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Course Date:
Location:
Lead Instructor:
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PSCAD GETTING-STARTED
TUTORIALS
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Objective(s):
Getting familiar with PSCAD.
Data entry.
Interactive controls.
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar . A new case should appear
in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc] . Right-click on this Workspace settings
entry and select Save As… and give the case a name.
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case to study the inrush phenomena
when energizing a transformer. The component data is as shown. The transformer is rated
66/12.47 kV.
R
L
66 kV,60 Hz Source
R Z+ = 3.9Ohms / 75.58 deg
R
L Z0 = 14.95 Ohms / 80.46 deg
I
a
66 kV BUS
E_66
K
R Timed
B Breaker
BRK Logic
Open@t0
1
e
6
Fig.1 Transformer energizing circuit.
T1.3 Plot the currents (Ia) and voltages (E_66) on the HV side of the transformer. Note:
Ia and Ea contains the three waveforms of the three phases.
3 / 72
T1.4 The LV side of the transformer is not connected to a load or any other system
equipment. The breaker is closed at 0.5 s to energize the transformer 66 kV side.
Inrush is related to core saturation. Verify that saturation is included in the model used
for this simulation.
Ask your instructor to explain the large resistance connected to the HV side.
Inrush current magnitude depends on the ‘point on wave’ switching conditions. Use a
manual switch to operate the breaker. Note the point on wave dependency of the inrush
peak.
Main ...
BRK_Control
C O
BRK
1
Fig.3 Two state switch attached to a control panel.
4 / 72
T1.5 Modify the case to include a 12.47 kV/0.5 MVA (Wound rotor type) induction
machine. This case will be used to study the process of starting an Induction motor. The
component data is as shown.
12.47 kV BUS
81m U/G
54m OH Capacitor Main ...
800 KVars per phas e R_C1
C O
S C
E O
C U
T P P
I I
O L
E
N D
Short line of 7.4 km
Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m
Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms /m
Use default values for the capacitances
B
_
Etrv
m
o
t
Timed
Breaker
E
B_mot Logic
Open@t0
m
o
t
N
0.001
500 kVA Induction machine.
This block models the mechanical Squerriel Cage Type.
M
characteristics of a typical load. I 13.8 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV
(Phase)
Mechanical Torque Irated = 0.02804 [kA]
L
2 * W S T Inertia = 0.7267 [s]
W X 0.8 TIN Stator resistance = 0.005 PU
0
.
0
.
Rotor Resistance = 0.008
0 0
TIN
T1.7 Plot the currents on either side of the transformer (ia and ib).
T1.8 The input torque to the machine is equal to 80% of the square of the speed. Derive
this signal using control blocks. i.e
5 / 72
T m 0.8 w2
Your instructor will explain the calculation program structure of EMTDC and the
definition of ‘electric’ and ‘control’ type models.
T1.9 The breaker (initially open) should be closed at 0.2s to start the motor.
T1.10 Plot the machine speed, the mechanical torque and the developed electric torque.
Note: Some variables can be measured from within the component. These are normally
listed under the parameter section ‘Internal output variables’
If time permits…
T1.11 Add a load of 1 MVA at 0.8-power factor at 12.47 kV. The same transformer
supplies this load. Does the load see an unacceptable voltage sag during motor start?
6 / 72
Data:
Motor
500 kVA Induction machine.
Short Line
Short line of 7.4 km
2 *
W X 0.8 TIN
Capacitor leg
Capacitor
800 KVars per phas e
7 / 72
Tutorials 1 – 6
1. Initializing a simulation
2. Switching study
3. Transformers and inrush
4. Transmission lines
5. Power electronic switching
6. Induction machine dynamics
7. Synchronous Machines and controls
8. Wind farms and doubly fed machines
8 / 72
Tutorial 1 – Two Area Power System – Initializing the simulation to a specific load
flow.
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear
in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc] . Right-click on this Workspace settings
entry and select Save As… and give the case a name.
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case representing a simplified two
area power system as shown in the figure below. A 55 km transmission line connects
Station A to a 100 MW wind farm. All other connections to Station A are represented by
an equivalent 230 kV source. The equivalent source impedance is derived from a steady
state fault study at 60 Hz. The line is represented by its series reactance. The
transformer is represented by its impedance, referred to the 230 kV side.
0.14 0.074
L L
R R
R 230 kV Eq. source R
P1
Z_positive = 10 Ohms at 88
Q1 deg.
L L
R Z_zero = 7 Ohms at 82 deg. R
P2
Q2 Q2
Fig1. Two area system
T1.3 The wind farm is also represented by a network equivalence. The positive sequence
impedance of this source at 33 kV is 1 Ohm at 89 deg.
0
NOTE: Referred to the 230 kV side the impedance value Ans:48.577 at 89
T1.4 The voltage behind the equivalent impedance at the wind farm is 35 kV. The phase
angle is 7 degrees. Determine the power flow across the line.
Note: Converted to the 230 kV side, the equivalent voltage is 243.939 kV at 7 deg
9 / 72
T1.5 Plot the power and reactive power flow at both ends of the line. These signals can
be obtained from the voltage source models as internal outputs.
T1.6 Use proper scale factors inside the Output Channels’ to convert PU values to MW
and MVar. Verify the results.
T1.7 How do you change the time step, the simulation time and the plot time? How do
you determine the simulation time step?
T1.8 Can you save results to external output files for post processing?
T1.9 If you specified to write data to output files, where are they located?
Different parts of the simulation model can be arranged inside page modules. PSCAD
allows ‘nested’ page modules. If you make a change to your existing case, PSCAD will
identify the page modules where changes took place. Only these modules will be re-
compiled. (Time savings in large cases)
T1.10 Create a page module and include the equivalent source for the wind farm inside
this module as shown in the figures 2 and 3. What is the use of the ‘ XNODE’
component?
Note: Your instructor will briefly discuss the use of ‘signal transmitters’ which can also
be used to transmit (control) signals from a page to another.
Wind
a
Farm
0.14 0.074
L
R
R
L
R
P2
Q2 Q2
Fig.2 Main page
10 / 72
L
R a
R
L
R
P1
Q1
Fig.3. Subpage
T1.11 Modify the source at Station A to control its parameters externally. Add a control
panel to specify these values. Can the values be changed during a simulation?
