvement.
The involvement of the West in Yugoslavia was in response to certain major events.
Direct intervention was the response of the West to the situation in Yugoslavia.
In the main, the response of the West to the situation in Yugoslavia was unavoidable.
By and large the West has been reluctant to commit itself actively to affairs in Yugoslavia.
If Mr Drake doesn’t handin resignation, then Paul will.
Apparently, neither Paul nor Mr Drake plans to resign.
Either Mr Drake resigns, or Paul does.
Mr Drake gave in his resignation before Paul.
Paul would have resigned if Mr Drake had. Paul won’t resign unless Mr Drake does.
29. Few of the people who attended the opening the exhibition realised just how remarkable the
exhibition was.
a. Many people at the opening were unable to appreciate the worth of the exhibition.
b. Most people who came to the opening did not expect the exhibition to be of any value.
c. A great majority of the people were, in fact, impressed by the exhibition when it was opened.
d. At the opening of the exhibition some people thought it was inefficiently organised.
e. Of those who attended the opening, some thought the exhibition was rather disappointing.
30. A comparative study of religions is a subject that appeals to most theologians.
a. Religions are often compared by some of the theologians.
b. Many theologians argue that religions should have been studied comparatively.
c. Comparatively, many theologians are involved in the study of religions.
d. For most theologians, religious subjects are interesting even though they are studied
comparatively.
e. For the majority of theologians, the comparison of religions is a subject ofgreat interest.
*
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31. Efforts at the collective bargaining have failed because what was demanded was more than the
firm could afford.
a. The demands made at the collective bargaining could have been met by the firm.
b. Even if the firm could have afforded more, the collective bargaining wouldn’t have been
useful.
c. The failure of the efforts of the collective bargaining was due to the lack of interest on
the part of the firm.
d. Since the firm could not possibly meet the demands, the parties at the collective bargaining
could not reach an agreement.
e. Both sides made considerable efforts to ensure the success of the collective bargaining.
32. In view of the evidence, it seemed quite clear that John had committed the crime.
a. At court John was charged with crime.
b. From the evidence it was fairly obvious that the criminal was John.
c. As far as the evidence is concerned, John seems to be a suspect.
d. All the evidence showed that John was the only person to be charged with the crime.
e. If John had committed the crime, the evidence would have shown it.
33. He advised me not to sell such a quantity of
shares without consulting an expert.
a. The expert’s advice was to consult him first and then sell the shares.
b. He told me that only experts could sell so many shares.
c. He thought it would be better if I were to seek professional advice before selling so many
shares.
d. The sale of shares, he argued, was to be done on the advice of professionals.
e. He claimed that professional advice was necessary before we sold any quantity of shares.
34. He was sent for trial for causing a disturbance.
a. The trial turned out to be an extremely unpleasant one.
b. He found the trial extremely disturbing.
c. He is upset at the idea of having to stand trial.
d. He was brought before the judge, accused of breaking the peace.
e. The trial was conducted under rather unpleasant circumstances.
35. The architects were told to give practical considerations precedence over aesthetic ones.
A) The architects had to be reminded that a well- designed building is both beautiful and
useful.
B) Architects are supposed to give more attention to appearance than to right construction.
C) It is said that architects prefer aesthetic considerations to practical ones.
D) The architects were reminded that the appearance of a building is not of primary importance.
E) The architects had to concentrate, not on the appearance of the building, but on making it
functional.
36. It was somewherenear here .
A) Now the dogs caught the scent ofthe fox again
■ B) where the fire-fighters lose control
C) before the road turns off to the right
D) that they will leave the road and make off through the woods.
E) thatthe accident occurred
37. ____,there was something un-English about
his sentence structure.
A) Since Raleigh made classical writers his models
B) If that were really a translation
C) However difficult it is to read
D) Before he has timetodevelop a style of his own
E) Once hehas established hisreputation
38. Can’t you remember even approximately
A) that had been changed
B) where have they decidedtohold the meeting
C) how far is it to Istanbul from here
D) how manypeople we are expecting
E) whatsortofanexcusehadbeenmade
39. In the latter half of the century, political ideas and opinionsdominatedpoetry .
A) that it was not to be expected
B) morethan they ever had done before
C) whichwouldn’thave been surprising
D) especially if poets are young
E) evenifsensuouswritingwouldhave remained popular
40. ___, althoughtheydidn’thaveanyreally
serious grounds for doing so.
A) Quite alotof the objections will be easily dealt with
B) The foreman may take it on himself to fire the man
C) Severalpeople are thinking ofdeclining the invitation
D) Several nations boycotted the games
E) Conclusions reigned atthe following meeting
41. Oncewegetthroughwith thebackground material .
A) theweather is still not suitable for on-site work
B) we still haven’t had any opportunity toget down to the practical work
C) thecourse willstartto getmuchmore interesting
D) work onthe wards proved demanding as well as rewarding
E) ashardlysurprisingthatwe’reprogressing so slowly
42. _____eventhoughhehasn’t got enough
financial backing for it.
A) Never be fore had he faced failure
B) That’s the city of it all
C) Technicalmatters had received the largest share of his attention
D) Theschemewas hardlylikelytosucceed
E) He seems determined to go ahead with the project
ft V il » Ï-.T ft 5 Vi) 8 5 ft » ft ftft & » ft<B S v ft ft » ft ft ft» ft ft S)
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43. However far-fetched the story may seem,
A) People saythattruth is strangerthan fiction
B) newspaper headlines are, after all, far from reliable
C) we can assume that there is a basis of truth in it
D) wehavealwaysknownshelovestoexaggerate
E) it really doesn’t matter if some details are wrong
44. Even the chief engineer was impressed at the speed an efficiency .
A) until more problems have appeared
B) that the project will be finished on time
C) whether the workerswereprepared to
go on strike
D) althoughsomeofthemembershadbeen warned earlier
E) with which the team worked
45. The doctor was so kind and considerate .
A) before the surgery is carried out
B) If Ishoulddecidetogothroughwiththe
operation
C) that all my misgivings vanished
D) whenitisobviousthatthepatient has recovered greatly
E) Assoon as I am discharged fromhospital
46. ____,theresponseofthe West divided world
opinion
A) AssoonastheNATOcountrieshave
formulated an effective policy
B) Unless Iraq is severely punished forits
aggression
C) No matter how the board is constituted
D) As was to be expected
IE) When the oil-producing countries gather in Vienna to discuss
47. Do not attempt to cut down or prune large trees .
A) just as branches that appeared healthy had in fact been rotten inside
B) unlessyouareabsolutelyconfidentthatyou can do it properly
C) by making sure that your neighbors were not opposed to it at all
D) if theweather conditions had notbeen taken into account
E) in case the manager rejected the findings
48. Unless we get a lot of rain soon,
A) The price of fruit this year has been very reasonable
B) a great deal of land is still under water
C) the rainy season came late this year
D) they have already put awaytheir winter clothes
E) the harvest this year will be a poor one
49. ___whichwillfurther aggravate the
unemployment problem.
A) Several companies are considering reductions in the workforce
B) No solutions were forthcoming
C) Everyone was genuinely concerned aboutthe situation
D) Theminister had been under attack for some time
E) The police should have combed the area for the person responsible
50. ___beforethe town planners tooktheir job
seriously.
A) City planning has continued to be their prime concern
B) greatmanyugly apartment blocks were built
C) Agoodarchitectviews his workwithinthe context of the area at large
D) In this respect newcities are at agreat advantage
E) Newcitiesneverhavethesame atmosphere as the old

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* WHEN/ ONCE - DIĞI ZAMAN
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1. There was a major drop in world temperatures
between 14 and
11 million years ago, and another about 3.2
* million years ago,
when glaciers first formed in northern
* latitudes.
%
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2. Their distant descendants were still
* expanding southward
when European farmers expanded into South
% Africa's eastern
Cape Province in the 18th century C.E. V
*
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n 3. The Bronze Age, the period when bronze
technology came into
use throughout Europe, was a period of
political instability and
* intense competition for land.
*

% 4. Maize was the staple cereal crop for many

Native American
•% societies when Christopher Columbus landed in
the New
World in 1492.
A
m 5. Childe developed his revolution theory
during the 1930s, when
' much less was known about world prehistory.
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" ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH/EVEN THOUGH - E RAĞMEN
ı 1. Although Bernoulli loved mathematics, his
major scientific
i contributions lay in the closely related fields
of mechanics and
* physics.
* I
1
j 2. Although Boerhaave trained in medicine and
¿|k devoted much of
his time to that discipline, his contributions
in chemistry are
* perhaps better known to modern scholars.
*
*
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^ı

3. Although Chinese archaeologists claim that Homo sapiens evolved independently in the Far East,
they have yet to put forward convincing evidence for such a hypothesis.
4. Although the pharaohs colonized Nubia for a while during the New Kingdom, they never fully
controlled the long river reaches upstream.
5. Although the destruction wrought by early archaeologists and treasure hunters was
devastating, that of modern industrial development, deep plowing, professional looters, and
amateur pothunters has been far worse.
BECAUSE/ AS/SINCE - DIĞI İÇİN / ÇÜNKÜ
1. Tropical cyclones are not characterized by temperature variations in their different parts
because they do not have different fronts.
2. Winds descend from above at the centre and thus weather becomes clear and rain less because
the descending winds cause atmospheric stability.
3. The ozone layer is essential to life because it shields it from damaging ultraviolet
radiation.
4. During the first portion of curve, known as the lag phase, the population grows very slowly
because the process of reproduction and growth of offspring takes time.
5. Vegetative plants and trees are called autotrophy because they can produce their own food
through the process of Photosynthesis.
WHILE/ WHEREAS - EKEN
1. Some bilinguals may still be in the process of acquiring a language whereas others have
attained a certain level of stability.
2. Certain fields focus more intently on “knowing” for instance, philosophy and sociology,
whereas others focus more on “learning” for example, psychology and education.
3. Whereas the boys left reform schools often at age 16, at some schools, girls stayed until the
age of 25.
4. Whereas Western knowledge is divided among literature, philosophy, science, and religion,
native knowledge does not make such divisions.
5. Attacks on property were more common in the North, whereas attacks on persons were more common
in the South.
SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT - AMACIYLA
1. By implication, the local access and activity functions
associated with access roads need to be reconciled with some through-traffic movements so that
longer trips are not simply funneled to connectors and arterial roads.
2. Carter stated that the act would accomplish the twin purposes of fighting inflation and
lowering the price of airfares so that they would be more affordable for the average American.
3. LCCs focus on keeping operating costs low so that they can offer lower fares than legacy
carriers.
4. Several techniques are used to enhance the contrast of the tracks so that they are easier to
observe.
5. Groups employ different strategies to regulate joking so that it does not get out of hand and
become a destructive force.
UNLESS/IF NOT - MEDlKCE, MADIK^A, MEZSE
1. In ancient times, the government may not arrest a person unless he or she has violated a
specific law nor may authorities persecute people for expressing their opinions or practicing
their religions.
2. Unless two computers are directly connected, the data is sent over a network, either a local
area network (LAN) or a wide- area network such as the global Internet.
3. Users are typically not allowed to make copies of the program and run the program on more than
one computer unless the license is specifically for multiple uses.
4. A motor car, or a bicycle, is of little use unless there are good roads to run it on.
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5. In 1753 wagons with wheels less than nine inches wide were prohibited unless drawn by oxen or
at least five horses.
AS IF/ AS THOUGH - MI§ GIBI
1. Time may seem distorted, sounds may cause visual sensations, and users may feel as if they
have left their bodies.
2. We drive our bodies as if they were slaves because we are so afraid of poverty that we wish to
hoard money.
3. The typical English garden consisted of grounds laid out with curving paths, streams,
waterfalls, grottos, artificial ruins, and plantings designed to seem as if they had grown up
naturally
4. A doll or teddy is treated as if it were a living companion.
5. When the time comes for serious study, use your notes as if they were a chapter in a
textbook.
HOWEVER/BUT/YET -ANCAK
1. Temple organizations and the caste system were effective alternatives to the control of kings.
However, India did experience major imperial unifications.
2. Slavery in Georgia was banned. However, in 1749, after rice culture spread to the colony, the
ban was rescinded.
3. All five of the Scandinavian countries remained largely
agricultural during the first half of the 19th century; however, their products and their means
of produce varied.
4. Denmark managed to maintain steady growth in agriculture. Industry, however, remained limited
because it produced primarily for a home market.
5. Iceland was constrained by Danish control, which Icelanders felt drained them of their
profits. However, they increased exports of fish and other products from the sea, which in
turn helped to boost their economy.
AS WELL AS / AND - VE
1. Greek religion has remained a source of inspiration for artists, writers, and composers as
well as theologians and philosophers down to the present day.
2. Infants and the elderly as well as persons with weakened immune systems are particularly
susceptible to illness from contaminated water.
3. Hermes is another son of Zeus and his messenger in charge of conveying the dead to the
underworld and of everything in human life that concerns mediation (such as speech) as well as
of merchants and thieves.
4. Christian priests often became secular as well as spiritual leaders—for example, as bishops
who governed towns and regions around towns.
5. It is essential to augment coverage of water supply in urban as well as rural sectors.
3
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IN TERMS OF - AÇISINDAN/ BAKIMINDAN
1. In terms of historical value, the “C.S.I.” franchise, which includes 724 one-hour episodes, is
almost surely at or near the top among television series, having generated billions in
profits.
2. Whenever I talk to our customers or clients, they sort of brush off everything that’s related
to fiscal policy. It is important in terms of growth. It’s also important in terms of
confidence.
3. In terms of experience, requirements are mixed. "We need people who already have lab
experience in other companies, because "these are crucial in developing new applications for
our products." But other companies, such as Rhodia, a French specialty chemicals company, and
Bayer, recruit mainly straight from university. "We take fresh people direct from universities
in 90% of the cases.
4. There was pressure in terms of manpower. But knowing that these boys w'ere not fully trained
they weren't going to take a risk by sending them to the more modem, more expensive and more
valuable ships in the fleet.
5. Naturally they got sent to not only the oldest and least efficient but perhaps also the most
exposed and most vulnerable at the same time. So it was a double whammy in terms of the risk
these boys were running
%
6. Other crashes have been attributed to inadequate repairs - in particular Japan’s deadliest
accident, a Boeing 747 that crashed in 1985, killing 520. In the past 40 years, though,
maintenance standards have improved dramatically, particularly in terms of structural
integrity.
STOP + GERUND/ INFINITIVE
1. Cauterize is “to use heat or chemicals to stop bleeding, prevent the spread of infection, or
destroy tissue”.
2. In the late fall, the leaves of seasonally deciduous trees stop synthesizing the green
photosynthetic pigment known as chlorophyll.
3. There are other electrically active tissues that will issue
regulatory signals if the SA node stops generating an electrical current.
4. If a shark stops swimming it will sink, but its stored oil and relatively light skeleton help
it to float and decreases the amount of energy that must be expended on swimming.
5. When the animal exhales, the snake tightens its grip, and after two or three breaths the
animal dies from suffocation or from the pressure on its heart which causes it to stop
 beating.
6. Voluntary control of breathing allows us to avoid breathing in water or harmful chemicals for
brief periods of time. We cannot, however, consciously stop breathing for a prolonged period.
7. Until measures are taken to control water pollution and to stop overfishing, salmon
populations will not be able to return to their once abundant numbers.
8. Facial hair will stop growing and body contours may change over time to more closely resemble
those of the female.
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9. Instead of breathing evenly, young babies tend to stop
breathing for a few seconds and then begin again with a gasp.
10. The benign tumor usually grows at a relatively slow pace and may stop growing for a time
when it reaches a certain size.
11. Do not stop taking this medicine suddenly without first checking with the physician who
prescribed it.
12. A group of physical or mental symptoms that may occur when a person suddenly stops using a
drug to which he or she has become dependent.
13. Patients who take barbiturates for a long time or at high doses may notice side effects for
some time after they stop taking the drug.
14. Cauterization is the application of heat, mechanically or chemically, to prevent or stop
bleeding. It is widely used in surgery to hold bleeding to a minimum and speed the surgical
process.
15. When a horseshoe crab is wounded, its blood cells release a special protein to clot the
bleeding. The same thing happens when certain toxins are introduced to stop invading bacteria.
16. After the infant is born and moves into the pouch, a female red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)
may mate again. This time, however, the fertilized egg goes into a resting state and does not
develop until the female stops nursing the first young.
17. If the concentration of the antibiotic is too low to kill the bacteria, however, or if a
patient stops taking theantibiotic before the course of the drug is complete, the surviving
bacteria can then develop resistance to the drug.
18. A software or computer programming error in which 00 as the year is read as a mistake or a
symbol for the year 1900 instead of 2000, causing the computer to reject the information or
stop operating.
19. The SIDS definition is purposefully vague and reflects how little actually is known about
what causes the syndrome. SIDS victims seem to stop breathing in theirsleep.
20. Most trees increase in thickness due to cell division in two special layers of
undifferentiated tissues near the outside of their stems. This is known as secondary growth.
The two tissues are referred to as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. In contrast,
herbs do not have secondary growth, and they stop growing once their primary tissues have
matured.
21. Surgerical procedures to inactivate certain areas of the brain have sometimes been helpful
in restoring movement for some younger Parkinsonism patients who have stopped responding to
various medical therapies.
22. Recently, some astronomers have stopped referring to Pluto as a planet and have called it
aTNO.
23. Also like the Keewenaw rift, the Rio Grande rift stopped growing after a few million years,
as the tectonic processes ceased pulling the continent apart.
24. Because they are widespread and generally large, oaks have been used in numerous ways. The
leaves, flowers, and bark were used by indigenous peoples in both Europe and North America for
making medicinal drinks used to cure fevers, stop vomiting, and control diarrhea.
25. People who try to stop smoking usually go through a series of withdrawal symptoms that can
include irritability, restlessness, anxiety, and insomnia, which often make it difficult for
the smoker to quit.
26. The more sand you dump the larger the hill gets, but the slope of the hill stays the same.
If you stop dumping sand and start to dig into the bottom of the hill, sand will avalanche
down into the hole you are trying to make.
27. Menopause has always been a part of natural life for women, and the history of medicine is
littered with references to the period when women stop bearing children. The Greek philosopher
Aristotle noted that women stop giving birth after the age of 50.
28. A deficiency is xerophthalmia which can lead to blindness. This condition affects the cells
of the cornea, other eye tissues, and the tear ducts, which stop secreting.
29. The SA node may function irregularly over time or even stop functioning, which will
interfere with the performance of the heart.
30. Demographic transition—"This occurs when a rapidly growing population changes from a
condition of high birth rate and low death rate to one of low birth rate in balance with the
death rate, so that the population stops increasing in size.”
31. We stopped to rest. The dogs marked the territory, and we compared knives. Miles’s pig
knife was hewed from an automobile spring, double-edged, and looked like a mini- cutlass.
32. Rich stopped to think. “Well, you have that on the right side, too. Look at me,” he said,
daring the class to imply that the straight life had rendered him less modish. Then he began
scribbling the last words on the left side: “Poor eating habits.”
33. I asked Fuller whether he felt that there was anyone in his own generation working in the
same direction he was. He stopped to ponder the question. He stood stock-still, his eyes
raised reflectively, and then said, “No, not really.
34. We crossed a long meadow sloping away from the main house and past the dining cottage, and
 headed toward the heavily wooded southern end of the island. On the way, Fuller stopped to
show me a small graveyard—three headstones in a neatly fenced plot.
35. Finally, he stopped to address his disciples. “Look around,” he told the younger generation
before him. “These are the people you study with, the people you’re going to work with. This
is your family.”
36. Conditions calmed the lower we went, as the trees swaddled the trail, creating a pocket of
solace. A creek burbled under a bridge and by muffins of snow piled on rocks. Berthier stopped
to take it in. Others did too.
37. After Paris, look at some of what the Conservatives are doing in power. Fracking allowed in
national parks. Subsidies stopped to onshore wind farms. Solar power subsidies cut.
38. On one climb, Kelly discovered a patch of swollen rock samphire, a coastal flora that
people often cook with, or even pickle. We stopped to nibble it raw. “It sells for quite a bit
of money,”
39. Although the park sees over four million visitors each year, the majority are only passing
through on the Trans-Canada Highway. About 15% stop to use park facilities
40. Walking through the farmers’ market in Santa Monica with Clemence Gossett, you’ll discover
that she’s a bit of a celebrity in her community. Several times she stops to speak with
vendors and fanners.
41. Even over the three months he covered the war, he could see centuries of culture being
crushed. It's quite an angry book, then? He pauses. "Yes, there are things I'm angry about.
I'm angry about..." He stops to weigh up the word.
42. As you grow older, you can, you can just let go." She stops to consider what she's just
said, and giggles. "I'm sure that he'll be very happy I compared our relationship to one from
a Judy Blume novel.
43. Normally I picture him in an English garden, a little unkempt (both him and the garden),
digging with a fork, probably in autumn. There are leaves, compost, a bonfire, perhaps; soil
and toil. He stops to wipe the sweat from his brow.
44.4First, a network of 20 nodes is used and five nodes are
switched off. Here, switching off a node means that it stops to participate in any further
estimation process.
45. Ms. McGinnis moves about the city on foot year-round, absorbing the quirky beauty found on
almost every street. Feeling invigorated and enriched, she even stops to help tourists.
46. He talks with every teacher, every administrator, asking lots of questions, listening hard
and saying how much he values their ideas. He stops to ask a custodian how things are going.
"We've made everyone in the system, the bus drivers, everyone, understand that their job is to
support learning in the classroom
47. Another Oliver, a wheaten terrier stopping to gulp water, agreed. “ Buy a bigger dog
park."’ He urged his owner.
48. It also gave the block a center of gravity. With John and Vera presiding, she offering
treats to the dogs, the bench became an urban equivalent of the general store porch. People
began stopping to gab, to laugh, even to cry.
49. The menu in the window seems to exert a magnetic pull. Few' pass by without stopping to
examine it.
50. I think he decided he only wanted to do half the work. Mark's camel was hungry, stopping to
nibble at everything. The one behind me kept nuzzling my leg.
51. In terms of the bigger picture, he was tapping into a “back-to- basics” Zeitgeist. “People
are stopping to rediscover lost values and heritage,” he continues. “The honeycomb structure
is a universal symbol of evolution and its graphic modernity felt right for the collection.”
52. They glided along the aisles, stopping to compare prices on spaghetti sauce.
REWRITE SECTION -IF AND REDUCTION-
1. They would have starved were it not for the arrival of a detachment from England.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
2. Having failed to measure any sizable amounts by 1918, Kapteyn convinced himself that it was
negligible and his model accurate.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
3. If the universe were the size Kapteyn indicated, the clusters would have been outside the
Milky Way, but Shapley was confident in his distance measurements based on the brightest stars
and the Cepheid variables.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
4. In addition to the process having inherent scientific interest, the manipulation of organ
shedding has an important impact on production by agricultural and horticultural crop species.
Interpret:
5. Had the lactate been metabolized aerobically via the Krebs cycle, 30mol of ATP would have been
synthesized. Interpret:
Rewrite:
6. Having fortuitously met fellow folk song enthusiast Zoltán Kodaly in the same year, Bartok
went out with Kodaly to collect thousands of songs and dances among the peasants of Hungary
over the next decade.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
7. The storage of wealth is much more difficult; without a bankto deposit money in, the ancient
person would have had to stockpile goods, hoping that he or she had enough storage space to
keep the object and that the objects would not go bad Interpret:
Rewrite:
8. Eukaryotic cells possess a skeleton having a dual purpose similar to the muscular and skeletal
system of higher vertebrates, i.e. to provide support and the ability to move. Interpret:
9. Bohn was well trained, having earned his doctorate at the University of Zurich in studies with
Karl Heumann, who had developed two successful syntheses of indigo.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
10. In the United States, Enos J. Perry began the first large-scale facility for artificial
insemination in New Jersey in 1938, having learned the techniques while on a tour ofDenmark.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
11. In subsequent cases dealing with the question ofthe Constitution’s applicability to
territories, the Court was presented with questions having to do with the rights of criminal
defendants within the rights of constitutional guarantees.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
12. In 1888, Röntgen returned to the University of Würzburg, having achieved a solid reputation
as a physicist. Interpret:
13. Bateson became a strong promoter of Mendelianism, having Mendel’s paper translated into
English and publishing it together with his own explanation of its importance for
understanding heredity in the book Mendel’s Principles of Heredity: A Defence in 1902.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
14. Stieglitz gained control of all phases of the pictorialist movement by organizing shows,
having his friends review them in his own publications, and even controlling to some extent
the sale of the work through 291.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
15. A plant having two purple flower-color alleles has purple flowers; a plant having two white
flower-color alleles has white flowers.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
16. The cell then divides into two cells, with each of the two newly formed cells having two
copies of each chromosome similar to their single parent cell.
Interpret:
17. Having broken the unity of the revolutionary opposition by issuing the October Manifesto,
the government moved vigorously to suppress popular disturbances of all kinds: strikes,
peasant uprisings, and pogroms.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
18. Having constructed what he believed was a correct view of Earth’s galaxy, Kapteyn then
measured theproper motions of many stars for the purpose of verifying that these were randomly
distributed, as theory indicated.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
19. Having determined the position of the equilibrium, Fritz Haber next varied the catalyst and
found nickel to be as effective as iron, and calcium and manganese even better. Interpret:
Rewrite:
20. Having known Pinchot well, Theodore Roosevelt praised him as the most valuable of all the
public officials who had served in his administration.
Interpret:
21. Having failed to bring Roosevelt back into the White House as the Progressive candidate in
1912, Pinchot pursued political office for himself; he served two divided terms (1923-1926 and
1931-1934) as governor ofPennsylvania.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
22. If Owens Valley residents had known about the aqueduct and had gotten more money for their
land, they would have won. Interpret:
Rewrite:
23. If an agreement had been reached allocating some water to farmers in the upper valley, the
farmers would have won. Interpret:
Rewrite:
24. If the Owens Valley had been successful in thwarting the plans of the big city and had
prevented construction of the aqueduct, perhaps the valley communities, not Los Angeles, would
have become overdeveloped.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
25. If the German right wing had had the extra troops that Moltke sent to the German left flank
on mobilization, there might have been no gap, and the Battle of the Marne might have
developed differently.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
26. If the NPCA had abandoned the left wing of the
environmental movement, however, its move to a more moderate preservationist stance may well
have stimulated increased membership, which had grown to 300,000 by 2005. Interpret:
Rewrite:
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27. If cosmic rays had been composed of charged particles, Earth’s magnetic field would have
affected the radiation distribution across the globe.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
28. If the women had been able to compromise on these issues, perhaps they could have
strengthened their ranks and consolidated their new power, but such was not to be. Interpret:
Rewrite:
29. If Wright had retired at sixty-five instead of founding the Taliesin Fellowship, he would
be remembered as a daring experimentalist in residential architecture and interior design.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
30. If the anti-Roosevelt coalition had stayed together, the
nomination might have gone to a dark horse such as Newton D. Baker, secretary of war in the
Woodrow Wilson cabinet. Interpret:
Rewrite:
TO BE V3 INFINITIVE PASSIVE
1. The motions of particles near absolute zero are so slow that their behavior, even in large
groups, is governed by quantum- mechanical laws that otherwise tend to be swamped by the
chaotic atomic- and molecularscale motions that are perceive as heat.
2. Plutonium-238 is used in implants in the human body to power the heart pacemaker, which is
does not need to be replaced for at least 10 years.
3. Columns to the right of the decimal point represent numbers less than one, in particular,
“tenths,” “hundredths,” “thousandths,” and so on. Addition of real numbers, then, continues to
be defined in terms of counting and carrying, in the manner described above.
4. A particularly serious environmental effect of aerosol
technology has been damage to the Earth’s ozone layer. This damage appears to be caused by a
group of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which, for more than a half century, were
by far the most popular of all propellants used in aerosol cans.
5. In 1933, pneumatic tires were introduced and, for the first time, allowed tractors to be used
on paved highways, a valuable aid in moving equipment from one field to another on farms
crossed by paved roads.
6. Although extensive testing needs to be completed, it is possible that mutations of these
receptors in the brain may contribute to alcoholism in humans.
7. Most algae occur in less stressful habitats, where their productivity tends to be limited by
the availability of nutrients.
8. Unlike portrayals of hypnotists in films, a therapist cannot hypnotize anyone who does not
want to be hypnotized.
9. For obstacles of approximately the same size as the
wavelength, waves exhibit a very complex behavior known as diffraction, in which there are
enhanced and diminished values of the wave amplitude, but which is too complicated to be
described here in detail.
10. Gene therapy provides victims with their own T cells into which a normal copy of the human
ADA gene has been inserted. ADA deficiency is the first disease to be treated with human gene
therapy.
11. Individuals who defect or cheat in these relationships are likely to be abandoned or even
punished by the defrauded partner.
12. Probably the first alloy ever to be made and used by humans was bronze. Archaeologists
broadly divide human history into three periods; the Bronze Age is the second one, after the
Stone Age and before the Iron Age. During the Bronze Age, both bronze and pure copper were
used for making tools and weapons.
13. The Atlantic cod has long been the target of European fishers, and this species was one of
the first natural resources to be heavily exploited by European settlers in the Americas.

*
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m 14. The long-range outlook for all such costs
a is that they will
ultimately exceed the value of the property and
are likely to be exacerbated by rising sea
-% levels associated with global climate
alterations. j
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* 15. It is not uncommon for high numbers of f
▼ children to be infected during one “mini-
* epidemic;” one school with 69 children 1
m reported that the disease struck 67 of these [
* students.
a
16. Most of what we know about coelacanths has
a come from the study of dead specimens. Some
a of the first females to be dissected were
found to contain several baseball-sized eggs
* that lacked a shell or hard case
*
-* 17. In 1905, Rollin Harris (1863-1918) and E.
a G. Fisher (1852-1939) of the United States
m Coast and Geodetic Survey started work on a
calculating device that would forecast tides.
* It was not the first such device, but was the
most complex to be built.
•
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* 18. As birth control became more acceptable in
* the twentieth
a century, major controversies grew about its
-A social use. A series of mixed court decisions
a considered whether it is right to force an
individual who is mentally deficient to be
sterilized.
a
a
a 19. The fastest supercomputer, as of early 2003,
* can execute up to 36 trillion instructions
(elementary computational operations)
* persecond; this record is certain to be broken.
a
a 20. The last element to be liquefied was helium
a gas. First
* discovered in 1868 in the spectrum of Sun, and
% later on Earth (1885), helium has the lowest
boiling point of any known substance.

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21. Sediment particles that are small enough to be lifted and carried within the flowing water
are known as the suspended load, whereas larger particles that roll, bounce, or skip along the
streambed are known as the bedload.
22. Typically, the hypothesis tested is whether or not two samples are different enough in a
particular characteristic to be considered members of different populations.
23. Normally, bacteria are expelled from the lungs by coughing and the movement of mucus up the
airways to the throat where the bacteria can be expelled. In people with CF, the mucus is too
thick to be removed and bacteria are able to inhabit the lungs and cause infection.
24. At a textile mill, cotton fibers are spun into yarn and then
woven or knitted into cloth. The seeds, still covered with linter, are sent to be pressed in an
oil mill.
25. The rough draft sequence of the human genome was
completed and published in February 2001 in both Nature and Science scientific journals and the
final sequence is expected to be completed sometime during 2003.
26. Species in this phylum reproduce sexually by forming spores on top of club-shaped
structures called basidia. The club fungi are believed to be closely related to the sac fungi.
27. The particles may be treated to be made compatible with the matrix, or they may be
incorporated without such treatment. Particles are most often used to extend the strength or
other properties of inexpensive materials by the addition of other materials.
èêêëêêëèèèêêèèêèêëëéë&*
28. The exact ratio of metals determines the qualities of the alloy. For example, brass, having
less than 63% copper, must be heated to be worked.
29. A gene is said to be expressed when its product, the protein it codes for, is actively
produced in a cell.
30. Because S waves cannot be transmitted through liquids, it is thought that the CMB denotes a
phase change from the solid mantle above to a liquid outer core below. This phase change is
believed to be accompanied by an abrupt temperature increase of 1,300°F (704°C).
31. Species in this phylum reproduce sexually by forming spores on top of club-shaped
structures called basidia. The club fungi are believed to be closely related to the sac fungi.
32. With the completion of the FIHS, few new freeways may be expected to be built in the United
States. Existing freeways, however, will continue to be expanded and improved. In all cases,
work on a freeway must be carefully planned, its route laid out, and its impact on the
environment and surrounding area thoroughly investigated.
33. The electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle which is an important component of
the atoms which make up ordinary matter. The electron is fundamental, in that it is not
believed to be made up of smaller constituents.
34. In the history of the study of faults, Robert Mallet, an Irish engineer, was the first to
believe that simple mechanics of the earth’s crust cause earthquakes. Until 1859, when he
proposed his theory, earthquakes were believed to be caused by huge explosions deep within the
earth, and the origin of these explosions was never questioned.
35. Two basic types of chemical cells are used in batteries that supply power to electronic
equipment. Primary cells are normally not rechargeable. They are intended to be discarded
after their energy reserve is depleted.
36. The Egyptians also turned to superstition for help preventing tooth pain. The mouse, which
was considered to be protected by the Sun and capable of fending off death, was often used by
individuals with a toothache.
37. Crocodilians regulate their body density by varying the amount of air held in the lungs.
Also, the stomach of most adult crocodiles contain stones, to as much as 1% of the animal’s
total body weight. The stones are thought to be used as buoyancy-regulating ballast.
38. In 1989, a team of researchers located the defective CF gene, which was found to be located
on chromosome 7. Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that code for certain
proteins.
39. The doctor may prescribe analgesic (pain-relieving)
medication, and shouldprovide easy-to-understand written instructions that describe how the
patient’s recovery should progress and what to do in case complications or emergency arise.
40. The information in the genes (lengths of nucleic acid) in the nucleus is translated by
cells into polypeptides and proteins in the cytoplasm. The cell then can read these “words”
and know what to do.
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m 41. The patient who loses a limb from a disease
such as cancer can have a normal-appearing
prosthesis fitted and can be taught how to
use it and attain a near-normal lifestyle.
1
C| 42. There are organizations that can give
families help in learning how to manage the
C| illness in its early stages.

43. Parthenogens, unlike sexually reproducing

* animals, are faced with the unique problem of
how to maintain a complete set of
1 chromosomes.

*
44. Once the geologist or geophysicist has
*§ gathered evidence of potential for a
petroleum accumulation, called a prospect, an
engineer assists in determining how to drill
a well or multiple wells to assess the
* prospect.
<s
45. Because laser surgery is used to treat so
many dissimilar conditions, the patient
^1 should ask his physician for detailed
* instructions about how to prepare for
aspecific procedure.

