Korea Translation Shift

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND PROCEDURES

OF KOREAN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-INDONESIAN
IN VIDEO TITLES
OF CLAIRE LUVCAT YOUTUBE CHANNEL
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
NADIA KHANSA AMIRA
Student Number: 184214064
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2022

IN VIDEO TITLES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
NADIA KHANSA AMIRA
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2022
ii
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

IN VIDEO TITLES
By
NADIA KHANSA AMIRA
Approved by
Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. July 18, 2022

Advisor
Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum. July 18, 2022

Co-Advisor
iii
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

IN VIDEO TITLES
By
NADIA KHANSA AMIRA
Defended before the Board of Examiners

on July 27, 2022
and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
NAME SIGNATURE
Chairperson : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum.
Secretary : Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum.
Member 1 : Almira Ghassani Shabrina R., S. S., M. A.
Member 2 : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum.
Member 3 : Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum.
Yogyakarta, July 29, 2022

Faculty of Letters
Universitas Sanata Dharma
Dean
Dr. Tatang Iskarna
iv
불티야 불티야 꺼지지 말고 피어나

불티야 불티야 새벽을 훨훨 날아가
새 불티야 불티야 춤추듯 온몸을 살라
새 불티야 불티야 꺼지지 말고 피어나
−태연−
vii
for
everyone who supports me
and myself… 수고했어요.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, I firstly would like to express my gratitude to The
Almighty Allah SWT for His blessings. I always think that I can finish this thesis
because of Him. I also would like to thank my parents for supporting me from day
one until now. Honorable mention goes to my maternal grandma since she
provides me tranquillity in her house during my study.
I sincerely would like to thank my brilliant advisor and co-advisor, Harris
Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. and Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum. They have
been giving me great advice and guidance in writing my thesis. I think I may be
completely lost if they do not help me at all.
I would like to thank my dearest fossils, Karin, Velin, and Husna, for
witnessing my racau and sambat over this research. Thank you for sharing the ups
and downs after all these years although we started off as virtual pals. I also would
like to thank the whole Class B for their four years of random dynamics. I feel
grateful for meeting many people with diverse stories to tell.
Last but not least, I would like to show my gratitude to my pusing playlists,
animanga, Claire and Kittisaurus, Hirai Momo, and Sebastian Moran. I realize that
it may sound cliché, yet I do not think I can finish this thesis without them since
they obliquely boost me during this distressing time.
Nadia Khansa Amira
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xv
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xviii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 4
D. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................. 6
B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................................... 9
1. Theories of Translation ............................................................................... 9
2. Theories of Translation Shifts .................................................................. 10
a. Level Shift ............................................................................................ 11
b. Category Shift ...................................................................................... 11
i. Structure Shift ........................................................................... 12
ii. Class Shift ................................................................................ 12
iii. Unit/rank Shift ........................................................................ 13
iv. Intra-system Shift .................................................................... 13
c. Syntactic Shift ...................................................................................... 14
d. Semantic Shift ...................................................................................... 14
e. Textual Shift ......................................................................................... 15
f. Pragmatic Shift ..................................................................................... 15
g. Rhetoric Shift ....................................................................................... 15
x
h. Stylistic Shift ........................................................................................ 15

3. Theory of Translation Procedures ............................................................ 16
a. Borrowing ............................................................................................. 16
b. Calque .................................................................................................. 16
c. Literal Translation ................................................................................ 17
d. Transposition ........................................................................................ 17
e. Modulation ........................................................................................... 18
f. Equivalence ............................................................................................ 18
g. Adaptation ............................................................................................ 19
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 21

A. Areas of Research ........................................................................................ 21
B. Object of the Study ...................................................................................... 21
C. Method of Study .......................................................................................... 22
D. Research Procedure ..................................................................................... 23
1. Types of Data ............................................................................................ 23
2. Data Collection ......................................................................................... 23
3. Population and Sample ............................................................................. 24
4. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................... 27

A. Translation Shifts in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles ...................................... 27
1. Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and Structure Shift
(English to Indonesian) ............................................................................ 29
2. Pragmatic Shift (Korean to English) and Semantic Shift
3. Syntactic Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ............... 35
4. Unit/rank and Semantic Shift (English to Indonesian) ............................. 36
5. Structure Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ............... 37
6. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Structure Shift
7. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Intra-system Shift
8. Semantic Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ............... 44
9. Intra-system Shift (English to Indonesian) ............................................... 46
10. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Level and Class Shift
(English to Indonesian) .......................................................................... 46
11. Intra-system Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ........ 48
xi
12. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Class Shift

13. Level and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and
Intra-system and Semantic Shift (English to Indonesian) ...................... 50
14. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Pragmatic Shift
15. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Intra-system Shift
16. Level and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and
Level and Unit/rank Shift (English to Indonesian) ................................ 56
17. Structure and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and
Structure and Unit/rank Shift (English to Indonesian) ........................... 58
18. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Class Shift
19. Data 27/ST/300121 ................................................................................. 61
B. Translation Procedures in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles .............................. 62
1. Literal Translation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ......... 64
2. Equivalence (Korean to English) and Literal Translation
3. Modulation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) .................... 68
4. Modulation (English to Indonesian) ......................................................... 70
5. Literal Translation (English to Indonesian) .............................................. 71
6. Literal Translation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
and Transposition (English to Indonesian) .............................................. 72
7. Literal Translation (Korean to English) and Transposition
8. Literal Translation and Equivalence (Korean to English and
English to Indonesian) .............................................................................. 75
9. Literal Translation (Korean to English) and Equivalence
10. Literal Translation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) ....... 78
11. Data 27/ST/300121 ................................................................................. 80
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 82
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 84
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... 87
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adv : Adverb
Eng : English
Ind : Indonesian
Kor : Korean
lit. : Literal
O : Object
Prep : Preposition
S : Subject
SL : Source Language
ST : Source Text
TL : Target Language
TT : Target Text
V : Verb
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Figure Page
1. Fig 1. Example of Structure Shift 12

2. Fig 2. Example of ST 23
3. Fig 3. Example of TT (English) 23
4. Fig 4. Example of TT (Indonesian) 23
5. Fig 5. Structure Shift in 1/TTE/010420 and 1/TTI/010420 31
8. Fig 8. Structure Shift in 5/ST/220520 and 5/TTE/220520 39
9. Fig 9. Sentence Structure in 20/ST/280920 and 24/ST/101120 40
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1. Table 1. Example of Level Shift 11

2. Table 2. Example of Class Shift 12
3. Table 3. Example of Unit/rank Shift 13
4. Table 4. Example of Intra-system Shift 13
5. Table 5. Example of Semantic Shift 14
6. Table 6. Example of Literal Translation 17
7. Table 7. Example of Transposition 17
8. Table 8. Example of Modulation 18
9. Table 9. Example of Equivalence 18
10. Table 10. Example of Adaptation 19
11. Table 11. Example of Data Coding 24
12. Table 12. Samples of the Research 25
13. Table 13. Example of Translation Shifts Analysis 25
14. Table 14. Example of Translation Procedures Analysis 26
Table 15. Analysis of Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Structure
15. 29
Shift (Eng-Ind)
16. Table 16. Semantic Features of Hoe and Talk 30
17. Table 17. Semantic Features of Uri and My 31
18. Table 18. Semantic Features of Dongne and Household 33
Table 19. Analysis of Pragmatic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Semantic
19. 34
Shift (Eng-Ind)
20. Table 20. Semantic Features of Save and Tolong 35
21. Table 21. Analysis of Syntactic Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 35
22. Table 22. Analysis of Unit/rank and Semantic Shift (Eng-Ind) 36
23. Table 23. Semantic Features of Feel and Suasana Hati 37
24. Table 24. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 38
Table 25. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Structure Shift
25. 42
(Eng-Ind)
Table 26. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Intra-system
26. 44
Shift (Eng-Ind)
27. Table 27. Analysis of Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 45
28. Table 28. Analysis of Intra-system Shift (Eng-Ind) 46
xv
No. Table Page
29. Table 29. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Level and Class 47
Shift (Eng-Ind)
30. Table 30. Analysis of Intra-system Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 48
Table 31. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Class Shift
31. 49
(Eng-Ind)
Table 32. Analysis of Level and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and
32. 50
Intra-system and Semantic Shift (Eng-Ind)
Table 33. Semantic Features of Annyeonghaseyo, Hi, and Apa
33. 51
Kabar
Table 34. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Pragmatic
34. 52
Shift (Eng-Ind)
Table 35. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Intra-system
35. 53
Shift (Eng-Ind)
Table 36. Analysis of Level and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and
36. 56
Level and Unit/rank Shift (Eng-Ind)
Table 37. Analysis of Structure and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and
37. 58
Structure and Unit/rank Shift (Eng-Ind)
Table 38. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Class Shift (Eng-
38. 60
Ind)
39. Table 39. Analysis of Data 27/ST/300121 61
40. Table 40. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 64
Table 41. Analysis of Equivalence (Kor-Eng) and Literal
41. 67
Translation (Eng-Ind)
42. Table 42. Analysis of Modulation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 69
43. Table 43. Analysis of Modulation (Eng-Ind) 70
44. Table 44. Analysis of Literal Translation (Eng-Ind) 71
Table 45. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and Literal
45. 72
Translation and Transposition (Eng-Ind)
Table 46. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and
46. 73
Transposition (Eng-Ind)
Table 47. Analysis of Literal Translation and Equivalence (Kor-
47. 75
Eng and Eng-Ind)
Table 48. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and
48. 77
Equivalence (Eng-Ind)
49. Table 49. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind) 78
50. Table 50. Analysis of Data 27/ST/300121 80
Table 51. Data of Translation Shifts and Procedures in the Video
51. 87
Titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube Channel
xvi
ABSTRACT
AMIRA, NADIA KHANSA. (2022). Translation Shifts and Procedures of

Korean-English and English-Indonesian in Video Titles of Claire Luvcat
YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
To improve users’ convenience, YouTube enables a feature called

