Environmental science

Student book

Grade 3
 Environmental science
Student book
Grade 3

Authors:

Melese Tekaligni

Belay Ayidagnuhim

Biruk Lemma

Anwar Awol

Zeritu Abate

Editors and Reviewers:

Solomon Wondimu

Belay Belete

Muluneh Teklebirhan

Getahun

Getachew

Ali Kemal

Coordinator:

Getachewu Taleme

Illustration and page layout

Entoto Polytechnic College (Bisrat Ewunetu)

 © 2015 Addis Ababa City Administration Education Office
We are grateful to everyone who used the quotes and pictures in this book as sources.

Acknowledge

The Head of the Education Bureau, Mr. Zelema Mulatu, deserves great thanks for his great
support in making this textbook come to fruition from preparation to completion, by sharing
his experiences, generating and presenting ideas in panel discussions, by having it prepared
by teachers who teach in our city, by approving the necessary budget and by ensuring that it
is managed with strict discipline.

Admasu Dechasa, Vice Head of the Curriculum Department, Deputy Head of the Curriculum
Department of the Education Bureau, who stood by us for the success of our work by always
being with us, providing solutions to the problems encountered, monitoring and evaluating
the implementation process, and understanding that the work of the event is a key task.
Deputy Head of the Education Technology Sector Mr. Dagnawu Gebru, Deputy Head of the
Teacher Development Sector Mr. Samson Melese, Mrs. Abebech Negash, Head of the
Education Bureau, Mr. Sisay Endale, the Head of the Education Bureau, Mr. Desta Mersha,
Technical Advisor, deserve thanks for their contribution. .

Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the school principals for giving special
attention to the work and for sending us teachers and providing moral support.
Content Page

Chapter One. ……………………………………………….…………..1

Location of our district………………………………………………………………………………2

1.1. The meaning of relative location…………………………………………………………….2

1.2 The meaning of Absolute Location………………………………………………………….5

1.3 Relative location of our sub-city…………………………………………………………..10

1.4 The absolute location of our sub-city………………………………………………………13

1.5. Location of the main places in our sub-city………………………………………………14

1.6. The location and names of the bordering sub-city of our city………………...15

Summary………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter Summary Questions………………………………………………………..18

Review exercises………………………………………………………………………………20

Chapter Two…………………………………………………………….21
Understanding Science……………………………………………………………………………21

2.1. Food and health…………………………………………………………………………....23

2.2. Importance of food,………………………………………………………………………...26

2.3. Personal hygiene…………………………………………………………………………...32

2.4. Physical changes in matterial………………………………………………………………..41

2.5. Importance of Light………………………………………………………………………...46

Summary………………………………………………………………………………..50

Chapter Summary Questions…………………………………………………………51

Review exercises……………………………………………………………………………….53

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Chapter Three.............................................................................. 54
Natural Environment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...54

3.1. Climate of our sub-city……………………………………………………………………………………………..…...56

3.2. Natural resources……………………………………………………………………………………………………...60

3.3 The importance of natural resources for the survival and development of our sub-city…………………………67

3.4. Appropriate and inappropriate waste disposal methods observed in the school and our district…………..74

3.5. Effects of Improper Waste Disposal………………………………………………………………………………..77

Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………....81

Chapter Summary Questions……………………………………………………………………………….82

Review exercises……………………………………………………………………………………………………..84

II
 Chapter one

The location of our sub-city

Satisfactory learning outcomes expected from the chapter

After studying this chapter, students will:

• You will develop the skill of identifying direction.

• You will show your willingness to communicate with people by using pictures
and maps.

• You will describe the meaning of relative location.

• You will explain the meaning of absolute location.

• You will indicate the relative location of your sub-city.

• You will indicate the location of your district using latitude and longitude on the map.

• You will indicate main places of your sub city using

Latitude and longitude.

• Using the Google Maps application search, you will indicate the places in your district.

The main contents of the chapter

1.1. The nature of relative location

1.2. The nature of absolute location
1.3. The relative location of our district
1.4. The perfect location of our district
1.5. The location of the main places in our district
1.6. The location and name of the bordering sub-cities of our sub-city

1
 Introduction

Students! In grade two, you learned about the meaning and location of a district. In
grade three, you will learn about the nature of relative location, the nature of
absolute location, the relative location of your district, the location of the main
places in your district, the location and names of the bordering districts of your
district.

Sub-city is an administrative level that contains different districts. There are eleven
sub-cities in Addis Ababa city administration.

They are: Lami Kura, Ledeta, Kirkos, Bole, Nifas Silk Lafto, Arada, Akaki Kaliti,
Addis Ketema City, Kolfe Karanyo, Yeka and Gulele sub-districts.

1.1. The meaning of relative location

Satisfactory learning outcomes expected from the sub
topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

• You will describe the meaning of relative location.

Keyword

 Relative location

 Basic directions
2
The four basic directions

North

West East

South

Figure 1. Basic directions

Task 1.

Practical work

Purpose: To describe relative location

Instructions: Students form a group of 5 members and answer the question below

Practice your answers to the class.

