OTC-24681-MS

Back Analysis of Foundation Pile Design for Liwan3-1Offshore Platform

Xiaowei Zhang , Liu Yuxi, Guo Ming, Hanjun Yin, Huaizhou Huang, China Offshore Oil Engineer Co., Ltd

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Copyright 2014, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference Asia held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 25–28 March 2014.

This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright.

Abstract
During the installation of large diameter steel piles, the overestimate of pile initial penetration and pile free fall will increase
the risk of offshore construction. At present, there is no mature method of calculating the soil dynamic resistance. Comparing
the pile design and pile driving record, we found that pile end resistance is critical to esimate the pile intial pentration. This
paper also studies the influence factors for pile free fall length during the initial penetration condition and driving.
LW3-1 CEP jacket foundation piles are one of the largest in the world with 4 – 108” dia. vertical skirt piles at each jacket
corner. Each pile is 158 m in length with a 135m pile target penetration. The maximum dry weight of each pile is 755 MT.
Complicated soil conditions have imposed difficulty to estimate the pile self penetration and pile free falling phenomenon.
Combining with fieldmonitoring data, the new evaluation methods for soil resistance are present. Such approach can apply for
this region in South China Sea.

Introduction
Recently more and larger jackets have been installed in the Asia Pacific area, such as South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, West
Australia, and so on. With the increasing emphasis on the marine environment, the scale of platform is also growing. As the
fixed platform foundation, the design requirement for jacket is more rigorous. The Liwan (LW) 3-1 central processing
platform (CEP) platform is the largest offshore platform in Asia with the jacket load out weight of 32,000 MT and the topside
operating weight of 44,000 MT. LW3-1 CEP jacket is located at 189.5 m water depth, which is the deepest for a topside float
over installation in offshore history. The location of LW3-1 platform is shown in Figure 1.

LW3-1 CEP jacket foundation pile is the largest one in the world with 4×ø108"dia. vertical skirt piles at each jacket corner leg.
Each pile is at 158 m in length with 135 m design penetration depth and the dry weight of 755 MT. In the pile design, major
activities are performed as follows：1) Pile axial capacity check; 2) Pile lifting strength check; 3) Stick-up stability calculation;
4) Pile drivability; 5) Pile fatigue analyses; 6)Ppile shoe buckling and grout connection check. The design of jacket pile
foundation becomes more and more difficulty due to complicated soil strata, large pile diameter, very long and heavy piles,
driving under deep water, etc.

It is also very challenging to perform the large size pile installation analysis especially due to complicated soil strata (rock and
pieces of stones are discovered in geotechnical boreholes) for this project. This paper mainly focuses on the comparison
between the analytical predictions and the field measurement, the self-weight initial penetration and pile free fall length are
discussed. In addition, the correction factor for the static soil resistance based on the field measurement is also addressed. , The
analysis results indicate that the new method improving calculation accuracy for self penetration depth and drivability analysis.
This method can be used for future pile design in this region.
2 OTC-24681-MS

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Figure 1 – LW 3-1 CEP Platform Location in South China Sea

Design Criteria
Soil characterization
Site specific soil investigations have been extensively carried out. The soil investigation consists of boreholes where samples
are taken, and cone penetration tests (CPT). Each borehole location and depth is shown in Figure 2.
DH2 location (25m)：
BH2 location (170m)： E： 280 617.76m
E： 280 621.38m TN N：2 240 392.12m
N：2 240 386.72m

CPT2 location (170m)：

E： 280 628.40m
DH3 location (25m)： N：2 240 379.59m
E： 280 560.88m
N：2 240 331.99m PN

DH7 location (25m)：

E： 280 554.06m
B1 DH6 location (25m)：
E： 280 690.08m
N：2 240 329.36m
N：2 240 321.81m

BH4 location (170m)：

E： 280 691.56m
N：2 240 315.48m
BH3 location (170m)：
E： 280 559.40m A1
N：2 240 325.66m

B4
DH5 location (25m)：
E： 280 696.96m
DH4 location (25m)： Center of LW3-1CEPOA-2 Platform ： N：2 240 311.86m
E： 280 554.00m E： 280 625.48m
N：2 240 322.04m N：2 240 320.57m
m