“translated title and description.” To utilize the feature, creators can use a machine
translator, hire an individual, or translate independently. In the translation process,
the gap between source language (SL) and target language (TL) becomes
inevitable; thus, a translation shift occurs. To solve it, translators use a procedure
when translating a text. The researcher chooses video titles from Claire Luvcat
YouTube channel as the object of this study because Claire Luvcat is a content
creator who translates the original Korean titles into English and Indonesian.
There are two objectives in this research. The first objective is to reveal
the shifts in the video titles of Claire Luvcat in Korean-English and English-
Indonesian. Theories from Catford and Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi are applied to
attain the first objective. The second objective is to reveal the procedures applied
in the video titles from the occurring shifts. Theory from Vinay and Darbelnet is
applied to attain the second objective.
This research falls into qualitative research since the data are shown in
words or non-numeric symbols. The data are taken from several videos uploaded
from April 1, 2020 to March 7, 2021. The researcher selects 30 titles from more
than 100 by applying haphazard sampling.
The result reveals that eight shifts occur from Korean to English and
English to Indonesian: level, structure, class, unit/rank, intra-system, syntactic,
semantic, and pragmatic. Meanwhile, four procedures are applied based on the
occurring shifts: literal translation, transposition, modulation, and equivalence.
This finding shows that the various shifts come from these limited procedures.
Moreover, the differences in Korean to English translation are mostly in the
language systems and culture. On the other hand, the difference in English to
Indonesian translation is mainly in the language systems. Hence, this result also
proves that these three languages have numerous contrasts in ideas, culture, and
language systems, as seen in the obtained shifts.
Keywords: translated video title, translation procedure, translation shift, YouTube.
xvii
ABSTRAK
AMIRA, NADIA KHANSA. (2022). Translation Shifts and Procedures of

Korean-English and English-Indonesian in Video Titles of Claire Luvcat
YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan penggunanya, YouTube meluncurkan

fitur yang dapat menerjemahkan judul dan deskripsi video. Untuk menggunakan
fitur ini, pencipta konten dapat menggunakan mesin penerjemah, menyewa
penerjemah, atau menerjemahkan sendiri. Dalam proses penerjemahan, perbedaan
antara bahasa sumber (BSu) dan bahasa sasaran (BSa) menjadi tak terelakkan dan
menghasilkan pergeseran terjemahan. Untuk mengatasinya, penerjemah
menggunakan prosedur ketika menerjemahkan sebuah teks. Peneliti memilih
judul-judul video dari kanal YouTube Claire Luvcat sebagai objek penelitian
karena Claire Luvcat merupakan pencipta konten yang menerjemahkan judul-
judul asli berbahasa Korea ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia.
Terdapat dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama yaitu untuk
mengungkap pergeseran yang terjadi pada judul video Claire Luvcat dalam
bahasa Korea-Inggris dan Inggris-Indonesia. Teori-teori dari Catford dan Al-
Zoubi dan Al-Hassnawi digunakan untuk memperoleh tujuan pertama. Tujuan
kedua yaitu untuk mengungkap prosedur yang digunakan dalam judul video
berdasarkan pergeseran yang terjadi. Teori dari Vinay dan Darbelnet digunakan
untuk memperoleh tujuan kedua.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif karena data yang disajikan
dalam kata-kata atau simbol nonnumerik. Data diambil dari beberapa video yang
diunggah mulai 1 April 2020 hingga 7 Maret 2021. Peneliti memilih 30 judul dari
100 lebih judul dengan menerapkan teknik pengambilan sesaat.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delapan pergeseran terjemahan
terjadi dari bahasa Korea ke bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Inggris ke bahasa
Indonesia: tataran, struktur, kelas kata, unit, intrasistem, sintaktik, semantik, dan
pragmatik. Sementara itu, empat prosedur diterapkan berdasarkan pergeseran
yang terjadi: penerjemahan harfiah, transposisi, modulasi, dan kesepadanan. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa berbagai pergeseran berasal dari prosedur yang sedikit.
Selain itu, perbedaan terjemahan bahasa Korea ke bahasa Inggris sebagian besar
terletak pada sistem bahasa dan budaya. Perbedaan terjemahan bahasa Inggris ke
bahasa Indonesia sebagian besar terletak pada sistem bahasa. Oleh karena itu, hal
ini juga membuktikan bahwa ketiga bahasa ini memiliki beragam perbedaan
dalam ide, budaya, dan sistem bahasa, seperti yang terlihat pada pergeseran yang
diperoleh.
Kata kunci: translated video title, translation procedure, translation shift,

YouTube.
xviii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Every year, YouTube advances its features to reach more worldwide users
and one of the features is “translated title and description.” According to a news
article entitled “YouTube now lets users translate titles and descriptions of videos
into multiple languages” (2015), the feature was firstly launched in November
2015 (para. 1). It helps the viewers find relevant videos from other languages in
their native language. YouTube Creator Academy (n.a.) also states that translating
the title and description of the video helps the creator build a global audience
because approximately two-thirds of the views come from outside the creator’s
region (para. 2). In addition, such activity can be done by machine translator (such
as Google Translate), hiring an individual or an agency, or the creator oneself.
However, translators often encounter some problems in the process.
Cultural differences have become one of the major issues in translation because
the cultural context is too indefinite; it reflects a society’s worldview, beliefs,
emotions, and values. The differences result in different interpretations although
some cultural concepts appear to be universal (Chahrour, 2018, para. 3). Another
difficulty is the different language system between source language (SL) and
target language (TL). Consequently, there is a departure from any TL category
(unit, class, element of structure, etc.) that represents the nearest SL category in
1
translating process (Catford, 1965, p. 73); in other words, translation shift occurs
during the process.
To solve the problems, translators use a procedure when translating a text.
Munday (2016) technically describes translation procedure as the translator’s
specific technique or method at a certain point in a text (for instance, borrowing a
word from the SL, adding an elaboration or a footnote in the TT) (p. 88).
Translators may transpose the SL message element by element into the TL or
employ more complex procedures (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. 31).
An example can be taken from a Korean honorific noona. It is used to
address older women if an addresser is a man and they know each other. Although
it can be translated as older sister, English is not familiar with this kind of
honorific since English honorifics tend to be used in an encounter with important
people or unfamiliar people. Therefore, it is often translated with the first name of
the addressee. Meanwhile, noona is often translated as kakak in Indonesian. Both
honorifics are used to address someone older in a casual situation. However,
kakak is a genderless pronoun. In spite of that, the translation does not lose its
meaning and is considered effective.
In this study, the researcher intends to analyze translation shifts and
procedures in the translated video titles from Claire Luvcat YouTube channel.
Claire Luvcat is a creator from South Korea who shares her daily life with 10 cats.
All of her videos are in Korean, but she also provides translated contents in three
languages: Japanese, English, and Indonesian. Hence, the researcher chooses
Claire Luvcat’s channel as the object of this study because she is one of the
creators that translates the video titles into various languages. Since the video
titles are originally in Korean, the researcher takes the language as the SL,
whereas English and Indonesian are the TLs. The Korean titles later will be
written both in Hangul and its romanization to ease the researcher and the reader
in reading the Korean terms.
Korean, English, and Indonesian indeed have different cultures. Not only
in culture, but these three languages also have a lot of differences in the language
system, lifestyle, and belief. Those differences, therefore, cause this topic worth to
be analyzed and discussed.
The researcher expects that this study will provide both theoretical and
practical benefits to translation practitioners, scholars, and students. The
theoretical benefit of this study is to broaden the scope of translation research,
particularly in trilingual translation. The practical benefit of this study is to give
insight on which procedure is best for translators to render titles or other texts into
various languages.
B. Problem Formulation
The research questions are formulated as follows:
1. What translation shifts occur in the Korean-English and English-Indonesian
video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube channel?
2. From the occurring shifts, what translation procedures apply in the Korean-
English and English-Indonesian video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube
channel?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to reveal the
shifts in the Korean-English and English-Indonesian video titles of Claire Luvcat
YouTube channel. The second objective is to reveal the procedures applied in the
Korean-English and English-Indonesian video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube
channel from the occurring shifts.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that frequently appeared in this study. Hence, these
key terms are defined to avoid misunderstanding between the researcher and the
readers as well as help the readers understand the discussion.
Munday (2016) defines translation shifts as the linguistic changes that
occur when a sentence is translated from ST to TT (p. 95). To put it simply,
translation shifts are the changes that eventuate in the translation process.
Translation procedures can be defined as the translators’ specific
techniques or methods at a particular point in a text (Munday, 2016, p. 88). In
other words, translation procedures are techniques or methods for the translators
to get their best translation.
According to Ashwini (2020), translated video title and description is a
YouTube feature that allows the videos to be more discoverable by foreign
viewers as they are indexed in the search results (para. 9). Thus, translated video
title and description is a YouTube feature that can be used by the creators to make
their videos more discoverable to foreign viewers and this feature appears
following the user’s language setting. In this study, the researcher will only focus
on the translated video titles.
Since Korean has a different writing system than English and Indonesian,
romanization is used to help the researcher and readers understand this study,
especially those who cannot read Korean. Romanization of Korean refers to “a
system of representing Korean language using Roman letters” (Korean
Romanization, 2021, para. 1). In other words, it is converting Korean characters
into Roman letters.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter elaborates on previous studies with similar topics and
explicates some theories applied to this present research. This chapter is divided
into three sections. The first section is a review of related studies to show the
similarities and differences from the present research. The second section is a
review of related theories to support the analysis. The last section is a theoretical
framework to explain the use of the related theories to solve the formulated
problems in this research.
A. Review of Related Studies
This undergraduate thesis discusses the translation shifts and strategies
found in the subtitle of Howl’s Moving Castle movie (Trisnatea, 2020). It explores
trilingual translation from Japanese to English and English to Indonesian. The
data are taken from Japanese and English versions of the movie as well as its
Indonesian subtitle. The result reveals that structure shift occurs in more than half
of the samples, making it the most frequent shift, followed by semantic, unit/rank,
intra-system, and class shift. Meanwhile, oblique translation is the most frequent
strategy in the movie subtitle, followed by adaptation, calque, condensation, direct
transfer, and direct translation. The result also shows that the two problems
6
support each other in which the strategies become the actions and the shifts
become the risks caused by the actions.
This present research shares some similarities with Trisnatea’s research.
First, both studies discuss trilingual translation although this present research
takes Korean to English and English to Indonesian. Next, both studies discuss
translation shifts and use a similar theory of the shifts from Catford; in the thesis,
Trisnatea does not use Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi’s model of translation shifts.
From these similarities, however, there are some differences between both
studies. Trisnatea’s thesis uses the subtitle of Howl’s Moving Castle movie as its
object, whereas this present research uses the video titles from Claire Luvcat
YouTube channel. This present research also analyzes the translation procedures
in translated video titles instead of analyzing subtitling strategies in movie
subtitles. Therefore, it can be said that this present research focuses on something
else other than what was previously studied in Trisnatea’s thesis.
This journal article explores the translation procedures and shifts of
activity verbs found in the Indonesian and Balinese translation of a children’s
storybook entitled Turtle and Dolphin by Maggie Dunkle and Margiyono
(Narabhumi, Sedeng, & Sutama, 2021). Even though they focus on trilingual
translation, the researchers take both Indonesian and Balinese versions of the
storybook as the final target texts; thus, the translations proceed from English to
Indonesian and English to Balinese. The result reveals that the most applied
procedure in both Indonesian and Balinese books is literal translation, followed by
adaptation and modulation for the Indonesian version and adaptation, modulation,
and transposition for the Balinese version. Meanwhile, the most occurring shift in
Indonesian and Balinese books is intra-system shift, followed by class shift. The
result also shows that intra-system shift occurs when literal translation,
modulation, and adaptation are applied, while class shift occurs when
transposition is applied in the texts.
There are some similarities and differences between this present research
and the journal article. Both studies apply theories from Catford and Vinay and
Darbelnet; however, the journal article does not apply Al-Zoubi and Al-
Hassnawi’s model of translation shifts. Both studies also share a similar general
topic, trilingual translation; this present research concentrates on the translation
from Korean to English and English to Indonesian, whereas the journal article
concentrates on the translation from English to Indonesian and Balinese.
The object of the two studies is different; this present research uses video
titles from Claire Luvcat YouTube Channel, while the journal article uses a
children’s storybook entitled Turtle and Dolphin. Therefore, it can be said that
this present research focuses on something else other than what was previously
studied in Narabhumi, Sedeng, and Sutama’s journal article.
This research paper explicates the translation procedures in translating
selected children’s tales from English to Filipino and Filipino to Bisakol (de la
Torre, 2018). The result shows 11 procedures to translate the tales from English to
Filipino and Filipino to Bisakol in which transposition and one-to-one translation
become the most occurring procedures. However, translators cannot entirely
depend on these procedures due to various needs and demands in translating