Note: Make sure that the angle is specified in degrees (parameter setting inside the
source model)
P
h Main : Controls
R
R V230
L F
250 90 10
9
60.0 8
7
V 6
5
4
3
R 2
1
L 220 -90
230 0 1
Fig.4. External control of the source parameters.
T1.12 Modify the circuit to include breakers, breaker controls, meters and the PSCAD
‘fault component’. The case should look like as shown in figure 5. Plot, E1, I1 and the
rms value of E1.
11 / 72
T1.13 Simulate an A-G fault. The fault inception time is 0.4s. The fault duration is 0.5 s.
Note the dc offset of I1.
(The dc offset can cause mal-operation of protection due to CT saturation. We will study
this in later on as a separate example.)
T1.14 What factors influence the initial dc offset and its rate of decay? Change the fault
inception time to 0.404 s and observe the results.
T1.15 Breaker 3 is initially closed. Open and close this breaker at 0.5 s and 0.65 s
respectively.
T1.16 Include a FFT block in your simulation cases shown in figure 6. Convert I1 to its
sequence components. Verify the results of the FFT for different fault types. Add a
‘poly -meter’ to observe the frequency spectrum.
Note: The instructor will demonstrate the use of the ‘phasor meter’.
12 / 72
1 1 1
2
T1.17 Load the case T_01_e.psc from the example cases given to you as course material.
Study the ‘sequencer units’ available to define a series of timed events.
13 / 72
The utility plans to add 300 MVars of capacitive reactive power at station A to support
the 230 kV bus voltage. A transient study is required to design equipment of this
installation.
230 kV
GT230
Voltage s upport
Cap. Bank
P
h
R
R
L F
60.0
V
R
L
The circuit inside the sub page represents a 230 kV capacitor bank with 4 steps per
phase (see attached diagrams). Each step is rated at 25 Mvar/phase. The capacitor
banks are solidly grounded. The inrush and the outrush reactors sizes are to be
determined so that the switching transients do not exceed the breaker capabilities and
are within the IEEE standards.
The values of the outrush/inrush reactors have been determined using IEEE
C37.06.2000.
T2.2 Use manual breaker controls to switch the breakers R1, R2 and R4. Also measure
the currents in the breakers.
T2.3 Add a timed breaker component to control breaker R3, measure the currents in R3.
14 / 72
T2.4 Add meters to measure the currents and voltages on the system side of the
outrush reactor.
T2.5 Run the case with R1 closed, R2 and R4 open, and R3 set to close at 0.2 s.
T2.6 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current in R3.
T2.7 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current at the outrush
reactor.
T2.8 Note the differences between (7) and (8). Discuss the results.
Important: Ensure that you are using the proper time step and for visualization
purposes, the proper plot step!
T2.9 A Peak inrush current depends on POW switching. This should be studied to
ensure that the breaker meets the TRV and di/dt capabilities.
T2.10 Use the Multiple Run component to control the R3 closing time. Also record the
currents in Breaker R3 and main feeder current.
Set the multiple run to switch for 5 sequential points on the wave.
Take a snapshot at 0.199sec and the run multiple run for 20 sequential points on the
wave.
Compare your results with IEEE standard results. Can the simulation time step be
changed when the case is run from a snapshot file?
T2.11 What are some considerations for the selection of time-step for this type of
simulation?
T2.12 EXTRA: Check the impedance spectrum using the ‘Harmonic Impedance’
component. This is an important step in the design of capacitor banks. The addition of
the capacitors can give rise to system resonances that are not acceptable.
Is this circuit appropriate to check for system resonances? Why? (not enough details of
the system around the Station A bus is included to capture the frequency effects)
15 / 72
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
Series1
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
The surge arrestors should protect the capacitors from switching over voltages. Re-
strike of capacitors breaker can cause large over-voltage transients and is usually the
criteria for the selection of MOVs. Discuss the data entry for the MOV model.
16 / 72
0
.
0
0 Outrush
3
1 kJoules
7 Reactors
MOV
I
m
o
Closed@t0 v
Logic
Breaker MOV
Timed
-
3 -
3
-7 0 .
9 .
9
. 8 0
.
-7 0
. 8 0
.
9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0
. 8
8 e 5 .7 9 e 5
R 0
2 1 R - 6
0 3 R 2 - 6
0 3
1 [
M 3
2 0 5 3 M 0
[
2 0 5
5 V [ 5
V [
M [ A M [
A W MM
[ MM
[
R V W RW V W
] ] A ] ] ] A ]
R R
] ]
Closed@t0
Logic
R1 R2 Breaker R3 R4
Timed
R2 R4
17 / 72
Open the capacitor main breaker R3. Keep all other breakers closed. Make the ‘fault’
component inactive.
Most transient studies require the accurate modeling of transformers and transmission
lines. Transformer inrush requires the accurate modeling of the non-linear iron core.
Switching transient studies require the modeling of transmission lines to include the
effects frequency dependent line parameters and traveling wave phenomena.
T3.2 Use detailed models to represent the 33/230 kV transformer and the 55 km
transmission line. The transformer has a Y-Y configuration and consists of three single
phase units. The no load current is 1 %. The no load and copper losses are 0.003 pu and
0.002 pu respectively.
The conductor arrangement of the line is as shown below. Use the frequency
dependent phase model to represent the line.
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
Ground_Wires: 1/2"HighStrengthSteel
0 [m]
Fig.1. 230 kV Transmission tower.
18 / 72
Inrush Study:
T3.3 Open the breakers #2 and #3. The transformer is energized on no load by closing
the breaker #1. Close breaker 1 at 0.15s and observe the inrush currents.
T3.4 Add a 1 Ohm resister in series with the 33 kV winding and observe the results.
What effect does the resistance have on the decay of the inrush current?
T3.5 Does the breaker closing instant influence the magnitude of inrush? Close the
breaker at 0.1535 s and observe the current on phase A.
T3.6 Enable the ‘single pole operation’ mode of the breaker. Close the poles at instants
when the voltage of the respective phase is at a maximum. Observe results.