46. A leading concern in the development of such

applications, however, is how to avoid
n rejecting valid users or approving impostors.
*
n
n 47. The psychiatric community generally favors !
n a combined I
treatment of medicine, along with an
educational program for the patient and family,
and psychological counseling to help the
* patient adjust to the medication and learn how
a to deal with the illness.
a
a 48. An understanding of these events, by
a careful study of the stratigraphic and
a paleontologic record, may help scientists
A better understand how to care for the world
^1 as it is known today.
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49. Studies have shown that boys and girls who have been told about pubertal changes are less
frightened and have fewer emotional problems related to puberty than children who have not
been informed about what to expect.
50. If it is necessary to stop taking the drug, check with the physician for instructions on
how to stop.
51. In order to minimize circadian disruptions, many large
companies employ consulting firms to advise them on how to manage or prevent problems caused by
shift work.
52. Some substances that have a beneficial effect on one occasion (such as a dental x ray or
aspirin) could be detrimental reproductively. The best defense against these toxicants is
knowing what to avoid when.
53. Perhaps the most basic questions researchers are still
struggling with are when to provide treatment, which drugs to begin with, how to identify when
alterations are needed in the therapy, and which drugs to try next.
54. They foresee that these techniques could help paralysis victims move by supplying
information on how to stimulate their muscles, or indicating the signals needed to control an
artificial limb.
55. Written records are missing for many prescientific societies as they turned from noting a
single celestial event to making the kinds of repeated observations that could be applied
predictively to events in their own lives, such as harvesting or knowing when to expect
newborns in their herds.
56. Modern cartographers face three major design challenges when creating a map. First, they
must figure out how to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.
WHEREAS - İKEN
Systemic symptoms generally clear in 1 to 2 weeks, whereas respiratory symptoms may persist up
to 4 weeks.
Acute bronchitis occurs in all ages, whereas chronic bronchitis primarily affects adults.
Microcytic cells are smaller than normal and are associated with iron deficiency whereas
normocytic anemia may be associated with recent blood loss or chronic disease.
Nausea and vomiting that occur within 24 hours of chemotherapy administration is defined as
acute, whereas when it starts more than 24 hours after chemotherapy administration, it is
defined as delayed.
Warm seasons and sunlight improve psoriasis in 80% of patients, whereas 90% of patients worsen
in cold weather.
Relatively severe stenosis (greater than 70%) may provoke ischemia and symptoms at rest, whereas
less severe stenosis may allow a reserve of coronary blood flow for exertion.
In the absence of descendants personal names can be lost, while others are introduced, often the
nicknames of deceased ancestors. Clans can merge, clan names become tribal names, whereas others
may disappear for demographic reasons.
The reproduction of inequality can be investigated empirically, whereas it is hard to see how
this can be done for its origin.
During the postwar era, Japan enjoyed a period of great economic expansion, whereas mainland
China entered a period of political isolation and economic hardship.
10. Whereas men and women used to share responsibilities through sharing complementary
production tasks, gender separation leaves women more and more solely responsible for
household food provisioning.
11. Muslim reformists had acquired significant influence in the West wing, whereas the East
still revolved around certain shared Bengali assumptions about devotionalism and related
emphases on saints and goddesses.
12. Conventionally, fostering involves a parent or set of parents looking after someone else’s
child, often on a long-term basis, whereas adoption involves in addition the acquisition of
a‘kin’ relationship between such parents and their (adopted) children
13. Conservatives were prone to annexation to Mexico, whereas liberals rejected it and favored
an independent republican federation.
14. Whereas customers in the West wanted ever greater quantities of tea, silk, and Chinese
porcelains, the Chinese wanted nothing the West had to offer, except silver.
15. Whereas the Finnish students suffered suspensions as the
result of their activities, Denmark and Sweden were marked by growing cooperation.
16. In Prussia, and then Germany, the transition period was
longer, beginning with 26 percent in 1816 and becoming more than 50 percent in 1900, whereas
France's population was still slightly below 50 percent urban at the end of the 19th century.
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17. In 1820, world output of pig iron was about 1 million tons, whereas in 1910, it was almost
65 million tons.
18. Whereas earlier conquerers had discriminated against the subject Hanpopulace, the Manchus
worked to establish good relations with the Chinese under their rule.
19. Whereas anabolic steroids are illegal, androstenedione is considered a dietary supplement,
and as such is not governed by the same regulations.
20. Some studies have shown that cobalamin supplementation improves memory and mental function
in AD patients whereas other studies have found no effect.
21. The sublime emphasizes the isolation and individuality of human experience, whereas the
beautiful urges people toward a refined life within civilized society.
22. Whereas Locke had asserted that owning property (land, moveable goods, and ideas) is
essential to the good of humankind, Smith posited the existence of a basic human need to
engage in exchange, or commerce.
23. Whereas the aforementioned revolutions led to stable
governments, the French Revolution shocked other European nations with its violence and
aggression, and they mobilized to contain the anarchy.
24. Whereas the primary attacks against midwives before the 18th century had come in the form
of accusations of witchcraft,
18th-century debates about midwifery revolved around gender and professional issues.
25. Femininity was linked to irrationality, to intense emotion, and to deceitfulness, whereas
masculinity embodied reason and intellect.
26.Luther limited the number of holy sacraments to two, baptism and the Eucharist, whereas
Catholicism retained seven— baptism, marriage, confirmation, penance, ordination, Eucharist,
and extreme unction.
27.For Lessing, painting and sculpture draw on spatial relations to present creative insights,
whereas poetry draws on temporal relationships. Therefore, the plastic arts and the literary
arts cannot be reduced to a simple set of universal rules.
28.Here a significant distinction emerged between the British and Spanish Empires: For the most
part, settlement in British areas was done by families, whereas in the Spanish realm men
tended to come alone.,
29.The public interest in male homosexuality frequently revolved around a few prominent figures,
whereas female homosexuality, while still a concern of the period, remained more in the
background, in a more private and shadowy context.
30.Whereas girls had always been educated at home, Haskalah encouraged their enrollment in
community schools. Such schools, segregated according to sex, were established in the 1790s in
the German cities of Breslau, Hamburg, Dessau, and Königsberg.
31. The feminine, for Goethe, acts as the ordering force in the world, whereas the masculine
produces typical human striving toward goals.
32. The daughters both entered a nunnery near Florence as very young women, whereas Vincenzio
was eventually legitimized. Both Virginia and Vincenzio assisted Galileo after 1633, during
his long years of house imprisonment.
33. Frederick William’s concepts derived from the old Calvinist notion of responsible rule,
whereas Frederick’s inspiration grew out of the application of the philosophy of the
Enlightenment.
34. Whereas earlier thinkers such as Sussmilch posited an equilibrium between population and
food supply, Malthus claimed that population growth always outpaces food production.
35. Whereas Locke, for example, had listed life, liberty, and
property as the inalienable (natural, nontransferable) rights of humankind, Jefferson chose to
list life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
36. Whereas most 18th-century Europeans would have conceived their influence as enabling native
and African progress, current opinion holds that the effects on indigenous peoples and slaves
have been entirely pernicious.
37. Newtonian theory predicted such flattening, whereas
Cartesian theory predicted a polar elongation. The results of the expedition helped to establish
the ascendancy of Newtonian physics over Cartesian theories.
THEREFORE - USAGE ( SONUÇ)
1. The African plate is spreading or moving outward in all directions, and therefore Africa is
growing in size.
A) THEREFORE.......B)
2. There is still a long way to go. We must therefore continue without efforts.
A) THEREFORE..........B)
3. We have the 2020 objectives for a smart economy, a sustainable economy. We must therefore
invest in that.
A) THEREFORE...........B)
4. The specific sizes of sediment transported as suspended load and bedload will change as the
stream discharge changes in space and time. Therefore, a sediment particle may be part of the
bedload during times of discharge and part of the suspended load during times of high
discharge such as floods. A)...........THEREFORE B)
5. Alluvium is the product of sediment erosion, transportation, and deposition. Therefore, its
nature is controlled by the sediment supply and sediment transport capacity of streams in the
watersheds from which it is derived.
A) THEREFORE............B)
6. Looming in the background is the precedent of North Korea, which agreed on a disarmament deal
with America in 2005, then reneged on it and has now become a nuclear power.Go after their
wallets Mr Obama's terms therefore should be both clear and tough and focus on denying Iran
the possibility of a swift "breakout" to unveiling a bomb.
A)............THEREFORE B)...............
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7. Flower-seeking animals such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds can learn to recognize
different types of flowers, they can move pollen from flower to flower quite efficiently.
Therefore, animal-pollinated species of flowering plants do not need to produce as much pollen
as gymnosperms, and the resources they save can be put into other important functions, such as
growth and greater seed production
A).............THEREFOREB)..............
8. The usual habitat of ant-pipits is thick and lush with foliage, and the birds are rather shy.
Consequently, these small birds are difficult to see and demanding to study. Therefore, little
is known about their biology and ecology.
A)...........THEREFORE B)...............
9. The term ‘logical empiricism’ has no very precise boundaries and still less that distinguishes
it from ‘logical positivism’. It is therefore hard to map.
A)............THEREFOREB)...............
10. IThis time, the Chinese government thought it would give potential opponents no chance to
get in the game. Therefore, Beijing decided to speed up the acquisition process by avoiding
the use of a listed company—Chinalco's Chaleo—and employing the directly controlled Chinalco
instead. Despite the clever maneuver, the deal still failed.
A).............THEREFOREB)...............
11. We very much hope the verbal assurances they provided to us - and the public statements
made - are adhered to and that the club will therefore be financed and managed with
appropriate governance and can go forward in a sustainable manner.
A) THEREFORE........B)
12. During normal operations yesterday, one of our EC 135 fleet has experienced an indication
defect that requires further technical investigation. Therefore as a precautionary measure we
have temporarily suspended service operations whilst we undertake detailed diagnosis.
A).............THEREFORE B)..............
13. The intelligence-gathering operating in Abbottabad had become the highest priority for the
C.I.A. in Pakistan. It was therefore more than a bit inconvenient that one of its undercover
officers was sitting in a jail in Lahore facing a double murder charge.
A).............THEREFORE B).............
14. Parents are ultimately the principal determiners of whether their children enrol in school
and, most significantly for girls, how regularly they turn up and how effectively they engage.
Such expressions are, therefore, not insignificant. ,
A)............THEREFORE B)...............
15. We must integrate our efforts and join the forces of the food, health and development
communities...for the 300,000 children in the Horn...for the 20 million children, globally,
suffering from severe acute malnutrition...and for the nearly 180 million children who are
stunted. Under-nutrition is preventable. And, therefore, inaction is unconscionable.
A)............THEREFOREB)...............
16. In the classic example of the law, a farmer who owns a given acreage of land will find that
a certain number of labourers will yield the maximum output per worker. If he should hire more
workers, the combination of land and labour would be less efficient because the proportional
increase in the overall output would be less than the expansion of the labour force. The
output per worker would therefore fall.
A).............THEREFORE B)...............
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17. Apple's market value is $7.5 billion. Its cash balance is $4 billion. The value of Apple's
enterprise, including what many experts regard as one of the best-ever brands, therefore is
worth only $3.5 billion.
A)............THEREFOREB)...............
18. In attacking fraud, it is critical to ensure the contractors that are paying claims are
doing their utmost to ensure excluded providers do notreceive Medicarepayments. Therefore, the
 President's Proposal provision holds Medicare Administrative Contractors accountable for
Federal payment for individuals or entities excluded from the Federal programs or items or
services for which payment is denied.
A).............THEREFOREB)................
19. Obamabelieves that the Westuses a disproportionate share of the world's energy resources,
so he wants neocolonial America to have less and the former colonized countries to have more.
More broadly, his proposal for carbon taxes has little to do with whether the planet is
getting warmer or colder; it is simply a way to penalize, and therefore reduce, America's
carbon consumption.
A)............THEREFOREB)...............
20. Hatoyama must now have his eye on upper-house elections, scheduled for next July. His DPJ
already controls that chamber, but only through a coalition arrangement. If he wants his party
to have an outright majority—and therefore a firm grip on governance—he will have to give the
Japanese public what it wants. What it wants, apparently, is LDP policies administered by
sober, honest and mature politicians—in other words, not by the LDP. There is little public
support for accepting Chinese dominance.
A)............THEREFOREB)...............
21. Although feudal relationships may have been decidedly asymmetrical and unequal, they were
nonetheless negotiated and therefore fundamentally different from the politics of empire that
had transpired before.
À)..............THEREFOREB)..............
22. In the indigenous life cycle, the Muganda person passes through stages, such as omwana
(child), omuvubuka (youth), and omusajja or omukazi (man, woman), until at death one becomes
an omuzima (spirit) and, therefore, a candidate for reincarnation.
A)..............THEREFORE B)............
23. Clearly, the poor workers of the world are disproportionately likely to suffer from this
exposure because safety equipment and policy is expensive and may be difficult to obtain.
Disincentives exist, therefore, and tend to discriminate against the poor and the vulnerable.
A)..............THEREFOREB).............
24. Men and women have distinct tasks, but there are few
underlying beliefs that one sex is naturally inclined to perform certain tasks. The capabilities
of men and women are very similar, and therefore tasks can be reversed easily.
A)..............THEREFORE B).............
25. The ruling Arab view of Islam at the time was that Islam was primarily a religion for
Arabs, and therefore non-Arab converts were treated as second-class citizens.
A)..............THEREFORE B)............
26. Indeed, the policies and the management of human resources within universities are
essential to promote academic entrepreneurship as a stage in an academic career or an
alternative career. Therefore, researchers will either follow traditional career path or be
interested in commercialization activities.
A) THEREFOREB)...........
27.2Employees have a wide array of rights under state and federal ^law—and therefore a variety
of legal claims they can potentially ' bring against their employers for violating those
rights.
A)........................THEREFOREB)..............
Tyco already had about $100 million in such business and had decided it wanted more. In 1994,
therefore, Kozlowski bought
28
Kendall Co. Kendall was and is a market leader in disposable medical products, with $800 million
in revenues.
A).......................THEREFORE B)............
Another big reason is that the whole automotive sales structure here is based on getting metal
off the lot as soon as possible.
29 2
'^Dealers get paid by manufacturers only when a car is driven away—and therefore don't pay their
salespeople until then.
A)........................THEREFOREB)............
Now, the situation is such that they've run out of that ability to borrow because the house
appreciation has disappeared, credit cards are maxed out, and the terms have been tightened up
by
30. lenders, plus this new law. And as a result, as companies cut costs, it works fine
for the individual company, it's the thing they ought to do, but when everybody does that, it
curtails income and, therefore, the ability to borrow everybody's goods and services.
A)........................THEREFORE B)...........
In every boom, it is often the infrastructure companies that are the winners, as they remain a
constant while the top-level pioneers fight it out. It's not surprising, therefore, to note that
3j jover the last few years, many of the companies that will be key lto the new Web 2.0 era have
gone private and been bought by • private equity.
A).......................THEREFORE B).............
32. The death penalty makes it possible for killing to be
encompassed within the normal carrying out of a bureaucratic procedure, rather than remaining a
transgression or a suspension of our ordinary commitments. To uphold capital punishment is
therefore to make killing itself normal: something that it is not even for the great majority of
murderers.
A)..............THEREFOREB)..............
33. Accordingly, the south feared that its integration in an independent Sudan would result in
 its domination by the north. It therefore took up arms demanding such autonomy as would allow
the people of southern Sudan to exercise their right to self-determination, without this
extending to independence.
A)..............THEREFORE B).............
34. They have agreed that the north and the south would work together to establish two viable
states, based on acceptance of their interdependence and therefore the absolute imperative to
cultivate mutually beneficial cooperation between themselves, directed at promoting their
integration as equals.
A)..............THEREFORE B).............
35. The exciting possibility is that exactly because of its painful history, Sudan may very
well teach the whole of Africa how to respond to the challenge of diversity which has informed
many of Africa’s conflicts, including those currently affecting the Ivory Coast and the
eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. In time Africa will therefore celebrate both the
peaceful resolution of the protracted conflict in Sudan, and the accumulation of new practical
experience which would stand the continent in good stead as it strives to construct peaceful
and democratic societies based on the perspective of unity in diversity.
A)..............THEREFORE..............B)
»»»
36. The Golden Globe for best dramatic motion picture has only matched with the Oscar
winner about half the time. And some of the awards given out by critics do much worse than
this: the Los Angeles Film Critics Association’s Best Film has matched the Oscar only 12
percent of the time, for example. Our formula, therefore, leans very heavily on the “insider”
awards.
A)........................THEREFORE................B)
37. The SAG Awards have a better track record than the Baftas across all acting
categories, despite usually predating them on the calendar. The safe money therefore remains
on Ms. Lawrence, with Ms. Riva and Ms. Chastain being viable alternatives.
A)........................THEREFOREB)..............
38. In the late 1960s, there was already a strong sense, especially in Telangana that
the Seemandhra had monopolized state power and therefore public resources, public sector
employment and the water resources.
A)........................THEREFORE B).............
39. The W.H.O. adopted the international code in the face of a very hostile campaign
from various quarters. It is therefore gratifying to see this fine and objective article
describing the great benefits of breast-feeding, 30 years after the adoption of the
International Code.
A)........................THEREFOREB)..............
40. Not disclosing the fact that S.E.C. had run into a brick wall in its civil inquiry
would have strengthened the request for a wiretap. Therefore, it could hardly be viewed as
reckless to not disclose information that would be helpful A) THEREFORE B)
41. The contribution rates have risen sharply in recent years, as long-distance prices and
therefore revenues — which are the benchmark measure for determining contribution rates —-
have fallen.
A)..............THEREFOREB)..............
42. The huge pool of domestic savings means the country, unlike other indebted economies like
the United States, does not need foreign savings. The Japanese government is therefore running
a fiscal deficit of 9 percent of G.D.P. and issuing still more debt, as if there is no
constraint on its profligacy.
A)..............THEREFOREB)..............
43. Wage income is very heavily taxed because both the income tax and payroll tax apply to it.
The lower one’s income is, the more likely that it consists solely of wages. Therefore, the
heavy taxation of labor necessarily hits hard those with low and middle incomes.
A)..............THEREFOREB).............
44. They were written centuries ago when, obviously, there was no electric power, no television
or radio, no airplanes or railroads, no Internet and so forth. Most of them were written when
blacks were considered property and women did not have the right to vote. To insist, as some
judges and justices do, that they now be interpreted as written is, therefore, completely
without foundation.
A)..............THEREFOREB)..............
45. But in an e-mail statement, Representative Sam Graves, the committee chairman, supported a
5 percent budget cut for the
S.B.A. — even from the agency’s actual 2012 appropriation. “Our massive debt is acting as an
ominous cloud over our economy, therefore, cutting the federal budget is necessary to help
provide a better economic environment for small-business growth.
A)..............THEREFORE B).............
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts
are rapidly put into effect. However, experience has shown that it is usually impractical to
attempt mass immunization immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts
from the overall relief effort without producingadiscemible benefit. Effective immunization
requires prior planning good systems of communication and transport and access to the population
at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate post disaster period. Efforts to
achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication
facilities, andtransportationexist.
1.It is pointed out in the passage that, as partof the relief work following a disaster, .
A) the most difficult to organize is the fair distribution ofsupplies
B) mass immunization is not usually to be recommended
C) communicationfacilitiesareamongthemost urgent measures to be taken
D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded
E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of the displaced population
2. We can understand from the passage that, in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster,
A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communicationfacilities
B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned
C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunization
D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity ofthe reliefphase
E) conditions are not favorable for the implementation of an efficient immunization program
3. We can understand from the passage that, if
transport and communication facilities are
inadequate,___.
A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected
B) the population at risk has to be removed to a safer place
C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious
D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation
E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every meansavailable
Universities are institutions of higher education whose principal objects are the increase of
knowledge over a wide field through original thought and research and its extensions by the
teaching of students. Such societies existed in the ancient world, notably in Greece and India,
but the origin ofthe University as we know it today lies in medieval Europe, the word
“universitas” being a contraction of the Latin term for corporations of teachers and students
organised forthe promotion of higher learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised under
this description were at Bologna and Paris in the first hal f of the 12th century. Oxford was
founded by an early migration of scholars from Paris, and Cambridge began with a further
migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over Europe from the 14th century
onwards.
4. The main concern ofthe passage is_
A) the comparison of different types of university
B) the development oftheEuropean universities from the Middle Ages to the present
C) to describe the aims and the early history of universities
D) to explain how and why the medieval university came into being
E) to emphasize the need for research in universities
S.According to the passage, one of the primary goals ofa university isto .
A) encourage the establishment of higher education institutions
B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching and research in a wide variety of fields
C) provide students with professional training
D) supervise the research undertaken by other institutions in society
E) make arrangements for the exchange of students and scholars in the world
6. The writer points out that, although the origins of universities can be traced to antiquity,
the history of the modern university
A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and Cambridge universities
B) begins with the use, intheRenaissance, ofthe word “universitas”
C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe
D) really dates from the Middle Ages
E) largely depends on the studies carried out at Bologna and Paris

PARAGRAFA GORE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:

Romanticism is a term for a movement
in the arts, that
is, in music, painting, sculpture or
literature, which
seeks to give expression to the
artist’s feelings about
his subject rather than to be
concerned with form and
reality. The romantic view is that
art is nature seen
through a temperament; the realist
view, on the other
hand, is that art is a slice oflife.
In painting Delacroix
(1789-1863) is the romantic artist
par excellence with
his uncontrolled expression of the
passions and love of
theexotic. In literature the
Romantic movement reached
its finest form in the works of
Goethe, Schiller and
Heine; in the poetry of Byron,
Keats, Wordsworth,
Shelly and Blake; and in the
writings of Victor Hugo.
Since Romanticism is partly a matter
of temperament
in the artist just as Classicism is,
it may be found at all
times and places, although whether
or not it becomes predominant
depends on contemporary taste.
8. It is suggested in the
7. The writer explains that the most passage that as an
distinctive characteristic approachtolife,theRomanticvie
ofRomanticism is w
A) an accurate description ofthe is constantly recurrent in
natural world A) the human
B) its dedicated concern with the temperament
issues of actual life
C) the expression B) has often been subordinate to
ofindividual’semotions Classicism
D) the importance it attaches to C) is out of favour in the
form rather than to contemporary world
content D) isbestexpressedinmusic,notino
therforms of
E) its avoidance of the pictorial art
and the exotic
E) came into being as a reaction
against Realis

9. Thepassaeeauitesimplvdescribes

the influence ofRomanticism

A) in art upon Romanticism in
literature
B) the romantic quality of
Delacroix’s painting and its
counterpart inliterature
C) the similarities and
differences between
Romanticism andother literary
movements
D) the revival ofRomanticism as
an artistic temperament in
the contemporary world
E) what Romanticism is and who
its major exponents have been

+ m
Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children bom into poverty to rise out of it.
Once families escape from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely
end uppoor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not
acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate.
Lackingtheseskills, they cannot get or keep a well- paid job. The best mechanism for breaking
this vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children
bom into poor homes do not acquire the skillsthey need from their parents, they must be taught
these skills in school.
10. The writer makes the point that, once people have
overcome poverty,_____.
A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them.
B) they cease to mix socially with the poor.
C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class maimers andways.
D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become pooragain.
E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry.
11. According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome, .
A) the only effective means for this would be to provide bettereducation.
B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor.
C) all children, regardless of their socialclass, should receive the same formal education.
D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities.
E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone.
12. The main argument of the passage isthat
A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same
 school.
B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school, since they learn
them at home.
C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape
from poverty.
D) Since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is
essential.
E) a child bom into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life.
>Jot just in substance but in manner too,
Robin Trevelyan, who is the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, is a politician in the old
style. He avoids the flourish which characterizes modem politicians. His speeches are at best
unemotional, at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an audience. His face is
inexpressive, solid almost. He evades making promises and is completely lacking in vision. He is
a politician whose talent has never been to inspire themob.
13. We can understand from the passage that Robin
T revelyan_____.
A) cannotkeephisrealfeelingsfromthepublic eye.
B) has,withhisspeech,alwaysbeenabletosway public feeling.
C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical politician of ourtime.
D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister.
E) is one of those rare politicians who really understands the psychology ofthe people.
14. With regard to the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, itis pointed out in the passage that
one of his shortcomings as a politician is
A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party.
B) his inability to follow someone else’s lead.
C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate avision.
D) his tendency to scom public opinion.
E) his fondness for modem political manners.
15.__________________________In this passage, the writer has set out to
A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present Prime Minister.
B) criticise modem British politics in the person of the Prime Minister.
C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time.
D) account for the failure of the Prime Minister’s previous adviser
E) present a concise study of the political personality of the Prime Minister’s new adviser.
» « * ë i>ê »*•»*»»» • »*•»» * ** S S é
Work is central in British culture. When someone asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean
‘What work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a
paid job?’. Yet many people without a paid job work at other kinds of productive activities.
Women, notably, perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as housekeepers and mothers. To
confine the term ‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are
many other kinds of work, some of which can take more time and energy than we put into our paid
employment from the voluntary working in the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In other
cultures, work isnotashighlyvaluedas this; some people value leisure more, and work only as much
as they need in order to provide basic necessities.
16.__________________The writer suggests that people tend to regard the word ‘work’as
A) referringonlytopaidemployment.
B) beinglimited only to voluntary work.
C) relating only to physical effort.
D) interchangeable with“leisure”.
E) an activity with an end-product.
17. The writer points out that, unlike the case in
Britain,insomecultures
A) work in any form is highly respected.
B) unpaid activities such as housework make up virtually the whole of a woman’s day.
C) voluntary work is held in high respect.
D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary importance.
E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their basic necessities.
18. According to the passage, unpaid jobs
A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones.
B) canbe quite as time-consuming aspaid ones.
C) arealwaysassigned to women ratherthan to men.
D) are not readily available in Britain.
E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to work.
Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society.
Their wide spreaduseshowsthattheyprovideacommon solution to the problems of vast numbers of
individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is not , however, uniform but varies with
the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences
between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between Italians
and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what the permissible and desirable
effects of alcohol are, how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is
normal and what is deviant drinking behaviour.
19. It is pointed out in the passage that psychoactive drugs
such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used
because .
A) sub-groups in society identifythemselveswith them.
B) people with problems find them helpful
C) their effects have been proved to be harmless
D) theyaremuchcheaperthanmanyotherdrugs and legally obtainable
E) society at large regards them as harmful
20. According to the author, the consumption of
alcohol in the world
A) is particularly widespread among members ofsub-cultures
B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group
C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class
D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour
E) made the practices and behaviour of subcultures in society more uniform
21. The writer points out that there is little
agreement amongsub-groups .
A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced
B) aboutthe benefits of psychoactive drugs
C) as regards why businessman drink so much
D) as to why Italians and Jews have different drinking habits
E) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed
In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about improving women’s position, ending
male privilege and doing away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal
opportunities legislation was enacted in many countries, and the voice ofthe women’s movement
was heard criticizing discrimination between the sexes in every sphere of working life. Now it
is clear that legislation can make only a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of job
segregation and inequality. The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality with
men while others pursue the revaluation of women’s skills and ‘womanly’ virtues.
23.According to the author, legislation against gender discrimination .
22. It is pointed out in the passage that many
people in the early 1970s .
A) realized that a majority of women were not genuinely interested in j ob segregation
B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could improve the position of women in society
C) actively took part in women’s demonstrations against male aggression and dominance in the
workplace
D) confidently expected the elimination of the inequality existing between the sexes
E) were scarcely aware of there being any discrimination between the sexes
A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the improvement of women’s position in society
B) has been grossly neglected especially in less prosperous countries
C) has, in many countries, already made the position of women fully equal to that of men
D) has brought about balance in society that satisfiesthewomen’smovementevery where
E) has been fully successful in eradicating job segregation in industrial countries
24. According to the passage, there are people in the
feministmovementwho____.
A) argue that women don’t deserve equal opportunities with men in working life
B) believe that women’s qualities have been undervaluedandshould be reassessed
C) are convinced that women would have a stronger position if they kept their femininity
D) believe that the movement is far from achieving any ofits original objectives
E) are concerned that the legislation against sex discriminationinworkinglifemayberevokedin the
near future
ÇEVİRİSİ:
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. .......................
All of us are bom, all of us will die; but there is infinite.......
variety in the nature and circumstances of these two...............
events themselves and in what happens to our bodies................
and our minds in between. Some individuals, for....................
example, are bom without difficulty and grow.......................
uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence,..................
suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and..............
accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They age
gradually until, in extreme old age, they die peacefully...........
withoutpainordiscomfort. This is an idealized picture..............
of how we would like thingstobe,ratherthanthereality...............
that most people experience. Death comes to many of................
us, not when we are old, but during or before birth, in............
infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle...........
age................................................................
26. The writer points out that, though most people expect
life to be free of care and death easy,
25. Onepointmadebytheauthorinthispassageis that
we, ashuman beings,_______.
A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are inevitable
B) have all similar opportunities but use them differently
C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy adolescence
D) ought to take certain measures to avoid infections diseases in childhood
E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life and death
A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence or in adulthood
B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised condition
C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case
D) formany peopleaworthwhilelifehasmore to it than this
E) this is seldom the case except in old age
27.__________________In this passage the writer points out the disparity between .
A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority andthetragic experienceof asmallminority
B) what eveiyone expects of life and what he actually achieves in life
C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later tragic ones
D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the actual life experience of the maj ority
E) the happier middle years of a person’s life and the more trying later years
The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world's running
water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested
and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious
width and calm, the river's banks can take halfa day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40
metres in less than a kilometre Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that
have been carved out by its turbulent waters.
We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water ofany river
intheworld,____.
A) it is not the longest
B) it is in no parts particularly wide
C) thereisverylittletopographicalvarietyitscourse
D) it is seldom used forthe transportation ofgoods
E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime, hence slow-moving
29._It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon .
A) shelter many species of exotic fish
B) are in parts muddy and not fresh
C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls
D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha
E) flow calmly throughout its course
30._The passage largely deals with .
A) the differences and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile
B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon
C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon
D) the number and the size ofthe Amazon's many tributaries
E) The size of the Amazon and its topographical end aquatic features
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:
The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to have been self-taught. As a young man his main idea
was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said,
the wrong place to be bom in for anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and
then of being a painter. But he decided that he did not play very well, and presently gave up
painting. In New York in the 1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a store that decided
he had flair and put him in its display department, and thatwasthe start of his career. He
worked for a number of shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation for innovative ideas.
31._One understands from the passage that it took GeneMooreverymanyyearsto .
A) find out what he was 32. It is suggested in the
really good at passage that Gene Moore
B) return to his native town spenthisearlvvears
of Birmingham,
Alabama
A)
C) real ise that he hated 1 preparingforthecareerofhischoicew
iving in an industrial city hich
D) accept the fact that he was window-dressing
wasn't agifted artist
E) get a department store B) in New York where he made his
ofhis own inNew Y ork dreams come true
C) in an environment that he felt
was hostile to
his creative development
D) in Alabama where he got his
professional
training
E) painting industrial landscapes
in Alabama
33. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore become a
window-dresser .
A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's fashion circles
B) more by accident than by design
C) only after he had established himself as a musician and apainter
D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York
E) even though he lacked any form of creative talent as his employers knew well
* * *
illi*
Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries today. But environmental scientists can still
be surprised by the distances that large quantities of industrial pollutants can sometimes be
carried by winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the University of Washington in Seattle
have been involved in a case study of such pollutants which reached the West Coast of America
all the way from Asia. They are keen to understand how such an event could take place and to
what extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon-
monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it seems
increasingly likely that the West Coast of America is particularly exposed to pollution from
Asia.
34._It is suggested in the passage that industrial pollution in our world today .
35.
It is pointed out In the passage that one of the issues the chemists from the University of
Washington are seriously concernedwith
A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean
B) is gradually being brought under full control
C) hasbeenthemainconcemofscientistsfromthe University ofWashington
D) can be predicted and the necessary measures taken
E) can travel amazing distances
A) ishowtocleanupthePacificOceanandsave it from industrialpollutants
B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the movements of pollutants from Asia
C) is whether it might be possible to change the course of industrial pollutants along the West
Coast
D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide levels aroundHawaii
E) should be the prevention of the emission of pollutants along the West Coast of America
36. One can conclude from the passage that Asian
industry appears to_.
A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and relocation
B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental pollution
C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide thanany other industrial pollutant
D) pose a serious environmental threat to the West Coast of America
E) be a major competitor for the American industrial enterprises alongthe West Coast
Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. This is not necessarily a good thing. They are
in fact assembled for many different reasons. Some resemble star charts, trying to define the
scope of the new and show us what direction poetry is heading. Others turn their gaze on the
past, seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify influential currents of
thinking and feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present enduring images of the beautiful
for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers.
From the passage we understand that the writer
A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to be the cultivation of a sense of beauty
B) isinfavourofpoets' compilation ofpoetiy anthologies
C) is rather critical ofthe way thatmost poetry anthologies are compiled
D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem poetry
E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to the poetry of the past
38. According to the passage, a major concern of some
poetry anthologies is to .
A) introduce readers to the works of poets who have generally been overlooked
B) emphasise the vital importance ofpoetry inour everyday life
C) help people to understand and appreciate the art of the past
D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets
E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary movements of the past
39. The writer compares some anthologies of
modern poetry to "star charts' because .
A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in poetry
B) he is himself a representative of this type of poetry
C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate
D) he doesn’t believe the future can be interpreted by reference to the past
E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of various poetical movements
Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much
and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple: take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health
has recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that we
needonadailybasis.Thedailyamountrequired of these vitamins and minerals is termed the
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet this requirement and more. As a new vitamin complex,
it contains these 18 essential vitamins and minerals,plusatotalofnoless than 31 other micro-
nutrients, including the complete antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no more complete a
multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So, because you don’t always eat as you should, it
makes sense to take XXX.
40. One essential point made in the passage is that
A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in conjunction with othermicro- nutrients
B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals is actually not adequate
C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals should not be exceeded by a
supplementary intake of other nutrients
D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and
minerals
E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for good health
41. InthepassageitisclaimedthatXXX .
A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate supply of vitamins and other micro- nutrients daily
B) has been strongly recommended by the Department ofHealth
C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex currently on sale
D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals
E) is an aid to better eating habits
42. It is clear from the passage that, in taking
vitaminsand minerals, the basic problem one faces
is to ,
A) decide the quantity required in any given situation
B) keep the correct balance between the two
C) avoid an excessive intake of the antioxidant group
D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken daily
E) follow a strict diet that includes them all
In Japan, there is a government investment and loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal
government spending, zaito relies not on tax revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn
from the publicly-owned postal- savings system, which by law must place all deposits with zaito,
and from the postal life- insurance schemes and various pension funds. The finance ministry,
which has run zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money out. During the second World
War, zaito financed Japan’s military build- up. Afterwards, it paid for reconstruction and
helped to channel low- cost funds into such strategic industries as steel and car-making. More
recently, it has turned to “social” investments, such as infrastructure projects and housing.
43._According to the writer, the most distinctive feature of zaito is that .
A) it has continued to be in use for longer than was originally envisaged
B) its revenues are invariably directed towards military rearmament
C) it provides the government with a revenue raised not through taxation but by way of personnel
savings
D) it does not come under the mandate of the ministry of finance
E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among Japanesesavers
44. It is pointed out in the passage that the resources of
zaito were once used to___.
A) strengthen the financial position of pension funds in the country
B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in Japan
C) improve the efficiency andperformance ofthe Japanese postal-services
D) revive Japan's industrial potential
E) provide a supplementary source ofincome for the needs of the ministry of finance
45. One can easily conclude from the passage that the
implementationofzaitohas__.
A) changed over the years in accordance with the pressing needs ofthecountry
B) always been strictly confined to housing projects
C) greatly increased the operational capacity of the Japanese army today
D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving habits ofthe Japanese people
E) given a boost to the governments insurance and pension policies
Edison, one of the pioneers of modem technology, lacked formal education. His understanding of
literature, art, history and philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had
invented the phonograph and founded a recording company, his musical taste was abominable. He
is, therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by academic scientists, who often forget that his
ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts contributed significantly to the development of
modem technology.
46. We can understand from the passage that some
scientists in the universities .
A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look down on him
B) argue that modem technology owes everything to Edison
C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and upgraded his inventions
D) possessthesameinquiringspiritasEdisondid
E) have no greater an appreciation of literature than did Edison
47. It is stressed in the passage that, with his
creative talent, Edison .
A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the universities
B) achieved great success in many disciplines
C) was able to contribute enormously to the progress of modem technology
D) exercised alasting influence in the music world
E) was able to put his formal education to pragmatic uses
48. This passage, while admitting some
deficiencies inEdison, .
A) seeks to establish his moral integrity
B) in fact stresses his achievements in the humanities
C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities
D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized bynon-scientists
E) actually focuses on the value of his work in technology
Under increasing social pressure in the late nineteenth century, some universities opened their
doors to a small number of women. More significant, however, was the founding of many women's
colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges strove over the years to maintain a curriculum
equivalent to that of the largely male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the women's
college movement saw themselves as social reformers. Although women entered universities in
large numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, their participation was limited by
their professional objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home economics and the like were
"women's fields".
50._To start with, as the writer suggests women's access to highereducation .
49._It is clear from the passage that higher educationfor women .
A) was confined to certain professions
B) was greatly eased when radical social reforms were introduced in the nineteenth century.
C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth century
D) began to decline in the early decades of this century
E) has still not reached the anticipated goal
A) received very little public attention prior to the twentieth century
B) had always been a primary concern for governments throughout the nineteenth century.
C) became feasible only after the establishment of women's colleges
D) only became available in the closing years of the last century
E) was soon on a level with that for men
51. It is explained in the passage that the early
colleges foundedfor women .
A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines
B) were largely governed by male administrators
C) made a great effort to keep their educational standards on a level with those of men's
universities
D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects of the community
E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water
vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically of great importance. The ozone layer,
whichabsorbs solarultra- violet radiation, especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and
50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12
kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather
phenomenaoccur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature,
humidity, wind-speed and the movement of airmasses.
52. According to the passage, the earth_
ÇEVİRİSİ:
A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it.
B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour
C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances
D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases
E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere
53._As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of theearththat .
A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere
B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere
C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation
D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of thesun
E) contributetothe eliminationoftoxicgases in the atmosphere
54. We understand from the passage that the
troposphere is of vital importance as regards the
weather,_________.
A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here
B) as it accommodates the ozone layer
C) even though the atmospheric variability isnot predictable
D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth
E) because allthe meteorological phenomena take place in this region
Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost anyone’s list he is counted among the leading
serious American novelists today.
Although he is not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely, and three have been made
into movies. Readers, some critics excepted, have come to relish the blending of the fact and
fiction that marks his odd scrutiny ofthe American past. In his recently published book, World’s
Fair, hetums his historically inventive method on himself drawing heavily on material taken from
his 1930s boyhood.
55. We understand from the passage that, in his
works,Doctorow .
A) usesbothtrueandimaginarymaterialinorderto depict the past of his country
B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic aspects of his own life
C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely pertaining to American history
D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood in the 1930s
E) draws on the American past so as to instruct the present
56. It is pointed out in the passage that
Doctorow’s works_.
A) tumhistoricalfactsandeventsintocomic fiction
B) have nearly all been made into films
C) are rarely representative of the American way of life
D) have received relatively little criticism in literaryjoumals
E) have a wide appeal for American readers
57. Accordingto the passage, Doctorow’s latest work
A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his works
B) is already attracting the attention of the film makers
C) is a historical account of American life in the 1930s
D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method used in his earlier works
E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the years of his childhood
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:
William Saroyan’s parents and relatives were................. . .
Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming area.............
around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school at...............
fifteen and went to work, doing oddjobs. Duringthis.............
time he read widely and began writing in his distinctive........
natural style. By the late 1930s his many short stories,........
novelsandplays hadestablishedhimasawriter.Many of...............
his stories have grown out of his experiences in the............
Armenian community around Fresno. .......................
58. It is pointed out in the passage thatSaroyan
A) was already an established writer when he emigrated to America
B) based most of his stories on the life of the Armenian community that he knew so well
C) expected that one day he would be recognised as a great writer
D) began his career by writing shortstories but later he became primarily a playwright
E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types but also other ethnicities
59. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan began his writing career .
A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community to be better understood
B) before he reached the age of fifteen
C) after he arrived in America
D) as a self-taughtman
E) with the encouragement and support of his parents
60. According to the passage, what made
Saroyan’s writing sospecialwas______________________________.
A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other literatures
B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian immigrants
C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the Armenian community in literature
D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in California
E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote them
PARAGRAFA GORE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown to be the highest mountain in the world,
political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and in Tibet to the North, prevented
mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission
and the first expedition organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by international joint
committee, was sent out. This was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern
flank, it found a practicable route up to the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had
climbed on the northern face. Some were hampered by badweather,othersbyproblems previously
little known, such as the effect of high altitudes on the human body and spirit. Nevertheless,
notable climbs were accomplished, though the summit was never reached.
61._It is pointed out in the passage that during the 1920sand 1930s .
A) the governments in the Everest area were invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climbing
expeditions
B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest and learn more about it
C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts to climb
D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was indeed the world’s highest peak
E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered almost noproblems.
ÇEVİRİSİ:
62. We learn from the passage that the first
Everest expedition .
A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan government
B) established that high altitudes have a negative impact on the human body
C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a feasible route to the peak
D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet
E) undertakenbyanintemationalteamfailed to achieve its objectives
63. According to the passage, several expeditions had,
by the end of the 1930s, attempted to climbMt.
Everestbut_______________.
A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top
B) none of them achieved any measure of success at all
C) no suitable routes to the top could be found
D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no progress could be made at all
E) only one or two of them were in any way successful
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ..................................
Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, above.........
40°0 for instance, lead to wilting, and even death in........
plant, because of structural damage to essential.............
proteins. The problem is that plants react by closing........
their pores when, due to a serious heat-wave, they are.......
subjected to water stress, so shutting down on...............
transpiration and conserving water. Just as the body.........
would overheat dangerously if it shut its pores to...........
prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the shutting of the........
pores will cause permanent damage, ifnot death...............
Temperatures above -5°0 can damage most plants if............
lasting for half an hour or more. High soil..................
temperatures will also damage roots and prevent..............
nutrient uptake. .......................
64.As we learn from the passage, a heat-wavecan cause serious damage to plantlife
A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmed
B) even when the temperature remainsbelow 40°C
C) unless the soil temperature remains stable
D) through harming the plant's essential proteins
E) especially if the soil is fertile
65. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of a
plant in a heat-wave is dueto .
A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within half anhour
B) excessivetranspirationinanefforttokeep its temperature down
C) overheating in the plant following the closing ofthe little holes in its surface
D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected easily
E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells
66. It is understood from the passage that, in
extremely high temperatures, therootsofa plant
A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients
B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt
C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to prolong plant life
D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect the plant
E) maintain their vitality so that they can function normally
A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, in........
particular those of Western Europe, is that buildings and. . . .
streets devastated during the war are, once peace is.........
reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the same manner as they.......
existed before. Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the. . .
environment with total fidelity. This reflects the extent. . . .
to which ordinary people value the traditions and............
culture of the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees. . .
little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo.........
presents an extreme example: it is quite common these........
daysfor the appearance of a street or quarter to change... . . .
almost beyond recognition every year. In provincial..........
cities as well, one often finds that an absence of...........
several years has rendered a city almost.....................
unrecognisable. .......................
68. According to the passage, unlike the Europeans, the Japanese
.
67. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western Europe, in the post-war period
A) people relished the chance to break with tradition and create a new style ofcity
B) new styl e of architecture were favoured in the bigger cities
C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the pre-warstyle
D) environmental concerns were usually disregarded in the reconstruction ofcities
E) many countries were still doubtful about the permanence of the peace
A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions and culture
B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their cultural traditions
C) were reluctant to introduce anynovelties into city planning
D) paid considerable attention to environmental matters in rebuilding their cities
E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past
69. With reference to Japanese, the writer
points outthat .
A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive changes in appearance
B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional designs in architecture
C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards city planning
D) inmajorcities,thestreetsinvariablyfollow a similar design
E) there is a strong European influence in city planning

PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:

Modem education is almost
exclusively focused on
preparing children for an urban
future, as consumers
in a global “free” market. This
makes a return to any
sort of rural existence almost an
impossibility for
those tutored by the Western
education system in the
21st century. The fact is that, for
all the fashionable
talk about cultural diversity,
schools, colleges and
universities today prepare their
graduates poorly for
anything other than a uniform urban
existence. We
educate the young from country to
city alike, to be
urban with urban appetites, skills,
minds,
dependencies and expectations. And
as globalised,
future will overwhelmingly mean an
urban future, our
graduates oftomorrow will be
trained, above all, to keep
the wheels ofthe global economy
70. In this passage one feels that 71. The author argues that the
the author young are everywhere
being educated to
A) greatly values the educational system current
in the West today A) beaware ofthe drawbacks
ofaglobal "free"
B) is not happy with the kind of market
education the young
in the West are receivingtoday B) appreciate equally both the
rural and the urban
C) admires the enormous
contribution modem ways oflife
education is makingto the global C) appreciate the joys of rural
economy life
D) looks forward to the time when feel comfortable only in a
the world's D) purely urban way of
population will all be urban life
E) emphasises the high quality of E) play acreative role in the
modem intellectual life ofthe
education presently being offered 21st century
to the young

72. Inthepassagetheauthorseemsto
A) deplore any effort in
education to revive rural
values
B) be confident of the future
of the global economy
C) favour free market policies
throughout the world
D) expect that the young will
create a better worl d in
the 21stcentury
E) discount the idea that there
is any cultural diversity in
modem life