English into Filipino. De la Torre also addresses the need to evaluate whether the
procedures are recommended in producing error-free and culturally relevant
instructional materials for MTBMLE (Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual
Education).
This present research only shares a similar general topic, trilingual
translation; it concentrates on the translation from Korean to English and English
to Indonesian in the video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube channel. In contrast, de
la Torre’s paper concentrates on translating English to Filipino and Filipino to
Bisakol in three selected Aesop fables entitled The Town Mouse and the Country
Mouse, The Man and the Satyr, and The Lion and the Mouse. This present
research analyzes the translation shifts and procedures in the data, whereas de la
Torre’s research analyzes the translation procedures. Moreover, de la Torre
employs Newmark’s theory of translation procedures instead of Vinay and
Darbelnet’s theory. Thus, it can be said that this present research focuses on
something else other than what was previously studied in de la Torre’s research.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Translation
Nida and Taber (1969) explain that translating entails reproducing the
nearest natural equivalent of the SL message in the receptor language, in terms of
meaning and then style (p. 12). Consequently, this explanation shows that the
translation result should be SL-oriented.

10
On the other hand, Catford (1965) defines translation as substituting
textual material in SL for equivalent textual material in TL in unidirectional way
(p. 20). In other words, the translation result should be TL-oriented. Vinay and
Darbelnet (1995) state that translating “usually depends upon its context” (p. 27);
thus, it adds more explanation that translation should be focused on TL.
Therefore, from the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation
is the replacement of an ST in one language into a TT in a different language. The
translation result can be SL-oriented; however, TL-oriented results can provide
clearer context to the target audience. As for this present research, TL-oriented
translation should be applied to the object to help the viewers understand the
context of the video.
2. Theories of Translation Shifts
Catford (1965) defines this term as “departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL” (p. 73). Later,
Munday (2016) simplifies the definition as “linguistic changes occurring in the
translation of ST to TT.” Catford’s shifts are based on the Firthian and Hallidayan
linguistic models (p. 95). These shifts are divided into two major types: level shift
and category shift. Then, the latter type comprises four subcategories: structure
shift, class shift, unit/rank shift, and intra-system shift (Catford, 1965, pp. 73-76).
Despite being the classic, Catford’s classification is deemed too linguistic and
lacks cultural context. Therefore, the researcher applies one more theory to
complement the analysis which requires cultural-related context.

11
Another model of shifts is constructed by Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi
(2001); here, they divide the shifts into micro and macro levels. Micro-level
analysis is performed within the morpho-syntactic component based on systemic
grammar (SG) and transformational grammar (TG). This level consists of
Catford’s taxonomy of category shifts and additional syntactic shifts. On the other
hand, macro-level analysis is based on texture, culture, style, and rhetoric
variables. These variables contribute to the occurrence of shifts at levels other
than the syntactic level. This level is divided into semantic shift, textual shift,
pragmatic shift, rhetoric shift, and stylistic shift (pp. 3-15).
a. Level Shift
This shift occurs when “an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level, from grammar to lexis and vice versa”
(Catford, 1965, p. 73). The example of level shift can be seen in the table below.
Table 1. Example of Level Shift

Source Text (ST) Target Text (TT)
I am reading a book. Saya sedang membaca sebuah buku.
Here, the sentence I am reading a book is translated into saya sedang
membaca sebuah buku (lit. I am reading a book). The present progressive formula
(am/is/are + verb + –ing) in English is translated into the word sedang in
Indonesian and both indicate an ongoing action in the present time.
b. Category Shift
Catford (1965) subcategorizes this shift into four types: structure, class,
unit/rank, and intra-system shift (p. 76).

12
i. Structure Shift
Catford (1965) states that structure shift occurs “at all ranks in translation”
(p. 77). In this shift, there is a change in the structure of sentences or phrases in
the translation. An example is taken from Trisnatea’s thesis (2020, p. 33).
Figure 1. Example of Structure Shift
Japanese atarashi bou (lit. new pole) and English a new pole share similar
formula of noun phrase (pre-modifier + head). Meanwhile, in the Indonesian
translation, the noun phrase tiang baru follows head + post-modifier formula.
ii. Class Shift
When the translation equivalent of an SL item belongs to a different class
than the original item, a class shift occurs (Catford, 1965, p. 78). In other words,
the part of speech in a word is changed in the translation. An example is taken
from Trisnatea’s thesis (2020, p. 34).
Table 2. Example of Class Shift

Don’t worry, he only preys on pretty Jangan khawatir, mangsa Howl hanya
girl. gadis cantik.
The word preys in ST is a verb. When translated into Indonesian, the verb
preys becomes a noun (mangsa) instead of maintaining its part of speech as the
verb memangsa.
13
iii. Unit/rank Shift
This shift occurs when a unit at one rank in the SL has its translation
equivalent at a different rank in the TL (Catford, 1965, p. 79). According to
Munday (2016), rank in this context refers to “the hierarchical linguistic units of
sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme” (p. 97). An example can be seen in
the table below.
Table 3. Example of Unit/rank Shift

Yasupai boushi I’ve never seen such tacky little hats.
Japanese yasupai boushi means tacky hats in English. Here, the translator
changes the ST form into a sentence instead of translating it into a noun phrase
(Trisnatea, 2020, p. 36).
iv. Intra-system Shift
Munday (2016) explains that intra-system shift happens when the SL and
TL systems nearly correspond; however, the translation includes selecting a non-
corresponding term in the TL system (p. 97). An example can be taken in the past
tense form between English and Indonesian.
Table 4. Example of Intra-system Shift

They played in the water that did not Mereka berenang-renang di air yang
have rubbish in it any more. sudah tak bersampah lagi.
The verb played is in the past tense; it is indicated by –ed at the end of the
root play. However, when translated into Indonesian, the word berenang-renang
has no past tense marker (Narabhumi, Sedeng, & Sutama, 2021, p. 89). It occurs
14
because Indonesian does not require past tense form to indicate a finished event.
To distinguish the time, a past sentence is sometimes shown by time markers such
as dahulu, kemarin, and tahun lalu.
c. Syntactic Shift
Syntactic shift is when more or less four transformational syntactic
processes, such as deletion, insertion, permutation, and/or substitution, occur in
the translation (Al-Zoubi & Al-Hassnawi, 2001, p. 9). For instance, the phrase the
dummy cat is translated into kucing yang bodoh (lit. silly cat) in Indonesian. Here,
there is an insertion of the conjunction yang and deletion of the article the in the
translation.
d. Semantic Shift
This shift happens due to the unavoidable semantic gaps caused by
cultural and conceptual differences between the SL and TL (Al-Zoubi & Al-
Hassnawi, 2001, p. 10). An example can be taken from a Korean honorific noona;
when the word noona is translated into Indonesian, it becomes kakak.
Table 5. Example of Semantic Shift

Noona Kakak
+ elder + elder
+ female − female
Both honorifics share the same function to address someone older; hence,
they share the semantic feature of [+ elder]. However, noona addresses female
elders when the speaker is a younger male, whereas kakak can be addressed to
15
elders of any gender and the speaker also can be of any gender. Thus, it can be
said that kakak is [– female].
e. Textual Shift
According to Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi (2001), this type of shift views
its data in a broader scope. Therefore, the analysis of this shift is based on textual
well-formedness that includes collocation, reiteration, ellipsis, references,
substitution, and so on (p. 13).
f. Pragmatic Shift
This particular shift can be understood by referring to the SL’s cultural
and/or linguistic context to match it in the TL. Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi provide
an example of religious references for greeting and thanking in Arabic. The
expression baraka Allahu fiik is literally translated as blessing of God upon you.
However, such references cannot be found in the corresponding English formulas
(Al-Zoubi & Al-Hassnawi, 2001, p. 14).
g. Rhetoric Shift
Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi (2001) define rhetoric shift as a shift that may
occur with major rhetorical devices such as metaphor, idiomatic expressions,
foregrounding, and metonym. It is associated with people’s conceptual
experiences and ideologies (p. 15).
h. Stylistic Shift
Stylistic shift occurs when the translator has two or more TL expressions
to express the same SL meaning. It also happens when two languages entail the
function of these stylistic conventions and their formal carriers, specifically the
16
linguistic realizations. However, this term is too broad and only defined as
linguistic term rather than literary concept (Al-Zoubi & Al-Hassnawi, 2001, p. 16).
3. Theory of Translation Procedures
Procedures are needed for the translators to overcome the translation
problems. Technically, translation procedures are “the specific technique of the
translator” (Munday, 2016, p. 88). Many theorists propose the procedures, and
Vinay and Darbelnet are among them. Their taxonomy of translation procedures
has become classic. They divide the procedures into two general types: direct
translation and oblique translation. Direct translation comprises borrowing, calque,
and literal translation. Meanwhile, oblique translation consists of transposition,
modulation, equivalence, and adaptation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, pp. 31-39).
The researcher applies this theory since the object of this present research is video
titles. These titles should be concise and summarize the content, unlike a whole
text which may include specific terms and descriptions.
a. Borrowing
This simplest procedure occurs when “the SL word is transferred directly
to the TL” (Munday, 2016, p. 89). For instance, the phrase yeoneo kimbap in
Korean is translated into salmon kimbap in English. Here, the translator keeps the
word kimbap in the translation without any modification.
b. Calque
Calque is a special kind of borrowing in which a language borrows an
expression form of another language and then it is literally translated (Vinay &
Darbelnet, 1995, p. 32). For example, email or electronic mail in English becomes
17
surel or surat elektronik when translated into Indonesian. It can be seen that email
is literally translated in Indonesian.
c. Literal Translation
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), literal translation or word-for-
word translation directly transfers an ST into a grammatically and idiomatically
appropriate TT (pp. 33-34). An example is taken from Narabhumi, Sedeng, and
Sutama’s journal article (2021, p. 87).
Table 6. Example of Literal Translation

I fly over the beach. Aku terbang di atas pantai.
In this example, the English sentence I fly over the beach is translated
directly or word-for-word into the Indonesian target text aku terbang di atas
pantai.
d. Transposition
This procedure includes substituting one word class with another without
changing the meaning (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. 36). An example is taken
from Narabhumi, Sedeng, and Sutama’s journal article (2021, p. 87).
Table 7. Example of Transposition

Soon other children came on the Nénten sué, wénten malih alit-alit ka
beach. pasisi.
Here, the verb came becomes the preposition ka in Balinese; this
preposition equals to the English to.