T3.7 What situation would cause the transformer to saturate on both halves of a voltage
cycle?
19 / 72
T3.8 Close breaker # 1 and open breaker # 3. Include the multiple run component to
control the operation of breaker #2 which is initially open. The closing instant B1 derived
from the multiple run.
T3.9 The breaker closing instant (B1) should be changed for each run. The breaker is
opened 0.15 s after its closing operation. Set the multiple run to switch for 10 sequential
points on a 60 Hz waveform. Record the peak voltage E1 at the receiving end.
A 130 km transmission line connects the Generating Station C and Station A. This line
runs parallel to the 55 km line between Station A and the Wind Farm for 20 km from
Station A. The generating voltage is stepped up to the transmission level through an
11/230 kV, Y-Y bank.
T3.10 Extend the model to include the 130 km line and the generator as shown in figure
4. The transmission lines are arranged in a sub page as shown in figure 5.
20 / 72
Station C
11/230 kV, 500MVA
Z=0.08 PU Three Phase
RMS Voltage Meter
RL RRL #1 #2
3 Phase
Zpos = 0.01 Ohms at 89 deg. Line_03 RMS
Zzero = 0.011Ohms an d 80 deg.
Timed
Breaker
BRK3 Logic
Closed@t0
T lines
230 kV
GT230
Timed Line_01 Voltage support
Breaker Line_02
Logic BRK2 Cap. Bank
Closed@t0 Line_03 BRK3
I1
BRK2 E1 P
h
E2 BRK4
Line_01 Line_02
F
I4
60.0
E4 V
Timed
Fault
Logic
Fig.4. Three area system
Line_01 Line_02
Line_01
Line_02
Line_03
Line_03
Fig.5. Line arrangement inside the sub-page.
T3.11 The voltage behind the equivalent source impedance of the voltage source
representing the 4 generators at Station C is 12 kV at 21 degrees.
21 / 72
The wind turbines in the wind farm are driving induction generators operating at 33 kV.
The total MVA of the station is 100 MVA. Replace the equivalent source with a detailed
model of an induction generator. Assume all generators at the wind farm are operating
under identical conditions. The induction generator connection is shown in figure 1.
External ro tor
resistance
R R R
r
o r
o r
o
Wind... t t t
TIME o o
+ o
+ +
DIST Rrotor r r r
10
Q1 P1
o
h Rrotor Q P
m P
o
w
StoT B e
r A
0
0 WIN W
1.0
IM
S Iabc
StoT
a
TL
TIN
A
-0.8 Ctrl = 1
B
-0.5
Ctrl
3
4
0
[
u
DIST F
]
Fig.1. Induction generator.
T4.2 Close breaker #1 at 2 s. Keep all other breakers closed. Assume the machine speed
is at 1 pu before closing breaker A. Has the power flow changed?
T4.3 Calculate the value of the shunt capacitance required to maintain the original
power flow. See Mathcad calculations. Lower the time step to 25 us.
T4.4 Will the system be stable if a sudden wind gust causes the input torque to the
machine to increase by 60% (or 80 %)?
22 / 72
T4.6 Note the line currents on the system side when the wind farm is connected to the
system. Change the initial speed of the machine to 0.6 pu and re run the simulation.
Note the current transients.
A Soft Starter shown in figure 2 is used to limit the starting currents when connecting
the induction generators to the system. The back to back thyristors are used to control
the voltage applied to the machine while its speed builds up. The firing angle
characteristics are given in the table in the file ‘softstart.txt’. Model the circuit shown in
figure 2. The firing controls for the thyristors are shown in figure 3.
FP1
1
2
T BRK_SW
2
FP3
2
FP2
TIME 1
BRK_SW
T
T BRK_SW
2 A
Ctrl = 1
FP5 ANG
2
FP4
B
180.0
ANG1
T Ctrl
BRKA
T BRK_SW
2
FP6
Ea
BRKA
NA Eb NB
Timed
Breaker Ec
Logic BRKA
Open@t0
Fig.2. Soft Starter.
23 / 72
ANG_2 ANG_3
H H
ANG_1
H
L L
L
2 2
2 FP3 FP5
FP1 ANG1 ANG1
ANG1 ANG_2 ANG_3
H H
ANG_1
H
+ L + L
D + D +
+ L
D + 2 2
F F
2 FP4 FP6
F
FP2 0
. 0
.
0 0
0
. 8 8
0 1 1
8
1
Va Va Va
Ea Eb Ec
PLL ANG_1 PLL ANG_2 PLL ANG_3
Vb theta Vb theta Vb theta
Eb Ec Ea
Vc Vc Vc
Ec Ea Eb
Fig.3. Firing controls.
24 / 72
T5.2 Use the methods discussed in the supplementary exercises to replace the 11 kV
source model with a detailed hydro generator model.
T5.3 Enter the ratings of the machine to reflect the 500 MVA, 11 kV unit. (This may
represent a number of identical units operating in parallel).
T5.5 The voltage magnitude and the phase angle of the 11 kV source are used to
initialize the machine. Observe the power flow and explain the reasons for minor
differences.
T5.6 Try using suitable control methods to adjust the machine power flow to the original
values.
25 / 72
T6.4 Are all models in the control system found in the master library? Can the user
define custom components and use then along with standard models from the master
library?
D
+
Va -
C
* 1 phisx
A
Isa 0.037 sT sT X ma g
alfa G r to p
D Valfa 1 + sT Vsmag phsmag
+ B 3 to 2
Vb - Y phi
Transform sT Y X
C G
* beta Vbeta 1 1 + sT phis
C
Isb 0.037 D sT phisy
+
Vc -
C
*
Isc 0.037
Stator flux vector
slpang
A Ira_ref Iraa
D alfa alfa
Rotor
2 to 3 B
to Stator Irb_ref Irbb
Transform
Q beta beta
C Irc_ref Ircc
Rotor reference currents
26 / 72
27 / 72
Objective :
Fundamental aspects of Breaker TRV
Selection of time step
Influence of stray capacitance
Influence of loads and losses (resistance)
IEEE defined breaker capability curves
TRV under fault and normal switching conditions and use of multiple run
T1.1 Open the case T_03_a.psc that was completed in Tutorial 3. Rename this as
T_03_a_trv.psc. Keep breakers #1, #2 and #3 closed and the capacitor banks open. Run
the case and make sure the power flow is as expected.