ÇEVİRİSİ:
People in other European countries have been wondering for some time why and how Norway has
stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland, Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any
public debate, just a few months after their governments had proposed the joining. By then, the
Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 years, ever since their government had started the
drive towards unionisation. One reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is that in both
1952 and 1967, when the Norwegian government sent off applications for joining the EEC,
President De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He feared that the inclusion of Norway, as
of England, would complicate and slow down EEC integration.
73. We learn from the passage that the
governmentofNorway_.
A) deliberated for over three decades whether or not to become a member of the European Union
B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle onmany issues concerning the future ofEurope
C) has generally collaborated with England on matters concemingthe European Union
D) never showed any desire to join what was known in the 1980s as the EEC
E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and Sweden decided to join the European Union
74.It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle .
A) personally urged Norway, but not England to join the EEC
B) was the statesman largely responsible for the establishment ofthe EEC
C) was anxious to keep both England and Norway out ofthe EEC
D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the Norwegian government to j oin the EEC
E) was determined to keep the EEC solely forthe countries of Continental Europe
75.According to the passage, Austria, Finland and
Sweden_______.
A) had,in the 1960s, beendesignatedbyDeGaulle as future EEC members
B) entered the European Union with very little opposition from their own people
C) worked together to persuade Norway to join them in applying for European Union membership
D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 1960s butthey were only admitted in the 1990s
E) were among the few European Union countries to favour England's membership
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf ofMexico, carries warm water to a
depth of up to 100 meters at rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into
the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just
about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is
equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put
another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of
temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf
Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree
during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia:
just how it would supportitscurrentpopulationisdifficultto imagine.
76._____This passage mainly deals with .
A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life inScandinavia
B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle
C) the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream
D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that ofSiberia
E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream
ÇEVİRİSİ:
77. As we understood from the passage, one of the great
benefitsoftheGulfStream isthatit —.
A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter
B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries
C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in winter
D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters
E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle
78. Itisclearfromthepassagethat .
A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of
the whole world
B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the
shores of Northern Europe
C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its
population
D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern
Europe
E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive
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AS AS / - KADAR
1. New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle
cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.
2. The soil erosion is not a new thing. It is a natural process and is as old as the earth
itself, yet today soil erosion problems far exceed natural formation of soil.
3. Hsiang Yu determined that his best chance was to break out with as many of his elite troops as
could be saved.
4. Generally, species diversity increases from the poles towards the tropics- for instance, among
the terrestrial systems, the tropical moist forests, which cover only 57% of the earth’s land
area, possess as much as over 50% of the world’s species.
5. It is uncertain whether Antony’s plan was to attempt to defeat Octavian’s fleet or merely to
break through and escape with as much of his force as possible.
THOUGH/-E RAĞMEN
1. By the close of 1943, their bombing squadrons were depleted, though they still had a peak
force of 3,000 first-line fighters.
2. Future policy toward Germany had been outlined at the
Potsdam Conference, though its implementation varied in the different occupation zones.
The structure of government in Mauretania was probably similar, though there is clearer evidence
of a hereditary aristocratic government than was the case in Numidia.
Hannibal’s invasion of Italy may or may not have had the support of the Senate in Carthage,
though when it was successful most would have rejoiced.
From time to time—in ancient Greece and Egypt, for example—a powerful woman emerged who assumed
the reins of power. In doing so, though, she probably had to take on many stereotypical
masculine traits, such as ruthlessness.
AFTER / -DEN SONRA
Albania is still in the process of political and economic transition after almost five decades
of Communist rule that ended in the early 1990s.
After many years of happiness on earth, Walumbe began to bring illness and death to children and
then adults.
After Christy spotted Pluto’s moon, astronomers began to regard that section of the cosmos more
attentively.
Futurism appeared to prosper in terms of the influence it had on other movements, but after
three years of feverish activity the Italian Futurists showed signs of exhaustion from the
demands of collective activity
IISI«9)£9 J t 9 ë <1 3 9 9 J) Jiii
5. Tombaugh had no formal training as an astronomer, but he was diligent and he was astute, and
after a year’s patient searching, he somehow spotted Pluto, a faint point of light in a
glittery firmament.
TO HAVE V3 / AN/ASI/MEZ/AR/DiK/ECEK/MiS/
1. Alaska and Hawaii, the two territories that the Supreme Court found to have been incorporated,
became states of the Union on January 3 and August 21, 1959, respectively.
2. The molecules of H20 of which they are comprised are thought to have been outgassed from the
primordial Earth, and retained by its gravity.
3. The increased natality in agrarian societies, not a decline in death rates, is considered in
this school of thought to have been the main reason for the acceleration of population growth
following the Agricultural Revolution.
4. The movement to urbanization in the developed world may indeed be ending now. In much of
Europe it has markedly slowed in the past decade, and in the United States it appears to have
reversed slightly in the 1970s.
5. High-titanium mare basalt magmas produced by later partial melting of the mantle appear to
have originated at depths between 100 and 200-km below the surface (283), plausibly a region
of ilmenite-rich cumulates.
UNLESS / -MEDiKCA, MADIK^A, MEZSA, MAZSA
1. Should the shuttle become stuck in the warp, the loom will beat up the reed and force the
shuttle into the warp threads, breaking them, unless it is stopped instantly.
2. Unless death rates rise sharply, there will probably be 9.3 billion of us by 2050 and perhaps
as many as 10 billion by the end of this century.
3. Unless fire, flooding, severe erosion, tree cutting, climate change, or other natural or human
processes disturb the area, what was once bare rock becomes a complex forest community or
ecosystem.
4. In such cases, the population suffers a dieback, or crash, unless the excess individuals can
switch to new resources or move to an area with more resources.
5. Parents should not put their child on a diet unless instructed to by a pediatrician.
AS IF/-MIŞ GİBİ
1. It functions smoothly on its own, as if an invisible hand were regulating its workings.
2. Many of the jury awoke and looked around as if they had heard an explosion.
3. If the entire group has met for the purpose of discussing a given subject, ideas concerning
that subject will come pouring into the minds of all present, as if an outside influence were
dictating them.
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4. In rare cases, flashbacks occur in which the person behaves for minutes, hours, or days as if
the trauma were occurring again.
5. Another factor is a demographic bottleneck. It occurs when only a few individuals in a
 population survive a catastrophe such as a fire or hurricane, as if they had passed through
the narrow neck of abottle.
DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF - E RAĞMEN
1. Despite the limitations, DNA vaccines against diseases show promise.
2. Interestingly, despite some resemblance between ornithischian dinosaur and bird physiology, it
appears that the first birds actually evolved from saurischians.
3. Despite its many benefits, making and using compost does have its disadvantages.
4. Despite Withering’s warnings, physicians in the early nineteenth century often overdosed
their patients.
5. Despite works carried out elsewhere in France, canalization of the Seine did not begin until
after 1840 when five locks and dams were built giving a depth of 1.6m.
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SO AS TO / - MEK İÇİN - MAK İÇİN
1. Astigmatism can be most simply treated with either eyeglasses or contact lenses. The lenses
are made so as to counteract the shape of the sections of cornea that are causing difficulty.
2. The carmaker in question must decide how much aluminum to use in its trucks and sedans so as
to lower their weight and improve their fuel efficiency.
B
The inundation did not completely overflow the banks but instead ran off through channels into
the fields beyond the riverbanks. The banks of the Nile would have been raised so as to prevent
the flooding of nearby villages.
Apparently, like later Andean peoples such as the Incas, the Chinchorros felt a need to preserve
the dead so as to keep them a part of the community and ensure their survival in the afterlife.
They include, for example, the case of a (female) innkeeper who gives out short measures of
beer. They also set out regulations governing the conduct of trading ventures so as to protect
the merchants from fraud.
AS / OLARAK - GİBİ
The gods of the worshippers of the earth goddess became known as the Vanir, whereas the gods of
the worshippers of the war god became known as theAesir.
The Romans regarded magical practices as dangerous because a magician might develop a cult
following that could cause trouble.
The later Vikings viewed the end as a great battle between good and evil, full of betrayal and
futile heroism.
The main issues concerned the divinity of Christ and particularly whether, if divine, he was of
the same substance as God.
All Greeks recognized themselves as a people bound together by common culture and language.
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RATHER // AKSINE
1. Ideologically and politically, there was no “society” on the mainland in the decades after
1949: theoretically, the state, or rather the party, embodying proletarian values and serving
the interests of the people, ruled supreme.
2. As a matter of fact, concubinage is a kind of socially forcible dependency in a family
structure in which a concubine woman does not participate in daily decision making in a
household. Rather, she takes orders from both her master and his wives in a polygamous
household or wife in a monogamous situation.
3. Linda Pollock (1983), relying upon asociobiological approach, disputes the claim that parents
before the 17th century did not care about their children and treated them cruelly. She
claims, rather, that human nature entails a natural bond between parent and child.
4. Famine rarely occurs in modem times in wealthy,
industrialized countries. Rather, it tends to be associated with poverty in the Third World,
where subsistence farming is still the means of livelihood for millions.
5. In some areas, there is no topographic basin that retains the pollutants; rather, the input of
pollutants is so great that horizontal flow is not fast enough to remove the smog.
CONTINUE + GERUND/ INFINITIVE
Two other closely watched countries on the debt list, Spain and Italy, also have rising debt-to-
G.D.P. ratios — even though they, like Portugal, have adopted the budget- slashing and tax-
raising measures that the European officials and the I.M.F. continue to prescribe.
Trampling and crop raiding by hippos led to early and determined efforts to exterminate them;
their hides and meat were also valued. Hippos were extinct in northern Africa by 1800 and south
of Natal and the Transvaal by 1900. They are still fairly common in East Africa, but populations
continue to decrease continentwide.
Anti-bank activism continues to spread to top college campuses, London and Jamie Dimon, the
chief of JPMorgan Chase. Pranks continue to ensue.
A 44-year-old man was killed and a 48-year-old man was wounded in a shooting in Buffalo, N.Y.,
Tuesday night. Detectives continue to investigate.
The company declined to provide figures on how many explosions had occurred recently on Rio’s
streets, but it argued that they had become less frequent. “Eventualities in subterranean
chambers occur around the world,” the company said. Manholes continue to explode.
In January, the board indicated it would consider adopting a more inclusive standard, but still
had no plan to add nonhostile deaths in the Global War on Terror to the memorial. Families
continue to wait.
7. In fact, there is nothing to connect Raetic with Rhaetian except geographic location, and some
scholars deny that the different Rhaetian dialects have much in common, though others claim
that they are remnants of a once-widespread Germano- Romance tongue. Three isolated regions
continue to use Rhaetian.
8. Edward Hadas says economists should just admit their
ignorance. Consumer spending jumps. Home prices continue to increase. Gallup’s economic
confidence and the Conference Board’s consumer confidence are the best since 2008.
9. “Now” is hoping to reinvent itself as a Web endeavor focused on “job loss and job creation,”
according to a statement on its Web site. Meanwhile, viewers continue to vent. Some 3,000 of
them, many spurred by an “action alert” from the organization Fairness and Accuracy in
Reporting, wrote to the PBS ombudsman, Michael Getler, last week criticizing the choice of Mr.
Meacham.
10. Lactation, secretion and yielding of milk by females after giving birth. The milk is
produced by the mammary glands, which are contained within the breasts. The breasts, unlike
most of the other organs, continue to increase in size after childbirth.
11. Many of the same attribution problems that apply to Rembrandt’s paintings continue to
challenge scholars studying his drawings. Adding to this challenge is the fact that many of
his drawings have been lost.
12. A great quantity of notary reports and other documents on legal, financial, and family
affairs have come to light and are still being discovered, and a growing amount of recovered
archival material sheds light on early owners of Rembrandt’s works. As a result, Rembrandt
studies continued to evolve into the 21st century. The results of such studies will always
leave room for new interpretations as historical perspectives continue to change.
13. It should also be noted that, aside from the special case of Israel, the legal system
described above has continued to function down to the present day in Jewish communities all
over the world. The jurisdiction of rabbinic courts is voluntarily accepted by Orthodox Jews.
These courts continue to exert authority, especially in the areas of family and dietary law,
the synagogue, and the organization of charity and social activity.
14. Aboutthree-fourths of Cambodia was forested in 1970,butby the early 21st century that
portion had decreased to roughly half, with Cambodia carrying one of the highest deforestation
rates in the world. The province bordering Thailand and Vietnam continue to be logged by large
companies to whom the government has granted concessions, as well as by smaller entrepreneurs,
many of whom do not obtain official permits. Illegal logging is a persistent and serious
problem despite efforts to curb it.
15. Advances in genetics and genomics continue to emerge. Two important advances include the
International HapMap Project and the initiation of large-scale comparative genomics studies,
both of which have been made possible by the availability of databases of genomic sequences of
humans, as well as the availability of databases of genomic sequences of a multitude of other
 species.
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16. Although most pitch lakes are fossils of formerly active seeps, some, such as Pitch Lake on
the island of Trinidad, continue to be supplied with fresh crude oil seeping from a
subterranean source.
17. First, in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt (culpa) of sin
forgiven through absolution alone; one also needed to undergo temporal punishment (poena, from
p[o]enitentla, “penance”) because one had offended Almighty God. Second, indulgences rested on
belief in purgatory, a place in the next life where one could continue to cancel the
accumulated debt of one’s sins, another Western medieval conception not shared by Eastern
Orthodoxy or other Eastern Christian churches not recognizing the primacy of the pope.
18. Scientists will continue to seek answers to leading questions about the physical and
biological universe through the deployment of increasingly advanced instruments on orbiting
satellites and space probes.
19. Cells nearest the tip of the bud continue to multiply, while those situated closest to the
old tissues of the stump differentiate into muscle or cartilage, depending upon their
location.
20. Experimental hybrid-electric bus designs are being built, based on automobile practice.
Intermodal transit systems with coordinated bus, train, and private car continue to be studied
because of their efficiency and pollution reduction potential.
21. Air suspensions were introduced in 1953 and continue to be employed on integral-frame bus
models. They consist of multiple heavy rubber bellows, or air springs, mounted at each axle.
22. The lacquer of China, Japan, and Korea, which is made from the sap of the tree Rhus
vernicifera, should not be confused with other types of lacquer to which the term is generally
applied— for instance, the lac of Myanmar (Burma), which is produced by the scale insect
Laccifer lacca, and the various solutions of gums or resin in turpentine of which European
imitations of Eastern lacquer have been and continue to be concocted.
23. Kusama began painting as a child, at about the time she began experiencing hallucinations
that often involved fields of dots. Those hallucinations and the theme of dots would continue
to inform her art throughout her career.
24. Obsessive repetition continued to be a theme in Kusama’s sculpture and installation art,
which she began to exhibit in the early 1960s.
25. Practices that take place in coordination with, or formally sanctioned by, the colonial
power. In many cases, indigenous peoples accommodated themselves to, and integrated themselves
into, the political structures of the colonial power, either by force or by choice or both.
The governance of indigenous peoples has historically been channeled into structures that
typically continue to be controlled by the colonial power, formally and informally.
26. As upwelling of magma continues, the plates continue to diverge, a process known as
seafloor spreading. Samples collected from the ocean floor show that the age of oceanic crust
increases with distance from the spreading centre— important evidence in favour of this
process.
27. If a coloured compound is placed in the water and the two
phases are mixed, colour appears in the benzene phase, and the intensity of the colour in the
water phase decreases. These colour changes continue to occur for a certain time, beyond which
no macroscopic changes take place, no matter how long or vigorously the two phases are mixed.
28. Note that this is static from a macroscopic point of view. On a molecular level it is a
dynamic process, however, for many molecules continue to pass through the liquid-liquid
interface (although of equal number in both directions).
29. Since the organization’s inception, chapters have been formed in nearly 200 countries.
Turnout for the Games typically exceeds 6,500 athletes, who compete in more than 20 events.
The hosting countries have spanned from Greece to South Korea. The Special Olympics World
Games continue to be held every two years, switching off between summer and winter.
30. As the central temperature and density continue to rise, the proton-proton and carbon
cycles become active, and the development of the (now genuine) star is stabilized.
31. Many scholars hold that Ebonics, like several English creoles, developed from contacts
between nonstandard varieties of colonial English and African languages. Its exact origins
continue to be debated, however, as do the relative influences of the languages involved.
32. While some continue to debate whether the Civil War was fought over slavery, slavery was
central to the war, and the fate of the millions of slaves was in the balance throughout the
war.
33. The region’s exports are expected to continue growing. A report last year by Ernst & Young
described the West Midlands as an export “powerhouse”, predicting growth of over 8% between
2012 and 2017.
34. The currency flexibility of the pre-euro period was untidy and offended European purists.
But it facilitated adjustment between the economies and enabled the European economy to
continue growing.
35. The devaluing economies were able to regain competitiveness and ensure that their economies
continued to grow. Revaluation boosted the disposable incomes of German consumers by cutting
the prices of imported goods, but it also meant that Germany could not afford to ignore
domestic demand.
36. The start-up scene has accelerated, causing investor interest to shift from businesses
selling to consumers to those servicing other businesses. The emerging business-to-business
climate is healthy and likely to continue growing. Indeed, Forrester Research, a market
research firm in Cambridge, Mass., predicts that by 2004, Germany will lead Europe with 26
percent of all e-commerce activity, followed by Britain, with 18 percent.
37. The proposal, which is being discussed by a 30-member
planning commission that will report to the system's board of governors, closely follows recent
admission policies adopted in Texas and Florida that replaced affirmative action plans. In
contrast to those plans, the Pennsylvania plan would continue using the existing affirmation
action system.
38. Hotel rates increase and are expected to continue increasing. Small businesses are becoming
big campaign stops.
39. The weakness in sales raises concerns about whether
companies will continue increasing inventories. Inventory rebuilding had been an important
source of strength driving the economic rebound.
40. The eventual and painful shift to different sources of energy — the start of the post-oil
age — does not begin when the last drop of oil is sucked from under the Arabian desert. It
begins when producers are unable to continue increasing their output to meet rising demand.
Crunch time comes long before the last drop.
41. The small spending gain pushed total spending in January to an annual rate of $10.59
trillion, up 7.4 percent from the recession low hit in December 2008. Economists are counting
on spending to continue increasing this year to provide support for the economic recovery.
42. “The bottom line is this: We’re going through a tough time,” Mr. Bush said. “But our
economy’s continued growing, consumers are spending, businesses are investing, exports
continue increasing and American productivity remains strong.”
43. If mortgage rates continue increasing, as is widely expected, people who might have bought
houses will instead rent. That could shift the burden of the excess supply from landlords onto
homeowners, hastening the end of a decade of rapidly rising house prices.
44. Last month, several hundred graduate students in the school's visual arts, acting, writing
and filmmaking programs marched across campus, protesting a decision to raise tuition to
$33,052, from $31,240, in the fall. The school plans to continue increasing tuition 5.8
percent annually.
45. Mr. B iglari’s reception at Cracker Barrel has been mixed. At the company’s annual meeting
last December, his effort to gain a seat on the board was rejected by a shareholder vote. At
the same meeting, shareholders rejected a rights plan that would have capped Mr. Biglari’s
ownership at 10 percent, allowing him to continue increasing his stake.
46. A high population growth rate, long considered a hindrance to prosperity, is now often seen
as a driving force for economic growth. About 61 percent of the population in the Philippines
is of working age, between 15 and 64. That figure is expected to continue increasing, which is
not the case for many of its Asian neighbors, whose populations are aging.
47. By changing the law, the city will send a clear message that cellphone abuse is not just an
etiquette issue but robs audience members of their right to enjoy the performance they paid
for. We could continue leaving it to citizens to start with polite rebukes and escalate from
there. But that puts too much of a burden on victims, and risks physical altercations.
48. The Bank of Japan left its monetary policy unchanged
yesterday, at the last meeting led by the departing governor, Masaru Hayami. The central bank
said that it would continue leaving as much as 20 trillion yen ($166 billion) in surplus cash
available, but that it might exceed that limit around the end of the fiscal year on March 31.
49. Including acquisition costs, JDS had a loss of $1.02 billion, compared with a $113.9
million loss in the year-earlier quarter. "Acquisitions, just like product development, are
part and parcel of our strategy," said Jozef Straus, the chief executive of JDS Uniphase. "I
expect us to continue acquiring as we grow.
50. During the second quarter, Cisco amassed $3.2 billion in cash — one of the highest amounts
in company history — leaving it with $29.5 billion. The majority of that cash remains
overseas. Cisco could use its cash hoard to continue acquiring companies, placing an immediate
emphasis on bolstering its consumer electronics business.
51. Russian officials have forcefully pushed back against any suggestion of an arms embargo
against Syria, which they say would handcuff Mr. Assad’s government while allowing the
opposition to continue acquiring weapons.
52. The weakness in REITs has been attributed partly to profit- taking, as well as the credit
crisis, which makes it harder for private equity firms to continue acquiring REITs, and, in
the process, to drive up share prices.
53. Ben Novick, Google’s communications manager for the region, stressed that the company would
continue banning ads for counterfeit goods.
54. Yet as recently as December, the New York State Public High School Athletic Association
voted by 9 to 2 to continue banning hard helmets in the women’s game, a stance echoed by U.S.
Lacrosse.
55. Washington needs to continue consulting with NATO and Russia and then refine its proposals
accordingly. Next week Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld meets with NATO defense ministers,
and later in June President Bush will attend a NATO summit meeting.
56. This year, he made his decision. He would continue speaking at forums sponsored by the
pharmaceutical industry and would continue consulting for companies. But he would no longer
accept payment.
57. Until the late 1980's, she continued consulting for health- related foundations and
agencies and was a director of the Health Services Improvement Fund of Blue Cross-Blue Shield.
58. Health insurance costs are so high that more than 40 million people across the country have
no insurance at all, which is also a major campaign issue. But many workers continue
struggling to afford the premiums.
59. The survey also flashed worrying signals for the global economy, which has come to rely
increasingly on Chinese demand as a source of growth as the United States, Europe and Japan
continue struggling to recover from the financial crisis.
60. Owners of many businesses say they need the money now as they continue struggling to
 overcome steep losses they suffered when the September 2001 terrorist attack forced them to
close for weeks or months and then led to sharply reduced business after they reopened. The
undelivered grants total more than $54 million, an average of nearly $34,000 each.
61. US Airways said in a statement that “existing miles will be honored, and there will be no
impact to your US Airways MasterCard or US Airways Visa card.” Dividend Miles members can also
continue earning and redeeming miles with the airline’s Star Alliance partners.
62. The accounting change eliminated most of a tax allowance created when the company was
bleeding billions of dollars in 2006 and saw little likelihood of making a profit in the
coming years. By making the adjustment, Ford is now signaling that it expects to continue
earning substantial profits.
A A
A I-------------————---------------------------
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I REWRITE SECTION
^ -WHICH/ WHO REDUCTION-
A
I 1. Attacked from both the front and behind, the Macedonian
! | right disintegrated, and the men were slaughtered as they
| attempted to run away.
^ Interpret:
^ Rewrite:
> .............................................
A A A A
>
A
A I ...........................................
n..............................................
3. More significantly, as of 2012 the organization employed 10
^ lobbyists, having spent just under $20 million to influence
A policies impactful to public transportation.
^ Interpret:
A 1 .....................................
A j ...........................................
A A A
A
A
A
A
-
A
2. Some passengers have objected to having pictures of their naked bodies displayed to screening
agents or recorded by the government.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
Rewrite:
4. Volvo is committed to V2V, having a goal of zero crash deaths in Volvos by 2020.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
Many developing countries are rich in traditional knowledge having applications in agriculture,
food production, and small- scale manufacturing.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
Zinc has a range of important functions in the body, including the metabolism
ofneurotransmitters and fatty acids, with zinc deficiency possibly having an effect on the
development of ADHD.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
In 1770, Bach resigned from his position and, after having sold some of his wife’s property,
moved the family to Braunschweig.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
Having lost his position at the university, he spent his last decade as an innkeeper and died in
Halle on April 23,1792. Interpret:
9. The concept of biology is a product of the early 19th century, having appeared simultaneously
in works by Jean Baptiste LAMARCK and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus published in 1802.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
10. Having studied for three years in Lyons, he moved in 1794 to PARIS, where he became a
student and assistant to Pierre Desault at the Grand Hospice d’Humanité.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
11.Cleland was released after questioning, having pleaded poverty as his excuse for writing such
a book.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
12. David spent the last nine years of his life (1816-25) in
BRUSSELS, having been exiled there by the restored French monarchy.
Interpret:
13. The green sea turtle evolved before dinosaurs arrived on the earth. Now, having survived
the entire age of dinosaurs, it is endangered globally because of several human activities.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
14. There are hundreds of ways to organize the content of this course to fit the needs of
different instructors having a wide variety of professional backgrounds and course lengths and
goals.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
15. The malevolence ofthat corruption had been demonstrated in the highest reaches of the army,
the Church and politics by the Dreyfus affair, the innocent Captain having been found in 1899
yet again guilty of espionage.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
16. Having reached the borders of China, Russia made a bid to dominate Manchuria. China was at
the mercy of the European powers who acquired strategic outposts and dominated its trade,
Britain first and foremost Interpret:
17. Ethnic enclaves composed of immigrants and their offspring have attained growing legitimacy
as demands for cultural assimilation have been found to be incompatible with democratic values
of tolerance and equality.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
18. The system of professions is an endogenous system produced primarily by professional actors
in the system, not market or political actors outside Interpret:
Rewrite:
19. The complex psychological conflict apparently engendered by this meeting led to this
unusual text as well as to several other of Kafka’s more famous stories.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
20. The bitter struggle and communal hatred engendered by that division has had long-lasting
political and diplomatic repercussions.
Interpret:
21. Having enjoyed generally robust health throughout his life, Thorndike succumbed to a
cerebral hemorrhage at his home in Montrose, New York, shortly before his seventy-fifth
birthday. Interpret:
Rewrite:
22. The basis of Western civilization was a set of practices engendered by historical accident
in ancient Egypt. Interpret:
Rewrite:
23. He was concerned as well over the general disrespect for the law engendered by the
disregard of the Prohibition laws. Interpret:
Rewrite:
24. In this way, the provider can eliminate some of the barriers experienced by the homeless by
building a therapeutic relationship with the patient.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
25. Outside medicine is a vital part of overcoming barriers faced by the homeless.
Interpret:
26. First, having accepted Marx’s notion of class as a category articulated first and foremost
within the network of economic relations, he denied to these relations the determining role in
respect of the articulation of society on its sociocultural and political planes.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
27. This contrasts with the ordinary meaning of the term, which refers to a special part of the
social heritage having to dowith manners and the arts.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
28. Having collected the data, ethologists then develop an ethogram, an inventory of behaviour
of a species. Interpret:
Rewrite:
29. Many anthropological arguments about kinship arose because the protagonists failed to do
this; having defined the problem at different levels, they proceeded to talk past each other.
Interpret:
30. Gluckman’s ethnography encompassed both: having trained as a lawyer and at home with
jurisprudential discourse, he deliberately sought operational field procedures that straddled
the two domains.
Interpret:
Rewrite:
31. Even though the first group of women cosmonauts
wasdisbandedinl969,Tereshkova stayed on the payroll of the cosmonaut corps as an instructor at
the Soviet air force Cosmonaut Training Center until April, 1997, when having reached the age
limit, she was retired with the rank of major general by the decree of Russian President
Vladimir Putin Interpret:
Rewrite:
32. Terry has been one of the most prolific American dramatists, having written more than sixty
successful plays Interpret:
Rewrite:
33. Before having children, Thatcher had decided to pursue a law degree.
Rewrite:

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BOTH AND / EITHER OR / NEITHER NOR / NOT BUT
1. After being married for over 37 years, I showed extremely poor judgment by engaging in an
extramarital affair,” Mr. Petraeus said in his statement, expressing regret for his abrupt
departure. “Such behavior is unacceptable, both as a husband and as the leader of an
organization such as ours. This afternoon, the president graciously accepted my resignation
2. We have just suffered a catastrophic election defeat and need the widest possible debate about
how we rebuild support for the party. To try to close down that debate prematurely is both
arrogant and plain wrong.
3. The payments totalling USD 10m were authorised by the then chairman of the Finance Committee
and executed in accordance with the organisation regulations of Fifa. Fifa did not incur any
 costs as a result of South Africa’s request because the funds belonged to the LOC. Both the
LOC and SAFA adhered to the necessary formalities for the budgetary amendment.
4. Median family income, adjusted for inflation, grew only about a fifth as much between 1980 and
2007 as it did in the generation following World War II, even though the postwar economy was
marked both by strict financial regulation and by much higher tax rates on the wealthy than
anything currently under political discussion.
5. Analysts appeared unimpressed. Late last Monday, Moody’s Investors Service downgraded the
firm’s credit rating, citing both weak financial performance and its European bond holdings.
The next day, the firm reported a $186 million loss, its fourth loss in six quarters.
6. Fashion should have a sense of humour about itself. It is healthy that it can recognise its
lampoonable qualities before we hit “emperor's new clothes” territory. That was an accusation
often thrown at Galliano's “Homeless” collection for Dior, which was indeed ripe for parody.
Absolutely Fabulous skewered fashion's excesses with both glee and alarming accuracy.
Zoolander 2 is gleeful, giddy even, but the accuracy is lacking - as is the timing.
7. China was the other major growth market for the firm, with both Audi and Porsche posting
nearly 20% growth. However, Bentley's sales in China declined 3% from a year ago.
8. The draft plan will go out to public consultation until 15
December and should be published next April. It would cover everyone who works with children in
both state-run schools and nurseries and private childcare settings.
9. The Vasari Corridor is Florence’s ultimate velvet rope experience, yet few people know of its
existence. A private overground passage that links the Uffizi Gallery with the Palazzo Pitt'
the walkway has echoed with the footsteps of both royalty and tyrants. Hanging on its walls is
one of Europe’s most exclusive art collections.
10. In the 1940s, Mussolini had the windows in the centre of corridor (the section that lies
over the Ponte Vecchio) widened to impress his guest, Adolf Hitler. Rumour, myth and innuendo
have it that Hitler was so impressed by both the view down the Arno and the collection of art
that it was the only bridge not blown up by German troops as they retreated during World War
II.
11. The highest proportions of people who neither belong to, nor have been brought up in a
religion are in North Down (12%), Carrickfergus (10%) and Ards (9.4%). One of the reasons for
the decline in the Protestant population is that it is an older community with higher
mortality.
12. This failure was particularly acute in the case of Motorola Mobility, he said, as in mid-
August Google put down a$12.5bn (£8bn) bid to acquire it. Neither Motorola Mobility nor Google
has commented on the case.
13. The sign welcoming visitors into this town’s snug embrace reads: Home of Adventure, Music,
Art and Harmony. Nestled like a dogleg in the San Jacinto Mountains, it is protected by tall
pines, pocked by boulders and redolent of cedar, and has neither a golf course nor a driving
range.
14. Mr. Woodford did not obey the rules of the group, the e-mail said; he did not understand
the Japanese art of “nemawashi,” or informal consensus building. Olympus said it could neither
confirm nor deny that Mr. Kikukawa had sent such an e-mail.
15. The proposed changes would have mandated the videotaping of police interrogations and
“double blind” police lineups so neither the witness nor person administrating the lineup
knows the identity of the suspect.
16. Although interest in how the outbreak originated may be a matterofscientific curiosity for
the future, apportioning blame for the outbreak now is neither fair to people working to
improve a dire situation, nor helpful in combating the disease
17. The point of “Blank City” is neither to celebrate the ones who made it big nor to scold the
sellouts.
18. Rosneft sells only 30-40% of its oil through Gunvor rather than the “bulk” of Rosneft's oil
(as we described it). We accept Gunvor's assurances that neither Vladimir Putin nor other
senior Russian political figures have any ownership interest in Gunvor.
19. The government is right to reform welfare and try to make work consistently worthwhile. But
its efforts are less revolutionary than billed. They neither change the principles by which
the welfare state operates nor the means by which it is funded. In many ways, Britain’s
welfare system will carry on much the same, just with some nips and tucks.
20. For James Hogan, Etihad's chief executive, such obstacles are neither insurmountable nor,
necessarily, bad news. Although the media tends to bunch together Etihad with the other two
Gulf super-connectors, Dubai's Emirates Airline and Qatar Airways, its growth strategy is
markedly different.
21.2The strain energy accumulation near the trench axis may have proceeded because of the
relatively high friction, and later this caused a large slip and collapse of the wedge. The
location off Sanriku, where there are neither seamount collisions nor rupture propagation,
also has a high coefficient of basal friction.
22. It is unclear how solar particles affect rates of radioactive decay, but Prof Jenkins
asserts that "either neutrinos are affecting the decay rate or perhaps an unknown particle
is". Neutrinos are subatomic particles; huge numbers of them are spewed out during a solar
flare.
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23. Similarly, as even Arthur C Clarke might have conceded, there’s no such thing as magic:
there’s only someone being fooled, and someone doing the fooling. And no sufficiently advanced
society can afford to fool itself, if it hopes either to understand its present or to protect
its future.
24. Almost a third of homes for rent in Bristol do not meet basic standards, according to a
housing charity. Shelter said 29.3% of the 39,000 homes for rent are either not in a fit state
of repair, do not have modern facilities, or are not properly heated.
25. Although that sounds as if we could be over-run with them, many vole populations have
cycles of boom and bust, in which they are either very common, or scarce, depending on food
supplies.
26. In a nutshell, the problem is many of Africa’s rural farmers can’t get their produce to the
markets in time, because of bad roads, lack of communication, and the nature of a highly
fractured middle-man-dominated agricultural market. Back in 2011, when nearly 3.7 million
people in northern Kenya were facing nearfamine conditions, farmers in other parts of the
country were either driven by swindling middlemen to sell cabbage at nearly a tenth of the
price, or waste it all together.
27. If we get even within touching distance of the Conservatives, it proves that we still have
momentum with us, but I genuinely believe we are really in with a shout." Either UKIP has
unexpectedly and finally mastered the art of expectation management, or they are being
realistic that Newark could be
28. Mr. Abeynayake noted that no Sri Lankan journalist had been killed since 2009, and he said
those who had fled the country were either working as agents of the countries they fled to or
were looking for free tickets out
29. A statistic can always be found in support of either Federeror Nadal, which is why any
argument about their relative merits is circular and fascinating.
30. Newport said the 2007 survey found that 53 percent of
Americans said this particular framing of evolution was either definitely or probably true,
while 44 percent said evolution was definitely or probably not true.
31. Payment by results is total nonsense. Children are not tins of beans and schools are not
factory production lines. Successful schools rely on a collegiate approach and team working.
Performance-related pay is not only inappropriate but also divisive
32. The truth is that I, since the beginning of this year, tried to start the best way. I knew
that I was not coming from a great year," he said. I passed through many things, through many
problems, not only on but also off the pitch.
33. In over a hundred seats, the black and minority ethnic vote could decide who wins and who
loses. We have the real power to demand not only hope but also solutions.
34. This means that not only will debt be repaid immediately but that £10m will go into
Rangers' bank account on the first day as working capital," he added. Any contrary suggestion
about funding is not only untrue but also defamatory.
35. If you look at it since amalgamation [of Britain's northern and southern protectorates]
until today, what did we achieve from being one Nigeria? We only end up having not only
political but also religious and tribal resentments and crises all over.
§ ¡m SSt i
36. A legal high bought in a Worcester market contained
potentially harmful chemicals, a BBC investigation discovered. The drug called Pandora's Box
contained not only detergent, but also chemicals known to cause heart attacks.
37. The technologies were first identified in a speech by the
Chancellor George Osborne at the Royal Society and have been selected for their scientific
importance, Britain's "distinctive capability" and the chance of commercial opportunities. In
other words, they are all areas in which Britain should not only excel but also benefit from the
flourishing of whole new industries and new jobs.
38. David Hammond of the University of Waterloo in Canada
argues that some of the most powerful warnings are not only scary, but also tell a story about
real people.
39. Major Tayseer Darwish is a member of a secretive operations room run by the Friends of
Syria group and rebel fighters. He and other opposition leaders fear their support base could
not only dwindle but also become hostile because of their cooperation with the West.
40. The position of the club is very clear: ASM FC considers that such a demand is not only
outrageous but also totally unacceptable
41. In areas like Wales, with labour-intensive industries, doubtless the situation was even
worse. As a result of the act, after 1918 there is a focus on not only education, but also on
improving nutrition and health-care through the school system.
WHILE - IKEN
While scorpions are tasty and nutritious, they are extremely dangerous.
2. Mr Cameron's Conservatives won an overall majority in the election, while Ms Sturgeon's SNP
won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland.
3. While researchers address technical and health issues, there's one issue that hasn't been
explored as much - security.
4. Taylor has made eight appearances this season in all competitions, while Harrison has played
seven times.
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5. While the government censors have no easy way to control the rising tide of microblog posts,
they curtailed discussion of the issue in the traditional news media.
All are under the thumb of propaganda authorities, but some work for state-owned publications
while others work for privately owned media outlets that are typically more daring.
While traditionalists may pause at these modem interpretations, updating the ancient garment
reaffirms its relevance to a younger audience.
8. After all, while some boomers were trying to "levitate" the Pentagon to protest the Vietnam
War, other boomers were fighting in that war.
9. While the report focuses on private loans, many of the
companies that service those loans, like Sallie Mae, also service federal loans.
10. While Republicans criticized the bill in mostly political terms, arguing that it was an
example of Democrats' trying to expand the scope of government, some experts have warned that
the bill, by focusing too much on the causes of a past crisis, still leaves the financial
system vulnerable to a major collapse.
11. Newport said the 2007 survey found that 53 percent of
Americans said this particular framing of evolution was either definitely or probably true,
while 44 percent said evolution was definitely or probably not true.
12. While the poll focused heavily on Mr. Bloomberg's
stewardship of the schools, it also found that voters seemed eager for a change in the 2013 race
to succeed him.
13. The president and Congressional Democrats favor letting Bush-era tax cuts expire for top
earners, while many Republicans have opposed any rise in tax rates and are pressing for
greater reductions in federal spending.
14. While Mr. Harris sees growth rebounding in early 2013, to an annual rate of 2.1 percent,
Ms. Meyer estimates the rate of expansion will be less than half of that at 1 percent.
15. Many experts currently speak of a supply crunch by
2012, while others consider the risk minimal as new mines become operational.
16. While the New York Exchange's building appeared to be unscathed, many other offices in the
vicinity were flooded.
17. One section relates to using one's "official position to secure unwarranted privileges or
exemptions," while the other says an official should behave in ways "which will not raise
suspicion among the public that he is likely to be engaged in acts that are in violation of
his trust"
18. While others are busy downloading MP3 music files, Vilar spends more than a hundred nights
a year at the opera.
19. While "there is no avalanche of'abuse excuses' afflicting
American criminal law, the courts are having difficulty keeping their footing on a slope that
has become increasingly slippery"
20. While the eight entrepreneurs made their fortunes in a variety of industries, five worry
that government regulations are the greatest threat to their industries.
21. Nothing saps employee morale faster than watching top
executives collect huge bonuses while employee compensation is frozen or scaled back.
22. While utilities usually produce slow or moderate growth,
DPL's 22.6% long-term EPS growth rate makes it a "fast- grower" according to my Lynch model
Lynch's favorite type of investment.
23. The Europeans tend to be specialty players, while Asian competitors are parts of large
conglomerates.
24. The biggest difference between the two lists is this: The IRS measures annual income, while
Lorbes calculates net wealth.
25. Schwartz cites a slew of studies showing that, while consumers have more choices than ever,
the angst of having to cull through all those options tarnishes their shopping experience and
eventually takes a bite out of retailers' revenues.
26. While the current auction could still last a few more weeks, with bidding mostly on
smaller, cheaper licenses, unsuccessful bidders need not fret: Another LCC auction, with 64
more wireless spectrum licenses, is scheduled to start Leb. 7, 2007.
27. While he has dismantled Niyazov's personality cult, he has maintained an authoritarian
leadership style and has adopted the honorific title of arkadag — protector.
28. Turkey would have similarly little trouble and beat South Korea 7-0 in Geneva, while West
Germany and Hungary were taking part in one of the most extraordinary and controversial group
games in any World Cup.
29. While it might be better known for providing recipes and fashion ideas, there is also a
growing educational community using it for inspiration, professional development and as a
teaching and learning tool.
30. Some municipalities in Spain are taking up to nine months to pay suppliers of cleaning and
other services, while others have failed to meet bank interest payments.
31. While the numbers of cases dropped dramatically in December and early January, they have
now plateaued and there are fears that the disease may not be totally eradicated.
32. While he did not see the rise of Russia Today as a threat, Brenton warned that any further
cuts to the World Service would harm Britain's influence on the global stage.
33. While federal law requires those hospitals to treat the
uninsured in emergencies — gunshot wounds, heart attacks — the institutions usually decline to
accept uninsured supplicants who need chemotherapy, radiation, or other longer-term treatments.
UNLESS - USAGE (+/-)
1. Increases in fuel efficiency could be bad for the
environment unless they're accompanied by powerful disincentives that force drivers to find
alternatives to hundred- mile commutes.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
2. The damage can last a very long time unless the children receive specialist care and support,"
said UNICEF in a statement released to the press.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
3. That figure could rise to 10 million by 2010 unless effective measures are taken immediately.
A)..............UNLESSB)..............
4. Climate change will exacerbate the existing vulnerabilities of children in South Africa,
unless mitigation and adaptation strategies are child-sensitive and implemented in a timely
manner
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
5. As the Secretary-General recently said, there can be no sustainable development unless there
is equitable development.
A)..............UNLESSB).............
6. Unless current trends are reversed, more and more young people will be affected by the virus.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
7. These human rights abuses, including the recruitment of children, will continue unless the war
is brought to an end. A)............UNLESS B)
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Unless good hygiene is consistently practiced by affected people, the danger of diarrhoea,
cholera and other disease outbreaks will persist.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
In the aftermath of Beslan, we fear that things will get worse unless we work with children and
young people to build tolerance and understanding A) UNLESS B)
10. Nearly all babies who contract tetanus die, unless they receive treatment.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
11. Unless families are supported to regain or strengthen coping mechanisms, another emergency
might be disastrous for children and women.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
12. Vital aid operations supporting millions of people affected by the conflict in Iraq risk
closure unless funds are made available immediately, the official overseeing humanitarian
operations in the country said today.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
13. We must begin with the knowledge that no effort to promote peace and resolve conflict can
succeed unless children and women are recognised as a distinct and priority concern.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
14. Effective exit strategies for emergency programmes are
unlikely to occur unless more development-oriented staffing is in place at an early stage of the
recovery.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
15. Unless we eradicate polio in Afghanistan, the virus will continue to threaten development,
disabling children, placing greater strains upon families and adding to the pressure on
national health resources.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
16. Climate change will exacerbate the existing vulnerabilities of children in South Africa,
unless mitigation and adaptation strategies are child-sensitive and implemented swiftly.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
17. At least 950,000 children in Nepal will not be able to return to school, unless urgent
action is taken to provide temporary learning spaces and repair damaged school buildings
following the 25 April earthquake
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
18. We believe that there will be a surge in the numbers of
displaced unless we find a way to halt this terrible new phase of fighting now.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
19. Unless the pace of such interventions is kept up, however, the Malagasy population will be
vulnerable to a dangerous spike in HIV prevalance.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
20.Ladies and gentlemen, that war is one that we could still lose — and that could happen unless
we ensure that we reach the remaining children under the age of 5 who lack protection against
polio.
A)..............UNLESSB)................
21.In reality all young people in the country are
vulnerable unless they are provided with appropriate information and knowledge to protect
themselves.
A)..............UNLESSB)...........
22. The situation in East Africa has left more than 320,000 children so severely malnourished
that they are at imminent risk of starving to death unless they get urgent help.
A)..............UNLESS B)...............
23. The risk of this outbreak spreading further
remains unless enough children are vaccinated to stop the transmission of the polio virus.
A) UNLESS...............B)
24. Even when a picture or opinion is imprudent or
tasteless, unless it directly incites violence it should not be banned.
A) UNLESSB).............
25.Most opposition parties say they will vote against the bill unless it contains safeguards
against malfeasance. A)..........UNLESS B)
26. Unless the government can restructure the civil service and curb tax evasion, the bail-out
will veer off track, fears the "troika" of the European Commission, the European Central Bank
and the IMF.Blips are appearing.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
27. Unless the team can climb back up to the Premiership, a 50,000-seat stadium may seem more
of a burden than a blessing.
A) UNLESSB)............
28. Unless Japan's productivity rises faster than its workforce declines,
which seems unlikely, its economy will shrink. A) UNLESS B)
29.Unless regulators restore the economic incentives for investment, the future looks bleak.
A)..............UNLESSB)............
30.The National Party will have a fight at the polls next year but unless there is a severe oil
spill, neither drilling nor asset sales are likely to top the agenda.
A)..............UNLESS B)...............
31.Unless the next mayor somehow seizes control of the system, it is hard to believe that even
Mr Stern's ideas would do much to improve the lot of New York's wretched schoolchildren.
A)..............UNLESS B)................
32.Unless they acknowledge the crisis and get to grips with it, social unrest, mass emigration
and, eventually, crumbling regimes will be the inevitable result. The putative state of
Palestine provides a pertinent example.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
33. America will throttle its recovery unless it avoids overregulation.
A)..............UNLESS B)........
34.However hard we tried we couldn’t produce the necessary quality.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
35.Activists predict more upheaval unless Mr Sisi loosens his grip, but there is little sign
that he will.
A)..............UNLESS B).............
36. People tend not to leave their jobs unless they feel confident they can get a better one.
A) UNLESSB)...............
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been sluggish; companies will not want to borrow until they see signs of buoyant consumer
demand.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
38. we should not punish people for practicing their religion unless we have a very good
reason.
A)..............UNLESS B).......
39. Nor would it be altogether desirable for them to pump
groundwater unless they could be enjoined to sow appropriate crops, such as pulses and millet,
and water them wisely.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
40. More importantly, there is no reason for their
disappearance unless we condemn them to such a fate. A) UNLESS B)
41. First, let those who cling to their sovereignty understand that unless they pool something
of that sovereignty they risk losing all of it.
A)..............UNLESS B)..............
42. We are at serious risk of having to move at the very slowest pace of the slowest Member,
unless we can bring the House together at every opportunity.
A)..............UNLESSB)...............
43.Anything approved today will not be implemented until next August at the earliest, but people
cannot be left without aid for such a long period unless they are supposed to starve to death.
A)...........UNLESS B)..............