CPT1 location (170m)：

87
10

DH8 location (25m)： E： 280 629.58m

0m

E： 280 560.79m N：2 240 254.42m

N：2 240 319.31m
A4
DH1 location (25m)：
BH1 location (170m)： E： 280 633.20m
E： 280 622.56m N：2 240 249.02m
N：2 240 261.55m Legend:
Sampling borehole
PCPT borehole
25m borehole

Borehole Location Plan

LW3-1CEPOA-2 Platform Site
Figure 2 – Overview Soil Investigation Plan
The soil stratigraphy (listed in Table 1) consists mainly of soft to firm silt clay which become stiff to very stiff upto the depth
of 130 m below mud line. Relatively thin layers of medium dense to dense sand are interlaying the clay layer. Below 130 m
depth below mud line, dense to very dense sand is found, and used as bearing stratum for the pile of LW3-1 jacket.

Table 1 – Summary of Soil Stratigraphy

Depth (m) Thickness
Of Description
From To
Unit(m)
Medium dense fine to coarse
1 0.0 3.0 3.0
SAND
2 3.0 10.9 7.9 Soft to firm silt CLAY
Medium dense to dense silt
3 10.9 13.2 2.3
fine SAND
Interlayer/laminated dense
4 13.2 21.0 7.8
sandy SILT and stiff silt CLAY
5 21.0 24.6 3.6 Stiff silt CLAY
6 24.6 33.0 8.4 Dense silt fine SAND
Interlayer stiff silt CLAY and
7 33.0 53.3 20.3 medium dense SILT, sandy
SILT, silt fine SAND
8 53.3 59.4 6.1 Stiff silt CLAY
Medium dense sandy
9 59.4 64.8 5.4
SILT/silt fine SAND
10 64.8 76.2 11.4 Very stiff silt CLAY
11 76.2 79.6 3.4 Medium dense sandy SILT
12 79.6 108.9 29.3 Very stiff silt CLAY
3 OTC-24681-MS

13 108.6 111.8 2.9 Medium dense sandy SILT

14 111.8 131.4 19.3 Very stiff silt CLAY
(1) Dense to very dense fine to
15 131.4 170.2 >38.8
medium SAND
Notes: (1) End of borehole.
Foundation details
The LW 3-1 CEP jacket has total sixteen (16) vertical skirt piles. Each jacket corner leg hasfour (4) piles. The pile make ups
are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 – The Foundation Pile Make Up

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Segment
No. Thickness(mm) Length(m)
(1)
1 100 2
2 75 2
3 50 14
4 70 9
5 95 12
6 85 15
7 70 21
8 65 51
9 100 12
10 70 13
11 65 6
12 75 1
Notes: (1) Segment No. 1 is the pile driving shoe.
The two piles have dynamic monitoring system installed, which are labeled as B1-2 and B1-3, as shown in Fgure3. The
purpose of the instrumentation are to measure driving stresses and transmitted energy in order to evaluate pile installation and
to assess soil resistance characteristics and pile adequacy.