T1.3 Open breaker #3 at 0.44 s. Observe the voltage across the breaker poles.
T1.4 Discuss the reason for TRV. Now lower the time step to 2 us and observe the
results. This will make clear that for TRV studies, a small time step is necessary.
10
-10
-20
-30
T1.5 In TRV studies, the stray capacitances near the breaker must be modeled
adequately. How do we determine these values?
T1.6 IEEE standards (IEEE C37.011) define the TRV capability curves for different
breakers. These limits depend on a number of factors.
28 / 72
Open the two PSCAD included with the course material. The two cases are
TRV_Case_01.psc and TRV_Case_02.psc. TRV_Case_02.psc is from a low voltage
distribution system of a utility in Florida. It was used to identify TRV issues and to
identify corrective measures.
29 / 72
Objectives:
30 / 72
Pm ot Qm ot
P r Q
e
w
o
A P B
W
0.0
IM
S Is
0.0 #1 #2
BRK 0.001
TL
TIN
13.8 kV,2.2 kA motor
50.19 MVA, Inertia(J)= 2.2 p u BRK
*
W TIN
W
T1.2 The load torque applied to the motor is related to the motor speed. Derive a control
block that will generate a torque signal that is proportional to the speed. (TIN = k*w)
T1.3 The motor is to be switched on to the supply using a breaker. Use a ‘two state’
switch to send a signal to the breaker.
T1.4 Observe the starting characteristics. Plot the line current, speed, Electric and
mechanical torque and the terminal voltage at the machine.
This case models the loads of an industrial plant. Identify different components in the
model.
T1.7 Note the voltage dip during motor starting. Is this a power quality concern?
31 / 72
T1.10 Induction motor transients can lead to serious power quality issues. The simulation
example in case ind_motor_starting_01.psc illustrates the voltage dips seen by the other
loads connected to the transformer. Load and run this case.
a) Does additional rotor resistance affect the starting transients?
b) See the effect of rotating inertia and mechanical damping on the transients.
c) What are the typical loads types (characteristics) that are encountered in
industry applications?
T1.11 Load the case ind_motor_starting_02.psc. Note the load torque profile. Observe
the voltage variation at the load terminal.
FP1
1
2
T
T BRK_SW
2
FP3
2
FP2
T
T BRK_SW
2
FP5
2
FP4
T
T BRK_SW
2
FP6
BRK
a1 A Ea a2
b1 B Eb b2
c1 C Ec c2
T1.12 Soft starting methods such as that shown in Fig 2 are used to limit the starting
current of large induction machines. Discuss the current limiting mechanism of this
scheme. Load the case ind_motor_starting_03.psc.
a) What is the role of the PLL?
b) How are signals transmitted from the main page to the sub page?
c) Can PSCAD read data from external files? List a few applications where this
can be useful?
Verify the operation of the soft switch.
32 / 72
Lightening Strike
Objectives:
33 / 72
T1.1 The circuit shown below represents the arrangement of a transformer sub-station.
This model is used to study the over voltages at a transformers terminal during a
lightning strike on a station bus bar.
Stray capacitance
Stray capacitance of equipment
of equipment
P
Approximate surge
impedance Steep Front
line termination Surge
Arrester Winding Capacitance for
ABB EXLIM Surge 220 kV Autotransformer
N Arrester 192 kV (approximate)
Bx
e B 0
.
5
- * To account for the fundamental
TIME * frequency voltage component,
+ 1.02 Lightning Current
the dc source is set to peak
Bx F ac volts.
e
T1.3 How do you represent the transformer? Where do you obtain the data?
T1.4 How are transmission lines and cables represented for the purpose of this study?
Can we justify this representation?
T1.5 Does the position of the arrester have an impact on the over-voltage at the
transformer? Place the arrester at the transformer terminal and observe the over-voltage.
T1.7 How do we model the lightening surge? How do we define parameters for the
surge?
34 / 72
Ferro-Resonance Investigation
Objectives:
Transformer parameters
Saturation
Selection of the simulation time step
35 / 72
Ferro-resonance - Tutorial 1
T1.1 Open the case ferroresonance.psc. This case is used to study a ferro resonance
event during a breaker malfunction.
30MVADistribution Transformer
System Equivalent 230kV/13.2kV,Del ta/Wye-Gnd
Source Representation Ztx=7.65%
Timed
B B B Breaker Disable saturation
R R R
K K K LINEA Logic and re run
0 C
0 B 0 A Closed@t0
.
0 .
0 .
0
50 MVAr @ 230kV 0 0 0 Timing for Line Breaker
1 1 1
5 5 5
1.5mH Outrush Reactor Timed Phase A: Closed (stuck)
Breaker Secondary Load
Logic Phase B: Opens at 100mSec
LINEB
Closed@t0 Phase C: Closed (stuck)
Output Voltages
2 2 2 0.350 [MW]
.
5 .
5 .
5
1 1 1 Timed
Breaker
Logic
LINEC
Closed@t0
T1.2 Check the data entry for transformer saturation. What do different entries represent?
T1.6 What effect does the load have on the over voltage transients?
36 / 72
37 / 72
Objective
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar . A new case should appear
in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc] . Right-click on this Workspace settings
entry and select Save As… and give the case a name.
NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Faults. Save the case as case01.psc
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. The single line diagram shown below is a
part of a substation feeding a shunt reactor. The reactor is modeled in two parts to enable
a falut at point B, inside the turns. The component data is as shown. (make the
transformer losses zero to limit the number of nodes if using the student version)
Station 115 kV
bus
Short line
#1 #2
RL RRL
0.005 0.1 Ea
REACTORS
L
I
Ir2 Ir1
B A
0.0125 0.0125
T1.3 Build the case in PSCAD and enter the component data.
T1.4 Use the ‘fault component to simulate a phase A to ground falut at location A at 0.1s.
38 / 72
Timed
Fault
Logic
T1.5 Observe the fault curent, IL. What is the reason for the presence of the initial DC
exponential component?