1. Show the four basic directions by using your body to your teacher.

The four basic directions are North, South, West and East. These directions can
be used to indicate the relative location of an object.

3
Relative location is a method of describing where something is
located in comparison to other prominent locations in the area.
For example: buildings, rivers, roads and so on.

Task 2

Purpose; Describe relative location

Instructions: Students form a group of five members and present your answer
To the class by looking at the picture provided below

Ball players

School

Hospital

1.. In which direction are football players located from the school.

2.. Where is the hospital located?

3. In which direction is the hospital located from the flag?

4. In which direction are football players located from the school.

4
 1.2 The nature of absolute location

Satisfactory learning ability expected from the sub-topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

• You describe the nature of perfect location.

Key words:

 Absolut location

 Latitude

 Longitude
 Vertical lines
 Parallel lines

Figure 2. Designation of imaginary lines on the sphere

5
Group Discussion 1.

Purpose: To identify the meaning of absolute location

Instructions: Students form a group of five members as shown below

Discuss the question and present your answer to the class.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is Absolute Location?

2. What is latitude?

3. What is longitude?

Absolute location means a method of defining or indicating the exact location of an

object using latitude and longitude.

Longitude means east and west of the origin in vertical lines

It is a measure that measures the distance between and the distance is expressed in degrees.
Longitude

Measurements are 180 degrees East from the Prime Meridian degrees and measure 180 degrees to
the west. They measure a total of 360 degrees.

Zero degree longitude (origin pole) is the starting point that divides the earth equally into the

eastern and western hemispheres.

A vertical line on a map is an imaginary line that connects places with

the same longitude. All vertical lines run from north to south.

Vertical lines are lines which stretches 180 degrees to the east and 180 degrees to the west.

Latitude is between parallel lines north and south of the equator

Distance is measured and the distance is expressed in degrees. From zero degrees of the equator

6
they measure 90 degrees to the north and 90 degrees to the south. They measure a total of 180
degree.

The equator (zero degrees latitude) is the northern and southern hemispheres of the earth.

It is a starting point that divides or separates the earth equally.

Corresponding lines are imaginary lines that do not intersect each other in places of the same
latitude. All imaginary lines are stretch from west to east or from east to west. They run 90
degree north from equator and 90 degree south from equator.

7
Group discussion 2.

Purpose: To describe relative location

Instructions: Students form a group of five members

and answer the following questions by looking at the picture provided below.

1. What does the letter A stand for?

2. What does the letter B stand for ?

3. What does the letter C stand for?

4. What does the letter D stand for?

0o
C

D
0o

8
Exercise 1
A. Read the following sentences and write "True" if they are correct and "False" if
they are not correct.

1. Relative location is used to describe the location of a place.

2. Basic directions are used to know the location of places.

3. Absolute location uses latitude and longitude.

B. Match the options given under 'A' correctly with the options listed under 'B'

A B

1. A line connecting places with the same latitude a. Vertical line

2. Measuring the eastern and western hemispheres b. Corresponding line

3. Connecting places with the same longitude c. Latitude

4. North and South hemisphere measuring d. Longitude

C. Fill in the following blanks with the appropriate words.

1. The line that divides the earth equally into northern and southern hemispheres
it is.
2. The line that divides the earth equally into the western and eastern hemispheres
it is.

D . Answer the following questions.

1. From where to where is longitude measured? What is the total measur?

2. From where to where is latitude measured? What is the total measure?

9
1.3 The relative location of our district
Satisfactory learning out comes expected from the sub-topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

• You will indicate the relative location of your district.

Keywords

 Relative
location

 Sub-city

Group discussion 3

Objective: Identify the direction of our district

Instructions: Students form a group of five members as shown below

Discuss the question and present your answer in class.

Discussion Questions:

1. Tell your teacher in which district your school is found.

2. To which direction your school is located in relation to other neighboring sub-districts?

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 Gulele

Yeka
Adis Ketema
Arada

Lideta
Lami Kura
Kolfe keraniyo
Kirkos
Bole

Nifas silk Lafto

Akaki Kaliti

Picture 3 Map of Addis Ababa city administration sub-cities

Task 3.

Purpose: To indicate the relative location of your sub city

Instructions: - form group of five students todiscuss the questions

provided below and present your answers to the class.

1. Form group of five students and sketch the map of Addis Ababa city

administration sub-cities and submit it to your teacher.

2. Classify the location of sub cities in Addis Ababa administration bordering the city in north, south
east, west and to the center.

3. Based on picture 3, indicate the name and relative location of the sub-district .

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Based on picture three, using the four basic directions, It can define the location of sub cities in
Addis Ababa city administration.

- Gullele and Yeka sub-cities are the northern parts of Addis Ababa.

- Arada, Ledeta, Kirkos and Addis ketema sub-cities are central parts of Addis Ababa.

- Nifas Silk Lafto and Aqaki Kaliti Sub-cities are southern parts of Addis Ababa.

- Kolfe Karanio Sub-city is the western part of Addis Ababa.