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A great number of such marriages
A great number of cooking implements
A great number of likely recruits
A great number of jobs
A great number of known results
A great number of requests
A certain number of ships TP
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A certain number of innings
A certain number of stories
A certain number of advantages
A certain number of supplementary
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A certain number of peripherals
A certain number of bold moves
A certain number of bullets
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A number of obstacles
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MİKTAR TAMLAMA (SAYILAMAYAN) TÜRKÇE ÇEVİRİSİ

A good deal of hot air
A good deal of fun
A good deal of thought
A good deal of scrutiny
A good deal of money
A good deal of sense
A good deal of time
A good deal of absurdity
A good deal of loyalty
A great deal of emotion
A great deal of charm
A great deal of rain
A great deal of maintenance
A great deal of confusion " 11
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A great deal of difference
A great deal of strain
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A great deal of privilege . . . .; ". ' ¡1
A great deal of infrastructure

A great deal of intelligence V, 1................. .. ¡1

A great deal of boldness
A great deal of hostility

A great deal of conflict

A great deal of pain
A great deal of evidence
A great deal of healing
A great deal of promise
A great deal of information

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A vast amount of space in my tiny
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A vast amount of medical literature
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A vast amount of feeling and energy
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A vast amount of human resources
A vast amount of news
A vast amount of revenue
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A vast amount of wastewater
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A vast amount of power
A vast amount of different outcomes
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A vast amount of robustly mapped
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A large amount of votes
A large amount of pride
A large amount of explosive
chemicals
A large amount of land
A large amount of self confidence V •' ' ' , ' .... •; • I-V'! " ' if
A large amount of people
A large amount of trustworthy data
A large amount of coal
A large number of corrosive waste
A large number of publicity
A large number of research
A large number of books
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PARAGRAFA GORE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
Within a short time after the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of
many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a
result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical
use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawnintoa
nationalcampaigntogatherwildherbs, Up and down the country, County Herb Committees were
organised to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal
herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in how to recognise herbs, store and
dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs. By 1943,
every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over750
tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned into medicines.
ÇEVİRİSİ:
79._Welearnfromthepassagethat,before World Warll,Britain .
80.It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government.
A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East
B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East
C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the FarEastandexported phannaceuticals to them
D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuti cal s
E) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes
A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East
B) gave priority to the import of medicines
C) encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital
pharmaceuticals
D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs
E) took serious measures to ensure that the country should not be short ofmedicines
81. It is clear from the passage that, of the special
arrangements made in Britain during the war,
one was____________.
A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan
B) the setting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs
C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere
D) the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the
country
E) the training of local people in the production ofherb-basedmedicines
9 * * »a** » *********
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to
take responsibility for what they have done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy
options for some people. They are all ways that offenders can avoid taking responsibility,
because in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons
have been called "universities for criminals". Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for
victimless crimes, and they come out with a degree in burglary or
worse.Iamnotsayingthattheanswer is to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who
are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part
of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the vast majority ofpeople in prison are
not violent, and do not need to be there. Whattheydoneedistobebroughtface to face with thehuman
reality ofthe harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to rectify
82._In theopinionoftheauthor, prisons .
ÇEVİRİSİ:
A) teach people to become better citizens
B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever
C) should be remodelled on the lines of universities andpolytechnics
D) should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to society
E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in society
83. According to the writer, such a traditional
punishment as fining .
A) helps to keep the crime-rate down
B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact that they have hurt society
C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment
D) is highly effective ifthe offenders are young
E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment
84. According to the passage, restorative justice .
A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed
B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent
C) concentratesoncriminalactsinwhichthere is no victim
D) is too idealised and has little chance of working successfully
E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen
In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting
of the first vintage of the millennium. But long before the finished product reaches the shelves
- before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some cases - samples will be offered to
exporters and distributors. A select group of winecriticswillalsobe given a taste. Most will
record their impressions in the extravagant prose that wine journalists unfortunately love
touse. Others will goone step further and assign numerical grades. These days a high score is
more effective than mere praise, it can make a comparatively unknown wine into a highly
desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy.
According to the passage, before the new season's wines even reach the shops, wine critics will
have
A) tasted samplesand described orgraded them
B) suggested suitable prices for each type
C) bought up 1 arge quantities of what they think will sell well
D) advised producers on the fermenting process for the next year's vintage
E) comparedtheirimpressionswiththoseofother wine critics
86. In theopinionofthewriter,most ofthe wine
journalists____.
A) dislike the practice of awarding wines numerical grades
B) generally use too many exotic words and literary expressions
C) have very little influence on the public's choice of wine
D) are less influential than distributors in the business ofbuying and selling ofwines
E) shouldbe consultedat all stages ofthe winemaking process
87. It is pointed out in the passage that the
practice of awarding numerical grades to wines
A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the practice of describing wines
B) is not at all popular among exporters and distributors
C) has had atruly amazing effect on wine sales
D) means that little known wines never get a chance to be known
E) israpidlygivingwaytothesystemofverbal description
ÇEVİRİSİ:
One never finishes learning about art. There are always new things to discover. Great works of
art seem to look different each time one stands before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible
and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an exciting world of its own with its own strange
laws and its own adventures. Nobody should think he knows all about it, for nobody does.
Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just this: that to enjoy these works we must have a
fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to every hidden harmony: a
mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the terminology and ready- made phrases of art
appreciation, it is infinitely better not to know anything about art than to have the kind of
halfknowledge which makes for snobbishness. The danger is very real.
88._According to the passage, great works ofart are, in a way, like real people .
89.The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of art,wemust .
A) and we can expect to like them for some reasons, dislike them for others
B) because there is a lot to learn about them before we finally know them
C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to discuss them effectively
D) because they can surprise us and give us something new each time we face them
E) though, naturally, they are incapable of change
A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and ignore those that don't
B) learn everything there is to learn about art
C) keep finding new works of art to look at and compare them with our old favourites
D) look at them again and again until we have seen and understood everything about them
E) cometothemwithoutpreconceivedideasand with a readiness to respond to whatever they have to
offer
90. Intheopinionofthewriter
A) the world of art is more exciting than the real world
B) the clichés of art appreciation are extremely dangerous and likely to stand in the way of
genuine appreciation
C) it is easy foreveryoneto appreciate great art
D) everyonecanandshouldacquire some kind of half-knowledge ofart
E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work of art until we have exhausted all it has to
say to us
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops. Who still has time to read books,
what with surfing the Internet, viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting
in ever- longer hours at work? And presumably thosefew people who do still read books will be
buying them on the Internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of a
successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What about the practice? This week the
largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old Simpson's of Piccadilly in London. With 265,000
titles and 1.5 million books, the new branch of Waterstone's stretches over seven floors. A
department store, which once sold everything from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted entirely
to one product - books. The new Waterstone's is almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five-
storey bookshop, with a well-established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less
than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street.
91. The passage suggests that, in this world of technological advance one might, in theory,
expect that
A) Internet, amongotherthings,wouldmakebook shops obsolete
B) Internet would prove a serious rival to television
C) smaller bookshops would be brought up by larger ones
D) Internet book retailers like Amazon would find few customers
E) new digital television channels have little chance ofsuccess
ÇEVİRİSİ:
92. in the passage, we are given a great deal of information about the new Waterstone's
bookshop,____.
A) together with the number and quality of the staff employedthere
B) including the exact postal address
C) and the incredible variety of second hand books to be found there isgiven special emphasis
D) but it is the original use of floor space that receives special attention
E) including the fact that the premises once belonged to a department store that sold literally
eveiy type of goods
93. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer makes the point that the new Waterstone's
bookshop_________.
A) is designed and run like a department store
B) hasdeprivedneighbouringbookshopsofalot of their trade
C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford Street
D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well- established bookstores
E) is not 1 ikely to attract many customers
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
The seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be
methodically separated from values so as to make it truly 'neutral', or objective. In reality,
he did nothing of the sort. His 'scientific knowledge', instead of being value-free, set out
explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. 'Truth and utility are perfectly
identical,' he wrote in his “Novum Organum”, and 'that which is most useful in practice is most
correct in theory'. In effect, he merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of 'good' and
'evil'withthevaluesofuseful'and'useless',or more precisely 'of contributing or not contributing
to man's domination over or transformation of the natural world'. There were to be no limits to
this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was to 'achieve all things achievable'.
At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modem science has followed Bacon's lead
exactly, but does not admit it.
94._According to the author, the broad goals of modern scientists are identical with those of
Bacon,_______.
A) except that they regard nothing as 'useless'
B) only they avoid saying so
C) althoughBaconneveractuallydiscussedgoals
D) and even moreambitious
E) but they consider him too subjective in his outlook
95. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon was
determined to make science objective andvalue-
free,_______________.
A) he know he was setting himself an impossible task
B) this was impossible as truth and utility are inseparable
C) he did not want man to have dominion over nature
D) he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts of right and wrong
E) he actually simply substituted one set of values for another
96.________________________We understand from the passage that Bacon regarded scienceasa meansto
A) establish what was useful and whattrue
B) overcomesuchsubjectivevaluesas'good' and 'evil'
C) protect the natural world and so preserve it
D) give man power over nature so he could benefit from it
E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt.
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
ifa greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of
great benefit to the fanner. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production
would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade
in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles when it could instead be produced
next door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less
money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of
farmers, This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers'
markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not
impelled to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend towards ever
larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a
proportionally higher amount of human labour than mechanisedinputs,aretumtosmallerfarmswould
help bring back some of the 700.000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last half-century of
agricultural progress.
ÇEVİRİSİ:
97._According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised .
A) as this is the only sure way to make money out offarming
B) as this is what the rural community wants
C) since no one is willing to work on the land
D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper
E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate onavery few products for global markets
99. Itispointedoutinthepassagethatitwould be to the
advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at
large if___.
A) people were to eat locally produced food more often
B) thesaleoffarmproductswereinthehands of corporatemiddlemen
C) the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated
D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers' markets were forbidden
E) the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level
98.______________________The author is opposed to the trend towards larger and mere highly
mechanised farms_______
A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices
B) since the quality of food they produce is poor
C) because it has resulted in a great many farm labourers losing their jobs
D) though he admits the quality of food they produce is high
E) though this is whatthe owners of small farms want
The great expansion in energy demand over recent years has been met to a large extent by
petroleum oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts
of world are still not fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise in the price
of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab-Israel war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis.
The result has been that Britain has increased its north sea oil production and hasbecomethe
fifth largest oil producing country in the world.
103.One can understand frojn the passage that further oil explorations .
a. would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices.
b. are likely to produce many positive results.
c. should be carried out both in the Middle East and in the North Sea.
d. may cause new tensions in the Middle East.
e. couldleadtothediscoveryofrichreservesof petroleum as yet untapped
102. It is pointed out in the passage that to meet its 104.According to the passage, one result
of the oil crisis
increasingenergy needs, theworld . caused by the Arab-Israel war has been that — .
A) will have to develop new the world has learned to
sources of energy a. reduce its energy
B) has had to face a recurrent consumption.
energy crisis
C) has, in recent years, Britain has become one
relied heavily on b. of the leading oil
petroleum oil. producers.
many new oil fields
D) is in search of new oil throughout the world
sites. c. have
E) is learning to depend upon beenprospectedandbrought
a larger variety of intoproduction.
Britain has emerged as
energy sources. d. the largest exporter of
petroleum oil in the
world.
consumer countries have
e. had to redefine their
economic priorities.
The continent of South America looks as if it managed to escape the attentions of the British
Empire. However, this was more because the British didn't need to exert formal control over the
countries and peoples of this continent. The Monroe doctrine imposed by America, served British
interests quite well enough. The doctrine made it clear that the United States would not
tolerate foreign meddling in the Americas. This policy meant that Britain could get all the
benefits of trade and investment in South America with very little of the administrative costs.
In addition, it could be reasonably safe in the knowledge that other European states wouldn’t be
able to steal the markets through annexation. Britain had very strong commercial links with
South America, especially with Argentina. In many ways, the influence and power that Britain
could hold over the policies of the individual South American states meant thatthey could almost
be termed as being part of Britain's informal empire. The islands in the regionthatwere formally
annexed were done so mostly out of strategic navalconsiderations.
105.According to the passage, the continent of South America .
a. has always been under pressure ofthe British Empire.
b. tentatively protected itself from exploitation of other countries.
c. haslittleconnectionwithEnglandowingtothe dispute overislands.
d. was primarily under Portuguese's influence.
e. reimbursed its loss by annexation of Islands.
106.The Monroe doctrine .
a. has adversely affected the Majesty's tights over the continent.
b. has abated the administrative costson behalf of the US in the continent.
c. rendered new taxes for the Majesty.
d. opened the shortest route to the fabled Spice Islands.
e. has enabled the British to sustain the exploitation of theland.
107.Which of the following is correct according to the
passage?
a. The continent of South America was subjected to firm control oftheBritish.
b. It was the Monroe doctrine that prevents the other nations other than the British from
exploiting the continent of South America.
c. The high cost of administration has prevented the other nation from annexing the countries in
the continent of South Africa.
d. The islands off the continent of South America have vast areas ofarabl e land.
e. Argentinawastheonlycountry intheregion that the British could exploit.
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
Failing to discover any account of the purposes, for which nature is arranged as it is, and
finding the explanations actually offered by the philosophers to be suspect and non-
illuminating, Socrates abandonedall his effort to find out why things are as they are by
examining nature itself. He turned instead to the examination of "logos" that is, statements,
arguments, or in general, words- as a way of discovering something true. The distinctive feature
ofSocratic inquiries is that they took as their immediate object not some phenomenon in the
natural world but some person and his ideas. Socrates hoped that by methodologically and
repeatedly examining someone’s ideas he might ultimately lead him to the discovery and
establishment of thetruth.
108._
Acc or ding to th e passa ge, Socrates .
ÇEVİRİSİ:
a. is the first philosopher who found out why nature is created as it is.
b. believedthatthecausesoftheexistenceofthe nature lie initself.
c. established that in order to validate the truth "logos" must beused.
d. presupposed thatnature isthecapital source of all goodness.
e. divertedhisinterestffomideastonature.
109. According to the passage, the peculiar property of Socratic view is that the truth
a. can be only achieved by careful and repeated investigation of someone's ideas.
b. lies in nature itself.
c. can be discovered by reading the writings offormerphilosophers.
d. can be established by dogmatic beliefs about people.
e. can be integrated with nature via careful thinking.
110. It can be inferred from the text that .
a. naturalphenomenonshouldbethefocusofthe philosopher looking for the truth.
b. Socrates had no suspicion of the earlier thoughts developed before him.
c. "logos" are the means of discovering the truth according to Socrates.
d. in order to discover the truth, Socrates inquired the course of the nature.
e. it is how a person acts rather than what he preaches which gives way to thetruth.
Each year thousands of people are diagnosed with congestive heart failure - a condition in which
a weakenedheartcan'tpumpmuchbloodasthebody needs. Drugs like beta- blockers help stabilize many
patients in the earliest stages of the disease. But there aren't a lot of options for folks in
the later stages. Heart transplants are one solution, but they are short in supply. It is such
good news to hear that another type of mechanical pump, called a left ventricular assist device,
may be a viable alternative. Instead of replacing the heart entirely, the device attaches to the
organ's left main chamber, boosting its output. The device is twice as
likelyasdrugstokeeppatientsaliveafteroneyear.
112. The writer suggests that -
111. It can be inferred from the passage that-
a. a left ventricular assist system is an efficient solution to the disorder.
b. all patients diagnosed with congestive Heart failure need Organtransplantation.
c. a left ventricular assist system functions best when, it replaces the heart.
d. there is a shortage of drugs like beta- blockers,
e. itiseasytocureapatientatthelaterstages than at the earlier stages.
a. diagnosis of congestive heart failure is almost impossible.
b. a left ventricular assist device is used to diagnose congestive heart failure.
c. heart transplantation is immoral.
d. heart transplantation is the only method for the treatment of the illness.
e. methods like intake of beta-blockers can be a viable solutionatthebeginningofthe illness.
113. One can infer from the text that that -
a.
patients waiting for organ transplantation do not suffer from the lack of it.
b. there is more than one solution for the patients suffering from congestive heart failure.
c. in the event of congestive heart failure one has no choice but to await death.
d. artificial devices are no good for congestive heart failure.
e. the left ventricular assist device is unlikely to prolong the patient's life more than a
year.
9 Ge f fi #§ ct( ceı e c a e o> c « • c c c a * «««e« e « * © ©••©»••#« »©
PARAGRAFA GORE CEVAPLAYINIZ.
Hong Kong, with a population of about 6.8 million at mid-2000, is a small but dynamic city which
has earned an international reputation as a leading commercial and financial center as well as a
highly efficient port. Subsequent historical and political events led to the development of the
manufacturing industry. HongKong has also seenarapidexpansion of its services sector in the past
two decades, contributing over 85 percent ofHongKong's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
inrecentyears. HongKong has atwo-tier system of representative government. At the central level,
the Legislative Council legislates, approves taxation and public expenditure and raises
questions on the work of the Government.
According to the Basic Law, the Legislative Council is to be constituted by Election.
114. HongKong .
a. used to be more popular than it is now.
b. is mainly known for its impoverished ghettos.
c. is an emerging market for the manufacturing industry.
d. has been the cradle of civilization.
e. has failed to surpass the other countries in the region
ÇEVİRİSİ:
115. According to the passage, .
a. manufacturing industry in the region brought about political conflicts.
b. thecityhasachievedfameasacenteroftrade and finance.
c. small as the city is, Hong Kong is rich in natural resources.
d. just as the area of the city is small, sois its population.
e. service sector accounts for less than two- thirds of Hong Kong's GDP.
116. It can be inferred from the text that, .
a. Hong Kong is a city in which there are two political parties.
b. Hong Kong is a democratic city in which people vote fortheir representatives.
c. the Legislative Council is appointed by the president.
d. the Government can disapprove of the taxation.
e. the Government's work is not subject to any criticism.

PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:

College students who eat all their
meals at one of the
college or university regulated food
services are likely to
be offered a well- balanced diet.
The offering of well-
balanced meals does not ensure,
however, that the
students make wise selections. In
addition many
students eat their meals in
restaurants or other public
eating-places where they may not be
offered foods that
provide all the nutrients needed by
the body. College
students, generally speaking, are
well fed; few of them
show extreme deficiency symptoms.
Many students,
on the other hand, are operating at
a level below their
achievement potential because of the
insufficiencies in
their diet.
118. A lot of students could do
better workif—
117.
Studentseatingonlyatuniversitycafete
rias
they were more efficient in
a. their
a. receive a diet that provides them
with extreme symptoms.
nutrients. b. their food lacked certain
essentials.
b. always choose their diet their bodies needed the
sensibly. c. nutrients
c. have a chance of getting provided in theirfood.
healthful food.
d. also perform below their normal d. they were able to eat enough
food.
they failed to be well-
potential. e. nourished.
e. are all insufficiently nourished.

119.The phrase "university-regulated

food
services” means .
meals that are regularly
a. served at a
university.
services which give
university students meals as
b. a
rule.
a university regulated by its
c. food
services.
services providing food
d. controlled by the
students.
e. services providing food under
university control

f* m-
PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:
In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is often possible, by means of carefully
sited boreholes, to gain an idea as to the nature of the ground and water conditions. Under high
mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be placed upon geological interpretations.
As strata can vary so much, surprises are often met with and techniques sometimes have to change
in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mis 628 yd long, completed in 1886) great
quantities of water were unexpectedly encountered and are still being pumped out.
120.Thewriterexplainsthatwhenatunnel doesnotgo deep underground, .
a. one can learn about the type of ground it is to pass through by means of strategically placed
boreholes
b. the type of strata it is to pass through is unimportant
c. it may prove unsuitable in urban areas
d. the geological nature ofthe terrain does not, in general, have to be taken into consideration
e. the techniques used to excavate it vary very little
121. We understand from the passage that beforeanytunnelisopened_.
a. an exact understanding of the nature of the rock strata around it must be gained
b. samples of the ground through which It is to pass must always betaken
c. it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the ground that is beingtunnelled
d. the area surrounding it should be drained of any undergroundwater
e. the suitability of the site has to be test- blasted
122.lt is pointed out in the passage that the geological interpretations made of the strata
through which a tunnel istogo_____________________.
a. are based on samples of the ground taken from boreholes
b. cannot detect underground waterways
c. are particularly relevant in urban areas
d. are not always reliable
e. are especially useful if underground water is suspected
As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original
thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so
inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from
Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had
gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was
largely English but the bulk of them, as a contemporary historian commented "knew little of the
mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the
preceding century persecuted and banishedtheir ancestors to the woods of America". With each
generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore, large groups of
colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England
and, in the case ofthe Irish, no affection.
124.According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, .
123.The writer makes the point that it is very hard to
a. assess the separate causes of the American Revolution because they are so complex
b. justify the American Revolution historically
c. relate the American Revolution to the economic circumstances
d. account for the political causes of the American Revolution
e. explain the social implications of the American Revolution on Britain
a. generations of the colonists in America had dreamed ofgaining their independence
b. the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones
c. manyoftheBritishcolonistswerestilltrying to maintain their ties with the mother country
d. the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Britain
e. the number ofthe Irish in Americahad more than doubled
125.The writer points out that, among the non British
colonists in America, it was the Irish who
a. had suffered most at the hands of the British
b. were the least friendly towards Britain
c. united with the German colonists to oppose Britain
d. were among the first ones to settlethere
e. feltthey had been unjustly banishedtothese parts
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:

Translation renders knowledge
mobile. The task of the
scientific translator, no less than
the literary
translator, has been to create new
texts, to multiply
sources into new languages, and
thereby to produce
new "originals". Overtime,
translation itself has built
a great scientific library, ever
more enriched, and
accessible. Although we may think of
scientific
translation as literal, mechanical
work, this has never
been the case. The reasons for this
are complex, but
have much to do with the lack of
exact one- to-one
correspondence among languages.
Translating
science always involves
interpretation, the remaking
of an original. If it did not,
machine translation would
have long ago rendered the
scientific translator
extinct.
127.The writer stresses that the
job of a
126.According to the passage
scientific translation, just scientific translator
like literarvtranslation.
requires more technical
a. knowledge than
a. requires a kind of rewriting of linguistic
the original text
b. should avoid the temptation of is far easier than that of
trying to b. the translation of
interpret he originaltext literary texts
c. is becoming increasingly has been made much easier
mechanised and making c. with the
translators themselvesredundant introduction of machine
translation
d. has actually played a very small is actually far more creative
part in the spread d. than has
ofknowledge generally been assumed
e. is presently being carried out goes back farther in history
into fewer and e. than does that of
fewer languages. the literarytranslator
 128. As the writer suggests, an
important obstacle that a
scientific translator faces, is
that
new scientific texts are
a. growing more and
more complex in content
very few people are
b. interested in the
translations of scientil ic
works
the machine translation of
c. scientific texts has
reached a high level of
efficiency
the work is mechanical and
d. tedious that it offers
almost no satisfaction
the exact translation of one
e. language into
another can almost never be
achieved

The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century England survived into the early 20th
century, until home lifewas seriously dislocated in 1914by World War I,whichwasawaronthe!
argestscaletheworld had ever known. But since the last decade of the 19th century new
developments and inventions had been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing number of
people. Town and country were knit more closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and
efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine
and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as these helped to break down social formalities
and to place women again on a more equal footing with men.
129.lt is pointed out in the passage that, as a result of a variety of changes in the way of
life in England atthe turnofcentury, .
a. travel by rail became the most popular form of transport
b. living conditions in the country couldn't keep up with those in the towns
c. the position of women in society improved significantly
d. country people were for the first time able to benefit from postal services
e. the urban people had the unique opportunity of exploringtocountrysideontheirbicycles
130.According to the author, one of the damaging effects in England of World War I, was that.
a. more and more people began to leaveurban areas and move to the countryside
b. the manufacturing industry experienced a severe recession
c. technological progress was adversely affected
d. the traditional ly cl o se fami ly 1 i fe was badly disrupted
e. everybody began to take an interest in political and economic affair
131. The author points out that World War I
A) helped to bring town life and country life closer together
B) showed people how important family life was
C) was a greater magnitude than any previous war had been
D) wasanimportantfactorinthebreakdown of socialformalities
E) had been expected as far back as the last decade of the 19th century
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PARAGRAFA GÖRE CEVAPLAYINIZ. ÇEVİRİSİ:
Most people take it for granted prices will always be nice and understandably so. A 60- year-old
American has seen them go up by more than 1.000 % in his life time. Yet prolonged inflation is a
comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60 years ago prices in general wereas likely to
fallasto rise. On the of the First World War, for example, prices in Britain, over all, were
almost exactly the same as they had been at the time of London in 1666. Now the world may be
reverting to that earlier normality. The prices of many things have fallen over the past 12
months or so. Not only computers and video players, but a wide range of goods- from cars and
clothes to coffee and petrol - are in many countries, cheaper than they were a year ago.
132. It is emphasized in the passage that, up to the lasthalf
centuryorso,__________.
a. a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence
b. prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation
c. Britain was one ofthe few countries to suffer from inflation
d. peopleweremoredisturbedbyafallinprices than by a rise in prices
e. itwasextremely unusual forpriceseithertorise or to fall
134.The writer of this passage suggests that,
economic trends, worldwide,_______________________________.
a. can rarely be accurately predicted
b. have been characterised by ever- increasing inflation
c. have not been affected by a drop in prices in a fewcountries
d. have been affected by the danger of deflation
e. seemtobechangingasthepricesofmany goods are falling
133.We understand from the passage that the
experience of average Americans over the last 60
years or so,___.
a. has made them one of the most economyconscious nations in the world
b. has taught them to expect continual price increases
c. has impressed on them the need to produce more and more goods
d. has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure
e. has made them fear deflation more than inflation
Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in
water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and flies when
boiling is notpossible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilised by
chlorination; one tablet of halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30
minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however the
danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and
Far East and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canal may be
infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes incontactwith the skin.
135.1n this passage the writer points out that boiling
a. is the only safe method of producing drinking water
b. is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water
c. is a reliable method ofmaking impure water safe to drink
d. will purify water but must not continue for more than 30minutes
e. is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries
136._We learn from the passage that, when sterilization of water is to be carried out by means of
chlorination,_.
a. It is important to make sure that the water is not affected
b. it must be preceded by filtration
c. great care must be taken that no dust be allowed to get into the water
d. the best containers for the job are earthenware one
e. the process should be followed by the boiling of thewater
137.We understand from the passage that, incertain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa
and Asia________________.
a. filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water
b. river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it
c. peoplearecautionednottousecanalwater because it is always infected
d. Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise infected water
e. skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease
INSTEAD OF / - YERiNE
1. This is when two chemicals distill together instead of separating at their different boiling
temperatures.
2. Some modify this theory by suggesting that plants use
alkaloids to temporarily store nitrogen for later use, instead of discarding altogether this
difficult-to-obtain element.
3. During this process, some oxygen molecules finish up with an odd instead of even number of
electrons
4. because zinc oxidizes more easily than iron, the zinc acts as the anode and is preferentially
oxidized. It is said to be “sacrificed” because it gradually gets eaten away by oxidation
instead of the iron.
5. Scientists knew that electricity, when passed through certain gases at very low pressures,
would discharge light, producing a glow instead of an arc.
6. Moseley asserted that the periodic table should be arranged in order of increasing atomic
number instead of increasing atomic mass.
7. An orbital indicates a probable location of the electrons in an atom instead of a definite
path that they follow
It was not an iron bridge as we might conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made
of iron instead of stone.
The stems are green-colored, and are photosynthetic, usually performing this function instead of
leaves, which are greatly reduced in abundance or even absent in most mature cacti.
Bearings based on rolling action are called rolling-element bearings and contain cylindrical
rollers instead of balls, but operate on the same principle.
JUST AS / -DIĞI GİBİ
Just as the rigid barriers between Jews and Christians have broken down and anti-Semitism has
greatly diminished, so racial prejudices have lessened.
Just as it did in the West, student protest boiled over in 1968 and 1969 in Tokyo, over the need
for university reform.
Just as wheat spread from the Middle East into Europe and brought with it cultural changes, rice
spread through Asia.
Hammurabi was one of the first rulers to see punishment not just as a form of retribution but
also as a deterrent to crime.
Just as ancient Egypt was the home of towering obelisks (a towering pillar that rises to a
point), royal tombs, palaces, and the pyramids, so can similar structures, or their remains, be
found in other parts of Africa as the influence of Egypt spread and grew.
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6. A woman who took a wife paid to her family a bride-price to acquire her, just as men did, and
then she had a male relative impregnate her
7. Just as laws and legal codes evolved to reflect the increasing complexity of society, so, too,
did the administration of these laws.
8. Just as slavery in the Americas displayed certain
distinguishing features, its termination differed from the more gradual declines and
displacements of previous forms of servitude.
9. Just as current critical studies of commercialization are revealing about our own anxieties
about identities in an age of mass consumption, similar discussions from earlier eras are
equally revealing about the concerns of their own times.
10. Just as corks float mostly above water while ice cubes float nearly submerged, the less
dense parts of the lithosphere ride higher on the asthenosphere than the more dense ones.
DUE TO / -DEN DOLAYI
1. Earthquakes are caused mainly due to disequilibria in any part of the crust of the earth.
2. Volcanic Earthquakes are caused due to volcanic eruptions of explosive and fissure types and
are confined to volcanic areas.
3. Spill of oil or petroleum products due to accidents/ deliberate discharge of oil polluted
waste brings about pollution.
4. Pollution of air, water and soil due to various industrial activities not only affect our
health, but the health and well being of animal population also.
5. The Asiatic lion was in danger of being wiped out either due to starvation, epidemics or human
interference.
6. The great reduction in the number was due to the increased threat from overgrazing, depletion
of prey species.
7. Extinction of civilisation in some coastal areas is mainly due to such natural calamités as
flood.
8. Due to high humidity and much higher rainfall, lichens, mosses, orchids and other epiphytes
cover the tree trunks.
9. It is estimated that thousands of acres of arable soil are also being rendered unfit for
farming due to salinity and alkalinity problems.
10. It is estimated that thousands of acres of arable soil are also being rendered unfit for
farming due to salinity and alkalinity problems.
EVEN IF / - SE /SA BİLE
1. Continuing to take the medicine is important, even if it does not seem to be working at first.
2. Wind gusts have been responsible for a number of bridge failures in the past. Even if wind
speeds are relatively low,dynamic loads may become too great for a bridge to withstand.
3. The rates of nitrification are correspondingly small, even if there is an abundant substrate
of ammonium.
4. Even if two atoms have identical nuclei, they may have different resonant frequencies if they
are located within different external fields.
5. If the heat generated by a compound that breaks apart is great enough, the compound can still
be an explosive even if it does not contain oxygen.
6. Even if a woman has no say in the selection of her husband, she will help arrange the marriage
of her offspring.
7. He still attributed importance to quantitative phenomena, even if he did not believe that they
explain everything.
8. The traditional Kongo state had sufficiently strong political institutions to play the part of
Portugal's partner even if that partnership was in some respects more fictional than real.
9. Even if his goal is useless, his behavior is reasonable.
10. Even if only one-tenth of Antarctica’s ice were to slide into the sea, sea levels would rise
by 20 ft (6 m), severely damaging the world’s coastlines.
FURTHERMORE / DAHASI
1. Swamp eels are significantly different from eels internally and can breathe air. Furthermore,
some of them estivate, which means that they sleep through the hot, summer months.
2. The regimen she must follow after surgery is uncomfortable. Furthermore, the success rate for
some surgeries is quite low.
3. One example of beneficial flooding is where the high water transports new top soil to local
crops. Furthermore, floods can provide local crops badly needed moisture.
4. Smiling is observed in every culture. Furthermore, smiling is an example of an instinct that
is modified by experience.
5. In particular, the long bones of the limbs were either absent or seriously deformed.
Furthermore, many of these children had associated defects of the heart and intestine.
6. Disease organisms can develop resistance to families of medications over time, rendering the
drugs useless. Furthermore, testing and treatments can be expensive.
7. The main areas to be targeted are proper nutrition and good eating habits. Furthermore,
development of an active lifestyle is fundamentally important in the prevention of obesity.
8. Most goby species are bottom dwellers. Furthermore, they are not very graceful swimmers,
because their movements are characteristically jerky.
9. It also can save on product production costs because fewer resources are needed. Furthermore,
much of the environmental and human health damage caused by hazardous waste contamination is
irreversible.
10. Their legs can also be decorated, sometimes with white or beige stripes on their thighs or
bright coloring on the insides of their legs. Furthermore, the coloring of the young is
occasionally different from that of adults.
NOW THAT / MADEM Kİ, ÇÜNKÜ
1. Now that the Hindu gods had been discredited by defeat, Jayavarman placed himself under the
patronage of Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Now that the Habsburg armies had shown themselves to be vulnerable, popular unrest in the
empire began to increase.
3. Now that Athens and Argos were allied, this indirectly tended to damage Corinth's hitherto
good relations with Athens.
4. Now that it is customary for everyone to call his ethnic
background a "heritage," the commemoration and celebration of ancestors is a growth industry.
5. Now that electrical devices could be made so small, the largest part of a circuit was the
awkward wiring between the devices.
6. NSF recognized that commercially supplied network services, now that they were available,
would ultimately be far less expensive than continued funding of special-purpose network
services.
7. The Ottoman government, seeing eastern Turkey defenseless and fearing an Allied advance
against Istanbul from the west now that Bulgaria had collapsed, decided to capitulate.
8. Now that it has become clear that chemoautotrophic life- forms do not require sunlight as
sources of energy, some scientists argue that a shift of focus from Mars and the other inner
planets is in order.
9. Now that peace had come, Lenin believed that their
opposition was more dangerous than ever, since the peasantry and even a large section of the
working class had become disaffected with the Soviet regime.
10. Now that Japan has become a dominant world economic power and has increased its global
geopolitical presence, law may come to play a role there more akin to its role in the West.
GIVEN THAT / BAZ ALIRSAK, FAZ EDERSEK
1. Given that species differ in their risk of extinction, the size of a species' geographic range
is by far the best explanation for the differences.
2. Given that literacy is not a prerequisite of rationality and civilization, it may be asked why
writing systems were invented and why, when they were, they so completely displaced
preexisting oral traditions.
3. The securest and most certain of truths may be coherently rejected, given that the rules
underlying them have changed appropriately.
4. Given that stringers usually are paid per word, story, video, or photo, they are significantly
less expensive to news agencies than are traditional full-time employees.
5. Given that the philosophical theory of determinism necessarily conflicts with people's deep-
rooted moral intuitions, it is better to abandon the former rather than the latter.
6. Given that arguably no working constitutional government has not been also a working
democracy, few analysts believe that constitutions alone can restrain a genuinely tyrannical
government.
7. The turbulent relations between Ukraine and Russia in the post-Soviet period were likely
inevitable, given that the independence of Ukraine was such a sudden, fundamental change.
8. Civil religion should also condemn intolerance as a creedal matter, Rousseau contended, given
that there can never again be an exclusive national religion.
9. Given that the fossil record does not contain much
information about the eyes of Precambrian animals, scientists have had to rely on evidence from
the eyes of living Precambrian descendants to solve this problem.
10. Given that the vast majority of heart attacks occur at home, treatment that allows for
intervention in the first critical minutes holds the greatest hope of increasing survival
rates.
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SO THAT / AMACIYLA, SIN DİYE
1. The facsimile machine can adjust the number of pixels so that the sender can control the
sharpness and quality of the transmission
2. The mouth parts of fleas include stylets that are used to pierce the skin of the host animal,
so that a blood meal can be obtained by sucking
3. Flood control reservoirs are kept partially empty so that they can catch floodwaters when the
need arises.
4. Usually though, the atom or molecule loses some of its energy to its surroundings, so that the
emitted radiation will have a longer wavelength than the absorbed radiation
5. The observation of the hybridized sequences is done using epifluorescence microscopy. White
light from a source lamp is filtered so that only the relevant wavelengths for excitation of
the fluorescent molecules reach the sample.
6. In many temperate forests évapotranspiration rates during the summer are larger than
precipitation inputs, so that the ground is mined of its water content, and in some cases
streams dry up.
7. Minor roads and driveways are diverted away from the freeway so that their traffic does not
interfere with the freeway traffic flow.
8. The conservation of the populations of all of the world’s species of goose will become an
important priority to humans, so that these creatures will always be available to be
sustainably harvested, while still maintaining their populations.
9. Antigens are foreign substances which trigger immune responses and antibodies bind and
antigens so that they can be broken down and removed.
10. Gene splicing technology allows researchers to insert new genes into the existing genetic
material of an organisms genome so that entire traits, from disease resistance to vitamins,
and can be copied from one organism and transferred another.
OTHERWISE / YOKSA, AKSİNE
1. Like earthquake seismologists, exploration seismologists can use three-dimensional data
collection and computer processing techniques to produce detailed images of rocks that are
otherwise inaccessible to human.
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2. Sinter sealing allows water and steam to be forced through the channels at high pressure;
otherwise, the pressure would be dissipated through various cracks and side-channels.
3. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between glycol molecules gives these compounds boiling points
which are higher than might otherwise have been expected; for example, ethylene glycol has a
boiling point of 388.5°F (198°C).
4. The pre-Columbian aboriginal peoples of North, Central, and South America cultivated or
 otherwise used about 17 species of squashes and gourds in the genus Cucurbita, a genus
indigenous to the Americas.
5. A herbicide is a chemical used to kill or otherwise manage certain species of plants
considered to be pests.
6. Since volcanic eruptions can contribute to significant temperature variations, it has been
suggested that such eruptions could contribute to atmospheric cooling, leading to the lowering
of Earth’s annual temperature. Dust particles thrown into the air during an eruption can
reflect sunlight back into space, reducing heat that would otherwise have reached Earth’s
surface.
7. The beaver (Castor canadensis) also has an enormous influence on the structure of its habitat.
Beavers create extensive wetlands by damming streams, causing them to flood low-lying areas.
By doing so, beavers create fertile open-water wetlands for their own use as well as for many
other species that otherwise might not be able to utilize the local habitats.
Scientists are not yet certain what chemicals in the leaves cue the koalas to accept them only
some of the time and reject them otherwise.
Without the natural growth of vegetation to trap the rain, the ground must absorb more moisture
than it would otherwise
10. Some species of gulls benefit humans by feeding on large numbers of insects that might
otherwise damage crops.
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PROVIDED THAT / ŞARTIYLA
1. Provided that the forests were managed sustainably, some communities should profit from timber
sales.
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2. Unwitnessed wills are valid, provided that they are handwritten throughout, and dated and
signed, by the testator's own hand.
3. Their suitability for cultivation is limited to acid-tolerant crops and orchards, provided
that sufficient lime and fertilizer are applied.
4. Contentious jurisdiction enables the court to hear cases between states, provided that the
states concerned have given their consent.
5. In December 1807 Napoleon sought to come to an arrangement by which Lucien would be made a
French prince, provided that he would agree to have his marriage annulled.
6. Provided that foreigners intrusively monitor the proposed new election (as agreed), a new
government has a chance of emerging peacefully.
7. Provided that Indonesia does not drive foreign investors away, it can sustain investment
without falls in the currency.
8. Provided that oil and commodity prices stabilised, inflation would begin to fall back towards
the 2.0% target next year.
9. Provided that the country's parliament passes the 2013 budget on November 11th, a fresh
infusion of rescue funds will stave off imminent catastrophe.
10. A handful of highly-skilled workers will be welcome; and skilled migrants can be employed
provided that they get work permits.
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11. Now, provided that there is no objection from scrutiny committees, 11 executive councillors
take all the decisions apart from those on planning and licensing matters.
12. But most Indonesians would probably prefer an early poll, provided that it is not rigged,
and that it helps restore stability.
::::: ;•
IN TERMS OF / AÇ ISIN D A N / B A KI MIN I) A N
1. The dollar was devalued in terms of gold, while other currencies were appreciated in terms of
the dollar.
2. Using the terminology of the Aristotelian categories, Boethius
described the unity of God in terms of substance and the three divine persons in terms of
relation
3. Freud vacillated between two contrasting ways of explaining behaviour: in terms of causes and
in terms of intentions
4. Early human movements toward urban areas were devastating in terms of mortality.
5. Tourism ranks behind only agriculture and manufacturing in terms of revenue generated for the
state.
6. In terms of legislation, the president may be considered a functioning part of the
 congressional process.
7. In terms of educational achievement, the North is lagging behind the rest of the country.
8. We did not see dramatic changes within the schools in terms of enrolment and educational
achievement.
9. Income is measured in terms of purchasing power over comparable bundles of goods and services,
or purchasing-power parity (PPP), rather than in terms of actual exchange rates.
10. Currently, sitting members of Congress have a huge advantage over challengers both in terms
of raising money and in terms of getting their faces on television.
11. America and Canada, two of the world's leading beef producers, were considered only
marginally riskier in terms of BSE-infection.
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AS A RESULT - USAGE
1. There is a class of very dense stars known as white dwarfs. These stars originate as main
sequence stars, but have changed dramatically over time. As a result, their internal structure
has changed drastically.
A)............AS ARESULTB)..............
Similar to removal of water from an aquifer, when these materials are removed from the
reservoir, the reservoir’s grains com pact and the reservoir occupies a smaller volume than it
did before the oil or gas was removed. As a result, overlying ground subsides as the reservoir
slowly collapse.
A) AS A.....................RESULT B)
3. Christian doctrine in the Middle Ages considered suffering a
potentially valuable entity, which could test one’s faith. As a result, the idea of healing the
sick was controversial, particularly in the early Middle Ages.
A) AS A...............RESULT B)
4. Unfortunately, as people grow older, their taste buds lose their fine tuning because they are
replaced at a slower rate. As a result, middle-aged and older people require more of a
substance to produce the same sensations of sweetness or spiciness, for example, than would be
needed by a child eating the same food A) AS A RESULT B)
5. From the point of view of an observer fixed to the surface of the rotating Earth, the ocean
tides are continually sloshing up against some coastlines and draining away from others. As a
result, most coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides each day. A) AS A
RESULT B). . .
6. During certain time of the year, so much water is pumped into the atmosphere through foliage
that the rate of évapotranspiration typically exceeds water inputs by rainfall. As a result,
the soil is dried by the demands of plant roots for water, to the extent that streams may
cease to flow by late summer A).......AS A RESULT B)
7. Although short-term successful renal transplants from donor to recipient were achieved in the
early 1950s, these transplants usually were rejected by the patient’s immune system. As a
result, scientists began to focus on manipulating the immune system so it would accept the
transplant.
A).............AS A RESULTB)...............
8. By the early 1960s radiation and drugs were being used to suppress the immune system, in
effect, shutting it down to prevent rejection. As a result, that decade saw the first bone
marrow transplant, kidney transplant, and kidney/pancreas transplant A) AS A RESULT
B).............
9. Double bonds are rigid and those in natural fats introduce a kink into the molecule. This
prevents the fatty acids from packing close together and as a result, unsaturated fats have a
lower melting point than saturated fat
A).............AS A RESULT B).............
10. Turner syndrome females generally have normal intelligence, however, most may exhibit
learning disabilities, especially with regard to spatial perception, visual-motor
coordination, and mathematics. As a result, the nonverbal IQ in Turner syndrome tends to be
lower, with a relatively normal verbal IQ.
A).............AS A RESULT B).........
11. As ultrasonic waves tend to have very high frequencies, it follows that they also have very
short wavelengths. As a result, ultrasonic waves can be focused in narrow, straight beams.
A).............BECAUSE OFB).............
12.............Upwelling waters are relatively rich in inorganic nutrients such as nitrate and
phosphate. As a result, upwelling waters can sustain a large productivity of phytoplankton
when they reach the surface of the ocean where there is ample sunlight to support
photosynthesis A).......................AS A RESULT B)
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13.The Laki fissure eruption of 1783 produced huge volumes of fluorine gas, which poisoned the
grass that fed Icelanders’ flocks. Approximately 229,000 animals died as a result, and 10,000
Icelanders subsequently starved to death, reducing the population by one-fifth. Benjamin
Franklin observed the blue haze that covered Europe, and deduced that the pollution from the
eruption must have caused the abnormally cold winter that year A) AS A RESULT B)
14. A tiny amount of VX, about 10 mg, absorbed through the skin, eyes, or ingested is fatal,
 and death usually occurs within an hour of exposure. VX poisons by binding to the enzyme
Cholinesterase and inactivates it. As a result, the chemical signals passed between nerve
cells are transmitted uncontrollably.
A).............AS ARESULTB)...............
15. When the VX nerve agent is present in the nervous system, it
inactivates the enzyme Cholinesterase. As a result, the receptor on the post-synaptic nerve cell
is indefinitely stimulated by acetylcholine A) AS A RESULT B)
16. Yews are slow growing and highly tolerant of shading. As a result, yews can survive in the
shade beneath a closed forest canopy.
A).............AS A RESULT B)...........
17. As the Sun’s radiation streams through the solar system, a small amount of it is reflected
by these dust particles. Some is reflected toward Earth. As a result, we occasionally see a
thin band of light, called the zodiacal light, extending upward from the eastern or western
horizon along the plane of the ecliptic, or zodiac.
A).............AS A RESULT B)...........
18. Species of Zooplankton vaiy in their susceptibility to environmental stressors, such as
exposure to toxic chemicals, acidification of the water, eutrophication and oxy gen depletion,
or changes in temperature. As a result, the species assemblages (or communities) of the
Zooplankton are indicators of environmental quality and ecological change.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)............
19. Baby boomers now make up almost half of all adult Americans. As a result, they dominate the
population’s demand for goods and services and play increasingly important roles in deciding
who gets elected and what laws are passed.
A) AS A...............RESULT B)
20. Heat is absorbed and released more slowly by water than by land. This difference creates
land and sea breezes. As a result, the world’s oceans and large lakes moderate the weather and
climates of nearby lands.
A).............AS A RESULT B)............
21. As the earth rotates around its axis, its equator spins faster than its polar regions. As a
result, heated air masses rising above the equator and moving north and south to cooler areas
are deflected to the west or east over different parts of the planet’s surface.
A).............AS A RESULT B)............
22. Motor vehicles and the climate control systems of buildings release large quantities of
heat and pollutants. As a result, cities tend to have more haze and smog, higher temperatures,
and lower wind speeds than the surrounding countryside.
A) AS ARESULT.........B)
23. People like living in this biome because of its moderate, sunny
climate with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. As a result, humans have moved in and
modified this biome considerably.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)...............
24. Dams and levees have been built along most of the world’s rivers to control water flows and
provide electricity (from hydroelectric power plants). This helps to reduce flooding along
rivers, but it also traps sediments that normally are deposited in deltas, which are
continually rebuilt by such sediments. As a result, most of the world’s river deltas are
sinking rather than rising, and their protective coastal wetlands are being flooded.
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1. The birth of metallurgy is shrouded in obscurity, although weathered crystals of native copper
might well have attracted the attention of ancient man because of their remarkable green
colouration.
A)............BECAUSE OF B).............
2. Individuals within a population may also have slightly different tolerance ranges for
temperature or other factors because of small differences in genetic makeup, health, and age.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)...........
3. We are alive because of multitudes of microbes toiling away mostly out of sight.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
4. Because of the lack of nutrients, the open ocean has a low NPP (Net primary productivity),
except at occasional areas where an upwelling (water moving up from the depths toward the
surface) brings nutrients in bottom sediments to the surface.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)...........
5. Water exists as a liquid over a wide temperature range because of the hydrogen bonds.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)............
6. The few bacteria that are genetically resistant to the drugs, because of some trait they
possess, survive and produce more offspring than the bacteria that were killed by the drags
could have produced.
A) BECAUSE.............OF B)
7. Separation of populations can occur because of a physical barrier such as a mountain range,
stream, or road, a volcanic eruption or earthquake, or when a few individuals are carried to a
new area by wind or flowing water.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)............
8. Because of their higher level of biomass, the species-rich
communities also consumed more carbon dioxide and took up more nitrogen, thus taking more robust
roles in the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
9. Using a living organism to monitor environmental quality is not new. Coal mining is a
dangerous occupation, partly because of the underground presence of poisonous and explosive
gases, many of which have no detectable odor.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)..............
10. Because of the increased demand for shark fins and meat, eleven of the world’s open ocean
shark species are considered critically endangered or endangered, and 81 species are
threatened with extinction.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
11. No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of
limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
12. Cows and termites are able to digest the cellulose in plant tissues they eat because of the
large number of microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that live in their guts.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)..............
13. Long ago birds called honey creepers started from a single ancestor species. But because of
evolution by natural selection, there are now numerous honeycreeper species.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)..............
14. Environmental changes caused by disturbances, such as fires, clear- cutting, and volcanic
eruptions, can allow opportunist species to gain a foothold. However, once established, their
populations may crash because of unfavorable changes in environmental conditions or invasion
by more competitive species.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)..............
15. In various parts of the Roman Empire different building materials were exploited because of
their availability as well as their suitability to the local climate.
A).............BECAUSE OFB).............
16. We can keep expanding our ecological footprint indefinitely, mostly because of our
technological ingenuity.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
17. In US, European settlers cleared many of the mature native oak and hickory forests and
planted the land with crops. Later, they abandoned some of this farmland because of erosion
and loss of soil nutrients.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)..............
18. Scientists warn of two serious consequences we will face if we do not sharply lower birth
rates. First, death rates may increase because of declining health and environmental
conditions in some areas, as is already happening in parts of Africa.
A) BECAUSE OF............B)
19. Population size increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths
and emigration.
A).............BECAUSE OFB).............
20. Food production has grown at an exponential rate instead of at a linear rate because of
genetic and technological advances in industrialized food production.
A).............BECAUSE OFB).............
21. Fats have a fundamental structural and functional role in the brain and central nervous
system (CNS) and are a key factor in the development ADHD. The two fats that are thought to be
especially important are EPA and DHA, not only because of their role in the brain and body but
because of the relative lack of them in many people’s diets.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............

