Laws of thermodynamics

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle.
It states that “energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can
only change forms”.
Examples are:

In the absence of any work

The work (electrical) done on an interactions, the energy change
adiabatic system is equal to the of a system is equal to the net
increase in the energy of the system. heat transfer.
 Laws of thermodynamics
Other Examples are:

The work (shaft)

done on an adiabatic
system is equal to the
increase in the
energy of the system

The work The energy change of a

(boundary) done system during a process is
on an adiabatic equal to the net work and
system is equal heat transfer between the
to the increase system and its surroundings.
in the energy of
the system.
 Laws of thermodynamics
Energy Balance

The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during a
process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the
total energy leaving the system during that process.

(Total energy entering the system) – (Total energy leaving the system)
= (Change in the total energy of the system)
OR
E in – E out = ∆E system

Energy change = Energy at final state - Energy at initial state

OR
∆E system = E final – E initial
 Laws of thermodynamics
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as internal (sensible, latent,
chemical, and nuclear), kinetic, potential, electric, and magnetic, and their
sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.
 Laws of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred to or from a
system in three forms:
Heat,
Work, and
Mass flow.

The heat transfer Q is zero for adiabatic systems,

The work transfer W is zero for systems that involve no work interactions,

and the energy transport with mass E mass is zero for systems that involve no
mass flow across their boundaries (i.e., closed systems).
 Laws of thermodynamics
Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of process can be expressed
more compactly as

or, in the rate form,

 Laws of thermodynamics
For constant rates, the total quantities during a time interval ∆t are related to
the quantities per unit time as

The energy balance can be expressed on a per unit mass basis as

 Laws of thermodynamics
ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES
Efficiency, in general, can be expressed in terms of the desired output and
the required input as

Examples are:
The efficiency of a water heater is defined as the ratio of the energy delivered
to the house by hot water to the energy supplied to the water heater.
Then the performance of combustion equipment can be characterized by
combustion efficiency, defined as