- Bole and Lemi Kura sub-cities are the eastern parts of Addis Ababa.

Exercise 2.

A. Read the following sentences carefully and Write True if the statement is
correct or False if it is incorrect.

1. Yeka sub-city is the northern part of Addis Ababa.

2. We use latitude and longitude to indicate the relative location of the sub-cities.

3. There are four basic directions.

4. Arada sub city is the southern part of Addis Ababa.

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 B. Answer the following questions.
1. Write down the four basic directions.

2. Set the relative location of your own sub-city.

3. Write down the eastern sub cities of Addis Ababa.

1.4 The perfect location of our district

Satisfactory learning outcomes expected from the sub-topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

Sketch absolute location of your district using latitude and longitude on the map

Key words

 Absolute location

 District
 Latitude

 Longitude

380 40' 380 45' 380 50'

Gulele

Yek Arada
New city

birthday Lemikura
Kirk
Kolfe kernaio

Bole

Nifas silk lafto

Akaki Kaliti

00 380 40' hrs 380 45' hrs 380 50's 00

Figure 4. Map of Addis Ababa sub-cities 13

Task 4.

purpose: To indicate the absolute location of their sub city.

Instructions: Dear Students!! Indicate the absolute location of your sub city using picture
4

Sub-cities located in Addis Ababa city administration have their own

Absolute location.

1.5. The location of the main places in our sub city

Satisfactory learning outcomes expected from the sub-topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

Using the latitude and longitude of key locations in your district

You apply.

Key words

 Key areas

 Latitude

 Longitude

Task 5.

Purpose: Indicate the location of main places of the sub city by

using latitude and longitude.

Instructions:- Dear Students !! Look at picture 4 on the map and indicate the absolute

location of main places in your sub city.

14
 Key places in our district are health center, police station, education,

districts, etc. can be mentioned. It can be known and identified the

absolute location of these places .

1.6. The location and names of the bordering sub-cities of our sub-city

Satisfactory learning ability expected from the sub-topic

After studying this subtopic, students will:

Using the Google map search application you will identify main places

Located in your sub city.

Keyword
 Google map search application

Figure 5 Google Maps search application

Task 6.

Purpose: To enable students capable of using google map search application.

Instructions: Dear Students ! Practice how to use google maps search application of your own

Show place to your teacher that will be presented to you in the classroom.

15
 Figure 6: People using the Google Maps search application

The Google Maps search app is what people want to find find out where the location is easily by
using the Google website

It is an application that indicates.

Use of Google Maps search application

- Tells us the exact location of a place.

- Makes friendly relation among users.

- Answers our questions quickly.

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 Summary
 Relative location means where something is located relative to its surroundings

a way of describing it in terms of known places.

 The four basic directions are North, South, West are east.

 Absolute location means the exact location of a place used to know using latitude and
longitude.

 Sub- city is an administrative level that consists of different districts.

 There are Eleven sub-cities in Addis Ababa city administration

 Longitude means east and west of the origin pole that

Measures the distance between the lines and the scale in degrees is to be
explained.

 Latitude means parallel lines north and south of the equator

It measures the distance between parallel lines and is expressed in degrees.

 Google map search application means people can find what they want

the location easily by searching using Google website

It's an app that indicates they're available.

17
 Chapter summary questions

Read the following sentences carefully and Write True if the statement is correct or

False if it is incorrect.

1. Relative location helps us to know the location of our district.

2. Not all sub-cities have absolute locations.

3. It is possible to find out places where they are locate by using Google Maps search
application.

4. In order to know the relative location of our sub city, we should know other sub cities
that bordering us.

5. Absolute location uses latitude and longitude.

B. Answer the correct letter of your choice for the following questions.

1. Which of the following sub-cities is not located in the center of Addis Ababa?

A. Arada B. Ledeta C. Aqaki Qaliti D. Kirkos

2. Which line divides the earth into eastern hemisphere and Western

hemisphere?

A. Latitude B. Google Maps C . Longitude D. Origin of pole

3. In which sub-city does Addis Ababa administration is located?

B. Addis ketema
A. Kolfe C. Yeka D.Arada

18
 1. What is the key location in your district?

A. Wereda B. School C. Health center D. all of them

c. Complete the following blanks with the appropriate answer.

1. The origin of the northern and southern hemispheres of the earth is called -----------------------

2. A line of thought connecting places of the same latitude known as________

d. Give short answers to the following questions

1. Name at least two of the key places in your district.

2. What is the benefit of Google Maps search application?

19
 Review points
Identify the events you know and put this ( ) in each
box. Place a mark.

1. I have developed skills to identify directions.

2. I have shown the willing to communicate with

people using pictures and maps.

3. I can define the meaning of relative location.

4. I can define the meaning of absolute location.

5. I can indicate the relative location of our sub-city.

6. I will indicate the location of my district using latitude

and longitude on a map.

7. I can use latitude and longitude to indicate key locations in

our district.

8. Using the Google map search application in Sect

I can indicate the places where my city is
located.
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