18
e. Modulation
Munday (2016) explains that modulation “changes the semantics and point
of view of the SL” (p. 90). It can be justified when the translation result is
grammatically correct although it may be unsuitable, unidiomatic, or awkward in
the TL (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. 36). Again, an example is taken from
Narabhumi, Sedeng, and Sutama’s journal article (2021, pp. 87-88).
Table 8. Example of Modulation

They played in the water that did not Ipun malelangian ring toya sané
have rubbish in it any more. nénten malih madaging lulu.
The verb played is translated into the Balinese verb malelangian which
literally means to swim in English; hence, it can be translated as they swam in the
water that did not have rubbish in it any more. Here, the ST provides the idea of
“they” doing things for pleasure, whereas the TT is merely swimming.
f. Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) refer to equivalence when the same situation
in two languages can be translated using different stylistic and structural methods
(p. 38). This procedure is useful for translating idioms and proverbs (Munday,
2016, p. 91). An example can be seen in the table below.
Table 9. Example of Equivalence

Di mana bumi dipijak, di situ langit
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
dijunjung.
19
Both proverbs have the similar meaning of respecting or following the
customs of their native people when visiting a place.
g. Adaptation
Adaptation is used when the type of situation in the SL is unknown in the
TL culture. Thus, translators must create a new and equivalent situation. This
procedure also can be defined as situational equivalence (Vinay & Darbelnet,
1995, p. 39). An example can be seen in the table below.
Table 10. Example of Adaptation

As white as snow Seputih kapas
Here, the Indonesian readers may not be familiar with snow as Indonesia is
a tropical country. Thus, the translator makes an equivalent of it using the word
kapas.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this present study, the researcher applies three theories. First, the
definitions of translation from Catford, Nida and Taber, and Vinay and Darbelnet
provide a basic comprehension of the discussed topics for this research. Moreover,
these theories are applied to show that the translations of the video titles are TL-
oriented rather than SL-oriented.
Second, the theories of translation shifts from Catford, and Al-Zoubi and
Al-Hassnawi help the researcher answer the first question. These theories are
applied to identify the translation shifts found in the video titles from Claire
20
Luvcat YouTube channel. The occurring parts are highlighted, identified, and
explicated using these theories in the analysis.
Lastly, a theory of translation procedures from Vinay and Darbelnet is
applied to answer the second question. This theory helps the researcher reveal the
procedures that can be noticed in the translated video titles from the occurring
shifts. After finding the shifts, the highlighted parts are identified and explained
using the theory in the analysis.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
Although the object is taken from the field of technology, the research
focuses on comparing translations and their source texts as it analyzes the shifts of
video titles in Claire Luvcat YouTube channel from Korean into English and
Indonesian and identifies the procedures used in the translated video titles.
According to Williams and Chesterman (2002),
the analysis of translated texts involves the textual comparison of a

translation with its original…. You might take a particular aspect of the
source text, such as a particular stylistic or syntactic feature, and examine
the corresponding sections in the translations. Or you could start with a
kind of translation problem (the translation of passive sentences, or dialect,
or allusions, for instance), and see how your translator(s) have solved the
problem, what translation strategies they have used. Or you could start
with a kind of translation strategy, some kind of change or shift between
source and target texts (e.g. the strategy of explicitation), and examine its
conditions of use (pp. 6-7).
In other words, analyzing translated text requires the textual comparison of
a translation with its original. It can be in some aspects, such as its stylistics or
syntactic feature, translation problems, strategies, or shifts between the source and
target text.
B. Object of the Study
The objects of the research are phrases, clauses, and sentences in the
Korean video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube channel and its translated titles
21
22
done by her team in English and Indonesian. The data are sourced from several
videos on her channel uploaded from April 1, 2020 to March 7, 2021.
Claire Luvcat is a YouTube content creator from South Korea with over a
million subscribers and a hundred million views worldwide. She shares her daily
life with 10 cats: DD, TT, Coco, Momo, Chuchu, Lala, Lulu, Nana, Toto, and
Dodo. All of her videos are in Korean and most of her videos have been translated
into Japanese, English, and Indonesian.
C. Method of Study
According to George (2008), this research is qualitative since the findings
are captured in words, images, or non-numeric symbols (p. 7). Some theories and
references such as articles, books, and other sources are applied to support the
analysis. Moreover, the analysis should be elaborated on thoroughly. Therefore,
this research falls into the method of library and explicatory research. Library
research method is applied since it requires locating and identifying sources that
provide credible information or personal/expert opinion on a research question. In
order to understand one or more aspects of the text, explicatory research method is
also applied as it includes a careful, close, and focused examination of a single
major text or evidence surrounding a single complex event (George, 2008, p. 6).
These methods help the researcher to identify and analyze the translation shifts
and procedures of the collected data. The data for this research are primary data
that the researcher collects from Claire Luvcat YouTube channel.

23
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
The data collected for this research is categorized as objective data. The
data are taken from both original and translated video titles on Claire Luvcat
YouTube channel. The source text (ST) is the Korean title. The English title
serves as the target text (TT) of the Korean title as well as the ST of the
Indonesian title. The final TT is the Indonesian title. The titles for this research are
taken from several videos uploaded from April 1, 2020 to March 7, 2021. There
are 30 Korean titles used in this research; therefore, the total data are 90 titles
divided equally into Korean, English, and Indonesian titles.
Figure 2. Example of ST
Figure 3. Example of TT (English)
Figure 4. Example of TT (Indonesian)
2. Data Collection
To obtain the data, the researcher first went to Claire Luvcat’s channel and
switched the YouTube language setting to Korean. Then, the researcher listed the
24
Korean titles in an organized table containing Korean, English, and Indonesian
title sections. Next, the researcher repeated the same process twice. The researcher
changed the language setting to English and typed the English titles into the table.
Lastly, the researcher switched the language to Indonesian and listed the
Indonesian titles in the same table. The researcher also watched the videos in
order to understand the contents and contexts given from the titles. At first, the
researcher collected more or less 50 titles in each language. Then, the titles were
selected randomly, resulting in 30 final titles for each language. These final
categorized titles were encoded in the final table as follows:
Table 11. Example of Data Coding

No. of No. of Target Text No. of Target Text
Source Text Korean
data Data Korean-English Data English-Indonesian
돌아온
1/ST/01 1/TTE/0 Return of the 1/TTI/0 Kembalinya Episode
0420 미식회．．．？ 10420 Gourmet Talk…? 10420 Kuliner
(doraon misikhoe…?)
The codes can be read as follows.
1 : Number of the data
ST : Source Text (the Korean title)
TTE : Target Text English (the English title)
TTI : Target Text Indonesian (the Indonesian title)
010420 : Upload date of the video (in dd/mm/yy format)
3. Population and Sample
There are more than 100 videos uploaded on Claire Luvcat’s channel from
April 1, 2020 until March 7, 2021 and approximately 110 video titles are
translated into English and Indonesian. Therefore, the total population from ST
25
and two TTs is more or less 330 titles. Since the population is too large, the
researcher takes 30 titles in each language, or 90 titles in total, as the samples of
this research. In taking the samples, the researcher applies haphazard sampling
since the samples are selected randomly, but it is based on ease of access or
convenience (Westfall, 2009, p. 362). As a result, the samples contain phrases,
clauses, and sentences in three languages. The details are shown in the table below.
Table 12. Samples of the Research

Korean English Indonesian
Phrases 4 6 4
Clauses 15 6 14
Sentences 11 18 12
4. Data Analysis
To answer the problem formulation, the researcher applies two major steps
in analyzing the data. The first step is to identify and categorize the shifts in the
data based on Catford’s theory of translation shift and Al-Zoubi and Al-
Hassnawi’s model of translation shift. Then, the data are sorted in a table and
explicated using the theories. The explication is divided into several data with
similar classification of shift. Furthermore, related information may be added to
support the analysis. The table below is an example of translation shifts analysis.
Table 13. Example of Translation Shifts Analysis

Target Text
No. of Source Text No. of Target Text No. of Translation
English-
Data Korean Data Korean-English Data Shifts
Indonesian
산에서 새로운 Bertemu Kucing

24/ST/1 24/TTE/ I Met a New Cat 24/TTI/ Kor-Eng:
고양이를 Baru di
01120 101120 in a Mountain! 101120 Structure
만났어요! Gunung!
26
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
(saneseo
saeroun Eng-Ind:
goyangireul Structure
mannasseoyo!)
After identifying the shifts, the second step is classifying the procedures in
the data based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedure. This step
is employed to figure out the cause of the shifts. The data are listed in a table and
exemplified using the theory. The explanation is divided into several data with
similar classification of procedure. The table below is an example of translation
procedures analysis.
Table 14. Example of Translation Procedures Analysis

Target Text
English-
Data Korean Data Korean-English Data Procedures
Indonesian
산에서 새로운 Kor-Eng:

고양이를 Literal
만났어요! Bertemu Kucing translation
24/ST/1 24/TTE/ I Met a New Cat 24/TTI/
(saneseo Baru di
01120 101120 in a Mountain! 101120
saeroun Gunung! Eng-Ind:
goyangireul Literal
mannasseoyo!) translation
Supplementary information may also be added to provide a more in-depth
analysis in the explanation. Then, the researcher concludes the discussion by
summarizing the analysis result.

