Technical english 2

Handout 1
A) Translate the following sentences from Bosnian to English:

1. Modul elastičnosti i zatezna čvrstoća su važne veličine jer nam omogućuju odabir
prikladnog materijala.
The modulus of elasticity and tensile strength are important sizes because they
allow us to choose the right material.

2. Pri učestalom ponavljanju nekog opterećenja dolazi do pucanja mnogih mašinskih

dijelova, iako je to opterećenje znatno manje od statičkog opterećenja potrebnog za
pucanje.
Frequent repetition of some load causes many machine parts to crack, although
that load is significantly less than the static load required for cracking.

3. Mehaniĉka svojstva, zajedno s ostalim svojstvima materijala, predstavljaju osnovu za

odabir prikladnog materijala, pa stoga i ispitivanja mehaničkih svojstava zauzimaju
visoko mjesto u sistemu kvalitete nekog proizvoda.
Mechanical properties, together with other material properties, are the basis for
selecting the suitable material, and therefore the testing of mechanical properties
occupies a high place in the quality system of some product.

4. Mašinski inžinjeri zaduženi za odabir materijala sa prikladnim svojstvima poput

čvrstoće, tvrdoće ili otpornosti izračunavaju sile koje izdužuju, skraćivaju, sabijaju ili
uvrću materijal u odnosu na primjenjeno opterećenje, vrijeme, temperaturu ili druge
uslove.
Mechanical engineers in charge of selecting materials with suitable properties such
as strength, hardness or resistance calculate forces that lengthen, shorten, compress or
twist the material in relation to the applied load, time, temperature or other conditions.

5. Kovano željezo je zapravo legura željeza, ugljika i raznih nečistoća, zbog čega dobiva
potrebna svojstva. Liveno željezo povećava tvrdoću zahvaljujući ugljiku, ali ovaj
element smanjuje duktilnost materijala, dajući mu lomljivost.

Wrought iron is actually an alloy of iron, carbon and various impurities, which is
why it gets the necessary properties. Cast iron increases hardness thanks to
carbon, but this element reduces the ductility of the material, giving it brittleness.
6. Da bi se dobilo kvalitetnije željezo ili čelik, sirovo željezo se prerađuje, što uključuje
smanjenje sadržaja svih nečistoća i podešavanje željenog sadržaja ugljika, koji bitno
određuje kvalitetu čelika. 
In order to obtain better quality iron or steel, pig iron is processed, which
includes reducing the content of all impurities and adjusting the desired carbon
content, which significantly determines the quality of steel.

B) Translate the following sentences from English to Bosnian

1. Wrought iron is composed primarily of elemental iron with small amounts (1–2
percent) of added slag (the by-product of iron ore smelting, generally consisting of a
mixture of silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, and aluminum oxides).
Kovano željezo se prvenstveno sastoji od elementarnog željeza sa malim
količinama(1-2 procenta)dodane šljake( nusproizvod topljenja željezne rude, koji
se uglavnom sastoji od mješavine oksida silicija, sumpora, fosfora i aluminijuma.

2. Wrought iron contains less carbon than cast iron, making it softer, more ductile and
highly resistant to fatigue; if large amounts of pressure are applied, it will undergo a
large amount of deformation before failing.
Kovano željezo sadrži manje ugljika od livenog željeza,što ga čini mekšim,
duktilnijim i visoko otpornim na zamor; ako se primjene velike količine pritiska,
proći će kroz veliku količinu pritiska prije nego što se pokvari.

3. Since scrap metal is used instead of molten iron, no coke making or iron making
operations are associated with steel production using an electric arc furnace.

Budući da se otpadni metal koristi umjesto rastaljenog željeza, nikakve operacije

koksa ili željeza nisu povezane s proizvodnjom čelika korištenjem elektrolučne
peći.

C) Answer the following questions:

1. Name five properties of a material and explain one in detail.

Five properties of material: strength, elasticity, stiffness, ductility, malleability,
toughness.
Elasticity is that property of a material whereby a body, when deformed,
automatically recovers its original size and shape after removal of a deforming
force. This property is important in all structures subjected to varying loads and
is exceedingly important in precision tools and machines.
2. Why is it important to know the properties of a material before using it?
It is important to know the properties of material beacause before a material can
safely be used in the making of structural parts or members, its properties must
be known.
3. Describe a modern blast furnace.
The modern BLAST FURNACE is a huge tubular furnace made of steel and
lined with firebrick. Around the bottom of the furnace are openings (tuvares)
through which hot air may be forced. An opening near the top allows gases to
escape. The "charge", consisting of alternate layers of coke and ore into which a
"flux", usually limestone, is mixed, is fed into the furnace, at the top through a
bell-shaped opening (hopper) beginning with a layer of coke .
4. What is the difference between cast iron and wrought iron?
Wrought iron contains less carbon than cast iron, making it softer, more ductile
and highly resistant to fatigue.
5. Name the three processes used to make steel. Explain one in detail.
Steel is made by some of the following processes: Open-heart process, Bessemer
process and electric arc process.
THE BESSEMER PROCESS. In this process, liquid iron is refined in a bottom-
air-blown converter, which is actually, a refractory-lined tilted pear-shaped
vessel, open at the top to permit charging of materials and to allow escape of
gases. Hot metal from the blast furnace is poured into the converter while it is
tipped on its side. When it is turned upright, air under pressure is forced through
holes in the bottom of the converter. The oxygen of the air blown into the molten
iron oxidizes most of the silicon, manganese and carbon. To this purified iron are
added carefully proportion and amounts of carbon, manganese, or other
elements.
6. Compare the Bessemer with the open-hearth process.
The Bessemer process is more rapid than the open-heart process, but this
rapidity makes control of the chemical properties more difficult.
Open-heart process is much slower than the Bessemer process, requiring about
10 hours for each charge, but the slowness of the process makes possible a high
degree of control od the quality of the steel.