T1.6 What affects the rate of decay of the DC components. Change the resistance of the
short line to 1 Ohm and observe the results.
T1.7 Does the instant of the fault inception have an effect on the DC offset.?
T1.8 What negative impacts can the DC offset have on the system protection.?
T1.9 Connect the phase A line current at point A to the CT model as shown below. The
CT ratio is 5:400. The CT burden is 0.15 Ohms in series with 0.8mH. Plot the secondary
current and the flux density.
IL1
Burden resistance
1 and 0.1 Ohms
T1.10 Increase the burden resistance to 4 Ohms and observe the results. Note the half
cycle saturation effects due to the dc offset in the primary current.
T1.11 The reactor is protected by a differential relay scheme. Use the 2-CT model in
PSCAD to connect one phase of the reactor protection scheme.
Ir11
Ir21
T1.12 Verify the burden current in the differential CT connection for faults at A and B.
T1.13 Does the impedance of the connection leads have an effect on the results.? How is
this impedance accounted for.?
T1.14 Open the case ftdiff.psc. Check the performance of the differential relay during
transformer energization.
39 / 72
Objective:
Getting familiar with models in the ‘Relay’ section of the master library.
T2.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar . A new case should appear
in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc] . Right-click on this Workspace settings
entry and select Save As… and give the case a name.
NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Faults. Save the case as case02.psc
T2.2 Open the main page of your new case. Construct the simple two area system shown
in the diagram. The voltage sources are set to 230 kV. The inputs to the page module
‘Relay’ are all real data inputs.
0.1 0.1
I1
E 8.0 0.08 2.0 0.02
Timed
Fault
ABC->G Logic
Ic
I1 1 2 3 Ic
Ia Ib Ic Ib
Ib
E 1 Ia Relay Expand this page to view the
Ea Ia relay components
Ea
Ea
T2.3 Use the modules in the ‘relay’ section of the master library to construct a simple
distance relay. The different modules are shown below.
40 / 72
Mag
(7) 1 Impedance calculation
F FT
Ph EaM
Ea (7) 1 VM
dc EaP EaM VP
F = 60.0 [Hz]
EaP IM Va R
Mag IaM IP X R
(7) 1 IaP I0M I + kI
F FT a 0 N
N/D
Ph IaM I0M I0P X
Ia (7) 1 I0P
376.99 D
dc IaP
F = 60.0 [Hz]
Ia Mag
B (7) 1
F FT
+ Ph I0M
+
IbD + (7) 1
R 21
dc I0P R
F F = 60.0 [Hz]
Ic
X
X
Mho
Ia
Characteistics
Ib
Ic
Ea
41 / 72
Power Quality
42 / 72
The developed EAF model is based on the non-linear differential equations as outlined in
[1], which models the non-linear characteristics of the electric arc as pictured in Fig. 1a.
The equations representing the arc voltage (v) to arc current (i) are shown below, where r
is the arc radius:
n dr k 2
k r k r dt
3
1 2 m 2
r
i
v
k 3
i
m 2
r
The parameters k i, r and n characterize the arc under a given operating condition. In
reality, this V-I characteristic shows much more “noise” due to the unpredictable and
chaotic nature of the load. Fig. 1b shows a more realistic EAF V-I characteristic.
43 / 72
It is important to note that it is impossible to get a simulation case to match the observed
results perfectly due to the nature of the problem. The important thing is to capture the
essential features and the trends of a practical arc furnace.
Reference:
[1] “A Harmonic Domain Computational Package for Non-Linear Problems and its
Application to Electric Arcs,” E. Acha, A. Semlyen, N. Rajakovic. IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery,Vol 5, No.3, July 1990.
44 / 72
FACTS DEVICES
Active Filters
45 / 72
Objective:
Getting familiar with power electronic firing models
Getting familiar with control system building block models
Active filter theory
T14.1 Open the two PSCAD cases provided with the course material. The two cases are:
Activefilter_SR F .psc
Activefilter_I RP.psc
They are located in the folder named ‘Active_filter’
T14.2 The main loads on both these case produce significant harmonics. Study the
different models used in the control circuit for the variable speed drive in
Activefilter_I RP.psc .
T14.3 Study the control technique used in both IRP and SRF methods.
T14.4 Study how the current reference PWM is implemented to in the active filter bridge.
What is the function of the interpolated firing pulse module?
0.002
1
2
3
2
4 (1) G11
5
H_on 6 2
6 H (2) G21
ON
6 2
L (3) G31
H_off 6 2
H (4) G41
OFF
6 2
L (5) G51
2
(6) G61
T14.5 Change the parameters of the filters in the control circuit of the active filter and
see the change in response. Can we use FFT to extract the frequencies of interest?
46 / 72
Synchronous Machines
Exercises 1 - 2
47 / 72
Exercise 1
Timer
3 Phase
LRR RMS
Timer
S2M
E
F
V 17.32
F
I 0 60.0
F
.
0
1
C B A
P
Ef0 Ef
Ef If
If
h
A Iffa A
HydroGener
B Iffb B
Te
C Iffc C
Tm
w Tm Tm0
W TM
0.495
E1.2 How do you start the machine as a ‘voltage source’. How do you switch from a
‘voltage source’ to a machine rotating at a fixed speed? How do you enable the rotational
dynamics of the machine ?
E1.3 What are the functions of signals Ef0 and Tm0 of the synchronous machine model.
E1.4 Set the machine initial voltage magnitude to 1.04 pu and the phase to 0.75 rad.
E1.5 Run the case and note the Power and Reactive Power levels at steady state. Also
measure the input torque Tm and the field voltage Ef at steady state.
E1.6 Start the machine in the normal ‘machine’ mode and observe the results.
E1.7 Use the steady state Tm and Ef values in E5.5 as inputs to Tm and Ef. Start the
machine in the ‘machine’ mode. Observe results.
48 / 72
Exercise 2
S /H
in out
hold
S2M
F
E
F I
0
.