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter explicates the findings of the analysis. This chapter is divided
into two subchapters. The first part discusses the translation shift found in the
video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube channel from Korean to English and
English to Indonesian. The second part explains the translation procedures in the
video titles from the occurring shifts.
A. Translation Shifts in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles
In this part, the researcher applies Catford’s theory of translation shifts and
Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi’s model of translation shifts to discuss the shifts found
in the video titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube channel from Korean to English and
English to Indonesian. Catford (1965) classifies the shifts into two major types:
level and category shift. Then, the latter are subcategorized into structure, class,
unit/rank, and intra-system shift (pp. 73-76). Meanwhile, Al-Zoubi and Al-
Hassnawi (2001) divide the shifts into micro and macro levels. Micro level
consists of structure, class, unit/rank, intra-system, and syntactic shifts. Macro
level comprises semantic, textual, pragmatic, rhetoric, and stylistic shift (pp. 3-15).
All of the occurring shifts are categorized based on these two theories. From 30
collected data, there are 64 occurrences of translation shifts, of which 30
27
28
occurrences are from Korean to English and 34 occurrences are from English to
Indonesian. The elaborated occurrences can be illustrated as follows.
Chart 1. Translation Shift Occurrences in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles

14
12
10
Korean to English English to Indonesian
Based on the chart above, eight types of shift occur in this analysis: level,
structure, class, unit/rank, intra-system, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic shifts.
It can be seen that structure shift captures the most occurring shift with 37% or 24
occurrences in total. It is followed by semantic shift with 20% or 13 occurrences,
level shift with 14% or 9 occurrences, intra-system shift with 13% or 8
occurrences, class and unit/rank shift with each 5% or 3 occurrences, and
syntactic and pragmatic shift with each 3% or 2 occurrences. Therefore, syntactic
and pragmatic shifts become the least occurring shifts in total.
Structure shift also occupies the most occurring shift from Korean to
English with 40% or 12 out of 30 occurrences. Then, it is followed by semantic
shift with 27% or 8 occurrences, level shift with 24% or 7 occurrences, and intra-
29
system, syntactic, and pragmatic shift with each 3% or 1 occurrence. For this
section, intra-system, syntactic, and pragmatic shifts are the least occurring shifts.
A similar occurrence also appears in this part; structure shift is the most
occurring shift from English to Indonesian, with 35% or 12 out of 34 occurrences.
It is followed by intra-system shift with 20% or 7 occurrences, semantic shift with
15% or 5 occurrences, class and unit/rank shift with each 9% or 3 occurrences,
level shift with 6% or 2 occurrences, and syntactic and pragmatic shift with each 3%
or 1 occurrence. Thus, syntactic and pragmatic shifts are the least occurring shifts
from English to Indonesian.
The following discussion elaborates the analysis by scrutinizing each
obtained shift in the data with results and descriptions. Similar results are
explained by one particular example.
1. Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and Structure Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In these data, semantic shift occurs from Korean to English. There are
some cultural or conceptual differences between Korean and English titles; hence,
the semantic gaps become inevitable. Meanwhile, structure shift occurs when
these English titles are translated into Indonesian. The change of structure
between these languages happens in the noun phrase.
Table 15. Analysis of Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Structure Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
돌아온 Return of the

1/ST/01 1/TTE/0 1/TTI/0 Kembalinya Kor-Eng:
0420 미식회．．．？ 10420
Gourmet
10420 Episode Kuliner semantic
(doraon Talk…?
30
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
misikhoe…?)
Eng-Ind:
structure
우리집 고양이는 Kor-Eng:

semantic
6/ST/24 안 물어요 6/TTE/2 My Cats Don't 6/TTI/2
Kucing di
(urijip Rumahku Tidak
0520 40520 Bite! 40520
goyangineun an Menggigit
Eng-Ind:
mureoyo) structure
Kor-Eng:
semantic
동네 바보 루루
23/ST/2 23/TTE/ The Household 23/TTI/ Si Kucing Lulu
51020 (dongne babo 251020 251020
Dummy LuLu yang Bodoh
ruru) Eng-Ind:
structure
In the first data, Korean hoe can be chapter or episode in English.
However, the English title shows that the word hoe is translated into talk. Both
hoe and talk come in installment or section; hence, these words share a similar
feature of [+ installment]. The difference is that an episode (of a show) may or
may not involve some discussion, whereas a talk involves some discussion as it is
two-way communication. Thus, it can be illustrated as follows.
Table 16. Semantic Features of Hoe and Talk

회 Talk
+ installment + installment
– discussion + discussion
The video itself comprises edited footage of Claire’s previous live
streaming. Here, she interacted with the live viewers while cooking gamjajeon
(potato pancake); thus, there was a discussion or talk between them.

31
On the other hand, the noun phrase order is reversed in Indonesian.
English modifiers are usually placed in the front of the head, while Indonesian
modifiers are often put next to the head. The change of noun phrase structure can
be drawn as follows.
Figure 5. Structure Shift in 1/TTE/010420 and 1/TTI/010420
From the figure above, the English phrase follows determiner + pre-
modifier + head structure. Here, the modifier comes before the head. Meanwhile,
the Indonesian phrase consists of head + post-modifier structure. In this noun
phrase, the modifier is placed after the head. Hence, the order of the modifier
changes from before to after the head noun.
Although the word uri means we or our, it is often translated into my in
English. Both our and my are possessive pronouns; thus, these words share a
similar semantic feature of [+ possession]. However, there is a communal sense in
the word uri. The difference between uri and my can be seen in the table below.
Table 17. Semantic Features of Uri and My

우리 My
+ possession + possession
+ communal – communal
32
The communal sense of uri is based on the collectivism of Korean people
as they are an ethnically homogenous population with solid nationalism.
Therefore, if someone owns a house, it “belongs” to the whole community
because everyone else has a similar experience of owning a house. Moreover, to
say “my” is nearly selfish (Babe, 2017, p. 3). It is different from English-speaking
countries that value individuality more.
Similar to the previous explication, there is a reversal in the noun phrase
structure from English to Indonesian. The English phrase my cats comprises
determiner + head structure, whereas the Indonesian phrase kucing di rumahku (lit.
cat in my house) consists of head + prepositional phrase. Even though the word
my is a possessive determiner, it modifies the head cats, meaning that the cats are
“mine.” Thus, it acts as the pre-modifier. This occurrence also applies to the
Indonesian noun phrase. The phrase di rumahku is a prepositional phrase.
However, it acts as the post-modifier since it modifies the head kucing, meaning
that the cats are “in the house.” The change can be illustrated in the figure below.
In datum 23/ST/251020, the word dongne usually means neighborhood in
English. Howbeit, this word is translated into household in the English title. Both
33
dongne and household comprise a group of people. The difference is in where
they live, as shown in the table below.
Table 18. Semantic Features of Dongne and Household

동네 Household
+ group + group
+ people + people
– inside + inside
A household is a group of people who may be family or not live under the
same roof, whereas a neighborhood lives outside and surrounding the house.
Therefore, these words share similar features of [+ group] and [+ people].
When the English title is translated into Indonesian, there is a slight
change in the noun phrase structure. Usually, the Indonesian noun phrase
comprises head + post-modifier structure. However, in datum 23/TTI/251020, the
phrase si kucing Lulu yang bodoh consists of pre-modifier + head + post-modifier
structure. This structure shift can be illustrated as follows.
Here, the English phrase follows the typical structure of pre-modifier +
head, while the Indonesian structure has an additional modifier before the head.
34
The particle si performs as a definite article and is placed in front of noun or name;
hence, it can be said that si acts like a determiner. In addition, Indonesian
sometimes uses the conjunction yang to bridge the head and its modifier in a noun
phrase.
2. Pragmatic Shift (Korean to English) and Semantic Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, pragmatic shift occurs from Korean to English as the original
expression has its corresponding in the TL. In contrast, semantic shift occurs from
English to Indonesian since there is a semantic gap between the texts.
Table 19. Analysis of Pragmatic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Semantic Shift (Eng-
Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
오오.. pragmatic
2/ST/24 살려주새오 2/TTE/2
Oh... Save Me!
2/TTI/2 Oh... Tolong
0420 (oo.. 40420 40420 Aku
sallyeojusaeo) Eng-Ind:
semantic
The Korean expression sallyeojuseyo, or sallyeojusaeo in this text, literally
means please save (my life). It is almost similar to the expression dowajuseyo and
both expressions are used to ask for someone’s help. However, sallyeojuseyo is
used to call for help, particularly in an urgent situation (KoreanClass101, 2021).
The English expression save me is the equivalence of the expression sallyeojuseyo.

35
Even though tolong aku is a correct correspondence of the expression save
me, there is a slight difference between tolong and save. The difference is shown
in the table below.
Table 20. Semantic Features of Save and Tolong

Save Tolong
+ assist + assist
+ rescue + rescue
+ urgent – urgent
Both words share a similarity of needing assistance or rescue. Therefore,
these words have similar features of [+ assist] and [+ rescue]. Howbeit, tolong can
be used in non-urgent situations; it is different from save which clearly has an
urgent tone.
3. Syntactic Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
In this data, syntactic shift occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian. A word in the original text is replaced with another word in the
translations; hence, there is a substitution.
Table 21. Analysis of Syntactic Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
syntactic
연어 폭발 김밥 Salmon
3/ST/06 3/TTE/0 3/TTI/0 Kimbap Salmon
(yeoneo pokbal (Mi)steak
0520 60520 60520 Meledak
gimbap) Gimbap
Eng-Ind:
syntactic
36
The word pokbal can be explosion or outburst in English. However, the
translation substitutes the noun into mistake instead of explosion or any related
word. Moreover, the English title employs wordplay on mistake since the video
shows that Claire cooked salmon steak kimbap and put the whole salmon instead
of cutting or shredding it in which the filling burst out when it was rolled;
therefore, the title becomes (mi)steak.
On the other hand, the Indonesian title substitutes mistake into the verb
meledak instead of translating the noun. Here, it can be seen that the translation
perhaps uses the Korean title as the ST since pokbal and meledak are related
although there is a difference in the part of speech.
4. Unit/rank and Semantic Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, the shifts merely occur from English to Indonesian as the
original title is entirely different from the English translation; the Korean title is
roughly translated into DD wants to be loved. These occurring shifts are unit/rank
and semantic shifts.
Table 22. Analysis of Unit/rank and Semantic Shift (Eng-Ind)