Figure 3 – Foundation Piles Plan Arrangement

Engineering Analysis Result

According to the API RP-2A, pile design shall meet the requirements for pile strength, stability and fatigue life during pile
installation and services. In the conceptual and basic design phase, both 96"dia. and 108"dia. skirt piles with either 3 or 4 piles
at each corner with different base dimensions were studied. Considering the pile stick up strength and ultimate bearing
capacity of soil, 4-108" diameter open- ended skirt piles at each corner leg, i.e. total 16 are finally selected. Based on site soil
characteristics, there are irregular rocks as thin layers. The critical problem for pile stick up design is the initial self penetration.
Stick up calculation: The pile stick up strength is checked taking into account the out-of-vertical position of the pile inside the
pile guide after initial self-penetration. Vertical loads include the submerged weights of hammer and pile. Lateral loads caused
by current, pile inclination and vortex induced vibration are also accounted for, if applicable.
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Figure 4 – Pile Stick-up Analysis Model
The foundation pile stick-up is modeled using SACS (Structure Analysis Calculation Software developed by EDI-Bentley)
with lateral supports at the upper and lower sleeve and considering the pile and soil interaction. The SACS model for the
foundation pile stick-up is presented in Figure 4. The allowable axial stresses due to the submerged weights of pile and
hammer are calculated according to Timoshenko’s elastic theory for “Elastic Buckling of Bar-stability formulates to consider
the buckling of pile under distributed weight”.
During the pile stick up check, the major concerns is pile self penetration depth. Soil design parameters are determined through
soil boring and on-site laboratory tests of soil samples based on the standard recommended calculation method. The axial
bearing capacity of pile is calculated based the soil design parameter and pile geometry. . Geological survey report is given in
units of pile side friction. For clay, its essence is to consider the influence of the overburden pressure untrained shear strength.
For the sandy soil, its essence is the friction resistance on pile side of sand. From the design point of view, the unit friction
parameters are conservative for the bearing capacity of piles. But for the calculation of foundation pile self penetration, using
the conservative soil parameter is bound to be underestimate of initial pile penetration, According to the API RP-2A, the
formula of unit pile side friction is:
qu + ql
f s =K o • • tan φ
2
The calculation formula of unit pile toe bearing is:
qp =p'0 • Nq
Where, K0 is soil lateral pressure coefficient, qu、ql is overburden pressure on the soil upper and lower layer, φ is the soil
outer friction angle,P0’ is effective overburden pressure at the end of pile, Nq is refer to API RP 2A Table 6.4.3.
Using the recommendated method, the pile self penetration is calculated to be 18m with non-support height is 126.5m in stick
up condition. And the strength of pile meets the project requirement in installation cases.
Drivability: The piles will be driven to the design penetration to get enough capacity for platform operated safely. Pile driving
analysis in offshore platform foundation is a comprehensive and systematic study involves many subjects as dynamics,
structure mechanics and soil mechanics, as shown in Figure 5. The analysis is to demonstrate that the intended driving
equipment is capable of driving the designed pile to the target penetration within the pile driving refusal criteria without
damaging the pile.

Figure 5 – The Hammer-Pile-Soil Interface System

In order to evaluate the pile drivability, including pile restart after driving delays, soil resistance to driving (SRD) is calculated
using the method recommended by the site investigation report. According to the site investigation report, for continuous
5 OTC-24681-MS

driving, the lower bound and upper bound value of the mobilized soil skin friction is 25% and 40% of the static soil skin
friction in clays, while in sands the mobilized skin friction is 100% of the static skin friction, and the mobilized unit end
bearing is 100% of the static unit end bearing in both sands and clays and only acts at the annular area of the pile tip. For the
driving restart after delays, if the pile plugs at the tip, both the mobilized skin friction and unit end bearing are 100% of the
static soil resistance, and the end bearing acts at the entire area of the pile tip.
Pieces of stones are discovered from the geotechnical boreholes, the presence of stones or thin rock layers are expected to be
encountered when driving the piles at the platform location. The driving resistance of the rock layers was assessed from CPT
results, as listed in Table 3.
Table 3 – The Calculation of SRD the Rock Layers

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Based on the pile drivability analyses, the MENCK 1200S hammer can drive the pile to 135m penetration. The 3 m
underdrive is included in the pile design, no overdrive allowance.
Field Behavior
Sixteen (16) skirt piles have been successfully installed offshore. Foundation pile installation started from September 1, 2012,
ended on September 22, 2012. The self-penetration is about 12 m as listed in Table 4 which are less than the estimated
penetration of 18 m. And pile free fall from 14 m to 80 m below mudline during driving operation. The maximum free fall
distance is 60 m, the shortest free fall distance is 19 m.

Figure 6 – The distance for pile free fall corresponding unit end bearing distribution

Table 4 – The Field Records for Self-penetration and Free Fall Length
bolw maximu
pile Borehole self penetation free fall range zone free fall distance count/last total m energy installation
NO. NO. （m） （m） （m） 1m bolws （KJ） date
A4-3 BH1 12 13.5~62 48 358 4570 1042 2012.9.3
B4-3 BH4 12.5 13.5~33,45~57,58~78 52 231 3643 1139 2012.9.3
A1-3 BH3 11.75 13.5~36,38~76,79~84 60 447 3548 785 2012.9.6
B1-3 BH2 12.0 13.5~72 59 394 4837 980 2012.9.8
B1-4 BH2 12.0 13~72 59 253 4003 987 2012.9.9
B1-2 BH2 12.0 12.5~71.5 59 224 3965 1006 2012.9.10
A1-2 BH3 12.0 15~27,39~60,62~74 41 211 4029 1027 2012.9.12
13.5~26,40~60.5,
A1-1 BH3 12.0 63.5~75 44.5 250 3752 993 2012.9.12
A1-4 BH3 12.0 13~36,40~60,63~68 48 191 3138 1040 2012.9.12
B1-1 BH2 12.0 13~72 59 198 3737 1040 2012.9.13
A4-4 BH1 12.0 13~36,40~60,69~76 50 191 3688 1040 2012.9.21
A4-2 BH1 12.0 14~34.5,41~60 39.5 207 4200 1037 2012.9.21
A4-1 BH1 26.5 41~60 19 313 4397 925 2012.9.21
B4-4 BH4 12.0 13.5~39.5,47.5~56 34.5 213 3288 1012 2012.9.21
B4-2 BH4 12.0 13.5~34.5,41.5~71 50 227 2900 1029 2012.9.21
B4-1 BH4 12.0 13~73 60 228 4888 1036 2012.9.22
6 OTC-24681-MS