0
1
C B A
Ef If VT 3
Ef0 Ef
IT A Iffa A
HydroGener
B Iffb B
Te
C Iffc C
Tm
w Tm Tm0
TM
W Tmstdy
w w Tm
z z
Hydro Gov 1 Hydro Tur 1
z0 zi
Wref Wref
1.0
E2.2 Make sure the machine is rated at 150 MVA, 17.32 kV. It should be connected to an
infinite bus rated at the same voltage through a transmission line of inductance 0.01 H.
E2.3 Calculate the machine terminal voltage in PU and the phase angle in radians, if the
steady state power and reactive power flow is 54 MW and 27 MVar respectively.
E2.4 Set the machine initial conditions so that the simulation will give the correct steady
state P and Q flow.
E2.7 Start the simulation with the machine in the normal ‘machine’ mode. What
additional initial conditions are to be supplied to the machine?
49 / 72
50 / 72
Twoarea_system.psc
This case shows two hydro generators connected through a tie line. When the system load
changes, the tie line power is determined by the governor droop settings.
Check if the machine inertia affects the results.
Changes the droop settings to see the effects.
E x_Smallsignal.psc
E x_Smallsignal_exciter.psc
(The machine parameters and the system parameters are as given in the book, Power
System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur.
The steady state P and Q values are 0.9 and 0.3 respectively.
The oscillation frequency, upon a small disturbance is around 1 Hz and agrees with the
Eigen Value calculation.)
These cases illustrate the oscillations in a system when a small disturbance is applied.
The oscillation frequencies are in agreement with frequency domain Eigan value
calculations.
Does machine parameters affect the oscillation frequency?
Does the machine inertia affect the oscillation frequency?
Does the load flow condition effect the oscillation frequency?
E x_fault_exciter.psc
Critical clearing time for this fault is 0.1 if the regulator gain is over 400. For values less
than 400, the system becomes unstable. Try different fault clearing times and exciter
gains to see how they are related.
E x_pss_tune.psc
The system shown in this case is unstable if run without a power system stabilizer. Run
the case with a constant field voltage and see if the system is stable. This will verify that
the instability is due to the exciter action.
Can we make the system stable by reducing the exciter gain?
Design a power system stabilizer (PSS) to minimize the speed change upon a disturbance.
Use the optimization method of PSCAD to design the PSS parameters.
51 / 72
52 / 72
Objectives:
T1.1 Create two cases with E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus systems: one using only the
.raw file and the other including the dynamic data .dyr file.
- Practice with the selection of zone/area/bus/proximity/
- Network equivalences
- Manual modifications required for EMT study purpose
53 / 72
EnabExc
VREF
VCT Enab Vref
0.0 IEEET1
VS
VS
Ef0
3
EF0 E VT
G EF IF 3IT
Exciter VREF 1 + sT Ef0 Ef If 1 VT G Vm
Ef If A
is loadflow terminal voltage... V 1 + sT
E E
VREF TE Te
0.9972 Volts(pu)
4.1825 Angle(deg) GENROU E
Tm
632.0 / 1.0 Pout(MW)
w Tm
109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) E
Wpu TM Tm0 G TM0
Initial Conditions from Loadflow
1 + sT
W TM
TM0
IEEEG1
EnabGov
Enab
E Wref
1.0
WRef
Fig. 2: Detailed machine mode in the substitution library for EMT study
T1.4 Model verification.
- Comparison of P, Q, V
- Short circuit data
54 / 72
E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD and E-TRAN custom substitution libraries
Network equivalences
Model validation
The IEEE 39-bus system (see Figure 1) is used as the base case to illustrate the PSS/E to
PSCAD conversion process. The IEEE 39-bus system is a standard system used for
testing new power systems simulation methodologies. It was created based on a
simplified model of the New England power system. The 39-bus system has 10
generators, 19 loads, 36 transmission lines and 12 transformers.
The conversion of the system into PSCAD is achieved through E-TRAN, a program
developed by Electranix Corporation. In addition to converting PSS/E data into PSCAD
cases, this program offers many powerful features that could be manipulated by the
simulation engineer to reduce the time spent on a study. The software’s most relevant
features are outlined in this document.
55 / 72
BUS29
T
E_26_29_1 P = 975.2
Q= 54.56
V= 1.026
230.0 : 230.0
GEN N
1 A 9
E
8 G
E V
. 6 4
2
1 9
. 0
. BUS28 BUS38
5 2 1
5 2 = A V T T
= = V
100.0 P,Q
E_26_28_1 E_28_29_1 VBUS38
P Q 25.0 E Load
VBUS37 VBUS26
2 2 1
3 5 0
0 . 0
. 0
T T
1 0 .
GEN 100.0
0
E :
E_25_26_1 P,Q E_23_24_1
10 2
3
E
25.0 E Load
L P
2
0
. 6
9 . 5
. o ,
VBUS28
0 a Q
3 3 0 T
5 6 . BUS25 GEN
d
2 1 1 A V E_26_27_1
6
= = = 100.0 P,Q BUS24
VBUS25
P Q V 25.0 E Load 9
2 1
VBUS24 . 6
8 . 5
BUS30 1 5 0
8 3 .
5 0
6 2 1 A V
. 0
0 .
=
0
T = =
VBUS30
2
3
E_2_25_1 T E
P Q V
VBUS27
0
.
1 0 E_16_24_1 L P
E : BUS27 o
a ,
Q BUS35
VBUS18 100.0 P,Q
2 d
3
BUS18 25.0 E Load VBUS35
0
.
0 2
3
BUS2 2 1 BUS16 0
.
5 0 T 100.0
1 0
E_17_27_1 P,Q E :
VBUS2 VBUS16
. 0
25.0 E Load
0 .
0 T 2
E_17_18_1 T 3
E T E_16_21_1
0
T E_3_18_1 T .
0
T
L P
E_2_3_1 o , E_15_16_1 VBUS22
a Q E_16_19_1
d T BUS21 BUS22
E_16_17_1
V
B VBUS21 T
BUS3 U BUS15
E_21_22_1
T
S
1 BUS17 100.0 P,Q BUS19
VBUS3 VBUS15 E_22_23_1
25.0 E Load
2 1 7
100.0
5 0
P,Q
VBUS19
. 0
25.0 E Load
0 .