Target Text
English-
Indonesian
디디가 사랑받고 Kor-Eng: -

Tingkah Laku
4/ST/14 싶대요 4/TTE/1
What DD Does
4/TTI/1 Si Kucing DD
(didiga When He Feels
0520 40520 40520 Saat Suasana
sarangbatgo Good Eng-Ind:
Hatinya Baik
sipdaeyo) unit/rank,
semantic
Here, what DD does is a dependent clause. When translated into
Indonesian, the clause becomes the noun phrase tingkah laku si kucing DD with
37
tingkah laku as the head and si kucing DD as the modifier. Thus, unit/rank shift
occurs as there is a change of rank in the translation from clause to phrase.
Despite the change, the meaning is still conveyed.
Meanwhile, semantic shift occurs between feels and suasana hati. The
phrase suasana hati usually means mood and both feel and mood are related to
emotion; hence, these words share a similar feature of [+ emotion].
Table 23. Semantic Features of Feel and Suasana Hati

Feel Suasana Hati
+ emotion + emotion
– + feel
However, there is a difference between feel and suasana hati. As it can be
seen from the table above, suasana hati or mood is a mixture of feelings and
emotions throughout the days; it is also a semi-continuous mental, physical, and
emotional state. In contrast, the feeling comes as people internalize their emotions
and gives physical and mental sensations (Freedman, 2017). Therefore, it can be
said that the order is emotion, feeling, and mood.
5. Structure Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
These data show structure shift from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian. Structure shift is one of the common changes in the translation
process as it happens at all ranks in the translation. This particular shift happens in
the sentence structure for Korean to English translation. On the other hand, this
shift occurs in the noun phrase structure for English to Indonesian translation.
Since each datum possesses a similar analysis, the following discussion is

38
explicated with a few distinctive examples. Other data are merely shown for
comparison.
Table 24. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Target Text Target Text
No. of Source Text No. of No. of Translation
Korean- English-
Data Korean Data Data Shifts
English Indonesian
고양이가 자꾸 Kor-Eng:
Kucing Terus- structure
원숭이 소리를 My Cat Keeps
menerus
5/ST/22 내요 5/TTE/2 Making 5/TTI/2
Mengeluarkan
0520 (goyangiga jakku 20520 Monkey 20520
Suara yang
wonsungi sorireul Noises! Eng-Ind:
Mirip Monyet
naeyo) structure
새로운 고양이 Kor-Eng:

가족이 structure
A New Family Keluarga
13/ST/0 찾아왔어요 13/TTE/ 13/TTI/
of Cats in My Kucing Baru
80720 (saeroun goyangi 080720 080720
House Ada di Sini
gajogi Eng-Ind:
chajawasseoyo) structure
Kor-Eng:
새 집사를 Mencari structure
20/ST/2 찾습니다 20/TTE/ Hiring: A New 20/TTI/ Pengurus
80920 (sae jipsareul 280920 Cat Caretaker 280920 Rumah yang
chatseumnida) Baru Eng-Ind:
structure
아기 고양이가
Kor-Eng:
서열 1 위 structure
디디에게 A Kitten Bayi Kucing
22/ST/1 덤볐어요! 22/TTE/ Challenged DD 22/TTI/ Menantang Si
31020 (agi goyangiga 131020 for the Top Cat 131020 DD untuk Posisi
seoyeol ilwi Position! Kucing Teratas!
Eng-Ind:
didiege structure
deombyeosseoyo!)
산에서 새로운 Kor-Eng:

고양이를 structure
I Met a New Bertemu Kucing
24/ST/1 만났어요! 24/TTE/ 24/TTI/
Cat in a Baru di
01120 (saneseo saeroun 101120 101120
Mountain! Gunung!
goyangireul Eng-Ind:
mannasseoyo!) structure
39

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
왕머리 고양이는 Kor-Eng:

특별관리가 Butuh structure
This Big
필요해요! Perawatan
30/ST/0 30/TTE/ Headed Cat 30/TTI/
(wangmeori Khusus untuk Si
70321 070321 Needs Special 070321
goyangineun Kucing Kepala
Attention!
teukbyeolgwalliga Besar! Eng-Ind:
piryohaeyo!) structure
Korean has a different sentence structure from English and Indonesian. A
simple sentence in Korean usually consists of S-O-V structure, while English
consists of S-V-O structure. In datum 5/ST/220520, the sentence goyangiga jakku
wonsungi sorireul naeyo is formed in S-Adv-O-V structure. The English
translation results in S-V-O structure, as illustrated in the following figure.
Figure 8. Structure Shift in 5/ST/220520 and 5/TTE/220520
Korean puts the verb at the end of the sentence, while English usually puts
it in the middle. Hence, this rule also applies to the rest of the data. However, the
subject may not be necessary for some occurrences, as seen in the data
20/ST/280920 and 24/ST/101120. In the datum 20/ST/280920, the sentence sae
jipsareul chatseumnida comprises O-V structure. On the other hand, in the datum
40
24/ST/101120, the sentence saneseo saeroun goyangireul mannasseoyo is
composed in Prep-O-V structure. The structure can be illustrated as follows.
Figure 9. Sentence Structure in 20/ST/280920 and 24/ST/101120
Choi (2016) explains that the omission of pronouns as the subject is
because Korean is a high-context language as it relies on the contexts, shared
assumptions, and nonverbal signs rather than the words. Thus, the subject is
assumed to be understood by the speakers. It differs from English which considers
the subject an essential component in a sentence (para. 2-3).
Meanwhile, structure shift occurs in the noun phrase when the English text
is translated into Indonesian. An example is taken from datum 5/TTE/220520; the
phrase monkey noises is formed in pre-modifier + head structure. In the
Indonesian translation, the phrase suara yang mirip monyet is composed in head +
post-modifier structure.

41
Here, the translation uses conjunction yang to bridge the head and its
modifier, similar to datum 20/TTI/280920. Conjunction yang sometimes is not
used in the noun phrase as it may seem redundant. For instance, it can be seen in
the data 13/TTI/080720, 22/TTI/131020, 24/TTI/101120, and 30/TTI/070321.
Furthermore, structure shift in the datum 13/ST/080720 occurs in the noun
phrase instead of a sentence. The phrase saeroun goyangi gajog can be literally
translated into new cat family in English. This phrase follows pre-modifier + head
structure. Even though both Korean and English usually share similar noun phrase
structures, the English translation of this phrase has a different structure.
The English phrase a new family of cats is formed in determiner + pre-
modifier + head + post-modifier. Here, the order of modifier cats is reversed to
the back of the head; it is different from the usual placement in the front of the
head. This change is possibly intentional since the video shows that Claire was
fostering a mother cat with her two kittens; hence, the title uses the word cats as
there is more than one cat.
6. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Structure Shift (English to Indonesian)
In these data, level shift occurs from Korean to English as the change
comes from grammar to lexis. On the other hand, structure shift occurs from
English to Indonesian. This shift happens in adjective and noun phrase structure.
42
Table 25. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Structure Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
코코가 엄청 화가 level
7/ST/30 났어요! 7/TTE/3 CoCo’s Really 7/TTI/3 Si Kucing Coco
0520 (kokoga 00520 Angry!!!!! 00520 Marah Besar!
eomcheong hwaga
nasseoyo!) Eng-Ind:
structure
루루는 정말 Kor-Eng:
신기한 Lulu Benar- level
LuLu Is a
9/ST/13 고양이예요 9/TTE/1 9/TTI/1 Benar... Kucing
Really...
0620 (ruruneun 30620 30620 yang Luar
Interesting Cat
jeongmal singihan Biasa Eng-Ind:
goyangiyeyo) structure
Korean past tense particularly ends with –ass/eoss/yeosseoyo (Jang, 2020,
p. 12). In datum 7/ST/300520, the sentence ends with –asseoyo as the verb stem is
hwaganada. This past form is translated into the word was in English or, in this
title, the abbreviation ‘s. Thus, there is a level shift since this grammatical form
becomes lexis once it is translated.
A similar occurrence happens in datum 9/ST/130620; however, the
difference is in the time of the event. When a sentence ends in –ieyo/yeyo, it can
be considered an affirmative sentence and equals to the English verb to be
(KoreanClass101, n.d.). Here, the form –yeyo is translated into word is in English;
this suffix also marks that the sentence is in the present tense.
Meanwhile, structure shift also occurs in these data from English to
Indonesian. This shift between the languages still happens in the phrase, similar to
the previous discussion. In the datum 7/TTE/300520, the change occurs in the
43
adjective phrase. In English, an adjective phrase shares a similar structure with a
noun phrase as an adjective phrase can be used to describe a noun. The phrase
really angry is composed in pre-modifier + head structure. Its Indonesian
translation marah besar comprises head + post-modifier structure. The following
figure illustrates the structure shift in datum 7/TTE/300520.
Datum 9/TTE/130620 has an almost identical structure even though it is a
noun phrase. The English phrase a really interesting cat is formed in determiner +
pre-modifier + head structure. Meanwhile, its translation kucing yang luar biasa
comprises head + post-modifier. The translation also uses the conjunction yang to
bridge the head and its modifier. Since this datum is similar to the previous data,
the illustration can be referred to the figure above or Figure 7 and 10.
7. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Intra-system Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, level shift also occurs from Korean to English. Still similar to
the previous discussion, the change is also from grammar to lexis. Meanwhile,
intra-system shift occurs from English to Indonesian since these languages nearly
correspond.
44
Table 26. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Intra-system Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
티티가 또 level
8/ST/11 삐졌어요 8/TTE/1 TT's Started 8/TTI/1 Si Kucing TT
0620 (titiga tto 10620 Sulking Again 10620 Ngambek Lagi
ppijyeosseoyo) Eng-Ind:
intra-system
Datum 8/ST/110620 has a similar explication to datum 7/ST/300520 as
both data end in similar past tense form. Here, the title ends in –yeosseoyo since
the verb stem is ppijida. This form becomes the phrase was started or ‘s started in
the English translation. Generally, Korean has three kinds of tense: present, past,
and future (Jang, 2020, p. 14); hence, the translation can be counted as past tense.
On the contrary, intra-system shift occurs as it can be seen that the past
form ‘s started in the English title is not translated in the Indonesian title. In
general, Indonesian uses time markers such as kemarin, minggu lalu, or bulan lalu
to indicate the past event. Indonesian also does not change its verb stem into past
tense form like English. Therefore, the sentence TT’s started sulking again is
translated into si kucing TT ngambek lagi due to the nature of the TL that
indicates its tenses lexically instead of morphemically like other languages
(Sudarsono, 2021).
8. Semantic Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
In these data, semantic shift occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian. Unlike previous discussions, this change happens in the point of view
of the texts instead of the semantic feature. Even though the meaning may change
45
when translated, both the original text and its translations nearly share similar
ideas.
Table 27. Analysis of Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
이불 밖은 semantic
10/ST/1 위험해요! 10/TTE/ It's Safe Under 10/TTI/ Di Luar Selimut
80620 (ibul bakgeun 180620 the Sheets! 180620 Bahaya!
wiheomhaeyo!) Eng-Ind:
semantic
Kor-Eng:
디디 송곳니가 semantic
Gigi Taring Si
18/ST/1 부러졌어요ㅠㅠㅠ 18/TTE/ DD Broke His 18/TTI/
Kucing DD
70920 (didi songgonniga 170920 Fang! 170920
Patah T.T Eng-Ind:
bureojyeosseoyo)
semantic
The sentence ibul bakgeun wiheomhaeyo can be literally translated into
it’s dangerous outside the blanket in English. However, the English title is
conveyed otherwise. The title is the opposite of dangerous and outside. This
circumstance also occurs in the Indonesian title, which the title is contrary to the
English title. Even so, these titles share a similar idea of comfort in the warm
blanket, as seen in the first half of the video that TT and Lulu were relaxing while
being pampered by Claire under the blanket.
Datum 18/ST/170920 is nearly similar to the explanation above. The
original text can be literally translated into DD’s fang broke in English. The
English title shows a different point of view from the original title. It can be
implied that DD is the cause of the broken fang in the English title; however, the
actual cause is unknown since the video shows Claire merely complained and
46
asked DD about the accident. Although the translation result differs in English
and Indonesian, these titles share similar information about DD’s broken fang.
9. Intra-system Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, no shift occurs from Korean to English since the original title
has a different meaning from the English title. The Korean title can be literally
translated into bathing teddy bear-like cat in English. Meanwhile, intra-system
shift occurs from English to Indonesian.
Table 28. Analysis of Intra-system Shift (Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
곰 인형처럼
Kor-Eng: -
목욕하는 고양이 My Cute Kucing Lucu Si
11/ST/2 (gom 11/TTE/ ChuChu 11/TTI/ Chuchu
00620 inhyeongcheoreom 200620 Stepped on 200620 Menginjak
mogyokhaneun DooDoo! Kotoran! Eng-Ind:
goyangi) intra-system
Similar to datum 8/TTE/110620, intra-system shift occurs in the past tense.
The English verb stepped is translated into menginjak in Indonesian. The verb
stem of stepped is step; when it is in the past tense, the verb stem has an additional
suffix –ed. It can be seen that Indonesian does not necessarily change its verb into
past tense since this language indicates the tense by lexis. Hence, the Indonesian
translation does not display whether the event occurs in the present or past.
10. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Level and Class Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, level shift occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian. This shift happens in the grammatical form of the texts. In addition,
47
class shift also occurs in the English to Indonesian translation. This change
happens in the part of speech of a word.
Table 29. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Level and Class Shift (Eng-
Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
루루가 다 level
LuLu's Going to Si Kucing Lulu
12/ST/2 먹을거애오!! 12/TTE/
Eat
12/TTI/
Mau Makan
40620 (ruruga da 240620 240620
Everything!! Semuanya!
meogeulgeoaeo!!) Eng-Ind:
level, class
When the verb stem meokda is conjugated by the suffix –eul geoyeyo, it
indicates that the title uses the future tense form. Korean does not specify its
future tense, unlike English. The translation of this form can be am/is/are going to
or will. Here, the form –eul geoyeyo is translated into is going to or ‘s going to;
hence, the occurring shift is level shift as the change comes from grammar to lexis.
A similar occurrence also happens in the English to Indonesian translation.
Since Indonesian uses lexis to indicate the tenses, the translation of English future
tense is usually specified with the word akan or mau. In datum 12/TTE/240620,
the English form (am/is/are + going + to + verb) is translated into word mau. By
applying this word, it is shown that the Indonesian title is a plan and it is expected
to happen soon.
Aside from level shift, class shift occurs from English to Indonesian as the
TL item belongs to a different class than the SL item. The word everything is a
pronoun. When it is translated into semuanya in Indonesian, there is a change in