Back Analysis for Pile Installation

Back analysis of the pile installation data can verify the soil stratigraphy and the soil parameters which had been used for pile
design.
Back calculation for self-weight penetration
Column buckling due to the dead weight of an underwater hammer placed on the top of a tilted, self penetration pile is a
critical design case. It controls certain pile sections where additional wall thickness is required. And the self penetration is an
important parameter in the pile buckling check.
The general methodology to calculate the self penetration is to assume that the resistances to penetration are provided by inside
and outside skin friction along the pile and the steel end bearing area at the pile tip. The remolded soil strength is used for end

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bearing. The energy to penetrate is provided by the buoyant weight of the pile and the internal lifting tool used to lower the
pile to the sea floor.
Old Method: For self penetration condition, a pile cores, relative movement between pile and soil occurs both on the outside
and inside of the pile wall. Skin friction is developed on both the outside and inside wall. The end bearing area is equal to the
cross-sectional area of the steel at pile toe. The calculation only assumes that the soil resistance affects the penetration. The
internal skin friction is assumed equal to 70 percent of the external friction. The plugged pile in not considered in self
penetration condition. The experience formula is as follow:
where, G is underwater weight, qpis unit end bearing,Ap is steel end bearning area,fsis unit skin friction, Co is perimeter for
outsider of pile, Ci is perimeter for inside of pile, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 7 – The Loads Added on Pile in Self Penetration Condition

The self-weight penetration under differenct assuptions are presented in Table 5.
Table 5 – The Self Penetration Depth Under Different Assumptions
Skinfriction（KN） Self penetration(m)
Outside Inside Total End bearing No-hammer With hammer Notes
CASE 1 130% 130% 3677 toe area-150% 13 15 stevens method
CASE 2 130% 130% 3726 toe area-150% 12 13 change 20°to30°
CASE 3 400% 0% 5657 gross area-100% 11 12
CASE 4 100% 0% 2201 gross area-100% 11 13
Note: the friction angle is adjusted from 20° to 30° in Case 2.
In the steel pile penetrate to soil layers, the potential loads such as crane hook load at hammer, friction of piles and sleeve, soil
reduction coefficient will affect the penetrate depth. As shown in Table 5, the Case 1 (Steven's methond Ref. [7]) overestimate
the pile self penetration; when sand frication angle is increased in Case 2, the pile self penetration is reduced; in Case 3 the
outside friction is increased and inside friction is ignored with gross end bearing; Case 4 considered 100% outside friction and
no inside friction with gross end bearing. The Case 4 self penetration depth is basically consistent with the field observation.
New Method: Project experiences show that the pile is unplugged under shallow pile self penetration. The dynamic resistance
for B1-2 is listed in Table 6, which comes from dynamic pile monitoring results reports provide by client. The measured data
of friction force in pile matches the Case 4 calculation in Table 5.

Table 6 – The Dynamic Pile Monitoring Results for B1-2

Based on CPT results in Figure 7, soil resistancesin layer from 10.9m to 13.2m come from Medium dense to dense silt fine
7 OTC-24681-MS

sand. The end bearing capacity is underestimated during the pile detail design. Engineer can use cone resistance qc for unit
end bearing to calculation self penetration depth, the result is more in line with the actual situation.