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29. The Anne Collins system does not appear to have been used in any clinical trials reported
in the medical literature, possibly because of the sheer number of different diet plans
included in the program.
A).............BECAUSE OFB)..............
30. Cataracts and age-related macular degeneration are two types of vision impairment common in
older individuals. Cataracts develop because of changes in the protein in the lens of the eye.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
31. Aspartame is the nonnutritive sweetener that has received the greatest amount of negative
attention in the mass media because of a rumor that it caused Gulf War syndrome (GWS) in
veterans of the Persian Gulf conflict of 1991, and because of a study done in Europe in 2005
that linked aspartame to two types of cancer (leukemia and lymphomas) in female laboratory
rats.
A).............BECAUSE OF B)..............
32. The original premise for developing the diet came about because of Atkins’ frustration with
the increasing rates of obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes.
A).............BECAUSE OF............B)
33. Critics of Atkins’s diet said that this was considered obese for a man who was six feet
tall. His allies said that most of the pounds were gained in Atkins’ time in a coma because of
fluid retention.
A).............BECAUSE OF B).............
34.Now a rarely perfonned procedure, jejunoileal bypass involves shortening the small intestine.
Because of the high occurrence of serious complications involving chronic diarrhea and liver
disease, it has largely been abandoned for the other, safer procedures A) BECAUSE OF
B)
35. In 1901, Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered that there were four types of human blood. He
named them A, B, AB, and O. He discovered that blood types are not compatible with each other
because of antibodies.
36. Because the ancient world was sparsely populated, hunting and gathering were successful
ways of finding food much of the time. Populations did not have to compete with one another
for territory and the foodstuffs it might contain. Further, the food supplies of a territory
usually did not run out because of too much consumption; if they did, the band of people could
simply move on to another territory.
A) BECAUSEOF.............B)
37. Architects also learned to construct and position buildings in a way that in the 21st
century would be called “environmentally friendly.” As firewood became more and more scarce
because of the growth of cities and populations, architects learned to take advantage of the
sun to provide warmth.
A)..............BECAUSE OF B)............
38. Because of a lack of written records and because the kingdoms and nations of sub-Saharan
Africa in general never achieved the prominence or lasted as long as ancient Egypt, not a
great deal is known about the architecture of this vast region.
A)...............BECAUSE OFB)............
39. Ziggurats evolved from the ancient Mesopotamian practice of building temples on platfonns
resting above the floodplain and providing a solid foundation on the damp soil. The platforms,
or plinths, which date back to the Ubaid Period (ca 6000-3800 b.c.e.), were built of mud
brick, as were most structures in southern Mesopotamia because of the lack of wood or stone.
A)..............BECAUSE OFB).............
40. The temple has four porticoes, or covered porches, one facing in each compass direction.
The temple is also of interest because of the elaborate carvings on the exterior pillars.
A)..............BECAUSE OFB).............
41. After the spread of the Roman Empire, the legend grew up that the palace, because of its
large number of rooms and confusing layout, was the labyrinth King Minos had built to house
the Minotaur.
1. Because most of our information regarding what is happening in the community or the world at
large derives not from firsthand experience but from the mass media, media play an important
gatekeeping role in determining which issues come to our attention.
2. Population aging raises critical health policy issues because the elderly have more the social
causes of aging, and considers the various consequences of shifting population age structure.
3. Demographic trends indicate that health care systems are likely to experience unprecedented
demands in the near future because health policies have not kept up with these demographic
changes.
4. Even when coverage for acute care is adequate, in many countries, chronic care for elderly
people is poorly coordinated and inadequately provided because health care systems were not
originally oriented to these problems.
5. Because gaps in Medicare coverage (deductibles, co-payments, prescription drug costs, etc.)
leave many acute health care needs unmet, two thirds of elderly Medicare beneficiaries
purchase supplemental “medigap” policies from private insurance, companies.
6. Individual lives become increasingly differentiated within cohorts over time because later
life statuses (such as wealth status or disability) are affected by social origins and by
highly variable and interdependent transitions that intervene across several domains of life,
including education, family, work and health, from birth to death.
7. In research on aging and the life course virtually all the best designs for studying life
course phenomena are longitudinal because they allow one to conceptualize more accurately the
nature of the substantive phenomenon and locate lives in time.
8. National health insurance is available to residents of all ages in most countries, although
elderly people arguably benefit disproportionately from such policies because they use more
health services than other age groups.
9. Because all policy innovations create new sets of policy “winners” and “losers,” sociologists
will need to study how age and policy outcomes contribute to or undermine national political
support for social policies.
10. Receiving support has self-threatening qualities because it implies failure and an
inability to cope on one’s own.
11. Productivity can best be assessed in specific work contexts, because it is job specific
 productivity that is at issue and expertise and experience can be job or even task specific.
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12. Because HIV most affects stigmatized and marginalized populations, human rights issues have
been central to the response to HIV.
13. Biruni’s work on India is important from a methods point of view because it contains ideas
pertinent to social statistics, applied social research, and the issue of numerical evidence.
14. One of the dynamics that emerged along with Alcohol Prohibition’s repeal was the diffusion
of the idea that certain drinkers were unable to control their drinking because they suffered
from the “disease” of alcoholism.
15. There is considerable skepticism about the disease model of alcohol dependence, because the
successful treatments of such dependence are primarily centered on the personal “will” in the
achievement of abstinence rather than through external medical interventions.
16. Ambivalence is not a pathological situation because it normally results from the social
definition of roles and statuses.
17. The Annales is better understood as a school than as a paradigm because it connects
radically different approaches, e.g., geography, economics, sociology, and social and cultural
anthropology.
18. Durkheim argued that the division of labor is not problematic as long as it is sufficiently
regulated. However, under exceptional circumstances, Durkheim maintained, the division of
labor will take on an anomic form because either there is a lack of regulation or the level of
regulation does not match the degree of development of the division of labor.
19. The most complex types of voluntary cooperation (e.g., creating and maintaining a city)
work because actions can be framed in terms of self-evident patterns that do not require
articulation or verbal agreement.
20. Arendt could conclude that the “absolute” lies in the beginning, because the beginning is
conservative while conservation is achieved through alteration.
21. Placing the artist in the context of an art world demystifies art and artistic genius
because it reveals that the creative process is similar for major and minor artists.
22. Because good schools, clean streets, and other amenities are more common in the communities
where the majority is concentrated, the search by ethnic minority families for better
surroundings leads them toward greater contact with the majority.
23. The pattern of racial exclusion characterized the experiences of non-European immigrant
groups, such as the Chinese, who were confined to ghettos and deprived of basic civil rights
because American law, up until the 1950s, defined them as “aliens ineligible for citizenship.”
24. Human communication is poorly described as sending packages of information to a receiver,
because interpretation of the contents by the receivers is an essential element, which is a
condition for the effects that communication may have. .....
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25. Because there was no theory of language in the original model, the effects of mass
communication were a mystic black box.
26. Although the semiotic or cultural power of the dominant is sharply limited by the semiotic
guerrilla tactics of the powerless, there is an inequality in people’s ability to circulate
their meanings simply because there is inequality of access to the media.
27. With the nationalist victoiy in November of 1922, Halide Edip Adivar returned to Istanbul,
because Adivar had been named as the representative of the ministry of foreign affairs to the
former capital, Ankara now being the seat of government.
28. Because Halide Edip Adivar held firm to their liberal ideological stance, as opposed to the
more radical position of the Turkish Republic’s first president, Atattirk, they were unjustly
accused of plotting against the increasingly authoritarian president.
29. Enthronement ceremonies in Japan were not without controversy because the rituals involved
ancient Shinto rites that were associated with Japan’s pre-World War II militaristic past.
30. In ancient times, Interstellar space was believed to be a vacuum, so the accepted view was
that there could be no significant magnetic field in space because the magnetic fields of the
stars were too weak to reach that far.
31. The Chilean thing is getting consolidated and of course the newspapers are bleeding because
a pro- Communist government has been overthrown.
32. The drama of the recital was heightened because Anderson sang with a cast around her ankle,
which she had broken on the journey back to the United States.
33. Because the store was the center of activity for the local black community, Angelou saw at
first hand the indignities that black residents suffered as a result of the prejudices of
whites in Stamps.
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34. President Marcos shocked the nation with his sudden call for a presidential election to
take place during February of 1986 because his health was so fragile.
35. Arafat was critical of what appeared to be unconditional support of Israel by the United
States because it encouraged hardline positions within Israel.
36. The collapse of the peace process, begun after the Oslo Accords, came about because Arafat
was more interested in destroying Israel than in establishing a Palestinian state.
37. Songwriters such as Berlin, the Gershwins, and Jerome Kern enjoyed composing for Astaire
because they knew he would showcase their words and music in the most effective manner.
38. She knew virtually all the aspiring young poets in Canada because they could easily fit
into a small room.
39. Humanity was not ready for the descent of the Supermind because Aurobindo had found too
much resistance on this plane.
40. Population I stars formed more recently and Population II stars formed earlier in the
history of the galaxy. Because metals are produced in the fusion reactions in the cores of
stars and are seeded into space when stars die, which allows them to become constituents of
the next generation of stars.
41. The president of Wellesley told Balch that she was not given the normal promotion because
she had loaned two hundred dollars to a union whose bitter strike she had supported.
42. Barber would increasingly employ what he considered “literary” techniques in his
compositions, and in his last years he would write other “essays,” so called because they
developed architechtonically from an orchestral thesis.
43. Washkansky died eighteen days later as a result of double pneumonia, because his immune
system was weakened by drugs administered to suppress rejection of his heart.
44. Informal exchanges at scientific meetings, an important medium of exchange between
scientists, did not occur, because Soviet scientists did not travel to the West.
45. Beauvoir contributed immeasurably by word and by example to elevating the consciousness of
men and women as well as improving the quality of their lives, because her life and work
supported her belief in sexual and social equality.
46. Because he was Canadian by birth, he was committed to the preservation of the British
Empire, in reality he knew little about it, other than Canada.
47. Because she used lip reading to enhance her limited hearing, it was impractical for her to
immerse herself in a foreign linguistic tradition, depending instead on interpreters for
interviewing informants.
48. Because his films are intensely personal, together forming an emotional autobiography or a
cinematic spiritual odyssey, Bergman has been appreciated as one of the true auteurs of the
cinema, a poet on film.
49. In 1919, James did the score for the Ziegfeld Follies, which contained “A Pretty Girl Is
Like a Melody,” a song that Berlin dashed off one night because Florenz Ziegfeld needed a
number that would make use of the dozens of extra costumes he still had.
50. Segal became a lonely voice advocating the Internet’s adoption at CERN. His European
colleagues resisted adoption of the American system because several were contributing to the
development of an International Standards Organization (ISO) for network protocols.
51. Because southern policies of segregation at the time extended to the care of hospital
patients, Bethune was led to erect a hospital near the college in 1911 to provide better
treatment for the black community.
52. Because there was at the time no Supreme Court ruling on the issue, Blackmun felt that
capital punishment was a matter for legislatures, rather than courts, to decide.
53. Gollin shows that British concern over the potential of aircraft to alter strategic
planning began veiy early, and that Bleriot’s achievement had a much greater public impact
because there was already open debate in Great Britain about the implications of air power.
54. Because Bleuler was the most prominent representative of academic psychiatry, his
resignation served to weaken the link between psychoanalysis and the larger field of
psychiatry.
55. The essay on Boas is particularly thoughtful and informative because it reveals him as a
private person whose ideas about citizenship and contemporary issues influenced his scholarly
concerns.
56. In “El Truco,” which describes a Latin American card game, Borges notes that, because the
number of possible combinations of cards is finite, players must repeat hands that others held
in the past.
57. The young Bragg’s paper, which appeared in January, 1913, was called “The Diffraction of
Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal,” because he was still unwilling to abandon his
father’s idea thatXrays were particles.
58. Former president William H. Taft opposed Brandeis because Taft himself wanted to be on the
Court and foolishly believed that Wilson might appoint him.
59. Brandeis brilliantly refuted Chief Justice Taft’s majority opinion that a wiretap did not
constitute a search because there was no physical invasion of the property.
60. Although Breton and his disciples became briefly enamored of the emerging Dadaist movement
founded by the charismatic Tristan Tzara, the Surrealists disapproved of the Dadaists’ brand of
nihilism primarily because they did not view the imagination as the sacred source and energizing
force of human expression, an expression that could only take place once the life-denying force
of logical reasoning was displaced.
61. The autobiographical elements are portrayed by actual photographs of sites where the action
takes place. Breton used photographs because he wanted to eliminate any form of extraneous
description.
62. Breyer usually voted to invalidate laws seeking to limit abortion. Indeed, he wrote the
opinion of the Court in a 5-4 decision declaring the State of Nebraska’s “partial-birth
abortion” ban unconstitutional, doing so largely because the law did not contain an exception
to protect the health of the mother.
63. Breyer has contributed to the long-term dialogue on how the Court should approach
constitutional interpretation. This is significant because a jurist’s perspective affects how
that jurist decides a case; decisions, in turn, affect public policy.
64. A study of cybercrime is a relatively recent addition to the area of crime because the
cyberspace in which it occurs is itself relatively new.
65. Abolitionists both question the ethical caliber of a state that intentionally and
systematically inflicts pain upon other people, and point out that, because generally accepted
goals of general and special prevention cannot be supported with empirical data, the
credibility of the penal system is at stake.
66. Washington adopted a strategy of racial accommodation because he knew confrontational
politics
would have resulted in the mass slaughter of Southern blacks, with the national government
standing on the sidelines.
67. Because rule breaking, virtually by definition, represents a breach of the moral order,
instances of rule breaking (crime, delinquency, and less explicit varieties of deviance), when
observed, almost invariably involve calls for accounts from putative rule breakers.
68. Because both excuses and justifications involve an acceptance of agreed upon standards,
accounts are a central contributor to the maintenance of a consensual moral order.
69. Culture influences the structure of accounts, because the account giver assumes that his or
her audience shares certain background assumptions about how the world works.
70. George Spindler (1963) created a typology of individual and group responses to the process
of acculturation. Spindler’s (1963) typology can be generalized to individuals and groups
beyond the original research design because there are patterns of responses to change and the
process of acculturation across contexts.
71. Because there are patterns of individual and group responses to acculturation which have
unique geographical nation state differences, the political and economic climate of Europe and
the European Union is a final illustration of the acculturation process.
72. Because women are not full members of the male world, they are in an ideal situation to
challenge war, disturb conventions, integrate industry, react to life, and transform the past.
73. Age, period, and cohort effects must be considered as a package, because the three kinds of
effects are so closely interrelated that it is impossible to deal empirically with one without
also dealing with the others.
74. Participation in conventional crime diminishes due to declines in energy and risk taking
propensities associated with aging out of adolescence and young adulthood, and it is believed
that voting and other forms of political participation typically increase as, because young
adults take on greater work and family responsibilities.
75. The offsetting period effects explanation should not be summarily dismissed, because
occasionally there are reasons to think that period and cohort effects may be in opposite
directions.
76. Robert Butler (1975) did not see being "old" as problematic. However, he goes on to
observe: "Old people are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in
morality and skills” because the word itself enables “us” to characterize “them” in non-
inclusive and homogenizing ways."
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1. Although it is extremely unlikely, we cannot be absolutely sure that no one will ever drop an
object that does not fall to the earth's surface.
2. Scientists are human and cannot be expected to be totally free of bias about their results and
hypotheses. However, bias can be minimized and often uncovered by the high standards of
evidence required through peer review, although some scientists are bypassing traditional peer
review by publishing their results online.
3. Although they cover only about 2% of the earth's land surface, studies indicate that they
contain up to half of the world's known terrestrial plant and animal species.
4. Although insects do not need newcomer species such as us, we and most other land organisms
need them.
5. Insects are an important part of the earth's natural capital, although they generally have a
bad reputation.
6. Although the detailed steps differ, the net chemical change for aerobic respiration is the
opposite of that for photosynthesis.
7. Although Wallace also proposed the idea of natural selection, it was Darwin, who meticulously
gathered evidence for this idea and published it in 1859.
8. Although life on earth has been enormously resilient and adaptive, it has benefited from a
favourable temperature range.
9. Although different species may share some aspects of their niches, no two species can occupy
exactly the same ecological niche for very long—a concept known as the competitive exclusion
principle.
10. Depending on resource availability, the size of a population often fluctuates around its
carrying capacity, although a population may temporarily exceed its carrying capacity and then
 suffer a sharp decline or crash in its numbers.
11. Although the decline in TFR in developing countries is impressive, the TFR remains far
above the replacement level of 2.1, not low enough to stabilize the world's population in the
near future.
12. Although women make up roughly half of the world's population, in most societies they do
not have the same rights and educational and economic opportunities as men do.
13. Although India currently is self-sufficient in food grain production, about 40% of its
population and more than half of its children suffer from malnutrition, mostly because of
poverty.
14. Although tropical rain forests cover only about 2% of the earth's land surface, ecologists
estimate that they contain at least half of the earth's known terrestrial plant and animal
species.
15. Although coral reefs occupy only about 0.2% of the ocean floor, they provide important
ecological and economic services.
16. Although the global ocean is a single and continuous body of water, geographers divide it
into four large areas—the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Indian Oceans— separated by the
continents.
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17. Although some systems such as estuaries are a mix of saltwater and freshwater, we classify
them as marine systems for purposes of discussion.
18. Although these freshwater systems cover less than 2.2% of the earth's surface, they provide
a number of important ecological and economic services.
19. Although extinction is a natural biological process, it has accelerated as human
populations have spread over the globe, consuming large quantities of resources, and creating
large ecological footprints.
20. Although this treaty reduced the poaching, it did not stop it.
21. Most species introductions are beneficial to us, although they often displace native
species. We depend heavily on introduced species for ecosystem services, food, shelter,
medicine, and aesthetic enjoyment.
22. Although kudzu can engulf and kill trees, it might eventually save some trees from loggers.
23. Today all five tiger subspecies are endangered in the wild, although at least 11,000
captive tigers of mixed ancestry exist behind bars.
24. And it will require reducing the size and impact of our ecological footprints. Although the
solutions to biodiversity loss and degradation are complex, they are well within our reach.
25. Thus, removing the largest and best trees by selective cutting can cause considerable
ecological damage in tropical forests, although the damage is much less than that from burning
or clear-cutting areas of such forests.
26. Although we live on a watery planet, we have explored only about 5% of the earth's global
ocean and know relatively little about its biodiversity and how it works. We also have limited
knowledge about freshwater biodiversity.
27. Although Reagan was immensely popular, many people strongly opposed his environmental and
resource policies.
28. Although the numbers of oxygen atoms on both sides of the equation are now equal, the
numbers of hydrogen atoms are not.
29. Although twisters can form at any time of the year, the most active tornado season in the
United States is usually March through August.
30. Although population growth continues to expand at an unsustainable pace but still certain
countries have achieved a demographic transition to zero population growth.
31.Although supply of drinking water is primarily the responsibility of stage governments, the
Union Government supports the programme with fully centrally sponsored Accelerated Rural Water
Supply Programme.
32.Although new agricultural policy increased the main crops by times, yet compared to other
countries, it is even less.
33. It is quite formidable to think that owing to alarming rate at which silt is accumulating,
it may not last for more than 150 years although it was designed originally to last for 400
year.
34.Algae of various types are the most important producers of aquatic eco-systems, although m
estuaries and marshes, grasses may be important as producers.
35. Each serai staae is a community, although temporary, with its own characteristics. It may
remain for a very short time or for many years.
36. Although our understanding of the earth's organisms-its biological resources- is still
imperfect, there is no doubt that the abundance and diversity of living organisms provide many
benefits and make our world a beautiful and interesting place to live.
37. In the industrialized countries basic health and environmental problems have been solved in
the storage and collection of solid wastes, although major problems remain in regard to
resource recovery and disposal.
38. Although India as a developing country does not have any commitments or responsibilities at
present for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C02) that lead
to global warming, pressure is increasing on India and other large, rapidly developing
countries such as China and Brazil to adopt a more pro-active role.
39. After three weeks, the wall feels completely dry, although water content is still slightly
higher than the equilibrium moisture content.
40. Mineral, animal and plant products that are usually added to enhance the weather resistance
of loam also normally enhance its binding force, although they may sometimes reduce it.
41. The wall showed a high degree of strength, although it was still possible to cut out window
openings and to form sills with a machete.
42. The native human inhabitants of the Arctic coastal regions of Eastern Asia (Siberia), North
America and Greenland; also known as Eskimo, although this term has fallen out of favor.
43. Although it is tempting to think that the humps are large water storage tanks on the
camels' backs, they are actually large mound!; of fat.
44. Although these structures are artificially placed on the bottom of the ocean, the organisms
come to live on them naturally.
45. Although sharks are often portrayed as terrifying and terrorizing animals in the movies and
in books, only a few species have ever been reported to act aggressively toward humans.
46. The epipelagic zone extends about 500 feet (150 meters) into the ocean, although this
varies depending on location. Only about 2% of the total volume of the ocean falls in the
epipelagic zone.
47. Invertebrates are animals that do not have a bonv internal skeleton, although many do have
hard outer coverings that provide structure and protection.
48. Although they swim much more efficiently than they walk on land, they do give birth to
their young on land.
49. Most seal species live near Antarctica and in the Arctic Circle. Seals do not have an
external ear, although they can hear very well. They propel themselves with their rear
flippers and use their front flippers for steering.
50. Most phytoplankton are single-celled organisms, although there are some phytoplankton that
form colonies (groups) and others that are multicellular. such as seaweed.
51. Solar (sun) tides are much weaker than lunar (moon) tides because the Sun, although much
larger than the Moon, is much farther away from Earth.
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52. Although the gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon ultimately create the tides, the shape
and depth of coastal inlets can drastically affect the height of local tides.
Although A)......................B).......................
53. Although karst aquifers like the Edwards are relatively fast flowing, an average water
molecule still spends about 200 years traveling through the aquifer.
Although A)......................B)...................
54. The ocean edge of the estuary is almost always covered with water, although its depth
changes with the tides. In this region, river water and ocean water mix and the resulting
water has a salinity (the concentration of salt in water) that is neither fresh nor seawater.
A) Although................B)
55. Although they are required for plants to grow, high concentrations can cause overgrowth of
algae and marsh plants.
Although A)......................B).......................
56. Although sedimentation is a natural occurrence, increased rates of erosion sometimes cause
large amounts of sediments to be deposited in the Bay.
Although A)......................B).......................
57. Although evidence shows that dangerous pollutants, a fourth stress on the environment of
the bay, are currently not as damaging as the other forms of pollution, the release of
chemicals into the bay from some of the industries in the region can be deadly to both animals
and plants.
Although A)......................B).......................
58. Although constantly forming and disappearing, the standing lenticular altocumulus cloud
formations appear not to change and thus seem to stand over the mountain or ridge lifting the
air.
Although A)......................B).......................
59.Although formed from air rising upward from the ground and lower levels of the
atmosphere, cumulus clouds often form in fair weather and do not form violent updraft or
downdraft currents of air.
Although A)....................B).....................
60.Although weather forecasting and storm warning systems have become more accurate in recent
years, severe weather still takes humans by surprise.
Although A)....................B).....................
61.Although tropical storms are not as powerful as full-fledged hurricanes, they bring very
heavy rainfall and often cause severe flooding.
Although A)...................B).....................
62.Although this course is by no means a comprehensive history of warfare, it will inevitably
trace or, perhaps more accurately, mirror the development of weapons, strategy, and tactics
over time.
Although A)...................B).......................
63.Although there was a permanent professional core to the army, in times of war, the majority
of the ranks, especially the infantry, were filled out with temporary recruits, often farmers.
Although A).................B).......................
64.Although the vast majority of his army, including all the infantry, had not been engaged,
Muwatalli withdrew within the walls of Kadesh.
Although A)...................B).....................
65.Although this battle was less decisive in military terms than others, it permanently ended
the multigenerational war between two of the greatest powers of the era: Sixteen years after
the battle, Ramesses and the Hittites signed a remarkable peace treaty.
Although A)...................B).......................
66. Thermopylae was a Greek defeat, and Marathon and Salamis, although Greek victories, were
only temporary setbacks for Persia, which returned to the fight each time.
A)....................Although......................B)
67. Although the insurrection was crushed, the rebels had received some aid from the Greek
 mainland.
Although A)....................B)......................
68. Although a rear guard of 300 Spartans volunteered to stay and hold off the Persians while
the others escaped, they were slaughtered, fighting to the last man.
Although A)...................B)......................
69. The golden age of the Greeks had ended with the long, destructive Peloponnesian War, in
which the Greeks again turned against one another. Although Sparta was the nominal victor, all
participants were exhausted and impoverished by the struggle.
Although A)...................B)......................
70. They met in 333 B.C. at the Battle of Issus, and although outnumbered, Alexander again
prevailed, personally leading the charge.
Although A)....................B)....................
71.Although Darius escaped and would manage to evade capture for another year or so, until
mortally wounded by his own men, from the moment that he fled Gaugamela, he had effectively
forfeited this throne; Alexander became the new king of kings of Persia. Although A) B)
72. Although Rome had achieved great success with its overseas conquests, these same successes
had created severe internal strains in the fabric of the republican system of government.
Although A)...................B)...................
73.Antony may have believed he could recover and rebuild his forces after the Battle of Actium,
but his reputation was irretrievably damaged. Although he caught up with Cleopatra and both
reached Egypt safely, in terms of opposing Octavian after Actium, they were finished; within a
year, both committed suicides.
Although A)...................B).......................
74.The Bayeux Tapestry, men of both sides are shown wearing conical helmets, usually augmented
with a nasal bar extending down from the helmet rim, although this style of helmet is more
often associated with the Normans.
A).....................Although.......................B)
75. Although the size of the Norman army is uncertain, the best guess is that there were about
2,000 horsemen, 4,000 infantry, and 1,500 archers and crossbowmen.
Although A)...................B)........ . . ...........
76. Although the Crusades extended over a 200-year span, the turning point was the Battle of
Hattin in 1187.
Although A)....................B)......................
77.Although Jerusalem had been lost a half century earlier, the remnants of the kingdoms
collectively constituted an appreciable force.
Although A)....................B)....................
78. Although he was an effective military leader, contemporary sources describe him as
headstrong, arrogant, and a bit impulsive.
Although A)...................B)...................
79. Although many hailed the conversion of Jagiello as representing the final triumph of
Christianity over the last European outpost of paganism, others, including the Teutonic
Knights, dismissed it as insincere and, thus, to be ignored.
Although A)...................B).....................
80.Although the Knights would survive for quite a while after Tannenberg, their power was much
reduced and they went into a long decline.
Although A)...................B).....................
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81. Although many countries concentrated their efforts on sailing west, the seafarers of
Portugal focused on an eastern route. They journeyed south around the tip of Africa, then
explored the coastline back north toward the Arabian peninsula.
Although A).....................B).......................
82. The Inca appear to have honored an agreement to come unarmed, although some may have
carried slings and small knives.
A).......................Although.........................B)
83. Although Turkish ships were typically smaller than their Christian counterparts, because
they lacked the weight of heavy cannons, they were also faster and more manoeuvrable.
Although A)......................B).......................
84. Although the Holy League had been formed to defend Cyprus, assembling the forces took far
too long, and the Turks were able to conquer most of the island while the Christian fleet
slowly made its way across the Mediterranean to the harbour of Lepanto in the gulf of Corinth.
Although A).....................B).......................
85. Although Ottoman ambition may have been checked on the water, it was by no means
extinguished.
Although A).....................B).....................
86. Although the Turks possessed large cannon well-suited to battering down fortifications,
heavy rains had made hauling them along the roads to Vienna logistically impracticable.
Although A)...................B).....................
87. Although the Turks resisted bravely, this charge proved decisive, and the Ottoman lines
disintegrated.
Although A)......................B)....................
88.The supply question was becoming critical, and Charles's best bet seemed to be to turn south
toward the Ukraine, although this would divert his march away from Moscow.
A).....................Although................B)......
89.Although the French in North America numbered just 70,000, they laid claim to a vast
diagonal band of territory stretching from the St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes to New
Orleans.
Although A)....................B).......................
90.Although possessing a charm and sophistication that Wolfe lacked, Montcalm had some of the
era's prejudice against those he regarded as social inferiors. Thus, when assigned to command
in North America, he openly expressed his disdain for both the Indians, who were allies of the
French, and the local French Canadians.
Although A)....................B).......................
91.Montcalm had perhaps 13,000 tol5,000 troops of all kinds, but the core of his forces was his
8 battalions of regular French infantry, although these were badly under strength and probably
totaled no more than 5,000 men.
A).....................Although B).......................