48
the part of speech. The word semuanya is classified as an adverb. Therefore, the
shift comes from pronoun to adverb.
11. Intra-system Shift (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
In this data, intra-system shift occurs from Korean to English and English
to Indonesian. This particular shift occurs in the verb of each language. Similar to
the previous discussion, this shift happens since these languages have different
systems that nearly correspond.
Table 30. Analysis of Intra-system Shift (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
아기 고양이가 intra-system
14/ST/2 탈출했어요! 14/TTE/ One of the 14/TTI/ Bayi Kucing
40720 (agi goyangiga 240720 Kittens Escaped! 240720 Kabur!
talchulhaesseoyo!) Eng-Ind:
intra-system
The verb stem talchulhada conjugates with –yeosseoyo; thus, it is past
tense. In English, this tense can be translated into was or verb + –ed/d. In this
datum, the verb talchulhaesseoyo becomes the verb escaped in the English
translation. It can be seen that the past form –yeosseoyo is adjusted into suffix –d.
Since these languages almost correspond, intra-system shift occurs.
The explication for datum 14/TTE/240720 is similar to data
8/TTE/110620 and 11/TTE/200620. The verb escaped is translated into the verb
kabur in Indonesian. Since the TL determines its tenses lexically, the verb does
not change by adding affixes, such as –d or –ed, like English. Therefore, the
Indonesian translation does not state clearly whether the event happens in the
49
present or past unless there is a time marker, such as tadi, beberapa menit lalu, or
kemarin, to indicate a past event.
12. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Class Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, structure shift occurs from Korean to English. This shift
occurs in its sentence structure. In contrast, there is a class shift from English to
Indonesian as the part of speech in a word changes in its translation.
Table 31. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Class Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
엄마 고양이가
처음으로 목욕을 Kor-Eng:
structure
했어요 The Mommy Cat Induk Kucing
15/ST/0 (eomma 15/TTE/ 15/TTI/
Had Her First Mandi untuk
10820 goyangiga 010820 010820
Bath Pertama Kalinya
cheoeumeuro Eng-Ind:
mogyogeul class
haesseoyo)
The explanation of this structure shift is similar to the previous discussion;
hence, the illustration can be referred to the past explanation. Since Korean puts
the verb at the end of the sentence, this language has a different sentence structure
from English. Here, the sentence eomma goyangiga cheoeumeuro mogyogeul
haesseoyo is composed in S-O-V structure. The English translation the mommy
cat had her first bath has a different sentence structure. The structure order is
reversed; the verb is placed between the subject and object. Therefore, the TT
structure becomes S-V-O.

50
This explication of class shift is nearly similar to datum 12/TTE/240620.
Here, the word bath is classified as a noun. The part of speech changes as the
English title is translated into Indonesian; thus, it is different from the ST. The
word bath becomes mandi and is categorized as a verb in the Indonesian
translation. Hence, the shift happens from noun to verb.
13. Level and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and Intra-system and
Semantic Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, semantic shift occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian as there is a gap between each ST and TT. Not only semantic shift,
level shift also occurs from Korean to English. This shift happens in the
grammatical form of the ST. Meanwhile, intra-system shift occurs from English to
Indonesian as these languages nearly correspond.
Table 32. Analysis of Level and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Intra-system
and Semantic Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
level,
안녕하세요 semantic
16/ST/2 크집사입니다 16/TTE/
Hi, It's Claire
16/TTI/ Apa Kabar? Ini
70820 (annyeonghaseyo 270820 270820 Mama Claire! Eng-Ind:
keujipsaimnida) intra-
system,
semantic
Semantic shift occurs at the beginning of each datum. Annyeonghaseyo, hi,
and apa kabar are all greeting expressions; therefore, these words share a similar
semantic feature of [+ greeting]. Some differences can be illustrated in the
following table.
51
Table 33. Semantic Features of Annyeonghaseyo, Hi, and Apa Kabar

안녕하세요 Hi Apa Kabar?
+ greeting + greeting + greeting
+ formal – formal + condition
The expression annyeonghaseyo, or hello in English, is more formal than
annyeong and can be spoken to everyone. In contrast, the expression hi is informal
and should be for the closest people or friends. Thus, the difference between
annyeonghaseyo and hi is in the degree of formality.
In datum 16/TTI/270820, the expression apa kabar is used instead of hai
which directly translates into hi in English. Apa kabar is particularly used for
asking the receiver’s condition; this expression roughly equals to how are you in
English. Hence, it can be said that the Indonesian title uses a different expression
of greeting.
Furthermore, level shift in datum 16/ST/270820 occurs from grammar to
lexis. The elaboration of this shift is similar to datum 9/ST/130620. Here, the
suffix –imnida is related to –ieyo/yeyo. Both suffixes indicate affirmative
sentences and are equal to the English to be. The difference is in the degree of
formality; the suffix –imnida is more formal than –ieyo/yeyo. This form is also
translated into word is, or ‘s, in English.
The auxiliary verb is is sometimes translated into merupakan or adalah in
Indonesian. It is sometimes omitted as it can be redundant in the sentence. It can
be seen in the datum 16/TTI/270820. The verb is, or ‘s, is not translated as
52
Indonesian does not necessarily require an auxiliary verb to form a declarative
sentence. Hence, intra-system shift occurs from English to Indonesian.
14. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Pragmatic Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, structure shift occurs from Korean to English. Similar to the
previous data, this shift happens in the sentence structure. On the other hand,
pragmatic shift occurs from English to Indonesian since the original expression
has its corresponding in the translation.
Table 34. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Pragmatic Shift (Eng-
Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
나나가 빨리 Kor-Eng:
나았으면 structure
I Hope NaNa Berharap Si
17/ST/0 좋겠어요 17/TTE/ 17/TTI/
Gets Better Kucing Nana
50920 (nanaga ppalli 050920 050920
Soon. Cepat Pulih
naasseumyeon Eng-Ind:
jokesseoyo) pragmatic
This explication of structure shift is nearly similar to the preceding
discussion. Both Korean and English texts are classified as conditional sentences.
However, the structure of each sentence is different. The difference can be shown
in the following figure.