0
E T BUS23
L P E_3_4_1 T 2
3
2
3 2 1
E_14_15_1
5 0
T
o 0 0
a ,
Q . 0
VBUS23
. . 0 .
E_1_2_1 d 1 0 1 0 0
E : E :
T 2 2 E
E_4_14_1
3 3 2
L P 3
BUS4
0 0
. . o 0
0 0 a ,
Q .
1 0
100.0 P,Q BUS14
d
E :
VBUS4
25.0 E Load 2
VBUS14
3
BUS20 BUS33
0
.
0
T
E_4_5_1 Load E 25.0
P,Q 100.0 VBUS20 4 8 VBUS33
. . 7 BUS36
2 3 0 9
6 3 0
.
6 1 1 . 5
7 . 1
A V 3 1 8
VBUS36
2
= = = 7 0 6
3
5 1 0
. A V
0
P Q V = = 0
.
1 0
BUS5
P Q =
E :
GEN V
2
3
BUS1 VBUS5 0
4 GEN
E
.
0
< 7
VBUS1
-
L T -
i - 1
n L 0
e i
n
1 e 0
-- T BUS34
E_13_14_1
>
VBUS34
BUS6 . 5
2 . 8
5 4 1
BUS12 3 6 0
.
5 1 1 A V
T VBUS6 = = =
T 100.0 P,Q P Q
E_1_39_1 VBUS12 V
E_5_8_1 T 25.0 E Load
E_6_7_1
2 2 GEN
T 5
3 3
0 0
E_6_11_1 .
1 0
.
1 0
BUS7 E : E :
2 2
2 1 3 3
5 0 0 0
VBUS39 . 0 2 .
0 .
0
0
T
. 3
BUS39
0 0
E_7_8_1
. 2
8
.
. 9
E 1 0
3 4 2
E :
4 1 0
.
L P
7 1 1 A V
o
a ,
Q
2
3 BUS11 BUS13
= =
2 1
= BUS8
5 0 d 0 E E
P Q
. 0 .
V VBUS13
0 0
.
0 < <
VBUS8 VBUS11
2 1 - -
E 5 0 L T - L T -
i - 1 i - 1
. 0
0 n L 0 n L 0
T
L P . e i
n e i
n
0 1 e 0 1 e 0
GEN
o
a , E_9_39_1
Q -- --
1 BUS31
d E > >
T L P
E_8_9_1 o
a ,
VBUS31
Q 2 1
d 5 0
. 0
0
.
BUS10
0
E
BUS9
L P
o VBUS10
a ,
Q 2
3
d 0
VBUS9 .
1 0
E :
2
3
7 7 1
. .
0
9 5 6
.
9
0
2 3 9
5 2 . A V
0
= = = BUS32
P Q 8
V . 8
9 . 1
7 6
9 2 9 VBUS32
GEN 6 2 9
.
0 A V
2 = = =
P Q
V
Slack Bus
GEN
3
To convert the *.raw/*.dyr files, start the E-TRAN program. The pop-up dialog will
prompt the user through the conversion steps (see ¡Error! No se encuentra el origen de
la referencia. ). The user will have to specify the location of the *.raw/*dyr data files and
the target *.psc file. In the next dialog, the user will specify if the entire network is to be
‘kept’ or if only a specific part is kept and the rest equivalenced. In most transient studies
there is no added benefit in modeling the details of the network beyond a few buses away
from the location of main interest. E-TRAN allows for the system to be partially or fully
converted (all its nodes) into PSCAD.
56 / 72
The conversion process will generate a PSCAD (*.psc) file in the specified location. The
network equivalent sources will have their magnitudes and phase angles automatically set
for the same power flow as in the original PSS/E file.
57 / 72
Open PSCAD
58 / 72
library. Fortunately, E-TRAN allows the user to create a user substitution library where
any additional information will have to be entered by the users only once, when the
component is used the first time.
An example that calls for the use of the custom substitution library could be a
transmission line, where the PI section or the Bergeron models used to represent it may
have to be replaced by a more accurate frequency dependant model, which will require
specific information on the tower, conductor and right of way dimensions.
In the custom substitution library the user can predefine the substitution of a specific
system component to be done with a pre-filled out PSCAD master library component (or
a user built component) by referencing to the bus number they are connected to (see
Figure 4)
E
~
Source1
Syncronous m achine
at bus 159
T
B_456_ B_822_T1
“You can save detailed device data in this library, and E -TRAN will use this data (substituting it for the simple load
flow data) every time a region of the network is converted into PSCAD. The goal is to eventually have all detailed
model data entered into this library. Once this is achieved, this library can be used to generate PSCAD cases for any
location of your system.
The models in the Substitution Library can also be custom written components, or even page components. A page
component can also have as many layers of sub-pages as required. Each page can also contain sliders, plots, graphs,
control-panels etc... When E-TRAN copies the data from your Substitution Library, it will also replace initial condition
information. For example, E-TRAN will modify synchronous machine data to replace the data for the terminal voltage,
angle, P and Q.”
The construction of the custom library will require a significant investment of time for
large networks. However, once it is completed, you can convert any part of your network
without having to do any manual data entry. This was identified as a key time saving
feature by large utilities and consultants who are required to work on different parts of
large networks when undertaking different projects.
59 / 72
Convert the PSS/E file to PSCAD, keeping the details 2 or 3 buses away from the
main point of interest and equivalencing the rest.
Use the frequency scan component of PSCAD to plot the impedance vs.
frequency characteristic of this system at the bus concerned.
Reconvert the PSS/E file, this time, keeping the details of one more bus away
than in the earlier step.
Plot the impedance vs. frequency characteristics of this system at the bus
concerned and compare with the first plot.
Repeat the process until the differences in frequency characteristics are minor in
the frequency range of interest. Adding more details of the network beyond this
point is unlikely to improve results.
Z(f)
0.0 -
2000 [Hz]
60 / 72
Figure 6 Frequency scans 2, 3, … 6 buses away at bus No. 15 for the system under study
Figure 6 shows the use of the frequency scan feature. Here different network equivalents
were constructed using E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus system at bus No. 15 for 2, 3, … 6
buses away (with 6 buses away comprising the whole network). These network
equivalents were created using the load flow data file only (*.raw). It can be observed
that the frequency spectrums of the equivalent networks start providing a good
approximation for the whole network starting at ‘4 buses away’.