Although the weather on Christmas Day had

been clear, as dusk fell, a bringing i northeaster
rain, snow, and biting winds. struck,
Although A).................B).........
93.Although Napoleon might be dominant on land, as long as England controlled the sea, his
dreams of world conquest would remain unrealized.
Although A)...................B)......................
94.Although Napoleon's power was as yet unchallenged on the continent, Trafalgar put an end to
his plans to invade England.
Although A)...................B).......................
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95. Although it would still take much to defeat Napoleon, Trafalgar was the battle that checked
his ascendency and marked the beginning of his decline.
Although A)....................B).................... .
96. Although Napoleon won several battles and even managed to capture Moscow, his frozen and
debilitated army was eventually forced to retreat, suffering severe hardships and more
casualties.
Although A)....................B)......................
97.Although these battles technically counted as victories, they also revealed Napoleon's
weakness.
Although A)....................B)...................
98.Although the Army of Bohemia was battered and driven back by Napoleon's day-long assault, in
the end, its lines did not break.
Although A)....................B)...................
99.Although he was born in the New World, his family moved to Spain when San Martin was just a
child.
Although A)....................B).......................
100. Although a relatively minor victory, the Battle of Junin greatly elevated the morale of the
revolutionary army, and it cleared the way for Bolivar to march into Peru proper, setting the
stage for the decisive Battle of Ayacucho.
Although A)....................B).......................
101. It has been calculated that Houston's army numbered 930 men, although Houston believed he
had only around 780.
A).....................Although.........................B)
102.Although forced to give ground, the southern lines had not broken, and the failure to commit
reserves caused the Union advance in these parts of the battlefield to lose momentum. Although
A)..........................B).......................
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103. Although mainly symbolic, this act fundamentally transformed the nature of the war from a
struggle about states' rights or economics into a moral crusade being fought for the very soul
of the nation.
Although A)......................B).......................
104. Although a brilliant politician, he needed a soldier to carry out his aggressive policies,
and in Helmuth von Moltke, he found a partner as skilled at warfare as he was at politics.
Although A)......................B).......................
105. Although some of the Prussian generals wanted to pursue and completely destroy the Austrian
army, Bismarck astutely realized that, in the long run, it would be more useful to reconcile
with Austria rather than to have her as a bitter enemy; thus, he persuaded Moltke to call off
the pursuit.
Although A)......................B).......................
106. Although some of the vessels were reasonably modern, others were outdated, and the crews
were generally ill-trained.
Although A)......................B).......................
107. Although temporarily suppressed, these social tensions continued to boil until finally
exploding in 1917as the Russian Revolution.
Although A)......................B).......................
108. It was known as the Kwantung Army after the province where it originated, and it operated
semi-autonomously, although its commanders were expected to follow general Japanese policy.
A).......................AlthoughB).......................
109. Although only a relatively small force, the veteran pilots pressed their attack against the
Yorktown with determination.
Although A)......................B).....................
110. Although the Russian army was massive, it had low morale and no leadership. Although A)
B)...........................
111. The only enemy left was Britain, and although the British were safe on their island thanks
 to their navy, their army posed no threat.
A).......................Although B)......................
112. Although the Germans attempted several more offensives, for the rest of world war II, they
were fighting a defensive war.
Although A)......................B)......................
113. Hitler's Germany was probably already doomed by the time D-Day occurred; although the
Allied invasion certainly hastened the end of the war, it was not a decisive turning point.
A).......................Although B).......................
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114. The D-Day landings actually were a pivotal moment in history, although not for the reason
usually supposed.
A) Although.......................B)
115. Although many famous battles are included, there are also a good number that are not very
well known, such as the battles of Cynocephalae, Yarmouk, Diu, and Ayacucho.
Although A)....................B).......................
116. Although some of its effects were experimentally discovered in the 1930s, Vitamin B12's
structure was not determined until the 1960s.
Although A)....................B).......................
117. Many raw foodists are vegans, although some eat raw meat or fish and use unpasteurized
dairy products.
A).....................Although........................B)
118. Although there are no definitive studies, some researchers suggest that the calcium in the
milk and yogurt helps to burn body fat and restricts the amount of fat produced by the body.
Although A).................B)......................
119. Although burning calories is required to lose fat, Zinczenko says calorie counting makes
people lose focus and motivation.
Although A)....................B).......................
120. ADHD does persist into adulthood, although symptoms tend to diminish with time, but the
main focus relates to the problems of children with ADHD.
A).....................Although.........................B)
121. Looking at types of spreading fat available, many margarines have been specifically
formulated to be rich in ALA, although some brands still contain harmful hydrogenated fats,
but it is worth remembering that butter actually has a low LA content and when mixed with
equal quantities of rapeseed or olive oil, the saturated fat content is much reduced.
A).......................Although B)...................
122. A general recommendation of a combined daily dose of 500 mg EPA and DHA is needed to avoid
functional deficiency of these important fats, although individuals with ADHD may have an even
higher requirement.
A).......................Although B)...................
123. Although pure fish oil supplements may be beneficial in some individuals with ADHD it is
important to note that more research needs to be done to fully establish the durability of any
treatment effects as well as optimal dosages and formulations.
Although A)....................B)......................
124. Although the guidelines are written for adults, the nutritional elements are the same for
anyone over age two years old, with key recommendations for children and adolescents. Although
A)...........................B)......................
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136. Although the FDA limits the concentration of sodium benzoate as a preservative to 0.1% of
the food by weight, organically grown cranberries and prunes may contain levels of this
benzoate above this limit.
Although A)....................B).......................
137. Although MSG was reported to cause headaches, dry mouth, and asthma attacks in some people—
a group of symptoms referred to as "Chinese restaurant syndrome" since the Iatel960s,recent
double-blind studies indicate that there is no causal connection between MSG and the reported
symptoms.
Although A)....................B).......................
138. Although cyclamate by itself was found by the National Academy of Sciences not to be a
carcinogen in 1985 and is approved for use in over 50 countries, it has not been reinstated by
the FDA for use in the United States as of 2007.
Although A)....................B).......................
139. Although the breakdown products of neotame also include phenylalanine, the amount is so
small that it does not affect people with PKU.
Although A)....................B).......................
140. Although the rise in obesity in children and adolescents is a complex problem that cannot
be attributed to a single factor, preliminary studies suggest that nonnutritive sweeteners may
be useful in reducing adolescents' consumption of drinks sweetened with FIFCS.
Although A)....................B)......................
141. Although China stretches across mid-Asia as well as to the east, Chinese food as a whole is
considered East Asian food.
Although A)....................B)......................
142. Although an adult may be able to consume from 90 to 120 grams of carbohydrates a day,
depending on age, gender, and activity level, maintaining goal weight is more likely if
carbohydrate intake remains at the level discovered in premaintenance.
Although A)....................B).......................
143. Although the plan argues against processed foods and snacking, the company also heavily
promotes use of its nutritional products to support weight loss or maintenance.
Although A)....................B)......................
144. The Bernstein diet is designed as a medical diet rather than for weight loss, although
people can lose weight on it as it is similar in many respects to the Atkins diet.
A).....................Although.........................B)
145. There are no major precautions associated with the diet, although it is not recommended for
diabetics by major medical organizations including the American Medical Association, American
Dietary Association, and American Diabetes Association.
A).....................Although.........................B)
146. Although these rules are extremely restrictive, they are not as restrictive as the rules
set out in the original Beverly Hills diet.
Although A)....................B)......................
147. Although the New Beverly Hills diet does include more foods than the original diet, which
only allowed fruit for the first 10 days, the diet still contains a significant amount of
fruit. Although A)...........B).......................
148. Although the New Beverly Hills diet has been updated, and more foods have been included,
experts are not much more enthusiastic.
Although A)....................B).......................
149. Although the way a healthcare professional views binge eating does not change the behavior,
it may influence the type of therapy recommended and affect the degree to which treatment is
covered by heath insurance providers.
Although A)....................B).......................
150. People with binge-eating disorder do nothing to purge the body of the extra calories they
have eaten, although they often try to diet between binges.
A) .....................Although........................B)
151. Although women with binge-eating disorder outnumber men 3:2, binge eating is the most
common male eating disorder.
Although A)....................B).......................
152. Although binge eaters may be of normal weight, binge eating is a common disorder among
people who are obese.
Although A)................ B).........................
153. Although there are no drugs specifically approved by the United States Food and Drug
Administration for treating binge-eating disorder, the FDA has approved selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft) for the
treatment of bulimia.
Although A).............................................B)
154. Although many people were engaged in trying to make new, better, plants and animals for
many years it was not until the work of Gregor Mendel in the nineteenth century that people
 began to be understood how traits were passed from one generation to the next.
Although A).............................................B)
155. Although Greene does not publicize his associations with celebrities, his websites as well
as newspaper and magazine articles always emphasize that he is Oprah Winfrey's personal
trainer.
Although A).............................................B)
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156. Although there is an established link between BMI and the prevalence of certain diseases
such as type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and cardiovascular disease, BMI alone is not intended
to predict the likelihood of an individual developing these diseases.
Although A)...................B).......................
157. Although breastfeeding is the optimal way to feed an infant, sometimes it is not possible
or feasible. A small percentage of women have conditions that prevent breast milk production,
such as insufficient development of milk production glands, and cannot breastfeed.
Although A)...................B).......................
158. Some versions of the diet specify that the tuna must be the type packed in water, not oil,
although some do not.
A)......................Although...............B)......'
159. This diet claims to help dieters lose 10 pounds in 3 days. Itis not intended to be along
term diet, although many versions of the diet tell dieters that they can repeat the diet as
often as desired, and even claim that dieters can lose up to 40 pounds in one month.
A)................... Although B)......................
160. There have been no significant scientific studies of the safety or effectiveness of this
diet. Although it is named the British Heart Foundation diet, it was not created by the
British Heart Foundation, and the Foundation does not endorse or recommend it.
Although A)....................B)......................
161. People with bulimia often lie about induced vomiting and laxative abuse, although they may
complain of symptoms related to their binge/ purge cycles and seek medical help for those
problems.
A).......................Although B)...................
162. Although the average time it takes half a dose of caffeine to be eliminated from the body
is three to four hours, this time may extend to six hours in women taking oral contraceptives,
and be much longer in pregnant women and in people with liver damage.
Although A)....................B)......................
163. Caffeine is on the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of foods generally
recognized as safe (GRAS list). In moderate amounts, caffeine does not appear to be harmful to
humans, although it is poisonous to dogs, horses, and some birds.
A).......................Although B)...................
164. Caffeine passes into breast milk and although it may have no effect on the breastfeeding
woman, it may make the infant restless, irritable, and less likely to sleep.
A).....................Although.......................B)
165. Although caffeine in moderate amounts poses no major health risks, the body quickly
develops tolerance to the effects of caffeine, along with a mild physical and psychological
dependency.
Although A)....................B).....................
166. Although experts recommend that people meet as many of their vitamins and minerals needs
through diet as possible, it is difficult for many people to get enough calcium from food
alone.
Although A)....................B).....................
167. Although the cost per meal is between $1.25 and $1.45, the fact that the dieter must
purchase at least at two-week quantity at a time is a risk for people who may not like the
products well enough to remain on the diet.
Although A)....................B)......................
168. Although cancer may be inherited, it also may occur due to certain environmental risk
factors or behaviors.
Although A)....................B)....................
169. Although additional experimental data needs to be collected in humans, there is evidence to
suggest that consuming generous amounts of fruits and vegetables plays an important role in
preventing cancer.
Although A).............. B).......................
170. Although the Hellers recommend an exercise program with the diet, there is not a major
emphasis on exercise.
Although A).................. B).......................
171. Although fish, conch (a pink shellfish), goat meat, pork, and beef are used throughout the
Caribbean, legumes make up a fair percentage of the region's protein intake.
Although A).................. B)...................
172. Although carotenoids have antioxidant activity in the laboratory, it is not clear how much
they function as antioxidants in the body.
Although A)....................B)......................
173. The caveman diet also does not allow grains, although whole grains are also generally
considered an important part of a healthy diet.
A)......................Although.....................B)
174. Although many diets that are low in carbohydrates and high in meat, such as the very
popular Atkins diet, have gained many followers, especially in the mid 2000s, physicians,
nutritionists, and other health and science professionals continue to debate their various
health benefits and risks.
Although A)....................B)......................
175. Although access to an increased variety of foods can improve the adequacy of both
macronutrient and micronutrient status, there is evidence that the use of processed foods is
contributing to the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases
such as diabetes.
Although A)....................B).......................
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176. The consumption of meat and animal products, although popular, is often limited due to
their cost. Beef, pork, chicken, fish, and eggs are all used.
A).....................Although B)......................
177. The chicken soup diet does not make any claims about how much weight a dieter can lose
during the seven days of the diet, although it is usually implied that the dieter will be able
to lose a substantial amount of weight.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
178. The chicken soup diet does not allow very many different foods, and although the soup may
be healthy, it is unlikely to be able to provide all the vitamins and minerals needed for
healthy adults each day.
A).....................Although................B)... . . .,
179. The soup itself does not contain any fruit, and although 4 of the 5 breakfasts do contain
some fruit, 1/2 cup of fruit salad or 1/2 cup of orange juice is not enough to meet the
recommendations.
A)... ..................Although B)...................
180. The soup in the chicken soup diet does not contain any dairy, although each breakfast
option does contain dairy of some kind.
A).....................Although.......B).... ..........
181. The soup used in the research was not made using the recipe given in this diet, although it
did contain some of the same ingredients.
A) .............. ....AlthoughB).....................
182. Although 4 of the 5 breakfasts provide a serving or more of grains, it would not be enough
to meet the requirements for a full day.
Although A)....................B).......................
183. There is no doubt that American children are getting heavier, and although the problem of
overweight is growing fastest in the United States, the trend toward heavier children is
occurring in most in most developed countries.
A).....................Although.........................B)
184. Although the degree of change that indicates risk has not been defined, an annual increase
of three to four BMI units is thought to reflect concern due to possible increases in a
child's body fat.
Although A)....................B).......................
185. Although weight loss in children is a hot debate in the medical field, there are times when
a child's weight should be evaluated and possibly treated by medical professionals who
specialize in weight loss for children.
Although A)....................B).......................
186.Abdominal pain or tenderness may reflect gall bladder disease, for which obesity is a risk
factor in adults, although the risk in obese children may be much lower A) Although B)
187. Although rarely encountered, hypothyroidism is the most common endogenous abnormality in
obese children and seldom causes massive weight gain.
Although A)....................B).......................
188. An appropriate weight goal for all obese children is a BMI below the 85th percentile,
although such a goal should be secondary to the primary goal of weight maintenance via healthy
 eating and increases in activity.
A).....................Although B)......................
189. High doses may also cause liver and kidney damage, or gastric irritation, although these
side effects are rare.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
190. There are certain foods (e.g., specific vegetables, hot dogs, vanilla ice cream, and
saltine crackers) that the dieter must eat on specific days during the three-day period,
although some versions of the diet allow substitutions.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
191. Although some accounts maintain that the Cleveland Clinic diet first began to circulate
around 1985, the Oregon Health and Science University's disclaimer about this diet states that
an early form of it called the University of Oregon Medical School diet has been passed around
the Pacific Northwest since 1975.
Although A)....................B).......................
192. Although there currently is no recommended daily allowance (RDA) established for copper, 2
mg of copper per day is considered sufficient and safe. Nausea and vomiting may occur in
persons taking more than 20 mg of copper daily.
Although A)....................B).......................
193. Although about 325,000 people a year die of coronary attacks in hospital emergency
departments without even being hospitalized, more than 15 million people in America live with
a history of heart attack, angina pectoris, or both.
Although A)....................B).......................
194. Although some heart attacks start suddenly and are clearly occurring, most start slowly
with uncertain symptoms.
Although A)....................B).......................
195. About half a million Americans, or 7 people out of every 100,000 have Crohn's disease. Of
these, about 4% are children under age 5, and 10% are under age 18. Most people are diagnosed
with the disease between ages 15and 35, although they may have had the disease before that. In
the United States the rate of Crohn's disease has been increasing since the 1950s.
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196. Although most common among non-Hispanic whites, the rate of Crohn's disease among
American blacks, especially urban blacks, has been steadily increasing.
Although A)............................B)......................
197. Now researchers know that these are not factors, although both stress and diet can
worsen symptoms in people who already have the disease.
A)...............................Although B)...................
198. Although most students will have taken an economics principles course in their
recent, or not so recent, past, no prior economic tools are presumed.
Although A)............................B)..............*.......
199. Although this text has many unique features, its organization and coverage are
reasonably standard.
Although A)............................B).......................
200. Although these examples cover only some applications of economic analysis, they
represent the breadth of managerial economics and are intended to whet the reader's appetite.
Although A).........................B).... . . .. .............
201. Although value maximization is the standard assumption in managerial economics, three
other decision models should be noted.
Although A)............................B).....................
202. Although the customary goal of management is value maximization, there are
circumstances in which business leaders choose to pursue other objectives at the expense of
some foregone profits.
Although A)............................B).......................
203. Although they are illustrated in relatively uncomplicated settings, the principles
and analytical tools presented in this book are equally applicable to complex decisions.
Although A)..........................B)..................
204. Although the precise objective may vary, the key point is that the manager should be
able to quantify his or her ultimate goals.
Although A)............................B).......................
205. Although we say that autos and tires are complementary goods, the cross-price effects
need not be of comparable magnitudes.
Although A)............................B).......................
206. Although most widely used, point elasticity measures are not the only way to describe
changes in price and quantity.
Although A)............................B)....................
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207. Although the information category is broad, all of the preceding examples share a common
feature: Information is costly to produce but cheap (often costless) to reproduce.
Although A)......................B)......................
208. Although the merchant discount via Groupon is steep and attention getting, it is only
temporary (unlike the case of third-degree price discrimination).
Although A)......................B)....................
209. Although customers may not know it, the firm's costs for the different versions are usually
indistinguishable.
Although A)......................B)........................
210. Although Prilosec's marginal cost (production and packaging) was only about $.60 per daily
 dose, the drug's manufacturer initially set the price at $3.00 per dose—a 400 percent markup
relative to MC!
Although A)......................B).......................
211. In this case, all of the points will be along a stationary demand curve. Consequently,
there is no problem estimating demand, although estimating supply remains impossible.
A).......................AlthoughB)......................
212. Although we do not show the random fluctuations, we can describe their effect easily.
Although A)...................B). . . . ...............
213. Although information from the actual test may be more accurate than that gleaned from
surveys, it is also likely to be much more expensive.
Although A)......................B).......................
214. Although production and cost estimates are based on the best available engineering
estimates (and possibly on tests of prototypes), they nonetheless are highly uncertain.
Although A)...................B)....................
215. Although she expects to have this money back after the initial three years, a real
opportunity cost exists: the interest the funds would earn if they were not tied up.
Although A)......................B).......................
216. Although this return is positive, the investment remains unprofitable because its return is
well below the normal 10 percent requirement.
Although A)......................B)......................
217. Although the exact nature of returns to scale varies widely across industries, a
representative description is useful.
Although A)......................B)...............
218. Although the choice may appear obvious (shut down if the product is generating monetary
losses), a correct decision requires a careful weighing of relevant options.
Although A)......................B).......................
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219. Although cost accounting systems are useful in many respects (especially for tax purposes),
they can be misleading when it comes to economic decisions.
Although A)......................B).......................
220. Although this is the most common case, products are also sold among divisions within large
firms.
Although A)......................B).......................
221. Although we have noted specific products and industries, we have carried out the analyses
without explicit reference to types of economic environments.
Although A)......................B).......................
222. Although economists are fond of proving theorems on this subject, the present approach is
more pragmatic.
Although A)......................B).......................
223. Although it goes under a different name, the couple's gain is identical in kind (and here
in amount) to the grandmother's profit.
Although A) ................... B).......................
224. Although this agreement is better than nothing, it would rightly be labeled inefficient
because it generates less than the maximum total gain.
Although A)......................B)......................
225. Although many markets in the United States meet the requirements of perfect competition,
notable cases of market failures also exist.
Although A)......................B).......................
226. Although e-business offers obvious avenues for increased competition, it does not eliminate
the potential for claiming and exploiting market power in a number of traditional ways.
Although A)......................B)......................
227. Although there are a number of strategic reasons why a country might hope to profit from
trade barriers, the larger problem is the efficiency harm imposed by these restrictions.
Although A)......................B).......................
228. Although less extreme, the impact of the tariff is qualitatively similar to that of a
complete trade prohibition. Compared to free trade, consumer surplus is reduced by trapezoid
FBDI (the area between the two price lines).
Although A)......................B).......................
229. Although supplies of many resources are more abundant now than in the past, this does not
mean that resource supplies will outstrip demand indefinitely.
Although A)......................B).......................
230. Although the monopolist has complete control over industry output, this does not mean it
can raise price indefinitely.
Although A)......................B).......................
231. Although they differ with respect to elasticities, both curves barely exceed the
monopolist's average cost.
Although A)..............................................B)
232. Although there are many close substitutes, Coca-Cola continues to guard the secret for its
best-selling soft drink.
Although A)....................B).......................
233. Although we couldview this as a cost advantage, the likelihood is that the productivity
edge
already is reflectedin the price of the input.
Although A)....................B).......................
234. Although many OPEC members overproduced their individual quotas (overproduction was some
2.5 mbd in total during early 2008), prices remained stable.
Although A)....................B).......................
235. Although these products are close substitutes, each firm has some control over its own
price; demand is not perfectly elastic.
Although A).............................................. B)
236. Although there are economic grounds for government regulation in many aspects of this
service (fare rates, safety and maintenance of cabs, conduct of drivers), an absolute
restriction on entry does not appear to be one of them.
Although A)....................B).......................
237. Although Barnes & Noble superstores competewithonline seller Amazon, its sales are
enhanced by its own online arm, barnesandnoble.com.
Although A)....................B)....................
238. Although high prices are collectively beneficial, this outcome is not an equilibrium.
Although A)....................B).......................
239. Although strict requirements are rare today, companies continue to try to induce customers
to purchase related items.
Although A)....................B)....................
240. Although rational behavior may bedirected toward a variety of goals, the usual operational
meaning is that all players pursue profit-maximizing strategies and expect competitors to do
likewise.
Although A)....................B)....................
241. Although the disaggregated figures are of some interest in their own right, what ultimately
matters to each network is its total audience.
Although A)....................B)....................
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242. Although particular payoffs vary, the strategic implications of the three payoff tables are
the same.
Although A)....................B).......................
243. Although the two-tiered tender offer has been deemed to be coercive, it has not been found
to be illegal.
Although A)....................B).......................
244. Although the technological hurdles were overcome in 2005 and production began in 2006, a
key strategic question remained.
Although A)....................B).......................
245. Although the city is currently underserved by the area's bookstores, each chain recognizes
that book-buying demand is sufficient to support only one superstore profitably.
Although A)....................B).......................
246. Finally, although reputation provides a basis for repeated cooperation in the pricing and
quality contexts, this need not always be the case.
Although A)....................B).......................
247. Although it maximizes industry profit, collusive behavior does not constitute an
equilibrium. Although A).....B).......................
248. Although there is no equilibrium in pure strategies, the payoff table does have a unique
equilibrium when players use particular mixed strategies.
Although A)....................B).......................
249. Although the company refused to divulge AZT's R&D costs, the cost of developing a major new
drug (R&D, testing, and FDA approval) typically averaged some $200 million.
Although A)....................B).......................
250. In 2001 the European Union's Antitrust Commission blocked a proposed merger between General
Electric and Floneywell International, although it had the blessing of U.S. authorities.
Likewise, European regulators blocked a music joint venture between Time Warner and EMI Group.
Although A)....................B).......................
251. Although the music industry has recently begun suing individual violators, illegal
downloads continue to dominate the market.
Although A)....................B).......................
252. Although it is not common practice, benefit-cost analysis nonetheless is amenable to the
introduction of distributional issues.
Although A)....................B).......................
253. Although none can produce a definitive dollar value, the methods do target a likely value
range.
Although A)....................B).......................
254.Although expressions such as these come naturally, they are surprisingly imprecise. Although
A)..........................B)..................
255. Although it is impossible to predict which houses will be struck by fire, the law of large
numbers indicates that very close to 1,000 homes in total will have fire losses.
Although A)....................B).....................
256.............................Although the decision tree looks very bushy, the substitution
has an important implication. Although A).............B)
257. Although touted as a miracle product, Olestra faced a number of uncertainties: ultimate
consumer demand, willingness to pay, and pricing; product cost, quality, and shelf life;
regulatory approval; and, most important, medical side effects.
Although A)....................B).....................
258. Although illustrative, the preceding example is unrealistic because it is unlikely that the
partners ever could obtain perfect information before drilling.
Although A)....................B).....................
259. Although such decisions usually are more complicated than stopping problems, many have
simple enough structures that they can be solved without decision trees.
Although A)....................B).......................
260. Although there were many articles in the first edition that covered issues centering on
spiritualism and esotericism, movements usually considered outside the pale of the
Enlightenment, they are now complemented by articles on "hermeticism," "magic," and "secret
societies."
Although A)....................B).....................
261. French tax reform efforts under Louis XV followed these enlightened principles, although
they were unsuccessful.
A).....................Although B)...................
262. Both traditions sought to develop theories of artistic form based in NATURE, although the
definitions given to that term varied dramatically.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
263. Although Amsterdam had dominated world trade and finance in the 17th century, it slowly
ceded that position to LONDON during the 18th century.
Although A)....................B)......................
264. During the ENLIGHTENMENT, prosecution still occurred, although instances decreased in
number.
A).......................AlthoughB)...................
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265. They had been personally free for many years, although vestiges of the old feudal structure
hung on In some areas.
A)......................Although.......................B)
266. Although Mary was a Protestant, she was the daughter of James II, a fact that provided a
degree of legitimacy to the offer.
Although A)....................B).....................
267. The English monarchy, although still hereditary, assumed the form of a contract between
people and king.
Although A)....................B).....................
268. Although they had disliked the Catholic James II (some had even been imprisoned by him In
the Tower of London), these men believed that they owed him allegiance as their rightful
monarch.
Although A)....................B).......................
269. Although anthropology did not acquire status as an institutionalized discipline—there were
no faculties of anthropology at universities, for example—the word was used in book titles,
and the general outlines of the 19th-century discipline began to coalesce into a recognizable
form.
Although A)....................B).......................
270. Furthermore, although the aristocracy still enjoyed privileges with respect to taxation,
the concept of privilege was being attacked by reforming kings and ministers who viewed it as
an obstacle to the exercise of royal power.
Although A)....................B).......................
271. Although it stemmed from a question of religious TOLERATION, the association movement
borrowed the POLITICAL THEORY and vocabulary of the liberal Enlightenment.
Although A)....................B).......................
272. Subsequent developments during the Enlightenment definitely gave some weight to these
fears. For example, although Isaac NEWTON, the natural philosopher whose theories of physics
 formed one of the building blocks of the Enlightenment, was a dedicated Christian,
his theory of universal gravitation eventually yielded a vision of the universe that could be
godless.
Although A)....................B).......................
273. It did not need an active God, although it still needed a creator. The role of God was thus
severely diminished, if not completely eliminated.
Although A)....................B).......................
274. By the end of the 18th century, it became possible, although very difficult, for composers
to support themselves without the benefit of traditional patronage.
Although A)....................B).......................
275.Although he failed to find a permanent position, he supported his family in piecemeal
fashion by playing recitals, composing on commission, and selling his father's manuscripts.
Although A).................B)......................
276. Although Bacon's life preceded the onset of the ENLIGHTENMENT by nearly a century, his
writings nevertheless served as one of its primary intellectual sources.
Although A)....................B)......................
277. Although the United States had won the war, it still needed a viable government. Evoking
certain ideals of the ENLIGHTENMENT, Barlow declared that "the present is the age of
philosophy, and America the empire of reason."
Although A)....................B).......................
278. Although unsuccessful in his official duties, Barlow used the opportunity to make the
acquaintance of the leading enlightened French intellectuals of the era.
Although A)....................B)...................
279. Although it pitted French style against the newly imported Italian style, the Battle of the
Buffoons really concerned tensions between late baroque opera forms, and the earliest forms of
musical classicism.
Although A)....................B).....................
280. Similarly, if one breaks down a color into its component physical parts, one destroys the
color, although one may learn about its causes.
A)........................Although B)..................
281. Her most famous story is La belle et la bête (Beauty and the Beast), although the idea was
not originally hers. Gabrielle-Susanne Barbot de Villeneuve published a tale by that name in a
collection in 1740, and Beaumont took the narrative and rewrote it in her Magasin des enfants.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
282. Although this novel argued for the humane treatment of colonial peoples, a theme that would
later enter Enlightenment thought, it also supported the conservative Tory ideas of ABSOLUTISM
and the DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS.
Although A)....................B).....................
283. Although neither of these men was a Newtonian, some 18th-century chemists used the
Newtonian theory of universal gravitation (attraction between bodies) to bolster the arguments
for affinity chemistry.
Although A)....................B)......................
284. Although Bernoulli loved mathematics, his major scientific contributions lay in the closely
related fields of mechanics and physics.
Although A)....................B).....................
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285. They assumed that although the literal meaning of biblical stories might be rooted in
historical context, these stories nevertheless conveyed deeper universal truths.
Although A)......................B)......................
286. Although Blackwell never entered the clergy, as was usual for college administrators at
that time, King George II named him principal of Marischal College in 1748.
Although A)......................B)......................
287. Although Boerhaave trained in medicine and devoted much of his time to that discipline, his
contributions in chemistry are perhaps better known to modern scholars.
Although A)......................B)......................
288. Although the Americans and French eventually won the war, Bougainville was reprimanded and
banished from the French court as punishment for his role in the losses at the Battle of
Saintes (1782).
Although A)......................B)......................
289. Although Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger was an engineer by training and profession, he earned
his place in the history of the ENLIGFITENMENT as a collaborator on the ENCYCLOPEDIE, and as
an ardent critic of RELIGION.
Although A)......................B)......................
290. Although inspired by THE SPECTATOR, the influential English publication by ADDISON and
STEELE, the Discours der Maler tended to lay greater stress on the importance of communal
values than its English counterpart.
Although A)..................... B)......................
291. Although criticized for destroying existing landscapes to create his own, Brown earned much
acclaim from his patrons. Brown's clients and admirers included aristocrats, the British royal
family, and prominent politicians such as William Pitt.
Although A)......................B).......................
292. Although the facades again mimic the late medieval Gothic style, the regularity and uniform
construction of the square betrays its later roots. In the 1760s, the city received further
enhancement with the creation of the public square and park known as La Place Royale. Although
A).............................B).......................
293. Although the destruction wrought by early archaeologists and treasure hunters was
 devastating, that of modern industrial development, deep plowing, professional looters, and
amateur pothunters has been far worse.
Although A)......................B).......................
294. The final unit is the culture, a cultural unit represented by like components on different
sites or at different levels of the same site, although always within a well-defined
chronological bracket.
Although A)......................B).......................

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295. Stone Age has no chronological significance, for although
societies without metal vanished in f À
the Near East after 4000 B.C., some still flourish in New Guinea
to this day. We only use the t
Three Age System in the most general way here. %
Although A).... .............B).........
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296. Although we cannot be sure, it seems possible that Homo
erectus had lost the dense hair t
covering characteristic of nonhuman primates. ▼
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297. Although Chinese archaeologists claim that Homo sapiens
sapiens evolved independently in t *
the Far East, they have yet to put forward convincing evidence
for such a hypothesis. fr jk
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298. In the Near East, the end of the Ice Age brought drier
conditions, although the climate was
somewhat wetter than today. 4
A)............. .......Although B)......
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299. Although the pharaohs colonized Nubia for a while during the
New Kingdom, they never fully t
controlled the long river reaches upstream.
Although A). . . .............B).........
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300. This unity lasted until the fall of Rome to nomadic invaders
in the fifth century, although this t
invasion had been preceded by a long period of loss of control in
many areas and a formal t *
division of the Empire into eastern and
western sections. A
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301. Although it was not formally a missionary religion, its
concepts and rituals spread with Indian A
merchants into Asia where by 500 C.E. it became an important
Southeast part of the world- |r ft
views of royal courts in Cambodia, Java, and
elsewhere in the region.
Although A).... .............B)......... 1
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302. Although imperial systems collapsed in many areas by 500
C.E., the broader ecumene *
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continued to expand. A.
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Although A).... .............B).........
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303. Although the institution of the monarchy was divine, popular 9
literature often portrayed the % A
king in an
irreverent way. A A \
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304. Although Amenophis made diplomatic marriages with two
daughters of Mitannian kings, his ♦ >
chief wife was Queen Tiy, the daughter of a
Nubian general. ft *
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305. Although Herodotus says he suppressed Egyptian religion,
according to hieroglyphic « A
inscriptions Cambyses carried out the
pharaoh's ritual functions. t *
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306. Nubia, or Kush, began at the Nile's First Cataract (waterfall), where the island of
Elephantine (Yeb) was located, although the political boundary was often farther upriver.
A)......................AlthoughB).....................
307. Although the Hittite king was called the Sun and served as military leader, high priest,
and judge, the Hittite state was not centralized, but feudal.
Although A)....................B)......................
308. Although defeated by marauding Cimmerians in 707, Argishti II (714-685) kept the Assyrians
at bay and built a number of new fortresses and irrigation works.
Although A)....................B).......................
309. Although he suffered some early defeats, the Median army eventually went over to Cyrus, and
he took Ecbatana in 549.
Although A)....................B).......................
310. Although small numbers of native aristocrats became Hellenized, the social pattern for most
was set by village life, where native languages, religions, and attitudes prevailed.
Although A)....................B).......................
311. Although still tied to each other by intercommunal rights and common cults, these Latin
"city-states" became increasingly independent and competitive.
Although A).................. B).......................
312. Although rainfall was well distributed over the seasons, melting snow caused frequent
flooding and permanent swamps, especially in the east.
Although A).................. B)....................
313. Sometime before the mid-third century, wheat (triticum) had displaced emmer (far), allowing
bread to replace porridge as the staple of the diet, although Greeks continued to refer to
Romans as "porridge eaters."
A)......................AlthoughB).....................
314. Although the economy continued to be characterized by small-scale industry, and by
agriculture and trade that were predominantly local, a substantial Mediterranean-wide
commerce was conducted between cities united by river and maritime communications, a common
material culture, and a common coinage.
Although A)....................B).......................
315. Archaeology testifies to the great number of cities that prospered during the high empire,
although food shortages and financial and administrative difficulties were chronic problems
which required outside assistance and which came increasingly from Rome.
A).....................Although B).....................
316. Although public baths were inexpensive and often sumptuous, they were also unhygienic,
since the water was infrequently changed.
Although A)....................B)......................
317. Although suppressed, it showed that anti-Roman feeling was still strong in Gaul.
Although A).....................B).......................
318. The economic troubles of the 3rd century had led to a severe debasement of the coinage, but
although the monetary element of the economy was severely curtailed, it never disappeared.
Although A).....................B).......................
319. On becoming emperor, Jovian issued an edict of general toleration, which was renewed by
Valentinian and Valens, under whose reigns non-Christian temple lands were confiscated,
although the temples remained open.
A).......................Although B)....................
320. Although the doctrine was condemned at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the eastern
emperors on the whole were Monophysite.
Although A).....................B).......................
321. Although the Muslim community was identified in many ways with the Umayyad and Abbasid
empires, social institutions of learned scholars, or ulama, and pious devotional teachers, as
well as widely traveling Muslim merchants, provided vehicles for the expansion of Islam beyond
the military boundaries of the Muslim Empires.
Although A).....................B).......................
322. Some of the major classical worldviews ceased to have a separate existence by 1000 C.E.,
although they were still influential, as their major themes were absorbed into other religious
traditions.
Although A).....................B).......................
323. Although the extended Seljuk Sultanate lasted only from 1037 to 1092, Turkish soldiers
became the ruling elite in many Muslim lands.
Although A).....................B).......................
324. One grandson, KHUBILAI KHAN (r. 1260-94), established the Yuan dynasty, which controlled
China until 1368, although expeditions to conquer Japan (1274 and 1280), Vietnam, and Java
failed.
A).......................Although.......................B)
325. Although western European knights ruled Jerusalem for almost a century, after a number of
formally proclaimed Crusades, Crusader control in the Holy Land came to an end in the 13th
century.
Although A).....................B).......................
326. Although the Seljuk sultans were defeated, other sultanates were established, creating a
belt of states controlled by mercenary military establishments identified with Islam.
Although A).....................B).......................
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327. Although the nomadic peoples of central Eurasia played a significant role in hemispheric
interactions, by 1500 they had become peripheral peoples with little ability to influence
major developments.
Although A)......................B).....................
328. Although confined to a largely nomadic environment, many Arabs, especially those in the
caravan trade, had contact with the two major empires to the north: the Byzantine Empire
centered at Constantinople (324-1453) and the Zoroastrian Sassanian Empire (224-651), with its
capital at Ctesiphon in Iraq.
Although A)......................B).......................
329. The economic fortune of the lands farther west, especially Egypt and Syria, was generally
better, although the Black Death (See Interregional Exchanges) and the recurrent plague
epidemics that followed it caused massive dislocations everywhere.
A)........................AlthoughB)....................
330. The Uqaylid dynasty, which held Mosul until 1096, is usually said to have been Shi'ite,
although the evidence of its religious leanings appears inconclusive.
A).......................AlthoughB)...................
331. It is not clear to what degree his program was actually implemented, although the new
official orientation probably improved efficiency and the overall treatment of the population.
A)......................AlthoughB).....................
332. Although the chronology of his activities before 1302 cannot be established accurately,
Osman appears to have been elected chieftain by his tribesmen sometime around 1280, and to
have led their seasonal migrations and predatory raids from their pasture areas around
Dorylaeum (Eskishehir) in northwestern Anatolia.
Although A)......................B)......................
333. In the following years his forces were able to capture small forts in the area, although
the larger cities, too heavily fortified for the light arms of the Ottomans, held out for a
while.
A)........................AlthoughB).....................
334. Although the Huns in central Asia were crushed by Turks and Sassanians (553-67), their
chiefs kept rank in the Punjab and Rajputana till the 11th century.
Although A)......................B).....................
335. Although Harsha aspired to a closely integrated empire following the Mauryan model, all he
managed to achieve was a large kingdom in the north only loosely connected through feudal
ties.
Although A)......................B).......................
336. Throughout much of this period, the dominant pattern continued to be that of smaller
kingdoms vying for dominance in a region, although the Delhi Sultanate did manage to expand
its rather loose hold over significant parts of the subcontinent before it was superseded by
the Mughals.
A).....................AlthoughB)...................
337. Although many historians are dubious about the assumptions of a constant rate of language
change, historical linguistics has yielded important evidence for cultural change, especially
for the period anterior to the historical reach of oral traditions.
Although A).....................B)......................
338. Although East Africa had been a central part of the developing world of the Indian Ocean
since at least the 2nd century B.C.E., the emergence of a distinctive urban, cosmopolitan, and
Muslim African culture occurred from about the 9th century
Although A).....................B)......................
339. Although never fully realized in practice, these ideals helped to motivate enlightened
administrative reforms.
Although A).....................B)......................
340. Although affiliated with the liberal Whig Party, Burke's political philosophy consisted of
a synthesis of liberal Whig principles with conservative Tory ideas.
Although A)....................B).....................
341. These works reveal him to be a staunch supporter of the new musical trends of his era,
although the books convey respect for certain earlier composers.
A)........................Although B)................
342. Although Napoleon named him to the senate, Cabanis quickly learned to distrust the
ambitions of the new leader and gradually withdrew from public life.
Although A)....................B)....................
343. Although there remained many unknowns on his map, he attempted to reflect as accurately as
 possible the most recent explorations of territories in the New World.
Although A)....................B).......................
344. Catherine encouraged the translation of important 18th-century European works into Russian;
although she kept watch over the press, she did not establish any rigid censorship. A)
AlthoughB). . . ..................
345. With the close of the 18th century and the onset of the FRENCH REVOLUTION, the era of
porcelain ceramics' popularity in Europe ended, although production has continued to the
present day.
A).....................Although B)......................
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346. Charles is considered the greatest of the Spanish Bourbon kings. He pursued policies
characteristic of enlightened despotism, although they were stimulated more by practical
concerns than by any commitment to ideals associated with the Enlightenment.
A).......................Although B).....................
347. That concept has stuck with most historians of science, although arguments exist over the
degree of continuity or abrupt change that underlay the revolutionary transformations.
A)........................AlthoughB).....................
348. The poems "Kublai Khan" and "Christabel" also date from this period, although they were not
published until 1816.
A)........................AlthoughB)....................
349. Although Collins championed intellectual freedom, he rejected the belief in the free human
will that was common to most deists.
Although A)......................B).......................
350. Although the Confessions was finished in 1770, Rousseau did not want the book to appear
until after his death.
Although A)......................B)......................
351. Although born in ENGLAND, Congreve grew up in Ireland, where his father was serving in a
garrison of the English army.
Although A)......................B)......................
352. Although he never married, Congreve had a long and close friendship with his leading
actress, Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle.
Although A)......................B)....................
353. Daubenton contributed hundreds of anatomical descriptions to the many volumes of this
important work. He was recognized as a skillful comparative anatomist, although lacking in the
theoretical boldness of his more illustrious and dominating colleague.
A).......................AlthoughB)......................
354. His career went into eclipse, although he continued to paint. The neoclassical Rape of the
Sabine Women dates from this period.
A).......................AlthoughB)......................
355. Although not especially methodologically innovative when compared with the work of other
historians of the ENLIGHTENMENT, the Decline and Fall was widely read and thus highly
influential.
Although A)......................B).......................
356. Although the term bears negative connotations in modern language, it did not necessarily
have such meaning in the 18th century.
Although A)......................B).......................
357. Although deists often considered themselves Christians, they were attacked by orthodox
Christian theologians as atheists or heretics.
Although A)....................B).....................
358. Prosecution was also less of a danger in England than in France, although deists, even in
the 18th century, were occasionally charged and convicted of blasphemy.
A).......................AlthoughB).....................
359. Although the term is alleged to have appeared in English in the 1740s, it did not become
common in European languages until the 1780s and was not used in the AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
Although A)....................B).......................
360. Although disease spread more rapidly in urban centers due to overcrowded conditions, cities
continued to grow over the course of the 18th century due to an influx of workers from the
provinces.
Although A)....................B).......................
361. Although approximately 400,000 French and English citizens immigrated to the colonies over
the course of the 18th century, these countries' populations continued to increase.
Although A)....................B)..................
362. Although many young people did not wish to postpone marriage, this strategy complied with a
number of social, moral, and economic imperatives.
Although A)....................B)..................
363. Although Descartes finished De mundo by 1633, he did not publish it as a whole; Galileo had
just been condemned for writing from a Copernican perspective, and Descartes did not want to
suffer the same fate.
Although A)....................B)..................
364. Although small in comparison to other events and issues of the era, the scandal made Marie-
Antoinette look intensely frivolous and seriously undermined public respect for her.
Although A)....................B)..................
365. Although never completed, theChambers project gave birth to the great, one of the
major
publications of the Enlightenment.
Although A)....................B)..................
366. Although Descartes establishedin Part Three that religion was off-limits in this inquiry,
he
nonetheless seeks some foundation for understanding human knowledge and existence. Although A)
...............................B)..................
367. Although Descartes's sciencewas contested, and often disproven, during the
Enlightenment,
he has remained a challenging author in the field of philosophy and must be considered one of
the innovators in the development of a modern approach to science and knowledge. Although A)
...............................B)..................
368. Although worship by Dissenters had been tolerated since 1689, choosing to be a Dissenter
still carried severe disabilities in the 18th century.
Although A)....................B).......................
369. Only the death of Don Giovanni, the bold individual, brings resolution for the other
characters, and this resolution is one that lacks its hero who, although villainous, was also
loved.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
370. Although Dupont chose the site for a planned gunpowder factory, it was his son Eleuthere Du
Pont who purchased the land (near Wilmington, Delaware) and established the factory and
associated village called Eleutherian Mills.
Although A)....................B).......................
371. The Anglican Church fell under secular administration, although its doctrines did not
depart substantially from those of the Roman Catholic Church.
A).......................Although B)...................
372. Although England and Scotland had been formally united in 1707, the Scottish people
periodically rebelled, ushering in brief periods of instability in the northern portions of
the island.
Although A).................. B).......................
373. In England, as the Enlightenment came to an end in the upheavals of the FRENCH REVOLUTION,
the state, although still a constitutional, representative monarchy, emerged as a bulwark of
conservative policy wedded to a stratified social system.
A).......................Although B)...................
374. Ivory, gold, incense, building materials, and slaves were part of this Indian Ocean trading
system, although the intensity of the maritime commerce increased as the Abbasid capital
shifted from Syria to Iraq and as the Persian Gulf increased in importance.
A).......................Although B)...................
375. To accommodate this commerce, permanent settlements were created on these islands, although
the pace of urban development increased in the 9th century.
A).....................AlthoughB).....................
376. Although Islam flourished along trade routes and in urban trading enclaves, the peoples of
the Sudanic hinterland initially remained wedded to traditional beliefs.
Although A)....................B).......................
377.Very little is known about the early history of this region, although it was the site of
important ethnic, agronomic, and cultural exchanges with Indian Ocean neighbors. A)
Although.................B)
378. Although the central historical experience on the political level during this period was
the gradual process of forming larger states out of clusters of smaller polities, large states
or empires remained inherently unstable and prone to periodic dissolution.
Although A).....................B).......................
379. In contrast, we know relatively little about acephalous societies, although the
archaeological excavations at Igbo- Ukwe in southeastern Nigeria demonstrate that complex
political organizations may have existed even in societies without rulers.
A)........................Although B)...................
380. Military force was a prime means of maintaining control over people and resources. Warfare
became a central expression of political and economic power, although communities without
formal state organizations also engaged in raiding and warfare.
A)........................Although B)...................
381. Although the historical evidence on social change is not very reliable for this period,
some trends that became clearer over the period 1500-1800 certainly had their roots in this
period.
Although A).................... B)......................
382. There were no sumptuary laws to distinguish noble from commoner, although such distinctions
must have been fairly obvious.
A).....................AlthoughB)..................
383. Although Islam had also begun to expand in the Horn of Africa region in the new millennium,
especially in the trading centers along the Red Sea Coast, there was a revival of Christian
central power under the Zagwe dynasty, based in Ethiopia's northern highlands.
Although A)....................B). . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
384. By 749 the militia system had effectively become defunct in the capital region, although it
remained in force along the border areas; even it needed conscription, though, to keep troop
strength up.
A).......................AlthoughB).....................
385. Although this figure is certainly too low, it does indicate a clear decline in population.
Two- thirds of the population still lived in northern China until after the rebellion; from
that point on, the population of the Yangzi Delta reached parity with the north.
Although A)....................B).......................
386. The practice eventually spread to various social classes, although certain ethnic groups
(such as the Hakka people) never practiced the custom.
A)........................Although B)...................
387. These measures brought stability to the national taxation system, although they did favor
those with land.
A)........................Although B)...................
388. The Buddhists also enlarged the seal and produced wood blocks for printing on paper,
although the oldest extant datable text is from 8th-century Korea.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
389. Neo-Confucianism, although datable to trends in the late Tang, took off as a movement in
the Northern Song.
Although A)....................B).......................
390. Although Zhu was not overly successful in his lifetime and his work was subject to imperial
ban shortly before his death, his posthumous influence would be unmatched from his time
forward.
Although A)....................B).......................
391. Although tea was cited as early as the 3rd century as a substitute for wine, tea drinking
became prominent in the Northern Song.
Although A)....................B)....................
392. The expeditions were discontinued for reasons still not well understood, although they
never were seen in the same light as later European explorations to other continents.
A).....................Although B)......................
393. Although the states were each subdivided into administrative units (districts), centralized
authority remained in the capitals. The military was also organized under each state's king.
Although A)..................B)......................
394. Although there were probably Buddhist converts already in Japan at the time, at this point
Buddhism began to play a major role in Japanese history and to stimulate the continued influx
of mainland culture by way of Paekche.
Although A)....................B)......................
395. Although the borders of what is now called Vietnam and the country's name have changed many
times, a continuous history can be delineated.
Although A)....................B).......................
396. Metalworking was still important, although stamping was unskilled, and hence coins were
crude.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
397. Although monks (and nuns) led isolated lives and the monastic movement represented the
antithesis of the ancient ideal of an urbane social existence, monks were soon recognized as
holy people and sought out as spiritual guides.
Although A)....................B)......................
398. Although Charles Martel used some cavalry in his wars against the Muslims, the infantry was
the typical and decisive unit in all Carolingian warfare, and so the stirrup's importance has
been downplayed.
Although A)....................B)......................
399. The most important development was in the discovery of iron-casting techniques; tools and
weapons could be more efficiently produced. Gunpowder, although known in Europe in the 13th
century, did not become revolutionary until the 14th century, when it was first used to propel
missiles.
A).......................Although.......................B)
400. In 1071, Turkish soldiers, financed by Muslims, defeated a Greek army at Manzikert in
Armenia; in 1076 the Turks captured Jerusalem, although they subsequently showed no special
animosity against Christians.
A).......................Although.......................B)
401. Although approval of taxation was the cortes' most important function, they also played a
role in matters of the succession and foreign policy.
Although A).................B)..........................
402. Although technically not in French territory—it belonged to the Angevin princes of Naples-
French influence was very strong. The actual move of the papal court occurred the following
year.
Although A)....................B). .......... ..........
403. The last mentioned visit to Wineland was in 1189, although it is possible Norsemen came at
least as far as southern Labrador for ship timber as late as 1347.
A)................... Although B)......... ............
404. In the 16th century, transparent glass windowpanes spread so rapidly that by the 1560s
prosperous peasant homes had them, although in eastern Europe, even the grandest houses
continued to cover windows with oiled paper.
A)................... Although B)........... . . .......
405. Although skepticism, sexism, and racism originated in ancient times, during the age of
religious wars these attitudes took on distinctively modern forms.
Although A)....................B).......................
406. Although most early books and pamphlets dealt with religious subjects, printers also
responded with medical, practical, household, travel manuals; pornography as well as piety
assumed new forms.
Although A)....................B).......................
407. Theirs became the dominant regional power, although Iran emerged as a formidable foe and
bloody conflicts between the two countries erupted periodically.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
408. A colonial pattern of exchange (raw materials for finished goods) was beginning to develop
in the early modern period, although it remained of limited economic importance for the Middle
East before the 19th century because the bulk of the region's trade was still internal or
directed toward Asia and Africa rather than Europe.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
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409. Although Suleyman is the most celebrated of Ottoman sultans, various problems associated
with Ottoman decline began to emerge during his reign: rural overpopulation, unemployment,
inflation, and heavy taxation. These fueled discontent and popular revolts. Although A) B)
410. The Safavid dynasty founded by Isma'il held effective power in Iran until 1722, although
nominal Safavid rulers remained on the scene as political pawns for many years after.
A).......................Although.......................B)
411. Although there were rivalries between the two elements, in the course of time they formed
marital and political alliances that cut across group lines.
Although A)....................B).......................
412. By this time a dramatic decline in trade with Muslims and Europeans could be measured,
although the Chinese trade helped to fill the gap.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
413. Although perceived as attacking the Cheng-Zhu school, he saw himself as developing from it
a style of Neo-Confucianism that asserted the importance of extending the individual's
"intuitive knowledge."
Although A).................. B).......................
414. Both Nguyên and Trinh tried to use Catholic monks, especially the Jesuits, to acquire
Western scientific information, although the clear success of the missionizing effort also
made both regimes rather apprehensive.
A)............. AlthoughB)......................
415. Most parts of the archipelago had oral cultures, although an indigenous script apparently
based on Indian models was used forTagalog in the 16th century.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
416. Manila became the center of Spanish power. Much of the area of the modern Philippines was
nominally under Spanish control by 1576, although their actual authority was severely
restricted in many areas, and Mindanao and Sulu remained completely independent.
A).....................Although B).....................
417. The volume of slave exports from Africa is also highly contested, although most historians
agree on some broad estimates and on the fact that the trans-Saharan and Red Sea slave trades
predated and then continued alongside the transatlantic slave trade.
A).....................AlthoughB)......................
418. When mortality of the Middle Passage is factored in (approximately 25 percent, although it
was higher earlier in the trade and lower later), the exports from Africa rise to around 12
million slaves.
A).......................Although B)...................
419. Although the proportion of male to female slaves exported from Africa to the New World
changed overtime and by region, historians estimate that 60 to 70 percent of those entering
the transatlantic slave trade were males.
Although A)....................B).......................
420. Although the early jihads, or holy wars, actually contributed to the slave trade by
producing captives, by the late 18th century Hausa peasants and Fulani herders swelled the
forces of Usuman dan Fodlo's militant Islamic movement.
Although A)....................B).......................
421. Although the size of merchant ships increased to become comparable to that of warships, the
state dockyards continued to build some of the ships required for navies, although the
proportion was smaller than in days of wood and sail, and they also added submarines to their
range.
Although A)....................B).......................
422. Men have used various devices to work or remain under water since Greek divers destroyed a
boom during the siege of Syracuse in 415 BC although in no case could they stay down very
long.
A)........................Although B) .................
423. Cooke carried out successful experiments alongside the London & Birmingham Railway between
Euston and Camden Town in 1837 and, although the L&B company did not take up the telegraph at
that time, the following year at the instance of Brunei the Great Western decided to do so.
A)........................Although B)................. . .
424. Although the earliest lines were short, as in Britain, and often connected with canals,
much longer lines were soon being built.
Although A)....................B). . ...................
425. The developed western countries—Europe and the USA—had largely completed their main line
networks, although construction of lesser lines continued.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
426. The USA was if anything somewhat overprovided with railways, and although fortunes had been
made, that huge network had not been achieved without a great many company bankruptcies also.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
427. In Canada, although the Canadian Pacific's transcontinental line had been completed as long
before as 1881, the railway network was still expanding fast: in 1912 there were 43,000 route
kilometres (26,700 miles) in use and another 14,000km (8860 miles) under construction.
Although A)....................B).......................
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cumbersome organizations they appear to have a built-in resistance to change, and it was
sometimes long after circumstances had altered for the worse that a reaction eventually
appeared.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
429. The voltage was later increased to 25,000. It was confirmed that although locomotives for
this system were more expensive than for the DC system, the cost of the overhead and sub-
stations was very much less.
Although A)....................B).......................
430. Although fascinating from many points of view, these activities contributed nothing to
later technology.
Although A)....................B).......................
431. Although there is no apparent reason why this technology should not have appeared centuries
earlier—and there are indeed strong hints that it may have done so in the pre- Columbian
civilizations of South America—it is a matter of historical record that the brothers Etienne
and Joseph Montgolfier initiated the development of balloons with their experiments in 1782-3
at Annonay in France.
Although A)....................B)... ...................
432. Charles Green was the first to use coal-gas in London in 1821; although the Academy of
Lyons had suggested it in 1784. Coal gas is heaver than hydrogen, so a somewhat larger balloon
was needed, but the lower cost and the convenience of inflating from a permanent supply were
great advantages.
A).......................AlthoughB).....................
433. Although the use of balloons for military observation purposes was pioneered by the French
in 1794, it was neglected thereafter.
Although A)....................B).......................
434............................Although heavier than hydrogen, it is completely non-flammable.
Although A)..................B).......
435. The single pilot sat on a sling, although small wicker or aluminium baskets were soon
introduced.
A).......................Although B)................
436. Although nominally developed as a military project by Yost's company Raven Industries,
these new hot-air balloons were primarily produced for sport-flying.
Although A)....................B).....................
437. Although Meusnier's airship was never built, it embodied many of the features of later
designs.
Although A)....................B)....................
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438. Although new designs were proposed in the 1970s using modern materials and various novel
design principles, it seems unlikely that the rigid airship will reappear.
Although A)......................B).......................
439. Unfortunately the evidence for their construction and operation is little better than
anecdotal and although it is clear that a controlling tail unit was fitted at least to the
later machine, it is not clear whether the occupant could really control the flight path to
any significant extent.
Although A)......................B).......................
440. Although Cayley experimented with hot-air engines, clockwork springs and even a
gunpowder motor as potential power units, he never solved the problem of propelling his aircraft
and was consequently unable to exploit his vision.
Although A)..............................................B)
441. Most of Cayley's work was never published, and although the significance of his paper of
1809-10 was later well recognized, it had less influence on his contemporaries than he had
hoped.
442. Although testing continued fora couple of years, nothing came of it.
Although A)...............................................B)
443. The four flights made that day are now recognized as the first controlled powered man-
carrying flights in history—although the longest lasted less than a minute.
A)........................Although.....................B)
444. By the time the First World War broke out in August 1914, the aeroplane could be considered
as a technically sound machine, although it lacked any clearly defined operational use in
either civil or military roles.
A).........................Although B)...................
445. These services started with converted wartime bombers; although these were soon superseded
by aircraft designed for the purpose, for some years there was little change in basic
configuration.
Although A)......................B).......................
446. Although a variety of counter-rotating twin-rotor designs have also been brought into
large- scale production, probably 80-90 per cent of all the helicopters built have employed a
single rotor and an anti-torque tail rotor.
Although A)......................B).......................
447. Although many different experimental'hybrid' aircraft have been built and flown,
no design
has reached full production status.
Although A)......................B).......................
448. Although occasionally used as a weaponit was as a peaceful firework that the rocket
became
best known to Europeans, but in sixteenth-century India it was not uncommon for armies to carry
thousands of rockets into battle.
Although A)......................B).......................
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449. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a Russian schoolteacher, made the earliest theoretical studies of
 spaceflight in, although his work did not become well known until the 1920s. Robert H.Goddard,
an American physicist, launched the first successful liquid-fuel rocket on 16 March 1926.
A).....................AlthoughB).....................
450. Although he was secretive about his work, it is clear that his rockets were the first to
use many features now vital to modern space technology.
Although A)....................B).....................
451. Sputnik, although it was a small, simple satellite, equipped only with sensors to measure
the temperature and density of the upper atmosphere, proved the feasibility of launching a
satellite and placing it in earth orbit.
Although A)....................B)......................
452. Although only an engineering test vehicle, Telstar 1 demonstrated the feasibility of using
satellites for transmitting television pictures over large distances without the use of land
lines.
Although A)....................B)......................
453. An animal seeks to prevent the approach of another by frightening sounds and gestures, even
brute force, while man, although not always forswearing these methods, uses sound to symbolize
his intention: 'Keep out'.
A).......................Although B)...................
454. It had been invented by the Chinese in AD 105, although recent studies suggest an even
earlier origin in the second century BC.
A).......................Although B). . . . . .............
455. The type was formed by metal-casting techniques which were well established, although the
design of mould, of variable size to suit the different sizes of the characters, was
ingenious. Although A)......B).......................
456. The mould wires gave rise to the characteristic wire and chain marks of hand-made paper,
although Whatman introduced 'wove' paper in 1757, using a mould with woven wire to produce a
smooth surface.
A).......................Although B)...................
457. After applying for a patent the following year, Robert fell out with his backer and owner
of the mill, Didot, although the latter did contact John Gamble in England to see if capital
could be raised there for a full-sized machine—all this against the background of the
Napoleonic Wars.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
458. Later, detailed modifications were made to improve quality and widen the range of papers
available, but the modern machine, although much larger and faster, operates on the same
principle as the early Fourdrinier examples.
A)......................AlthoughB).......................
459. The printing press thereby achieved its final form; future developments were in size and
greater speed rather than in design principles. In the Bullock press the paper, although fed
from a reel, was cut up into sheets before printing; on the Walter press a continuous web of
paper was fed through, printed on both sides, separated into sheets and copies delivered
alternately to two delivery points.
A)......................Although B).....................
460. Although it is extremely unlikely, we cannot be absolutely sure that no one will ever drop
an object that does not fall to the earth's surface.
Although A).....................B)......................
461. Usually, the categories are ordered on the graph from largest to smallest, for ease of
comparison, although this is not always the case.
A).................... Although B).....................
462. Although the battle is decisive, Antony and his love, Cleopatra, flee to Egypt, where
Antony’s army surrenders.
Although A)....................B). .....................
463. Although cotton growing and spinning are adopted by other cultures, Indian textiles remain
famous throughout the period.
Although A)....................B).......................
464. Although the Indo-Europeans did not settle in southern India, they nevertheless influenced
the darker-skinned Dravidian people there, who also adopted the caste system.
Although A).....................B).......................
465. The main elements of war making were basically the same in 3500 b.c.e. as they were in 600
c.e., although the size of armies and the scope of wars increased significantly over time.
A)........................Although B)....................
466. More than half a dozen places have claimed him as a native son, and although Herodotus
records that he was killed by citizens of Delphi, he gives no indication of motive.
A)........................Although B)....................
467. Although these concepts started in Egypt, similar ideas, almost certainly emanating from
Egypt, can be found in Nubia and elsewhere.
Although A)....................B).......................
468. Although it is still unclear how far he maintained permanent control, it probably ranged
from northern Syria to western Iran.
Although A)....................B).......................
469. Although this story had an important didactic purpose, it shows that caution must be used
in reconstructing the history of the Akkadian Empire from myths and legends.
Although A)....................B)......................
470. Although the city rose to great prominence under the Ptolemaic rulers during the
Hellenistic period, it was soon surpassed by the city of Rome.
Although A)....................B)......................
471. Ambrose intervened to restore peace and was so admired by all that both sides accepted him
as a candidate for bishop, although he was not even baptized at the time.
A).......................Although B)...................
472. Antoninus's death was followed by a dual succession, the first in Roman history. Lucius
Verus and Marcus Aurelius became co-emperors, although Marcus was clearly the dominant partner
in the relationship.
A).......................Although B)...................
473. Although her body and the coffin had been destroyed by time and water, more than 1,600
burial objects were found, some with inscribed writing, which included her name, on elaborate
bronze ritual vessels.
Although A)....................B)......................
474. Although the various nomadic Bedu tribes often formed warring factions, within the sacred
space of the Ka'ba, tribal rivalries were often put aside in respect for the place of worship.
Although A)..................B)......................
475. Just before the rise of Islam, the elite merchants of the Quraysh tribe led Mecca loosely,
although it was still difficult to discern a clear form of authoritative government in Mecca.
Mecca, like southern Arabia, was home to many different people of various faiths.
A).....................Although B).....................
476. Greek comic drama passed through two main phases, referred to as Old Comedy and New Comedy.
The transition between the two stages included Middle Comedy, which is largely conjectural,
although the last work of Aristophanes is often ascribed to this stage.
A).......................Although B)...................
477. New Comedy dispensed with the chorus and adopted more of a sense of social realism,
although this is still relative.
A).......................Although B)...................
478. Alexander went on to conquer much of the known world, although he failed to observe
Aristotle's instruction to keep Greeks separate from barbarians by pursuing a policy of
intermarriage and adoption of eastern cultural institutions.
A).......................Although B)...................
479. Although primarily focused on religion, there are references in the Rig-Veda to social
matters and epic battles that the invaders fought and won.
Although A)....................B)......................
480. Although successful, the civil war had taken its toll on Assyrian forces. Although A) B)
481. From 356 to 361 he hid among the monks of Egypt, although he remained in control of the
pro-Nicene clergy through an intelligence network.
A)......................AlthoughB).......................
482. Although the overwhelming majority of Athenians praised his governmental reforms, Solon
failed to improve the economy.
Although A).....................B).......................
483. Although foreigners in origin, the Kassites assimilated well into the local culture,
adopting native Babylonian customs, language, and religion.
Although A).....................B).......................
484. Although Ban Biao died long before its completion, his essay on sovereignty, which was
included in the work, became a basic document on political ideas.
Although A) ..................B).......................
485. Although Benedict began higher studies at Rome, the depraved lives of his fellow students
led him to abandon the city and to seek solitude in the nearby mountains of Subiaco.
Although A).....................B).......................
486. Although questions have been raised about the authorship of several of his works and the
depth of his Christian convictions, strong evidence for his sympathies with the faith appear
in five compositions.
Although A)..................... B)......................
487. Although the ruling class could see Octavian gaining too much power, many aspects of this
Second Settlement were lost on the poor of Rome who still supported him as the "defender of
the people."
Although A).....................B).......................
488. Although his education and exceptional gifts prepared him for a career in law or the
imperial
service, John chose instead to enter the clergy.
Although A).....................B).......................
489. Although Sparta and Athens joined forces in their conquest over the Persians, hostility
between the two city-states grew and eventually erupted into a war against each other, known
as the Peloponnesian War.
Although A).....................B).......................
490. Upon his death in 527 b.c.e., his son Hippias took over, and although he initially ruled in
a rather passive manner, he increasingly turned to more brutal and dictatorial methods.
Although A)...................B).......................
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491. Clement avoided the heresy of Gnosticism because he affirmed the material world
as real and Christ as incarnate (fleshly), although he conceded that much of the Bible was
better ^ understood as allegory and not literal truth.
| A) AlthoughB).....................
a
492. Although many legends have grown around Confucius in later centuries, it is nevertheless
^ possible to reconstruct a fairly accurate biography of him.
j Although A).................B).......................
A
493. Although a man of personal piety and reverence, he did not concern himself much with ^
otherworldly concerns.
) Although A).................B).......................
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494. The last few years of Constantine's life were spent in the East, either in his
capital or on campaign, although he occasionally traveled to Rome or the Rhine to secure his
domain there.
T A)...................AlthoughB).
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495. Although they are now protected by laws, poachers still take them for their meat, eggs, and
shells.
# s Although A)....................B).......................
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496. Although they cover no more than 6% of the earth's land surface, studies indicate that they
contain up to half of the world's known terrestrial plant and animal species.
^ Although A).................B).......................
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497. Although it lived in the well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, this endemic
species had apparently become extinct by 1989.
Although A)................................B).......................
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T 499. Between 2009 and 2043, demographers project that the fastest growing U.S. states
will
continue to be Nevada, Arizona, Florida, and Texas, although increased drought and heat waves
due to climate change may alter this trend.
A)..................................AlthoughB).......................
498. A number of studies support this hypothesis, although some do not. A) Although B)
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3 500. For offenses committed on private lands, fines as high as $100,000 and 1 year in
prison can be
imposed to ensure protection of the habitats of endangered species, although this provision has
rarely been used.
I A).....................Although B)...................
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501. Although these hotspots cover only a little more than 2% of the earth's land
surface, they contain an estimated 50% of the world's flowering plant species and 42% of all
terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians).
Although A).................................B).......................
502. Although certified organic farming has grown rapidly since 1990, it is used on less than 1%
of the world's cropland and only 0.1% of U.S. cropland.
Although A)....................B).......................
503. Although topsoil is a renewable resource, it is renewed very slowly, which means it can be
depleted.
Although A)....................B).......................
504. Methods developed for a crop in one area might not apply to areas with even slightly
different growing conditions. Initial costs may be higher, although longterm costs typically
are lower than those of using conventional pesticides.
A).....................Although B).
505. The USDA estimates that using conservation tillage on 80% of U.S. cropland would reduce
soil erosion by at least half. No-till cultivation is used on less than 7% of the world's
cropland, although it is widely used in some countries, including the United States, Brazil,
Argentina, Canada, and Australia.
A)................... Although B)......................
506. Tsunamis are often called tidal waves, although they have nothing to do with tides.
A).....................Although B).
507. Although they are often covered by sedimentary rocks or soil, igneous rocks form the bulk
of the earth's crust.
Although A)....................B).......................
508. Critics of this old law call for permanently banning such sales of public lands, although
some do support 20-year leases of designated public land for hard rock mining.
A).....................Although.........................B)
509. Peat is a soil material made of moist, partially decomposed organic matter and is not
classified as a coal, although it too is used as a fuel.
A).....................Although.........................B)
510. One reason is that, since 1950, government tax breaks, subsidies, and funding for research
and development of renewable energy resources have been much lower than those for fossil fuels
 (especially oil) and nuclear power, although subsidies for renewables have increased in recent
years.
A).....................AlthoughB).......................
511. A second reason is that, although subsidies and tax breaks for fossil fuels and nuclear
power have essentially been guaranteed for many decades, those for renewable energy have to be
renewed every few years.
Although A)..............................................B)
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512. Although the stratosphere contains less matter than the troposphere, its composition is
similar, with two notableexceptions: its volume of water vapor is about 1/1,000 that of
the
troposphere, and its concentration of ozone (03) is much higher.
Although A)....................B).......................
513. Although China's total C02 emissions are high and growing rapidly, the United States emits
about five times more C02 per person than China emits and almost 200 times more C02 per person
than the poorest countries emit.
Although A)....................B).......................
514. Although the threat from lead has been greatly reduced in the United States, this is not
the case in many developing countries.
Although A)..................B)..........................
515. Although this case study has focused on the debate over the use of public lands in the
United States, the same issues apply to the use of government or publicly owned lands in other
countries.
Although A)....................B).......................
516. We regard it as quite reasonable to hope for an integration of common-sense psychology and
scientific psychology which will leave our pre-scientific psychological thinking substantially
intact, although certainly enriched and revised.
517. Although some theorists undoubtedly subscribed to both brands of behaviourism -
methodological and logical - the two positions are distinguishable.
Although A)....................B).......................
518. Although it certainly lent itself to attempts at experimental demonstration and
quantitative measurement, behaviourist learning theory exhibited little in the way of genuine
theoretical progress.
Although A)....................B)......................
519. Although the development of folk psychology (in the normal pattern, as contrasted with
curious impairments and abnormalities) is the subject of this sort of developmental inquiry,
it is notable that the developmental psychologists also have to make use of folk psychology in
order to acquire empirical evidence.
Although A)....................B).......................
520. Although that seems right, epistemology has plenty of work to do in order to specify what
exactly the relation of coherence consists in.
Although A)....................B).......................
521. Although the evidence is merely anecdotal, one can easily think of plausible evolutionary
explanations for the existence of some such computational hunger-generating mechanism.
Although A)..................B).......................
522. Although there is considerable evidence - from both studies in the field and controlled
experiments - which is at least suggestive of mind-reading abilities in some other primates
besides ourselves (particularly chimpanzees and gorillas), the case remains far from
conclusively made out.
Although A)....................B).......................
523. Although tempting, to pursue this line of explication would be a mistake.
Although A)....................B).......................
524. Although subjects do indeed perform better on some familiar versions of the selection task,
it is always possible to find a version of the task which is equally familiar, but on which
they perform poorly.
Although A)....................B).......................
525. Although different, it does not appear to be incompatible with modularity, however. For
although the principles of relevance theory are intended to apply to cognitive processing in
general, Sperber and Wilson are in no way committed to postulating a domain-general cognitive
system or ability.
Although A).................. B).......................
I
1. Despite remonstrances of the Tuscan ambassador and of Grand Duke Ferdinand II, he was
eventually compelled to appear and stand trial.
2. Despite the existence of exceptions, they are intellectually satisfying and practically
useful.
3. Despite its name, chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens.
4. Because of its harmful effects on vertebrates as well as insects, its creation of resistant
insect species, its environmental persistence, and its biological magnification, the use of
DDT has been banned in many countries despite its general effectiveness.
5. Despite its mostly vegetarian diet, the binturong has been reported to swim in rivers and prey
on fish.
6. Despite the benefits of cloning and its many promising avenues of research, certain ethical
questions concerning the possible abuse of cloning have been raised.
7. The populations of mature cod capable of reproducing the species are small, the stocks will
probably recover quite slowly, despite the huge reductions in fishing beginning in 1991, and a
ban on cod fishing in 1992.
8. Despite the presence of all 20 amino acids in the reaction mixture, synthetic RNA polyuridylic
acid (poly U) only promoted the synthesis of polyphenylalanine.
9. In the United States, much of the energy research dollar is devoted to developing new energy
sources, despite the fact that most of the country's current energy sources are wasted due to
inefficient uses.
10. Finally, cognition is never complete-, despite repeated attempts, throughout the history of
thought, to create closed intellectual systems postulating absolute knowledge as a theoretical
goal, the human mind-as evidenced.
11. Despite its many benefits, making and using compost does have its disadvantages.
12. Digital computers manipulate symbols—not necessarily digits, despite the name—while analog
computers manipulate electronic signals or other physical phenomena that act as models or
analogs of various other phenomena.
13. Despite such an extraordinary diversity of species, many crustaceans have a similar
structure and way of life.
14. Despite the multi-organ involvement of the disease, respiratory failure is the primary
cause of death in more than 90% of CF patients.
15. Despite the high concentrations of DHEA in both the blood and the brain, no receptors have
been found for the hormone and scientists have not determined its function in the body.
16. Despite knowledge of the chemical structure of nucleotides and how they were linked
together to form DIMA, the possibility that DNA was the genetic material was regarded as
unlikely.
17. Despite Withering's warnings, physicians in the early nineteenth century often overdosed
their patients.
18. Interestingly, despite some resemblance between ornithischian dinosaur and bird physiology,
it appears that the first birds actually evolved from saurischians.
19. Despite the limitations, DNA vaccines against diseases show promise.
20. Despite their expense, chemical cells were the main source of electricity until the
development of practical generators in the 1860s.
21. Despite the opposition of the authorities in Liverpool and the railway companies, an Act
was obtained in 1885 but the Manchester Ship Canal Company had to repurchase the old
Bridgewater Canal from the railways and they had difficulty in raising the capital.
22. Despite works carried out elsewhere in France, canalization of the Seine did not begin
until after 1840 when five locks and dams were built giving a depth of 1.6m.
23. In 1903, Louis Brennan patented a monorail system in which the cars would run on a single
rail and use gyroscopes to maintain their stability; this was built and demonstrated in 1909
with a petrol-electric vehicle, but despite the attraction of cheap construction, it was never
put into commercial use.
24. When watching a good actor on the stage, for example, I cannot help but see his actions as
deceitful, jealous, angry, or whatever - despite knowing full well that he is really none of
these things.
25. Despite the distinction between how people do reason and how they ought to reason, are
there not limits to the extent that these two can differ?
26. Here we feel no compunction in attributing the same thought to them both, despite the fact
that each of their thoughts (of course) concerns a different subject-namely, himself.
27. They also say that after the age of four we all possess the same concept of belief, despite
the many minor differences which may exist between individuals in their beliefs concerning
beliefs.
28. These three interconnected principles of sustainability are derived from learning how
nature has sustained a huge variety of life on the earth for at least 3.5 billion years
despite drastic changes in environmental conditions.
29. Scientific research reveals that life on the earth has sustained itself for at least 3.5
billion years despite being subjected to catastrophic changes in environmental conditions.
30. Despite our many scientific and technological advances, we are utterly dependent on the
environment for clean air and water, food, shelter, energy, and everything else we need to
stay alive and healthy.
31. Despite these three limitations, science is the most useful wav that we have for learning
about how nature works and projecting how it might behave in the future.
32. Despite its low NPP, the open ocean produces more of the earth's biomass per year than any
other ecosystem or life zone, simply because there is so much open ocean.
33. One of our adaptations—our powerful brain—may enable us to live more sustainably by
understanding and copying the wavs in which nature has sustained itself for billions of years,
despite malor changes in environmental conditions.
34. The population of the United States grew from 76 million in 1900 to 307 million in 2009,
despite oscillations in the country's TFR and birth rates.
35. But despite this sharp drop each year more than 4 million infants (most in developing
countries) die of preventable causes during their first year of life—an average of 11,000
mostly unnecessary infant deaths per day.
36. Despite such successes, two problems remain. First, according to the U.N. Population Fund,
42% of all pregnancies in developing countries are unplanned and 26% end with abortion.
37. Despite this success. China has the world's largest population and in 2009 added about 6.7
million people to its population (compared to an increase of 2.1 million in the United States
 and 18 million in India).
38. Despite their important benefits, motor vehicles have many harmful effects on people
and the environment.
39. Despite the ecological, economic, and cultural importance of mountain ecosystems,
protecting them has not been a high priority for governments or for many environmental
organizations.
40. Despite their importance, we are degrading and destroying some of the important
ecological services provided by these coastal aquatic systems.
41. Despite their economic and health care potential, fewer than 1% of the estimated
125,000 flowering plant species in tropical forests (and a mere 1,100 of the world's 260,000
known plant species) have been examined for their medicinal properties.
42. Despite international protection, only about 3.500 tigers remain in the wild, on a
rapidly shrinking range according to a 2006 study by the World Conservation Union.
43. Despite some successes, two major problems hinder efforts to protect marine
biodiversity by protecting endangered species.
44. Despite the ban, more than 27,000 whales were hunted and killed between 1986 and
2008.
45. Vet, despite these efforts, there is overwhelming evidence that we are in the midst
of wiping out as many as half of the world's wild species within your lifetime, including the
polar bear.
46. Despite intense opposition from ranchers, hunters, miners, and loggers, 31 members of
this keystone species were reintroduced to their former habitat in the Yellowstone National
Park in 1995 and 1996.
DESPITE A)..............................B).....................
47.Despite such widespread forest loss, tiny Costa Rica is a superpower of biodiversity, with an
estimated 500,000 plant and animal species.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
48.Despite a total ban on fishing, the cod population has not recovered. This has put at least
20,000 fishers and fish processors out of work and severely damaged Newfoundland's economy.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
49.Despite their importance, less than 1% of the world's oceans are closed to fishing and other
harmful human activities in marine reserves and only 0.1% are fully protected—compared to 5%
of the world's land.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
50.Despite its promise, controversy has arisen overthe use of genetically modified (GM) food and
other products of genetic engineering.
DESPITE A).................... B). ....................
51.Although the use of synthetic pesticides has increased 33-fold since 1942, about 37% of the
U.S. food supply is lost to pests today compared to 31% in the 1940s. Since 1942, losses
attributed to insects almost doubled from 7% to 13%, despite a tenfold increase in the use of
synthetic insecticides.
A)..................... DESPITEB).....................
52.Despite such efforts, a third of the country's original topsoil is gone and much of the rest
is
degraded.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
53.Despite its importance, water is one of our most poorly managed resources. We waste it and
pollute it. We also charge too little for making it available.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
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54. Despite some problems, experts say the United States has some of the world's cleanest
drinking water.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
55. Despite these improvements in human health care, infectious diseases remain as serious health
threats, especially in developing countries.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
56. Despite such limitations, these models are the best tools that we have for estimating likely
overall climate change in coming decades.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
57. Despite such a ban, much e-waste is not officially classified as hazardous waste or is
illegally
smuggled into China and
other countries.
DESPITE A)................. . .B).....................