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Figure 8 – The Cone Penetration Test Result for CPT2
Back calculation for pile free fall
Generally, when a soft soilunder a layer with dense sand occurs, and the pile penetrates through the soft layer, i. e., pile free
fall will happn as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 9 – The Image for Pile Free Fall

The pile free fall is the phenomenon of pile sinking through certain length while the hammer blow count is zero. The pile free
fall is the one of the biggest threats during pile driving, which may snap wire rope, damage pile hammer and break pile;
consequently causes installation downtime and pile hammer scrap accident.
For back analysis, the GRLWEAP program and the following data are used: (1) Pile driving record, in terms of blowouts
versus penetration records including details of hammer energy during the driving operation; (2) Details of hammers and stroke
lengths used during installation; (3) Details of pile make-up.
Soil fatigue property is the soil strength reduced under the continuous circulated load. In order to simulate the free fall process,
the renewing of soil strength is also discussed. Soil structural character strongly affects the soil’s engineering properties. The
sensitivity of saturated clay St is about equal to 6.0 in the depth of 0 to 75 m below mudline.
The outside skin friction) and the end bearing capacity acting on the pile toe areacan be used to calculate the SRD for pile
drivability analysis for unplugged condition. SRD = ∑fsAs + qpAp, where As = outside shaft area of pile; Ap = toe area of pile.
Setting the reduction coefficient for unit skin friction, the blow count vs penetration depth is shown in Figure 9.
8 OTC-24681-MS

Blows(per 0.5m)
0 50 100 150
0
5
10
15
20
25 B1-2 site record
30
35 unit skin friction 10%
40
45 unit skin friction 30%
50
Penetration(m)

55
60

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65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140

Figure 10 – The Blow Counts vs Penetration Depth

In our SRD calculation for unplugged condition, we assume the skin friction on the inside of the piles in both clay and sands is
expected to be small (negligible) during continuous driving because of the existing of driving shoe. When considering pile
driving, the remolded soil strengths is 10% originally unit skin friction value, then pile free fall from 14m to 75m, same as site
observation. When the remolded soil strengths is 30% originally unit skin friction value, the toal 3560 blow counts is closed to
pile driving records.

Summary and Conclusions

The large diameter and long pile used in ocean engineering will penetrate to a certain depth into the soil after it is located with
the hammer on the top. The stability of the section of the pile remain in the air has to be checked in the design stage, which is
subject to the weight of the hammer and the selfweight of the pile. The stability of the pile at this moment is mainly controlled
by the length of the pile section. Therefore, It is important to estimate the penetration depth of the pile accurately. And the
same, pile run often occurs when the pile goes into soft clay layer with large thickness. This brings about many inconveniences
to construction，If the event of pile run is not solved properly; it will result in many defects， such as cracks on pile, pile
breaking, etc. Therefore, It is important to estimate the penetration depth of the pile accurately.
In summary, we have compared the pile self penetration calculation and pile free fall distance with pile driving record.New
calculation method are proposed, which can be , be used as guideline for the future projecs.

1) Pile self penetration can be conservatively calculated using end bearing of CPT result
2) When the very dense sand or well cemented sandstone layer is present in shallow layers, the calculation of self
penetration depth shall be based on gross end bearing area.
3) The pile free fall should be carefully studied and estimated in order to reduce the installation risk.
4) It is observed that the effect of thin rock layers for pile driving is small.
5) For long pile with heavy and large diameter, the pile will usually stop in the sand layer when the end higher bearing
capacity is high when the gross end bearing area whether it is under self penetration or the end of free fall.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC), CNOOC Ltd Shenzhen, China Offshore Oil Engineering Co.,
Ltd (COOEC) for their permission to publish this paper. Special thanks to Dr. GAO Jian who in the novellant engineering
service CO.LTD for technical guidance. The authors also thank all the team members for their hard work and cooperation to
make the project become a successful reality.

Nomenclature
API American Petroleum Institute
CNOOC China National Offshore Oil Corporation
COOEC China Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd.
CEP Central Processing Platform
CPT Cone Penetration Test

References
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[2] Alm, T.& Hamre, L., 1998, “Soil Model for Driveability Predictions, ” Offshore Technology Conference, OTC-8835.
9 OTC-24681-MS

[3] Jardine, R.J. and Chow, F. C., 1996 “New design methods for offshore piles, Report to Marine technology directorate,” MTD,
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[8] Xu, Qing-xia, Huang, Yuan-xiong, 2000, “Analysis of Pile-driven and Soil's Reconsolidation by Finite Element Method,” Building

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