Validation
A quick method to validate the simplified equivalent system provided by E-TRAN is to
compare the values calculated by PSCAD for node voltages, transmission line load flows
or P, Q flows at generation busses with the ones previously calculated by PSS/E. For
such purpose, use the multi-meter to display the voltage at the node of concern and the P
and Q flows in the respective transmission line. Then, display the same information for
such node in the PSS/E load flow utility. The converted PSCAD case will have auto
generated labels that display the P, Q flows at generation buses. Figure 7 shows the
PSS/E and PSCAD results for the voltage magnitude and angle at node 15 as well as the
P and Q flows for the nodes 15 to 16 transmission line.
61 / 72
P1 : ...
V15 Angle
V15_Ang
P = -314.7
-7.74857
Q = -151.7
Z(f) LBUS15 V = 1.015
N15 T
A E_15_16_1
0.0 - V
2000 [Hz]
Short-circuit level calculation at certain buses for the converted PSCAD case is also
recommended. The short-circuit results can be compared to those from the PSS/E study
or utility system data for validation purpose. Once the PSCAD system has been validated,
it is ready to be used for transient studies.
62 / 72
EnabExc
VREF
VCT Enab Vref
0.0 IEEET1
VS
VS
Ef0
3
EF0 E VT
G EF IF 3IT
Exciter VREF 1 + sT Ef0 Ef If 1 VT G Vm
Ef If A
is loadflow terminal voltage... V 1 + sT
E E
VREF TE Te
0.9972 Volts(pu)
4.1825 Angle(deg) GENROU E
Tm
632.0 / 1.0 Pout(MW)
w Tm
109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) E
Wpu TM Tm0 G TM0
Initial Conditions from Loadflow
1 + sT
W TM
TM0
IEEEG1
EnabGov
Enab
E Wref
1.0
WRef
63 / 72
LBUS18
T
N18 158.0 P,Q
E_3_18_1
30.0 E Load
LBUS25 LBUS26
T T
N25 N26 139.0 P,Q
E_2_25_1 E_25_26_1
17.0 E Load
224.0 P,Q
47.2 E Load
GBUS37
345.0 : 22.0
N37 540.0 E
1 ~
0.445
E VN37 E_37_0_1
GBUS30
345.0 : 22.0
N30 250.0 E
1 ~ P = 522
146.154
E VN30 E_30_0_1 Q = 176
GBUS39 LBUS09 LBUS08
T T T
N39 N9 N8 522.0 P,Q
E_1_39_1 E_9_39_1 E_8_9_1 A
176.0 E Load
VN39 V
1104.0 P,Q
250.0 E Load
1000.0 E
88.281
~
E_39_0_1
Figure 9 IEEE 39 bus system converted to PSCAD for bus No. 1 (3 nodes away)
A subsequent validation document will discuss the conversion process in more detail.
This will include a discussion on importing dynamic devices, saturation and comparison
of low frequency transients with transient stability results.
References
[1] Electranix Corporation “E-TRAN V1.1: Electrical Translation Program for Power
Systems. User’s Manual” February 2003
Prepared by:
Dharshana Muthumuni
Pei Wang
64 / 72
65 / 72
Adder
Purpose:
To get familiar with the Component Workshop (or the design editor).
Create input/output nodes.
Get familiar with the graphic, Parameters and the script sections of the editor.
K 1 A K
2 B C
A
Adder C
B
66 / 72
Integrator
Purpose:
Calling external subroutines.
Storing data for computations in following (future) time steps.
y xdt
x – input
y – output
y(t ) y(t
t ) x(t ) t
Integrator
x y
67 / 72
Purpose:
Design an ‘electrical’ component.
Using ‘branch’ and ‘transformer’ sections of the ‘script’
a1 a2
b1 b2
Two coupled
wires with capacitance
Use the ‘Branch’ section to add ‘stray capacitance’ between the wires on the input side.
68 / 72
Purpose:
I nterface an electric component as a voltage source. (Branch based interface)
f1 f2
a1
Simple
DC Machine
a2
w
69 / 72
FORTRAN CODES
Integrator:
!
SUBROUTINE INTEGRATOR(x,y,YINI)
!
! Purpose - integration of a real signal
! Language - Fortran 77/90
! Date -
! Author -
!
! Include Files
! -------------
INCLUDE 'nd.h'
INCLUDE 's1.h'
INCLUDE 'emtstor.h'
!
! Variable Declarations
! ---------------------
REAL x,y,YINI
REAL YOLD
INTEGER ISTORF
!
! Program begins
! --------------
! ISTORF = NSTORF
NSTORF = NSTORF + 1
! it is good to assign NSTORF to ISTORF and
! have all the user assigned STORx locations at the
! top, then you can even use the other functions
! available in EMTDC in your code without worrying
! about which STORx locations are
! used by them
YOLD = STORF(ISTORF)
! here NSTORF points to the first STORF location
! used in the routine, in the old method in V2, NEXC
! pointed to the last STOR location in the previously
! called subroutine/function.
Y = x*DELT + YOLD
! output at time zero
IF (TIMEZERO) THEN
Y = YINI
ENDIF
! save the data for next time step
STORF(ISTORF) = y
!
RETURN
END
70 / 72
Simple DC Machine:
SUBROUTINE SIMPLEDC(Kf,w,A1A2,F1F2,SS)
!
! Dharshana : 04 Aug 2002
!
INCLUDE 'nd.h'
INCLUDE 's0.h'
INCLUDE 's1.h'
INCLUDE 's2.h'
INCLUDE 'branches.h'
REAL Kf,Ifld,w,k_pi
INTEGER A1A2,F1F2,SS
!
! Read the field current and the armature current during the previous time step
Ifld=CBR(F1F2,SS)*1000
!
! Define the noload excitation charactersitics for the machine
!
k_pi = (150/188.5)*(1 -EXP(-Ifld/Kf))
!
EBR(A1A2,SS)=-k_pi*w/1000
!
RETURN
END
!
71 / 72
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72 / 72