58. Department of Energy were being dumped into regular landfills with little tracking of their
dispersal, despite intense public opposition.
A)........................DESPITEB)....................
59. Despite this success, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that at
least 310,000 U.S. children still have unsafe blood levels of lead caused by exposure from a
number of sources.
DESPITE A)......................B).
60. Despite many problems, the facility's waste and wastewater were recycled. DESPITE A) B)
61. Despite Ford's great power and financial success, it may be that he has blundered often in
the application of the principles through which he accumulated this power.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
62.If a ship lost its rudder in mid-ocean and began circling around, it would soon exhaust its
fuel supply without reaching shore, despite that it would use up enough energy to carry it to
shore and back several times.
DESPITE A).................... B)......................
63.George S. Parker makes one of the best fountain pens in the world, and despite the fact that
his business is conducted from the little city of Janesville, Wisconsin, he has spread his
product all around the globe and has his pen on sale in every civilized country.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
64.We have already discovered the fact that the person who masters jear may continue on to
successful achievement in practically any undertaking, despite all efforts to defeat them.
A).......................DESPITEB).....................
65.In fact the answering of these questions has become one of the so-called learned professions,
despite little learning being required to enter this profession.
A)........................DESPITEB)....................
66.Despite Mr. Cook having been without legs since birth, he is the owner of a great industry
and is a millionaire through his own efforts.
A) ..................... DESPITE...............B). .
67.The publishers of newspapers could create a panic in a week's time by filling their columns
with news items concerning the actual business failures of the country, despite the fact that
few businesses, compared with the total number in existence, actually fail.
A) .................... DESPITE B) . . .................
68.Despite mechanised production of soil blocks using presses, the output per person per day is
only 150 to 200 blocks, considerably less than that of the primitive method involving throwing
loam into moulds.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
69.Despite agriculture's importance, ancient written sources describing Greek farming practices
are difficult to find.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
70. Archaeology has also begun to provide some Information concerning Greek agriculture,
despite a continued preference for urban over rural sites.
A).........................DESPITE B)..................
71.Despite these difficulties, the free distribution of grain continued until the end of the
empire. DESPITE A)...........B)......................
72. Despite the scholarly disputes, it is known that Americans did grow crops in ancient times
and that they were certainly farming by 4000 b.c.e.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
73.Despite the fact that about 70 percent of the Mayan people worked as farmers, Mayan farming
never produced the vast surpluses of grain that farmers in other areas achieved. DESPITE A)
B)............................
74. Despite their nutrition, though, these four crops could not sustain communities that
survived solely by farming.
DESPITE A) ....................B)......................
75. The inward-reclining walls are made of sandstone blocks that fit together with near-perfect
precision; ancient Africans believed that the temple could be filled with water and not a
single drop would leak out, despite the fact that no mortar was used to connect the blocks.
A).......................DESPITEB).....................
76.Despite the many different types of peoples who lived in the ancient Near East over the years
and the constant shifting of centers of political power, the architecture of ancient
Mesopotamia shows a certain amount of continuity or cultural uniformity of style.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
77. Despite this luxurious space for that era, a ladder was oft en used so that people could
sleep on their rooftops on hot summer nights.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
78. It is also probable that, despite their communal nature, one or more families lived in
these halls.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
79.He and Icarus flew north, but Icarus was so intoxicated with his ability to fly that, despite
his father's warnings, he flew too near the sun.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
80.Despite many wars and political upheavals, ancient Mesopotamian art has distinctive and
constant themes.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
81.Despite the diverse influences from the natural landscape, much of ancient Andean art centers
on issues of universality, duality, the supernatural realm, or human life.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
82.This tablet represents a very poor model of the actual behavior of the heavens, but despite
appearances its purpose was astrological, not astronomical—hence its place in the great omen
series.
DESPITE A)......................B). .. . .................
83.Despite natural geographic buffers, the Moche and the Recuay fought over and defended their
borders while continually trying to expand them.
DESPITE A) .....................B)......................
84.Despite the introduction of bronze, clay was still used to produce a number of household
goods, an example of which is a beautiful hestia (cooking stove), now kept at the Museum of
Nauplia, dating to 2600-2300 b.c.e.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
85.Despite this apparently callous attitude toward offspring, there is ample evidence that Roman
parents loved their children and wanted them to enjoy their childhoods.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
86.Despite some notable instances of the early formation of cities, relatively few important
African cities arose before approximately the 10th and 11th centuries c.e.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
87.Despite the problematical nature of employing broad universal criteria in discerning which
population centers are cities and which towns, several useful markers and features were
generally present in African cities.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
88.Despite the archaeological excavations that provide basic information about the site, we
actually know very little about life in Uruk.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
89.The endurance of the cultural metropolis is best illustrated by the case of Babylon and the
Babylonians, whose civilization flourished for centuries, despite multiple foreign invasions
and changes of political regime.
DESPITE A)................... B)......................
90.During the First Intermediate Period the Egyptians lost hegemony over the area, despite the
fact that there were very few settled people.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
91.Despite the existence of trade routes, people living in the Anatolian plateau tended to be
isolated from one another and from the larger Mediterranean civilization.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
92.For centuries the Yellow River region was richer and more populated than the Yangtze River
valley, despite the Yangtze's warmer climate; the Yangtze gained prominence starting in the
Han Dynasty between 202 b.c.e. and 220 c.e.
DESPITE A).....................B)......................
93. The peoples of Melanesia were firmly ensconced in their homes, with solid agricultural
systems, and they managed to keep their homelands despite the invasion of technologically
advanced Austronesian invaders.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
94. Iron manufacture was thus technically more advanced than bronze production, despite the fact
that the raw material is easier to obtain.
A)........................DESPITEB).....................
95. But despite the unfriendly winter months, the Aegean served as a crossroads of commerce
between the Greeks and the peoples of Asia and Africa.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
96. Despite the dangers of the Strait of Messina, however, Sicily has always been fairly
accessible by sea. It had several ports, notably the formerly Greek port of Syracuse in the
southeast. DESPITE A).........B).....................
97. The climate was warm and sunny most of the year; during the 500-year period between 200
b.c.e. and 300 c.e. the weather was especially warm, making the region extremely productive,
even despite its perpetual water shortages.
A)...................... DESPITE B),
\
............ i....... ......... ‘
98. Despite the harshness of many penalties, Egypt possessed some concepts of basic human rights.
DESPITE A).......................B)
99. Despite this attempt to control theft and restitution, it is believed that other punishments
for theft predominated throughout ancient Egypt's history, including death, fi nes, and
various corporal punishments.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
100. Despite the appearance of a greater judiciousness in establishing laws covering crimes and
punishments, penalties often remained severe.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
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101. Human sacrifices were forbidden, but religions were mostly left alone, and wars among the
peoples of the empire were forbidden, despite Rome's occasional civil wars.
A).......................DESPITEB).....................
102. Some scholars, however, favor a definition of empire in which a major center or capital is
supported by other cities, a definition that would disqualify the Inca because of the absence
of cities, despite the fact that they controlled and administered territory—militarily,
politically, economically—stretching more than 3,000 miles.
A).......................DESPITEB).....................
103. Despite this long workweek, these people were able to take as many days off as they needed
for a variety of reasons, including making libations (offerings) at tombs of relatives,
illness, and arguments with spouses.
DESPITE A) ................ B)......................
104.Marriage contracts, which concentrated on the property rights of each partner but did not,
despite their name, comment on the ceremony of marriage, specified grounds for divorce.
DESPITE A)....................B).....................
105. Textual sources, despite their imperfections, confirm that ancient Europeans lived in
extended family groups.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
106. Despite this fact, there is ample evidence that Romans found the deaths of their loved ones
just as tragic as modern people do.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
107.Despite rare representations and Herodotus's claim that swine were taboo to the Egyptians,
archaeological evidence suggests that Egyptians domesticated pigs and consumed pork. DESPITE
A)...........................B)......................
108. Before Odysseus goes to his home, he encounters one of his swineherds, who despite his own
lowly social and financial status offers this unknown beggar shelter, food, drink, and even
clothing.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
109. Despite these circumstances, women received some honor and respect for performing their
roles well, especially as they grew older and their sons married.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
110. Despite the restrictions imposed on most Greek women, some reached great heights of
personal achievement.
DESPITE A)......................B)................... . .
111. Despite all the trappings of divinity, the Egyptians were only too aware of the king's
humanity and understood that his frailty and physical limitations oft en prevented him from
acting as the immortal, omnipresent (that is, existing everywhere), omniscient (allknowing)
being that he was supposed to be.
DESPITE A)......................B). . . . ................
112. Despite various changes, this division of Egyptian into discrete provinces survived into
the Roman period.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
113.Despite their godly connection, most Mesopotamian kings did not actually claim to be divine.
DESPITE A)....................B)......................
114. Despite his claim of absolute power, the king was expected to seek the advice of important
officials and members of the aristocracy, particularly since no one person could have governed
a state the size of the Persian Empire without advice and help.
DESPITE A)..................... .B).....................
115. Despite these safeguards, by the time that Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 b.c.e.)
conquered the Persian Empire, many satrapies had shaken off much of the Great King's control
and were operating virtually as independent states.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
116. Of course, most tyrants wished to pass on power to their descendants: Gyges, for example,
after acquiring power by murdering the king, founded a dynasty that ruled Lydia for over 100
years, and he is usually referred to as a king himself despite his illegitimate acquisition of
the throne.
A).......................DESPITEB).....................
117. The Roman citizen body was divided into 193 "centuries" (divisions that, despite their
name, had many more than 100 members), and these centuries were divided across five property
classes.
DESPITE A)......................B). ....................
118.There is no evidence for state control in these places, despite the size of the buildings.
DESPITE A)...................B)..................
119. Despite occasional religious restrictions, fish were consumed throughout Egyptian history.
The remains of a fish-processing plant have been found in a Fourth Dynasty.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
120. Records indicate that the Roman version predates the Chinese abacus by several hundred
years. Interestingly, it is thought that the Babylonian abacus predates both cultures with
indications that it may have been developed between 1000 b.c.e. and 500 b.c.e. Despite
similarities in design, there is no conclusive evidence that any one was an influence on the
development of the other.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
121. The Bantu languages, despite their subgroup status, cover the largest amount of territory
and probably have the largest number of speakers.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
122. Children were not passive in the storytelling process, and their inclusion began the
process of the memorization that preserved this type of knowledge. However, the family's oral
literature could change from one generation to the next despite efforts to preserve its
accuracy.
A)........................DESPITEB)......................
123. Despite its generally native roots, Roman prose shows Greek influence, particularly in the
writing of histories and philosophy that used Greek models.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
124. Despite much public and military service, Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (23-79
c.e.) found time to write histories, biographies, and a work on natural history.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
125. Gold was extracted from the earth by placing gold-bearing sand or crushed rock in a vessel
with water and agitating the mixture to separate the particles; gold is heavier and sinks to
the bottom, while the sand and crushed rock are discarded with the water. Gold was not refi
ned further until the Late Period (712-332 b.c.e.), despite having been in use since the
Predynastic Period.
A)........................DESPITEB)......................
126. Despite the availability of iron ore, iron objects were extremely rare, mainly because the
refining processes are very complex.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
127. The Berber people lived in North Africa throughout the ancient period, despite repeated
invasions by foreigners who wanted to settle there.
A).........................DESPITEB)....................
128. Any ambitions it may have had of attaining polis status were kept in check by the pharaoh,
and in fact it seems to have become a polis after Alexander's conquest of Egypt. Similarly,
the emporion at El Minya (the ancient name is unknown) existed for many years without becoming
a polis, despite being an apparently important rival to nearby Phoenician trading centers
along the Levantine coast.
A)........................DESPITEB)......................
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129.Syracuse thus found itself opposed to Athens in the Peloponnesian War because of its
ancestral tie to Corinth, despite the fact that it shared with Athens a democratic
constitution. A).......DESPITEB).....................
130. The fate of Melos provides a grimmer example. Defeated by Athens in 416 b.c.e. despite its
attempt to maintain neutrality, its adult male population was killed, and its women and
children sold as slaves.
DESPITE A)......................B)..............
131.Despite the large size of their empire, the Sassanians fielded small combat units. DESPITE
A)............................B)...............
132. Despite the haphazard nature of their discoveries, they had productive mines throughout the
eastern Mediterranean: gold mines are known of in the northern regions of Macedonia and
Thrace; gold and silver were both mined on the Aegean islands of Thasos and Sifnos; and
silver, which might have been imported for some time from Asia Minor (the coasts and high
central plateau of Turkey), became available locally when the Athenians reopened and expanded
the shallow Mycenaean workings at Laurium, where the precious metal was actually an impurity
in galena, a lead sulfide.
DESPITE A).............. ..... B)....................
133. Despite the importance of salt in Greek antiquity, when— together with curing—it was one of
the essential means of preserving food (there being no artificial means of cooling in the
ancient world), surprisingly little is known about where and how it was generally obtained.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
134. Despite this economy of stone, there seems to have been a fear that the supply would
eventually be exhausted, which probably prompted the fantastic stories in Pliny and others
about marble quarries in which the stone was magically regenerated.
DESPITE A)......................B)
135.Despite these advantages, coins were still not perfect. DESPITE A) B).
136. Despite music's popularity, ancient Romans left behind little information on their music
and musical practices.
DESPITE A).......................B)...............,.....
137. Despite the often dire consequences of earthquakes, floods, storms, and fires, Egyptians do
not seem to have been interested in keeping historical records of such events.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
138. Despite the frequency of earthquakes, not to mention windstorms and sandstorms, drought,
and (in some areas) wildfires, the one type of natural disaster that had the most impact on
all the cultures of the ancient Near East is floods, or rather the story of the Flood, which
appears in the literature of ancient Mesopotamia as well as the Bible.
DESPITE A)............................................B)
139. Despite the advice offered in the works of the classical authors known as agronomists
(among them, Varro, Cato, and Virgil), there was no streamlined system employed by the Romans
either in Italy or elsewhere in the empire.
DESPITE A) ....................B). . . ......... ........
140. Despite the introduction of agriculture, many cultures retained a hunting-and-gathering
component in their diet.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
141. Despite this awareness, however, ancient Africans never formulated uniform numerals and
systems of counting.
DESPITE A)....... ...........................B)........
142. However, gradually the subtractive notion tended to be used more and more, eventually
becoming the accepted form despite the fact that IV was also similar to initials representing
the god Jupiter.
DESPITE A) .........i ........B). ....................
143. Despite being the seat of an empire, Athens had no permanent bureaucracy, and most
magistracies were filled on a year-by-year basis by citizens selected by lot.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
144. Indeed, despite theculturalinfluences of Egypt, Nubians retained their own
distinctcultural
identity and practices throughout the centuries.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
145. Despite this opening of the process, mostmembers of the College of Pontiff s were
members
of the social elite.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
146. Despite this persecution, Christian missionaries won converts and created Christian
communities throughout the empire.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
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147. Despite older theories about Mayan theocracies, there is no evidence for priests outside
the ruling family among the ancient Maya.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
148. Because of population changes brought about by the migrations themselves, as well as the
inability of central governments based in Rome and Constantinople to provide security despite
an ever-increasing burden of taxation, local people in its western provinces ceased to support
the empire as a unified political entity, and it collapsed.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
149. Despite the government's efforts to keep its people in line, dissent seems to have become a
problem.
DESPITE A)......................B).............v.......
150. Despite the lack of experiment, the concept of proof was very important in ancient science
and philosophy.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
151. Th e fact that ancient civilizations took to the sea despite the dangers of storm,
shipwreck, and piracy is testimony to their courage and unquenchable desire to explore the
world that surrounded them.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
152. Despite standardization, all measurements were somewhat fl exible; it is impossible to know
exactly how long any of these measurements really were because they varied somewhat from place
to place.
DESPITE A) ................. B).....................
153. Despite these problems, historiansand archaeologistscan make some inferences. It is
highly
likely that ancient Africans, in common with numerous other ancient peoples, measured distances
using, at least as a starting point, the human body.
DESPITE A).................. B). ....................
154. Despite the artificial character of the descriptions that survive, it is clear that at
Rome, as elsewhere in central Italy, there was a greater variety of equipment than in Greece.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
155. Despite two more wars with Carthage and other sea engagements, the republic never
maintained a permanent navy.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
156. Despite their belief in the rightness of combat and battle, Romans did not take war
lightly. DESPITE A) .........B).....................
157. Despite these problems, softwaresuites sell very well and are ubiquitous in today's
Office.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
158. Despite its limitations, the ABC's design proved the feasibility of fully electronic
computing, and similar vacuum tube switching and regenerative memory circuits were soon
adopted in designing the ENIAC and EDVAC, which unlike the ABC, were general-purpose
electronic computers.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
159. Unfortunately, Babbage was unable, despite financial support from the British government,
to overcome the difficulties inherent in creating a mechanical device of such complexity with
the available machining technology.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
160. Despite the flood of orders, the business was losing money as expenses piled up even more
quickly.
DESPITE A) ......................B).....................
161. We live in a world of haves and have-nots. Despite a 40-fold increase in economic growth
since 1900, more than half of the people in the world live in extreme poverty and try to
survive on a daily income of less than $2. And one of every six people, classified as
desperately poor, struggle to survive on less than $1 a day.
DESPITE A)...................... B)....................
162. The good news is that one of our adaptations—our powerful brain—may enable us to live more
sustainably by understanding and copying the ways in which nature has sustained itself for
billions of years, despite major changes in environmental conditions.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
163. Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989,
the golden toad had apparently become extinct.
DESPITE A)...................... B)....................
164. The population of the United States grew from 76 million in 1900 to 304 million in 2008,
despite oscillations in the country's TFR and birth rates.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
165. Despite such successes, two problems remain.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
166. Despite such drops China is the world's most populous country and in 2008 added about 6.8
million people to its population (compared to 2.9 million in the United States and 18 million
 in India).
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
167. By global standards, however, one of every four people in India is poor, despite the fact
that since 2004 it has had the world's second fastest growing economy, and by 2007, was the
world's fourth largest economy.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
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168. Despite this ecological limitation, many of these forests are being cleared or degraded for
logging, growing crops, grazing cattle, and mineral extraction.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
169. Despite their ecological, economic, and cultural importance, the fate of mountain
ecosystems has not been a high priority for governments or for many environmental
organizations. DESPITE A). . . .B)......................
170. Because of these stresses, despite their productivity, some coastal ecosystems have low
plant diversity, composed of a few species that can withstand the daily and seasonal
variations. DESPITE A).......B)......................
171. Despite their ecological and economic importance, in 2008, the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization estimated that between 1980 and 2005 at least one-fifth of the world's mangrove
forests were lost mostly because of human coastal development.
DESPITE A)............................................B).
172. Despite some setbacks, the Chesapeake Bay Program shows what can be done when diverse
groups work together to achieve goals that benefit both wildlife and people.
DESPITE A) .................. B).....................
173. Despite their economic and health potential, fewer than 1% of the estimated 125,000
flowering plant species in tropical forests (and a mere 1,100 of the world's 260,000 known
plant species) have been examined for their medicinal properties.
DESPITE A)......................B).......................
174. Despite international protection, only about 3,500 tigers remain in the wild, on an ever
shrinking range, according to a 2006 study by the World Conservation Union.
DESPITE A).................... B). ....................
175. Despite these efforts, there is overwhelming evidence that we are in the midst of wiping
out as many as half of the world's wild species within your lifetime.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
176. Despite such warnings from forest scientists, the U.S. Congress under lobbying pressure
from
timber companies passed the 2003 Healthy Forests Restoration Act.
DESPITE A)............................................B).
177. Despite this progress, by 2007, less than 10% of the world's forested area was certified.
FSC also certifies 5,400 manufacturers and distributors of wood products.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
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178. Despite such widespread forest loss, tiny Costa Rica is a superpower of biodiversity, with
an estimated 500,000 plant and animal species.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
179. Despite its importance, this approach has not succeeded in capturing sufficient public
support and funding.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
180. This large predatory fish was deliberately introduced into the lake during the 1950s and
1960s to stimulate exportsof the fish to severalEuropean countries, despite warnings
by biologists
that this huge fish with a big appetite would reduce or eliminate many defenseless native fish
species.
A)........................DESPITE B)....................
181. Despite this protection, some marine biologists fear that too few blue whales remain for
the species to recover and avoid premature extinction.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
182. Despite their name, most MPAs are only partially protected. Nearly all allow dredging,
trawler fishing, and other ecologically harmful resource extraction activities.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
183. Despite their ecological value, the United States has lost more than half of its coastal
and inland wetlands since 1900, and other countries have lost even more.
DESPITE A) .....................B). . . .................
184. Despite his revolutionary changes, Egypt reverted to earlier religious discourse after his
death. DESPITE A).............B).....................
185. Despite these tales, there are others that paint Naram-Sin in a more positive light as an
effective king with superior military capabilities.
DESPITE A).......... ........... B) ...................
186. Finally battle was drawn in 401 against his brother's army at Cunaxa in central
Mesopotamia, but despite initial success on Cyrus's part, his rashness led to a crucial
mistake that resulted in his death, and Artaxerxes won the day.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
187. The Assyrian King List was manipulated so as to include Shamshi-Adad in the line of native
rulers, despite his foreign origins.
A)........................DESPITE B)....................
188. Despite changes in ruling dynasties, Babylon would remain the region's capital until the
time of Alexander the Great.
DESPITE A).......................B).....................
189.Despite his ability, the war turned badly for Heraclius, who became emperor in 610. DESPITE
A)............................B).................
190. Despite his success in forcing the tyrant to flee, Cleisthenes was unable to assume the
reigns of leadership as Isagoras, a fellow nobleman and powerful politician, immediately
challenged him.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
191. Despite the persecution, the church flourished.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
192. Despite massacre, torture, and persecution by both religious and civil authorities, the
Copts outlasted the state church persecution.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
193. The ancient Greeks took the wisdom of Apollo and his priestesses seriously for many years
and continued to return despite the fact that the responses were not delivered in a cut-and-
dry fashion.
A).........................DESPITE B)..................
194. Egypt was significant for its size and longevity, retaining a strong continuity of culture
despite several periods of turmoil.
A).................... . . . .DESPITE B)..................
195. The Egyptians believed that the physical body would persist in the afterlife and serve the
deceased, despite being entombed and embalmed.
A).........................DESPITE B)..................
196. Despite this overturning of all accepted proprieties, Euripides succeeds in causing the
audience to sympathize with the plight of the abandoned woman.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
197. Despite the occasional foreign invasion Egypt maintained a cultural unity rarely fragmented
beyond more than two kingdoms, and these were usually based on the two largest cities, Memphis
and Thebes.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
198. Despite suffering from one or two major expeditions, Assyrian hegemony worked relatively
well for Phoenicia, a collection of semi-federated maritime trading states in the northern
Levant that provided tribute from islands in the Mediterranean.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
199. In North America, and despite these disagreements, one consensus to emerge by the early
2000s was that the U.S. South and the Mid-Atlantic region south of the Wisconsin glaciation
were major sites of human habitation in the pre-Clovis era.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
200. Despite his building projects Vespasian retained enough control over the imperial taxes and
treasury to leave a surplus for his successor.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
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201. Despite many attempts, and a costly assault, the Romans were not able to capture Gergovia,
and Caesar withdrew.
DESPITE A)........................B).....................
202. Despite some personal and policy failings, he is one of the most powerful monarchs in
Chinese history.
DESPITE A)........................B).....................
203. Glaring omissions and biases have been noted in his work: his failure to address the Second
Athenian Confederacy of the 370s b.c.e. and his tendency to look too favorably upon Sparta,
despite his own Athenian background.
A).........................DESPITE B).....................
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204. When he was 32, he went to Rome where he established a practice despite his criticisms of
his peers there.
A).........................DESPITE B)....................
205. Despite his errors, his contributions were many, the greatest being a 22-volume set of
summarized medical knowledge including medicinal plants.
DESPITE A)........................B)......................
206. Despite advanced agriculture and the use of draft animals to plow the land, the Indus was
an urban and commercial culture.
DESPITE A)........................B). . ....................
207. Despite these outward differences, Jain doctrine remained basically the same for both
groups. DESPITE A)....................................B).
208. Despite his old age, Khosrow personally led the Persian army and defeated the Romans.
DESPITE A)......................B). . .................
209. Despite fierce Spartan resistance that killed two Persian princes, Leonidas and his 300
were slaughtered to the last man.
DESPITE A)........................B).....................
210. Despite geographic challenges to settlement, there were also irresistible agricultural
riches that could be gathered from the coastal plains and valleys of North Africa.
DESPITE A)........................B).....................
211. At first Ventris did not believe that the language represented by the script was Greek,
despite the fact that many of the deciphered words were archaic forms of Greek.
A).........................DESPITE B).....................
212. Despite Ma's complete victory against the revolt, the Dou supporters among his staff sent a
secret report to the emperor accusing him of incompetence.
DESPITE A)........................B).....................
213. Despite much variability in time and place, the most plausible scenarios point to the
interplay of overpopulation, long-term ecological crises, endemic warfare, and the erosion of
the moral legitimacy of divine kings in the eyes of the populace.
DESPITE A)............................................B).
214. Despite a strong naval influence, Minoan culture has no evidence of any warlike activity or
organization.
DESPITE A)............................................B).
215. Despite its greatness no Mittani texts regarding its own history have been found, so most
of the information concerning the Mittani comes from Egyptian, Hittite, and Assyrian records.
DESPITE A)..........................................B).
216. Despite a high-level material culture, the Indus civilization is still considered
prehistoric. DESPITE A).............................B).
217.............................Despite these extreme conditions the Native people developed a
rich culture. DESPITE A)......B) ...........
218. Despite the LP culture's deep cultural and technological impact on Europe, investigation of
the mitochondrial DNA of 24 skeletons shows that their genetic impact on modern humans was
minimal.
DESPITE A) ................. B).....................
219. With the founding of Constantinople there was even speculation that Plotinus's vision of a
Platonopolis would be realized. This was not to be after Christianity became the religion of
the empire, despite the great admiration for him by Emperor Julian the Apostate.
A).........................DESPITEB)....................
220. The dynasty at Napata was known as the Ethiopian dynasty, making it a great African power
despite its holding to Egyptian culture and religion.
A) .................... DESPITE B)................. ............
221. This was part of Odovacar's plan to restore and revive the territorial integrity and the
military strength of the Roman Empire, despite occasional setbacks and territorial losses to
the Germanic tribes to the north of Italy.
A).........................DESPITEB)....................
222. Despite the fact that Odovacar managed to defeat the Rugi in their own territory, his rapid
expansion and foreign campaigns had made him weak enough to fall prey to Theodoric the Great,
the king of the Ostrogoths.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
223. Despite these privileges, senators had several restrictions placed on them.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
224. Despite his excellence as a military administrator, Hadrian's reign was marked by a lack of
major military conflicts.
DESPITE A)..................... B)......................
225. Ultimately, despite some daring strategies, the Peloponnesian War was a war of resources.
DESPITE A)....................B).....................
226. Upon his return to Macedonia Philip helped reform the Macedonian army. Despite the reforms
Macedonia suffered 4,000 casualties, Perdiccas among them, in a battle against Illyrian king
Bardylas in 359 b.c.e.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
227. Despite some volcanic rumblings and the wells drying up, the Pompeiani had no inkling of
the calamitous event to follow because Mount Vesuvius had been idle for centuries.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
228. Despite colonization, the Bushmen still thrive in the Kalahari Desert.
DESPITE A).................... B). . ...................
229. Despite the scarcity of surviving poetry, she has influenced English-speaking writers as
diverse as Philip Spencer and Ezra Pound, as well as many writers in other languages.
DESPITE A).......... ...........B)......................
230. Despite the complaints made about Socrates, he believed he was a staunch defender of the
concept of absolute morality.
DESPITE A)......................B).................. . . ..
231. Despite Sushun's connection to the Soga, rumors spread that Sushun would betray his uncle
Umako, so Umako had him assassinated and Sushun's consort, Suiko, became empress.
DESPITE A)......................B). . .. . ...............
232. Suiko, despite being a part of the Soga, refused requests to expand Soga lands.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
233. Despite an emphasis on artworks by Bukhara artisans, Samarkand and Bukhara were seen as
the two major trading towns in the Sogdian area.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
234. Despite more than a century of archaeological investigation, many mysteries remain about
the people who built, ruled, and lived in this vast urban complex.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
235. Despite extensive archaeological investigation, many mysteries remain about the people who
built, ruled, and lived in this vast urban complex.
DESPITE A)......................B)......................
236. Augustus, despite his name of "revered one," was addressed while emperor as "princeps," or
"first citizen," and his imperial rule was built informally around government offices of the
Roman Republic.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
237. Themistocles successfully persuaded the Athenians to increase their naval fleet by building
more than 100 ships with the silver that was mined at Laurium, despite the many arguments
against the idea and the desired alternative of distributing the wealth.
A).........................DESPITE B)..................
238. Themistocles managed to bring many of the Greek city-states together to fight on behalf of
a common goal and against a common enemy, despite their recurring internal animosities.
A).........................DESPITE B)..................
239. Despite being outnumbered by nearly twice as many Persian ships, the Greeks fought
valiantly and came out victorious in the end.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
240. Trajan did not kill his enemy, but despite his mercy, two years later Decebalus organized a
new rebellion against the emperor.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
241. Despite all the legends told about him in the later Jewish writings, scant first-rate
historical records exist about him.
DESPITE A)......................B).....................
1. Their ultimate research objectives are the same as those of anthropologists studying livim
societies. Instead of using informants, however, they use the material remains of Iona
vanished societies to reach the same general goals.
2. Some of the most complex hunter-eatherer societies on Earth developed in North America.
However, the climate was too harsh for the kinds of intensive maize and bean agriculture that
would support urban civilizations.
3. In the Indus Valley, the political structure is not clear from the surviving evidence, but the
similarities of the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro indicate significant cultural
uniformity if not political unity. However, this regional society declined and collapsed as a
result of natural changes and disasters and nomadic invasions in 1600-1200 B.C.E.
4. Temple organizations and the caste system were effective alternatives to the control of kings.
However, India did experience major imperial unifications.
The region between the Nile and the Red Sea was not heavily populated before the 5th century
B.C.E. The Somalian and Eritrean coast, however, was an important center for trade. known to the
Egyptians as Punt.
5. Syria-Palestine was originally heavily forested, and home to panthers, lions, and even
elephants. Deforestation and overgrazing, however, destroyed much of the woodland even in
antiquity, though the cedars of Lebanon were a valuable item of trade.
6. Some of the islands were undoubtedly settled accidentally. However, combining oral and
documentary evidence with practical seamanship, David Lewis has shown that ancient Polynesians
had the knowledge and the skill to make a three-way voyage, to discover an island, return
home, and then return to the new island to settle it.
7. The exact numbers of slave exports will never be known for certain, but historians generally
agree that roughly 9.5 million slaves were exported along the trans-Saharan and Red Sea trade
routes over 11 centuries, and roughly 9.5 million slaves were imported into the Americas over
four centuries. The similarity of these two figures masks considerable differences, however.
8. First, Africa's participation in the South Atlantic system clearly led to the export of many
millions of vouna. productive men and women. However, it also led to the importation into
Africa of New World cultiaens. Including maize, sweet potato, and cassava, which have become
staples throughout much of tropical Africa.
9. The Arma became the overlords of Timbuktu, a position they would hold until the early 19th
century. The Arma, however, faced constant revolts from Timbuktu's inhabitants and from the
nomadic tribes of the western desert. Arma authorities regularly suppreseed uprisings led by
local Muslim scholars.
10. Portuguese Jesuit missions to Ethiopia, Conversion of two successive rulers, remarkable
influence and work of Pedro Paez . Conversion, however, led to repeated intrigues and wars
against the Portuguese.
11. There was increasing contact with Europeans; the focus of the slave trade shifted from East
Africa and Arabia to the Cape of Good Hope and the New World. However, the Portuguese took
fewer slaves than the Africans and Arabs did.
12. Between 1761 and 1810, in response to the booming plantation economy, 300,000 slaves were
imported, mainly into Cuba and Puerto Rico. However, by that time most of the black population
in Spanish domains was free.
13. The organization of the Church with bishops from the secular clergy diminished the
 influence of these orders and enhanced the power of the crown. The orders, however, remained
important in extending Spanish control in outlying areas.
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14. The rebels attempted to set uo a permanent base in the highlands in 1752 but failed on
account of weak local backing. Juan Santos Atahualpa kept control of the lowland area,
however, and was never captured.
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15. The rebels marched to Bogotá and negotiated a treaty that rescinded the new fiscal program
and gave creoles greater access to office. However, former rebel allies split after the
agreement, which redressed the grievances of only one faction.
16. They had frequent clashes with the colonists, who abhorred the Jesuit campaign against
Indian slavery. Jesuits, however, did not oppose African slavery and owned many slave
plantations in Brazil.
17. Slavery in Georgia was banned. However, in 1749, after rice culture spread to the colony,
the ban was rescinded.
18. Direct imperial rule emerged as an important style of domination in INDIA by the middle of
the 19th century, when control by the East India Company was formally replaced by making India
a Crown colony. Direct imperial rule was, however, only one of many different forms of British
world power in the 19th century.
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19. During the 19th century, several European land-based empires emerged as great powers, while
large empires in Asia lost territories and influence. However, all of these empires came to an
end during World War I, either emerging in significantly different forms or disappearing as
political entities.
20. The modern iron and steel industry primarily developed in Great Britain, and the British
industry dominated the world markets for many years, with British output of pig iron exceeding
all of the rest of the world's until 1871. However, as global industrialization occurred,
British production of pig iron was surpassed by the United States in 1890, Germany in 1904,
and the Soviet Union in 1931.
21. The greatcoal and iron ore resources of the United States allowed the American iron and
steel industry to become the world's largest by the early 20th century. However, important
steel industries had also begun to emerge by that time in Japan and China, and in India under
the leadership of the TATA FAMILY.
22. Napoleon really revived the absolute monarchy but made it more modern and efficient.
However, Napoleon concentrated his efforts on expanding and consolidating his empire through
warfare and foreign policy.
23. Adult women's economic roles began to decline as their cultural prestige, as mothers and
moralizing agents, increased. Overall, however, poor living and working conditions remained
the rule, exacerbated in the 1840s (the hungry forties), and they contributed to discontent.
24. Economic hardship hurt Swiss industry because it could not compete, initially, with
England. The Swiss, however, benefited from their general policy of free trade, which enabled
them to purchase relatively cheap grain from Italy and the Ukraine.
25. All five of the Scandinavian countries remained largely agricultural during the first half
of the 19th century; however, their products and their means of produce varied.
26. At the turn of the century, much of Norwegian land was farmed without crop rotation, and
Norway did not represent a major exporter of foodstuffs. However, following the repeal of the
British Navigation Acts in 1840, Norway became a major exporter of timber for British
industry.
27. Denmark managed to maintain steady growth in agriculture. Industry, however, remained
limited because it produced primarily for a home market.
28. Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden. Sweden sold the island of Guadeloupe to France and thus
eliminated its national debt. However, an unfavorable balance of trade resulted in inflation,
followed by a reaction and deflation. As a result, agricultural prices first rose and then
fell sharply, hurting farmers.
29. Industrial developments also threatened the livelihoods of the many craftworkers who became
instrumental in the early phases of the revolutions. Industrialization and economic hardships
were not sufficient causes, however. Britain and Belgium, the most advanced industrial
nations, avoided revolution by adopting liberal forms of government in the years preceding
1848 and expanding the franchise to include many of the industrialists and other members of
the middle classes.
30. In nations like Germany, state building meant actual unification and the attempt at
centralization in order to enhance economic productivity. In Britain, however, state building
was geared more toward solving the social problems resulting from industrialization and
urbanization.
31. Outside Europe, the older pattern of the rise and decline of major states continued, with
the predominant gunpowder states entering periods of reduced effectiveness. However, m Europe,
the development of the centralized monarchies opened the wav for growing power at the
beginning of the great socioeconomic transformations of early modernization.
32. Iceland was constrained by Danish control, which Icelanders felt drained them of their
profits. However, they increased exports offish and other products from the sea, which in turn
helped to boost their economy.
33. Karl XV had promised to abolish the position of stadholder in Norway. However, the Swedes
denied this demand and argued that the Norwegians were bound to the Swedes under the Act of
Union.
34. For the most important general social and economic trends, refer to the sections on
Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Culturally, the overriding theme during this century remained,
however, the reestablishment of an independent Poland and the best means of attaining that
end.
35. The first national revolutions were not the product of European ideology, the revival of
national consciousness among intellectuals, or the rise of an Orthodox merchant class,
however, these all played an important role.
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36. The thousands of slaves brought to Egypt for military training could not adjust and died,
and the gold deposits proved a disappointment. However, Egypt gained control of the trade with
the Sudan.
37. At the turn of the century, British censuses counted about 238 million people; these numbers
remained stagnant, because of famine and disease, for three decades. From 1921 to 1941,
however, the growth rate increased from 1.1 to 1.4 percent annually, setting a trajectory that
made dramatic population increase one of the greatest problems to be faced by the postcolonial
states of the subcontinent when they achieved independence.
38. In the first half of the period, political entities continued to evolve according to
indigenous understandings of power relationships and political centers. Between 1870 and 1910,
however, the European colonial powers redrew the mao of Southeast Asia, establishing
boundaries that would ultimately result in the nation-states that constitute modern Southeast
Asia.
39. Sulu in particular enioved the fruits of a large regional market for slaves, which led to
conflict with the Spanish and British who sought to halt the slave trade. However, by the
1880s the power of Sulu and the Muslim states of Mindanao had weakened.
40. Another transformation occurring at this time was the growing number of European
residents, many of whom purchased land from the Maori. However, the Maori remained the key
political force in New Zealand until the middle of the 19th century.
41. Britain embarked on aggressive diplomacy of prohibition of slavery to bring the other
European nations into the accord. However, as long as there was demand for slaves in the
Americas and in the emerging French Indian Ocean plantation islands, African suppliers and
European and American carriers would bring slaves to the buyers.
42. Disguised slave exports persisted well into the 20th century. However, Britain's prohibition
o£ the slave trade to its nationals in 1807 did signal an important change in the organization
and nature of the international economy.
87
43. It was not easy to retool the engines of state enterprise. The crisis African states faced
was, however, eased by the gradual decline in demand for African slaves in the Americas and by
the coincident expansion of demand for slave labor in Africa itself.
44. Providing labor for the mines or food for miners initially offered Africans new economic
opportunities and introduced a brief period of prosperity. Africans, however, increasingly
sought the independence of agriculture in preference to the discipline of the mines.
45. Until the 1870s, Europeans had neither wanted nor were able to impose themselves on
Africans. However, medical and technological innovations—including the discovery that quinine
provided prophylaxis against malaria, and the invention of the repeating rifle- provided the
means for Europeans to defeat Africans in battle and to survive afterward.

46. The army of social recoanition for creoles and

created an avenue nonwhite people, and
allowed them to litary skills that later proved
develop mil useful in the struggle for
independence. The creole aristocracy, however, felt threatened by policies that allowed
nonwhites to achieve privileges previously reserved for the elite.
47. Royalist military buildup in Montevideo and new defeats in Upper Peru induced pessimism
about independence among the leaders of Buenos Aires, who started to consider a reconciliation
with Spain. The king, however, refused to accept any compromise with the new leaders.
48. Montevideo creoles, eager to avoid subordination to Buenos Aires, refused to support the
May revolution in that city. In the countryside, however, masses of small landowners,
dissatisfied with the expansion of the great estates, rose against Spain.
49. Buenos Aires's declaration of independence gained widespread support in Upper Peru, whose
population initially welcomed a Buenos Aires military expedition, led by Gen. Juan José
Castelli. His attempts to suppress Indian tribute, however, antagonized the upper classes. His
troops sacked Indian towns and behaved as an occupying force.
50. Two world wars and a worldwide economic depression of great magnitude provide the global
background and foundation for developments in the first half of the 20th century. The
globalization of political, economic, and cultural life intensified in a context of the
continuing relative domination by the West. However, the core of the West itself spread beyond
Western Europe and increasingly. Western Europe became a less central part of the modern
industrialized world.
A) domination by the West. HOWEVER B) Western became a less central part
51. Alexander Fleming announced that the common mold Pénicillium had an inhibitory effect on
certain pathogenic bacteria. It was not until 1943 under the pressures of World War II,
however, that the first antibiotic, penicillin, was successfully developed.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
52. The decisive battles on the eastern front in 1914, however, were won by the Germans. In
response to French appeals for action against the Germans, the Russians formed two armies to
invade East Prussia from the east and the south.
A)......................HOWEVERB)......................
53. Conclusion of a secret Ottoman-German alliance by top-ranking officials, including prime
minister Said Halim and minister of war Enver Pasha. A majority within the Ottoman cabinet,
however, favored neutrality and delayed the empire's entry into the war.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
54. The Allied war aims could be realized only through military victory, and prospects for this
were not very good at a time when the Germans were able to transfer troops from the east to
the west and when the American forces were not yet numerous enough to make much difference.
Some efforts had been made, however, to establish greater coordination of effort among the
Allies.
A)......................HOWEVERB)......................
55. The responses to the Depression differed significantly. In Britain, for example, the
government followed orthodox economic theory by balancing its budget, but unemployed workers did
receive enough welfare simply to survive. In Scandinavia, however, a cooperative tradition and
strong Socialist influence in government since the end of the war generated a reformist
socialism that responded to economic crisis with deficit spending and vast public works
programs.
A)......................HOWEVERB)......................
56. Even as the percentage of French women employed fell slowly from 1921 to 1936, however, the
proportion of women in the French labor force remained among the highest in the Western world.
A) .....................HOWEVERB).....................
57. A new constitution was adopted, instituting universal suffrage and more popular
representation in the Landsting. The new electoral laws made it difficult to form governments,
however, and a rapid succession of ministries followed.
A).................... HOWEVER B)...............
58. In the course of 1915 most of Poland was conquered by the Germans and Austrians, who for a
time divided the administration of the territory between them. Ultimately, however, the German
high command took almost complete control of the country
A)......................HOWEVERB)......................
59. Corporate mergers accelerated, and by the stock market crash of 1929 the number of such
combinations had exceeded the record set during the late 19th century. As industry
recovered during the mid-1920s, however, agriculture con-tinued to face the destructive impact
of competition with European products.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
60. In 1931 Canada broke its ties to imperial Great Britain and gained an independent place in
the new commonwealth. The emergence of Canada as a significant world power during these years,
however, was fraught with difficulties.
A)......................HOWEVERB)......................
61. The war demand for Chilean nitrate in large quantities generated a brief boom, but the
discovery of the Haber process for fixing nitrogen from the air in 1914 spelled the end for this
industry. In the meantime, however, Chilean copper was emerging as an immensely important
industry.
A)......................HOWEVERB).....................
62. Posing as a friend of the Indians, Ubico also oversaw the end of stateimposed forms of debt
peonage in the country. In actual fact, however, the government then used vagrancy laws as a
means of recruiting laborers for the coffee economy.
A)......................HOWEVERB).....................
63. Ubico was forced to resign after a student and then general strike elicited strong support
for the opposition from progressive military officers and urban middle-class groups. He was
followed by a brief right-wing regime, however, pushing dissident groups to arm in preparation
for revolutionary struggle.
A).............. . .HOWEVER B)....................

64. More than half of these funds were derived from what would normally be federal taxation. At
the same time, however, the island continued to be run by appointed governors from the
mainland United States with little experience or knowledge of Puerto Rico.
A).................. HOWEVERB).....................
65. In most of these movements, proto-class distinctions were deliberately downplayed in favor
of other shared characteristics; in the west and the south, however, the domination of the
nationalist movement by Brahmans led to "non-Brahman" movements essentially focused on lower-
class or caste interests.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
66. Representing resistance to changing times and seldom espousing far-reaching aims, these
movements therefore differed in character and intent from urban-based nationalism, which they
often paralleled. Eventually, however, they were absorbed into the urban-based nationalist
movements.
A)......................HOWEVERB).....................
67. In British West Africa, efforts were made to introduce constitutional changes permitting
greater representation of Africans in the legislative councils. However, colonial governments
controlled by white settlers imposed ever harsher laws to prevent the expression of African
political grievances and to hinder African economic progress.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
68. The French suppressed the revolts by force. However, with the assistance of Blaise Diagne,
the Senegalese African member of the French National Assembly, larger numbers of Africans
joined the French armed forces.
A)..................... HOWEVERB).....................
69. The American First Army crossed the German frontier near Eupen, and American armored forces
entered Germany north of Trier. The Germans, however, manning their Westwall defenses, offered
firm resistance, and the Allied advance was halted.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
70. At the commencement of the Second World War, in 1939, the Germans possessed the strongest
air force in the world. By the close of 1943, however, their bombing squadrons were depleted,
though they still had a peak force of 3,000 first-line fighters.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
71. Both partitions resulted in bloody conflicts, but Great Britain was not involved directly
in either postindependence war. However, Jewish guerrilla warfare during and immediately after
World War II had put added pressure on the British to withdraw from Palestine.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
72. In KENYA, local Kenyan resistance, especially to British settlers, led to the violent Mau
Mau
uprising, which was suppressed in 1955. However, the uprising increased pressures for
negotiations, and Kenya achieved independence in 1963.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
73. In the final decades of the 20th century, the status of the remnants of the European
overseas empires was defined, with a number of newly independent ministates being established.
However, additional new states emerged as nationalist movements developed in response to other
types of multinational and multiethnic structures, such as the Soviet Union.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
74. Old ethnic and special cultural identities were associated with particular
languages or historical traditions. However, the state boundaries that had been created by the
imperial powers often did not match the regional boundaries of those old identities.
A)................................... HOWEVER B)...................
75. Not all of Europe benefited from the Marshall Plan, however. The nations of
Eastern Europe, those under Soviet domination, followed Stalin's lead and refused U.S. aid.
Instead the Soviet Union and its allies founded COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance) in 1949.
A)................................. HOWEVER B)................... .
76. There were limits on mobility, however. Education, the key to mobility, fell
short of the egalitarian ideal. Although the number of university students had risen sharply
to 24 percent of the 20 to 24 age group in Western Europe in 1978, up from less than 4 percent
in 1950, children from the lower strata continued to be underrepresented in higher education.
A)................................. HOWEVER B)....................
77. These economic and social developments in Western and Eastern Europe brought, for
the most part, a period of stability and prosperity that lasted throughout much of the 1950s
and 1960s. By the late 1960s new forms of protest began to emerge, however.
A)................................. HOWEVERB).....................
78. European nations responded to this challenge, however, by pooling their energies,
as in the Franco-British collaboration on the Concorde, the supersonic passenger airliner, and
Airbus, the airline manufacturing consortium created by Great Britain, France, West Germany,
and Spain among others.
A)...................................HOWEVER B).....................
79. The United States granted a loan of $3.75 billion to Great Britain. Canada
subsequently provided a loan of $1.25 billion. However, both these loans were exhausted by the
end of 1947 due to high prices on the American market.
S A)....................HOWEVERB).....................
* ..................................................................
^ 80. As the war ended, Yugoslavia was still theoretically a monarchy. The actual
power, however,
® was wielded by Marshal Tito and his National Liberation Movement.
^....................................A)............................HOWEVER B)
% ......................................................
% 93
• I __________________
*
81. Until the late 1960s, the Democratic Party remained committed to the New Deal welfare state
and helped push provisions for social services beyond the limits established during the 1930s.
During the 1970s andl980s, however, the U.S. undertook a dramatic reordering of its national
priorities.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
82. Despite strong reactions against social programs and grassroots social movements, however,
the U.S. continued to witness vigorous forms of activism during the period.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
83. In response to United Fruit's refusal to pay dock workers for overtime, 50,000 laborers
under the leadership of banana workers launched a 69-day strike that paralyzed the nation.
They gained the right to unionize and wage concessions. However, strike leaders were arrested,
and the banana companies began to mechanize, thereby laying off workers.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
84. By the 1970s these ideologies had lost their appeal, giving way to a certain economic
liberalization as well as pragmatism in foreign policy. There was, however, no democratization
of the region's regimes, most of which developed into highly authoritarian structures
intolerant of opposition.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
85. Discord over proposed market reforms spread within Mongolia's ruling coalition. As a
result, Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj was suddenly given the position of prime minister. However,
further parliamentary disagreement led to his resignation on July 24.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
86. Like Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points following World War I, the Atlantic Charter was not
intended for colonial Africans. However, the Chinese revolution, the Malaysian peasant
rebellion, and the independence of India provided Africans with important examples of
anticolonial and liberation movements.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
87. Plays and local television shows are often produced in local languages as well as in the
national European language. Aspiring novelists, however, will continue to grapple with the
choice about the language in which they write and the audience they wish to address. In
independent Africa, language has a politics of its own.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
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88. In Lusaka, Zambia, one in four male and female adults had been infected by the 1990s.
However, in certain rural areas, including the Rakai District of southwestern Uganda, even
higher rates of infection have been documented.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
89. The first plan was introduced in 1949. The pace of reform, however, remained very slow, and
was overtaken by emerging nationalist movements.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
90. Their ultimate research objectives are the same as those of anthropologists studying living
societies. Instead of using informants, however, they use the material remains of longvanished
societies to reach the same general goals.
A)......................HOWEVERB).....................
91. This scheme has been proven to have some general validity in the Old World and is still
used as a broad label to this day. However, the term Stone Age has little more than
technological significance, for it means that a society does not have the use of metals of any
kind.
A) ....................HOWEVERB). ....... ...........
92. Temple organizations and the caste system were effective alternatives to the control of
kings. However, India did experience major imperial unifications.
A)......................HOWEVERB)...................
93. Exact periodization has always been the bane of historians, and this case is no exception.
Generally, however, the early Enlightenment is considered to have begun around the last decade
of the 17th century, the most convenient year being 1688, which marked both the Glorious
Revolution in England and the publication of Newton's Principia, events that had an enormous
impact upon later thought.
A)......................HOWEVERB).....................
94. The late Enlightenment concentrates upon the last third of the eighteenth century, often
concluding with the French Revolution. However, there are those who, speaking of the "long
eighteenth century," end the Enlightenment somewhere in the first decade or two of the
nineteenth century.
A) HOWEVERB)....................
95
95. It will also lead into the realm of epistemology, a subject that was still part of philosophy
and of great concern to natural scientists. Locke, however, was also a political theorist
whose beliefs were, in some respects, intimately linked to his perspectives on human
psychology.
A) HOWEVERB)....................
96. Both also tended to think of beauty as something with objective existence outside the
personal experience of the observer. The substance given these major themes, however, sharply
distinguished the two traditions, giving rise to conflicts that enlightened thinkers later
tried to resolve.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
97. Diderot defined it as a function of heredity and of the material processes of the mind. For
Herder, Schiller, and Goethe, however, the possession of genius provided the guarantee of
human FREEDOM, enabling individuals to rise above the confines of conventional wisdom. A)
HOWEVER..................B) .....
98. Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, as well as the neoclassicists and empiricists, had tended to
believe that objective beauty exists. David Hume, however, had suggested that our judgments of
beauty and morality are subjective, dependent on individual preferences, cultural factors, and
other environmental factors.
A).......................HOWEVERB)....................
99. He preferred that both art forms have thorough grounding in rules based on reason: he admired
classical forms of composition because of their ordered adherence to specific compositional
 rules. In music, however, he yearned to see harmonic structures expand beyond the strict forms
spelled out in the treatises of his friend Jean-Philippe.
A).......................HOWEVER B)...................
100. Several colonies enjoyed the right of selecting their own governors and legislators. In the
1730s, however, the British government began tightening its control of the colonies.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
101. Parliament yielded once again, withdrawing the Townshend Acts. In 1773, however, it
authorized the EAST INDIA COMPANY to collect a new duty on colonial tea imports.
A).......................HOWEVERB)....................
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102. They assumed the duty of collecting taxes and promised to deliver specific sums of money to
the royal treasury. However, they could legally collect as much additional money as they could
extract from the populace.
A).........................HOWEVERB).....................
103. Civil liabilities for Protestants were not officially removed, however, until the French
Revolution dissolved the formal ties between church and state.
A).........................HOWEVERB)..................
104. The assembly accused Calonne of favoring despotic central rule, but reluctantly agreed to
accept the principle of equal liability for taxation. However, it refused to accept Calonne's
specific proposals and also rejected the idea of a representative body in which all deputies,
whatever their rank, would be equal.
A).........................HOWEVERB).....................
105. It is even more sobering, however, to try to contemplate a world in which one had
absolutely no knowledge of history, of one's own country or of the world at large.
A).........................HOWEVERB)......................
106. The first of the hominids was Ramepithecus, thought to date back as far as fourteen million
years and closely related to the great apes. However, it appears to have taken eleven or
twelve million years for the tool-making habit to emerge.
A).........................HOWEVER B)....................
107. Some authorities have interpreted this artefact as merely a digging stick. It does seem,
however, that the makers of so sophisticated a tool must have gone to an inordinate amount of
toil and trouble to bore out the flat, circular, stone to weight a digging stick to which a
weight could easily be attached by tying with a thong or cord.
A).........................HOWEVER B)....................
108. This appears to have occurred about 7000 BC. Even boat-building, however, was much
dependent on the mastery of fire to hollow out logs.
A).........................HOWEVERB)...................
109. Wood and stone were the principal materials of the Egyptians. Cast iron, however, was
developed by the Chinese as early as the fourth century BC.
A).......................HOWEVERB)....................
110. This mill had a vertical wheel driving the horizontal upper millstone through lanthorn and
trundle gears. However, the Romans were well supplied with slaves and hence not encouraged to
invest in labour-saving mechanization.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
111. The convenience of coins over shells or the skulls of small animals, however, is not
difficult to see and the practice of minting coins soon spread.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
112......................Its applications in the home, in industry and transport, in business
and entertainment, are innumerable and contribute hugely to our comfort, convenience and well-
being, One field, however, must in particular be singled out for special mention, the
revolution in electronics. A) ......................HOWEVER B)
113. At a later stage larger artefacts such as axeheads were made by melting together native
crystals of copper in a crucible and casting the molten metal to the required shape. Finally,
however, copper was extracted from its ores by pyrometallurgical methods.
A)...................... HOWEVERB)....................
114. The scarlet macaws are threatened by their popularity as pets, which is due to their
beautiful plumage and affectionate ways with humans. Under an international agreement, it is
illegal to remove them from the wild without special permits. However, a number of these rare
parrots are illegally captured, smuggled from their native habitats to the United States and
Canada, and sold on the black market for thousands of dollars a piece.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
115. Web logs, or blogs, have become a major source of information, even more important than
standard news media for some people. However, because the Internet is so open, anyone can post
anything they want to a blog or other website with no editorial control or review by experts.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
116. The study and critical thinking skills encouraged in this book and in most courses largely
involve the left brain. However, you can improve these skills by giving your left brain a break
and letting your creative side loose.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
117. Studying a subject as important as environmental science and ending up with no conclusions,
opinions, and beliefs means that both teacher and student have failed. However, any
conclusions one does reach must result from a process of thinking critically to evaluate
different ideas and understand the trade-offs involved.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
118. This leads us to a third component of sustainability. Environmental scientists search for
solutions to problems such as the degradation of natural capital. However, their work is
 limited to finding the scientific solutions, while the political solutions are left to
political processes.
A).......................HOWEVERB)
119. When the number of users is small, this logic works. Eventually, however, the cumulative
effect of many people trying to exploit a shared resource can exhaust or ruin it.
A).......................HOWEVER B)...................
120. Affluence and education have also helped to reduce population growth in most developed
countries. However, a downside to wealth is that it allows the affluent to obtain the
resources they need from almost anywhere in the world without seeing the harmful environmental
impacts of their high-consumption life styles.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
121. The tragedy may not be as clear an example of human-caused ecological collapse as was once
thought. However, there is evidence that other earlier civilizations did suffer ecological
collapse largely from unsustainable use of soil, water, and other resources, as described in
Supplement.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
122. Depending on the number of observations made, there may be a high degree of certainty in
this conclusion. However, what we are really saying is "All objects that we or other observers
have dropped from various heights have fallen to the earth's surface.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
123. Typically, they question the reliability of certain data, say we don't have enough data to
come to reliable conclusions, or question some of the hypotheses or models involved. However,
in the case of global warming, they are in a distinct and declining minority.
A).......................HOWEVERB)...................
124.The stream below this valley became covered with algae whose populations soared as a result
of an excess of nitrate plant nutrients. After a few years, however, vegetation began growing
back on the cleared valley and nitrate levels in its runoff returned to normal levels. A)
HOWEVER B)
125. This scientific theory generally explains how life has changed over the past 3.7 billion
years and why life is so diverse today. However, there are still many unanswered questions and
scientific debates about the details of evolution by natural selection.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
126. In fact, most introduced and domesticated species of crops and animals, such as chickens,
cattle, and fish from around the world, are beneficial to us. However, some nonnative species
can threaten a community's native species and cause unintended and unexpected consequences.
A)..................... HOWEVERB)......................
127. No single cause has been identified to explain these amphibian declines. However,
scientists have identified a number of factors that can affect frogs and other amphibians at
various points in their life cycles.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
128. Injuries and deaths from shark attacks are highly publicized by the media. However, the
risk of injury or death from a shark attack for people going into coastal waters as swimmers,
surfers, or divers is extremely small.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
129. Environmental changes caused by disturbances, such as fires, clear-cutting, and volcanic
eruptions, can allow opportunist species to gain a foothold. However, once established, their
populations may crash because of unfavorable changes in environmental conditions or invasion
by more competitive species.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
130. In most large populations, genetic diversity is fairly constant and the loss or addition of
some individuals has little effect on the total gene pool. However, several genetic factors
can play a role in the loss of genetic diversity and the survival of small, isolated
populations.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
131. To protect nearby residents the archers hunt from elevated tree stands and shoot their
arrows only downward. However, animal activists strongly oppose killing deer on ethical
grounds, arguing that this is cruel and inhumane treatment.
A).......................HOWEVERB)....................
132. For example, in a mature tropical rain forest, some trees die and others take their places.
However, unless the forest is cut, burned, or otherwise destroyed, you would still recognize
it as a tropical rain forest 50 or 100 years from now.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
133. By contrast, grasslands are much less diverse than most forests, and consequently they have
low inertia and can burn easily. However, because most of their plant matter is stored in
underground roots, these ecosystems have high resilience and can recover quickly after a fire
as their root systems produce new grasses.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
134. The prospects for stabilization of the human population in the near future are nil.
However, during this century, the human population may level off as it moves from a J-shaped
curve of exponential growth to an S-shaped curve of logistic growth because of various factors
that can limit human population growth.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
135. Between 1900 and 2008, life expectancy in the United States increased from 47 to 78 years
and, by 2050, is projected to reach 82 years. In the world's poorest countries, however, life
expectancy is 49 years or less and may fall further in some countries because of more deaths
from AIDS
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
136. Retired baby boomers may use their political clout to have the smaller number of people
in the baby-bust generation that followed them pay higher income, health-care, and social
security taxes. However, the rapidly increasing number of immigrants and their descendants may
dilute their political power. Their power may also be weakened by the rise of members of the
echo baby boom generation.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
137. By global standards, however, one of every four people in India is poor, despite the fact
that since 2004 it has had the world's second fastest growing economy, and by 2007, was the
world's fourth largest economy.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
138. Mountains also help to regulate the earth's climate. Mountaintops covered with ice and snow
affect climate by reflecting solar radiation back into space. This helps to cool the earth and
offset global warming. However, many of the world's mountain glaciers are melting, mostly
because of global warming.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
139. In addition, many of the land areas we have degraded need to be restored. However, such
efforts to achieve a balance between exploitation and conservation are highly controversial
because of timber, mineral, fossil fuel, and other resources found in or under many of the
earth's biomes.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
140. Average primary productivity and NPP per unit of area are quite low in the open sea.
However, because open sea covers so much of the earth's surface, it makes the largest
contribution to the earth's overall NPP.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
141. This convention is a landmark in international law because it focuses on ecosystems rather
than on individual species and it links biodiversity protection to issues such as the
traditional rights of indigenous peoples. However, because some key countries including the
United States have not ratified it, implementation has been slow. Also, the law contains no
severe penalties or other enforcement mechanisms.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
142. Any decision by either agency to add a species to, or remove one from, the list must be
based on biological factors alone, without consideration of economic or political factors.
However, economic factors can be used in deciding whether and how to protect endangered
habitat and in developing recovery plans for listed species.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
143. These areas have helped Florida's key deer, the brown pelican, and the trumpeter swan to
recover. According to a General Accounting Office study, however, activities considered
harmful to wildlife occur in nearly 60% of the nation's wildlife refuges.
A).......................HOWEVER B) ....... . . ........
144. The world's 1,600 botanical gardens and arboreta contain living plants representing almost
one-third of the world's known plant species. However, they contain only about 3% of the
world's rare and threatened plant species and have too little space and funding to preserve
most of those species.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
145. It is estimated, that within 2 to 3 decades we could essentially eliminate the need to use
trees to make paper. However, while timber companies successfully lobby for government subsidies
to grow and harvest trees to make paper, there areno major lobbying efforts or
subsidies for producing paper from kenaf or kudzu.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
146. Today, forests cover almost two-thirds of the country, and tree plantations near villages
supply fuelwood on a sustainable basis. However, most countries suffering from fuelwood
shortages are cutting trees for fuelwood and forest products 10-20 times faster than new trees
are being planted.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
147. Elk in the park are hunted in limited numbers, but wolves, as a protected species, are not
hunted. However, wolves kill one another in clashes between packs, and a few have been killed
by cars.
A).......................HOWEVER.......................B)
148. Not surprisingly, elk populations have declined with the return of wolves. However,
drought, grizzly bears (which kill elk calves), and a severe winter in 1997 have contributed
to this decline.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
149. Some governments are also making progress. By 2007, the Brazilian government had officially
protected 23% of the Amazon—an area the size of France—from development. However, many of
these areas are protected only on paper and are not always secure from illegal resource
removal and degradation.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
150. And when hotspots are protected, local people can be displaced and lose access to important
resources. However, the goal of this approach—to protect the unique biodiversity in areas
under great stress from human activities—remains urgent.
A).......................HOWEVER B) ..................
151. Most of the tall-grass prairies in the United States have been plowed up and converted to
crop fields. However, these prairies are ideal subjects for ecological restoration for three
reasons.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
152. Most fishing boats hunt and capture one or a small number of commercially valuable species.
However, their gigantic nets and incredibly long lines of hooks also catch nontarget species,
called bycatch.
A) .....................HOWEVER.......................B)
153. The estimated number of whales killed commercially worldwide dropped from 42,480 in 1970 to
about 1,300 in 2007. However, despite the ban, more than 26,000 whales were hunted and killed
between 1986 and 2007.
A).......................HOWEVER B)...................
154. Most reserves in the proposed global network would permit less harmful activities such as
recreational boating, shipping, and in some cases, certain levels of small-scale,
nondestructive fishing. However, most reserves would contain core zones where no human
activity is allowed.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
155. An even more ambitious approach is to develop complex computer models for managing
multispecies fisheries in large marine systems. However, it is a political challenge to get
groups of nations to cooperate in planning and managing such large systems.
A) HOWEVERB)...................
156.However, the influx of large modern fishing boats and international fishing fleets has
weakened the ability of many coastal communities to regulate and sustain local fisheries. A)
HOWEVER...................B) ...............
157. For example, populations of zebra mussels are declining in some parts of the Great Lakes
because a native sponge growing on their shells is preventing them from opening up their
shells to breathe. However, it is not clear whether the sponges will be effect.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
158. Hatcheries can be used to restock ponds, lakes, and streams with prized species such as
trout, and entire river basins can be managed to protect valued species such as salmon.
However, all of these practices should be based on on-going studies of their effects on
aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.
A).......................HOWEVER B)..................
159. He protected more public land as national monuments in the lower 48 states than any other
president, including Teddy Roosevelt and Jimmy Carter. However, environmental leaders
criticized Clinton for failing to push hard enough on key environmental issues such as global
warming energy policy and global and national biodiversity protection.
A)...................... HOWEVER......................B)
160. Under an international agreement, it is illegal to remove them from the wild without
special permits. However, a number of these rare parrots are illegally captured, smuggled from
their native habitats to the United States and Canada, and sold on the black market for
thousands of dollars a piece.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
161. Over the centuries people as far separated as the Celts and Chinese adopted the horse to
great advantage. However, at first the horses were mainly used to pull war chariots; later for
cavalry, and not commonly for agricultural labor.
A).................:.....HOWEVERB).....................
162. Copper smelting began in Catal Huyuk (perhaps the earliest city excavated, found in modern-
day Turkey) before the Bronze Age. However, the people in northern Thailand were the first to
make bronze (an alloy of tin and copper) around 4000 b.c.e.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
163. One group of outsiders who seized power sometime around 1600 b.c.e. was the Hyksos, a
Semitic people. However, by 1300 b.c.e. a native dynasty had returned to power, and the
outsiders were expelled.
A).......................HOWEVERB).....................
164. The Caesars adapted by expanding the opportunities for citizenship and by giving slaves and
freedmen opportunities to gain wealth and improve their status. However, there is no evidence
that wealth disparities diminished over the whole imperial period.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
165. Navies became more and more important as civilizations increased their trade and social
contacts. However, for the most part ships were used for cargo transportation, raiding, and
exploration.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
166. The Aeneid became a standard school text of the ancient world and was a critical part of a
good education. Virgil, however, considered the work unfinished.
A).......................HOWEVER.......................B)
167. Their carved stone statues of deities have survived, showing possible similarities with
some Mediterranean concepts of Mother Earth. However, it seems more likely that ancestor
worship was the most significant element of traditional African religion, as it undoubtedly
was for many other early societies.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
168. After defeating the king of the city, Nur-Daggal, the local ruler is allowed to continue to
govern as long as he acknowledges Sargon as king. Naram-Sin, however, is often portrayed as
incompetent and disrespectful of the gods.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
169. As we know, however, the Akkadian Empire continued to have 25 prosperous years under Shar-
kali-sharri after the death of Naram-Sin, and the Gutians were not the only reason for the
downfall of the Akkadian Empire.
A).......................HOWEVER.......................B)
170. At the Battle of Delium, he assisted Socrates who had been wounded and in turn benefited
 from the older man's advice. However, Alcibiades was too extravagant a personality to abide by
the moral strictures that Socrates required of his pupils.
A).......................HOWEVER......................B)
171. After conquering the Persiancapital of Persepolis, he rested there for a few months
and then
continued his pursuit of Darius. However, his own men had already assassinated Darius.
A).......................HOWEVER......................B)
172. The relationship between the emperors was troubled, as Marcus's austere dedication to duty
clashed with Lucius's sometimes irresponsible hedonism. Lucius died on campaign against the
Germans, however, before any open break could occur, and Marcus referred to him fondly in his
Meditations.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
173. Ochus's bloodthirsty reputation—possibly the worst in this regard of any of the Achaemenid
kings—was compounded by the murder of all his relations, regardless of sex or age, soon after
his accession. However, his ruthless ferocity did not stop revolts from rocking the empire.
174. He also built many shrines in places associated with Buddha's life. However, he honored all
religions and holy men.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
175. Esarhaddon may have overstretched Assyria's limits, however, when he invaded Egypt and
conquered Memphis in 671 b.c.e.
A).......................HOWEVER B).....................
176. In this early period at Carthage he also became involved with the ideas of Mani and
Manichaeanism, which taught that good and evil are primarily ontological realities,
responsible for the unequal, tensionfilled cosmos in which we live. However, the inability of
their leaders to solve Augustine's problems eventually led the young teacher to distance
himself from the group.
A)....................... HOWEVER B)............. . . . .
177. He could not commit himself to the moral obligations of baptism, however, because of his
inability to live a life of continence.
A).......................HOWEVER B)....................
178. A series of puppet kings was appointed in Babylon, until local rebellion returned control
to the Kassites. Eventually, however, the Elamites raided Babylonia and plundered such
national treasures as Naram-Sin's Victory Stela, Hammurabi's Law Code, and even Marduk's cult
statue from Babylon.
A).......................HOWEVERB)......................
179. There is little agreement as to the exact nature of the debates that took place. However,
it is clear that after the second council, Buddhists divided into a number of different sects,
and unity among them was no longer possible because there was no agreement on Buddha's
teachings, nor of the order in which they were to be recited.
A).................. HOWEVER...........B)..........
180. Mark Antony was becoming a troublesome rival to Octavian. However, to the public, Mark
Antony was clearly linked with Julius Caesar's triumphs and was an important Roman military
figure.
A) HOWEVERB)....................