53
Here, it can be seen that the Korean sentence nanaga ppalli naasseumyeon
jokesseoyo is composed in S-Adv-If Clause-V structure. Like its simple sentence
structure, Korean places the verb at the end of the sentence. Meanwhile, the order
of the verb is reversed in English. This language puts the verb after its subject, as
seen in the translation. The sentence I hope Nana gets better soon is formed in S-
V-If Clause structure. Hence, this particular change is in the sentence structure.
In contrast, pragmatic shift occurs from English to Indonesian. The
expression get well soon, or get better soon in the text, can be literally translated
into menjadi lebih baik in Indonesian. This expression is usually used for wishing
someone to be healthy again. It equals to the Indonesian expression cepat sembuh
or cepat pulih. Both expressions convey the same meaning; however, the
Indonesian expression has the closest transcription of the original meaning.
15. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Intra-system Shift (English to
Indonesian)
In these data, structure shift occurs from Korean to English. This shift also
happens in the sentence structure. On the contrary, intra-system shift occurs from
English to Indonesian. Similar to the preceding data, this shift happens in the past
tense of the text.
Table 35. Analysis of Structure Shift (Kor-Eng) and Intra-system Shift (Eng-
Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
츄츄가 밥 먹다가 Si Kucing

ChuChu Fell
19/ST/2 잠들었어욬ㅋㅋㅋ 19/TTE/
Asleep While
19/TTI/ Chuchu Kor-Eng:
40920 (chyuchyuga bap 240920 240920 Tertidur Saat structure
Eating!
meokdaga Makan
54

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
jamdeureosseoyo)
Eng-Ind:
intra-system
고양이들에게 Kor-Eng:
초밥을 structure
28/ST/2 만들어줬어요! 28/TTE/ I Made Sushi 28/TTI/ Membuat Sushi
00221 (goyangideurege 200221 for My Cats! 200221 untuk Kucing!
chobabeul
Eng-Ind:
mandeureojwosse
intra-system
oyo!)
티티가 Kor-Eng:
Si Kucing TT structure
일주일동안 눈도
TT Refused to Tidak Mau
29/ST/2 안 마주쳤어요 29/TTE/ 29/TTI/
Look at Me for Bertatap Muka
20221 (titiga iljuildongan 220221 220221
a Week Selama
nundo an Seminggu Eng-Ind:
majuchyeosseoyo) intra-system
The elaboration of this structure shift is nearly similar to the previous
discussion. Both titles use past and past progressive tense in data 19/ST/240920
and 19/TTE/240920. The difference is in the order of the sentence structure. The
sentence chyuchyuga bap meokdaga jamdeureosseoyo is formed in S-Ving-V
structure. Meanwhile, the sentence Chuchu fell asleep while eating is composed in
S-V-Ving structure. It can be seen that the order of Ving is reversed; Korean puts
the Ving between its subject and verb, whereas English puts it at the end of the
sentence. The illustration can be referred to datum 17/ST/050920 since the
occurrence is almost identical.
On the other hand, the structure in data 28/ST/200221 and 29/ST/220221
is similar to datum 24/ST/101120. In datum 28/ST/200221, the sentence
goyangideurege chobabeul mandeureojwosseoyo comprises in Prep-O-V structure.

55
The subject is not necessarily required in this text since Korean is a high-context
language. When the text is translated into English, the subject is added due to the
nature of this language. Moreover, the structure of the sentence is also changed.
This shift can be illustrated in the following figure.
Here, the translation I made sushi for my cats comprises S-V-O-Prep
structure. The order of the verb changes from the end of the sentence to
succeeding the subject. In English, the preposition can be put at the beginning or
end of the sentence. For this title, the preposition is placed at the end.
Datum 29/ST/220221 shares a similar occurrence with the datum above.
The difference is in the subject. The sentence titiga iljuildongan nundo an
majuchyeosseoyo is formed in S-Prep-O-V structure. Here, the subject is added to
the structure instead of being omitted. The English translation TT refused to look
at me for a week is composed in S-V-O-Prep structure. It can be seen that the
change of the order is similar to the datum 28/ST/200221; hence, the illustration
of the shift in this datum can be referred to the figure above.
Since data 19/TTE/240920, 28/TTE/200221, and 29/TTE/220221 share a
similar analysis of intra-system shift, the discussion is explained by an example.

56
In datum 19/TTE/240920, the verb fell asleep has the verb fall asleep as its base
form. When translated into Indonesian, the verb does not change into past form
like English, as seen in the verb tertidur. This occurrence happens due to the
nature of the language that indicates its tenses lexically. Therefore, Indonesian
uses words such as tadi or semenit yang lalu to indicate past event. This analysis
is also applied in data 28/TTE/200221 and 29/TTE/220221.
16. Level and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and Level and Unit/rank
Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, level and semantic shifts occur from Korean to English. Level
shift occurs from grammar to lexis. Semantic shift occurs as there is a semantic
gap between the original text and its translation. Meanwhile, level and unit/rank
shifts occur from English to Indonesian. This level shift also occurs from
grammar to lexis. Unit/rank shift occurs as the translation of the TL unit has a
different rank from the SL unit.
Table 36. Analysis of Level and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Level and
Unit/rank Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
level,
우리 고양이가 semantic
21/ST/0 미쳤어요! 21/TTE/ My Cat Is 21/TTI/ Kucingku
61020 (uri goyangiga 061020 Crazy! 061020 Sudah Gila!
michyeosseoyo!) Eng-Ind:
level,
unit/rank
The analysis of this semantic shift is similar to datum 6/ST/240520; hence,
the following elaboration restates the preceding discussion. Here, the word uri is
57
translated into my in English. These words are classified as possessive pronouns.
Thus, the words share a similar semantic feature of [+ possession]. The difference
is in the sense of the word. The pronoun uri has a communal sense as it roots back
in the collectivism of Korean people. It is different from English-speaking
countries that value individuality more. Therefore, the semantic feature of the
pronoun my is [– communal].
The explication of this level shift is nearly similar to the previous data.
Since it ends in –yeosseoyo, the Korean sentence is in the past tense. However, the
English translation of this tense is the auxiliary verb is instead of was. It is
because the verb stem of michyeosseoyo is michida which means to go crazy in
English. Here, it can be said that the subject went crazy and perhaps is still crazy
in the present time; hence, the English translation uses the verb is (Talk To Me In
Korean, 2019).
Level shift also occurs in the English to Indonesian translation. Here, the
English present tense is translated into the word sudah in Indonesian. This
particular word is applied to indicate the event that has happened in the past. It is
different from the previous analyses of similar occurrences in which the auxiliary
verb is omitted in the Indonesian translation. Even though the translation results
are slightly different from the source texts, the three titles share a similar idea of a
crazy cat.
On the other hand, unit/rank shift occurs in the noun phrase my cat. This
noun phrase is translated into the word kucingku in Indonesian. The possessive
pronoun my becomes the suffix –ku in the translation. Indonesian suffixes such as
58
–ku, –mu, and –nya are used to indicate possession; these suffixes are roughly
equal to the possessive pronouns in English. Therefore, it can be seen that
unit/rank shift occurs in datum 21/TTE/061020 as there is a rank change from
phrase to word.
17. Structure and Semantic Shift (Korean to English) and Structure and
Unit/rank Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, structure and semantic shift occurs from Korean to English.
Similar to the preceding discussion, this structure shift occurs in the sentence
structure. Semantic shift happens as there is a semantic gap between the languages.
The analysis of this semantic shift is similar to the datum above. In contrast,
structure and unit/rank shift occurs from English to Indonesian. This structure
shift also occurs in the noun phrase structure, similar to the previous discussion.
Unit/rank shift occurs as there is a rank change in the translation of the TL unit.
Therefore, the discussion of this data mostly restates the elaborations above since
the analysis is nearly similar.
Table 37. Analysis of Structure and Semantic Shift (Kor-Eng) and Structure
and Unit/rank Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
새로운 우리집 structure,
강아지를 Perkenalkan semantic
25/ST/1 소개합니다! 25/TTE/ Meet My New 25/TTI/ Anak Anjing
01220 (saeroun urijip 101220 Puppy! 101220 Baru di Rumah
gangajireul Kami Eng-Ind:
sogaehamnida!) structure,
unit/rank
59
The semantic shift in this datum is similar to data 6/ST/240520 and
21/ST/061020. Both uri and my are categorized as possessive pronouns. However,
there is a communal sense in the pronoun uri. This sense comes from the
collectivism of Korean people since they are an ethnically homogenous
population with solid nationalism. Hence, the difference is in the communal sense
between these possessive pronouns.
Datum 25/ST/101220 shares a similar analysis of structure shift to datum
20/ST/280920. The structure shift in this datum occurs in the sentence structure.
The Korean sentence saeroun urijip gangajireul sogaehamnida is composed in O-
V structure. On the other hand, its English translation meet my new puppy is
formed in V-O structure. It can be seen that the translation exchanges the order of
the verb and object; the verb is placed at the beginning of the sentence, while the
object is at the end. The illustration for this shift can be referred to the preceding
discussion.
Structure shift also occurs in the English to Indonesian translation. The
explanation of this shift is nearly similar to datum 5/TTE/220520. This particular
shift happens in the noun phrase structure. The English phrase my new puppy
comprises pre-modifier + head structure. Here, the words my and new are the pre-
modifier of the phrase; meanwhile, the word puppy is the head. The structure
changes as the noun phrase is translated into Indonesian. The phrase anak anjing
baru is formed in head + post-modifier structure. The phrase anak anjing is
categorized as the head, whereas the adjective baru is the post-modifier of the
phrase.
60
In datum 25/TTE/101220, puppy is classified as a word. When translated
into Indonesian, this word becomes the noun phrase anak anjing. In Indonesian,
young animals are usually identified as anak (child). This language does not have
a specific term for young animals. For instance, kitten means anak kucing in
Indonesian. Thus, unit/rank shift occurs in the English to Indonesian translation
since the rank changes from word to phrase.
18. Level Shift (Korean to English) and Class Shift (English to Indonesian)
In this data, level shift occurs from Korean to English. This shift happens
from grammar to lexis. Meanwhile, class shift occurs from English to Indonesian
as the part of speech of the TL item changes.
Table 38. Analysis of Level Shift (Kor-Eng) and Class Shift (Eng-Ind)
Target Text
English-
Indonesian
새해 첫 날 부터... Kor-Eng:
망했습니다 level
Sigh...
26/ST/0 (saehae cheot nal 26/TTE/ 26/TTI/ Hah... Hancur
Everything's
10121 buteo... 010121 010121 Semua
Ruined
manghaetseumni Eng-Ind:
da) class
The analysis of this level shift is nearly similar to datum 8/ST/110620. The
sentence ends in –yeossseumnida as the verb stem is manghada. Both –yeosseoyo
and –yeossseumnida indicate past tense. The difference is in the degree of
formality; the suffix –yeossseumnida is more formal than –yeosseoyo. This past
tense form is translated into phrase was ruined or ‘s ruined in English. Since
61
Korean merely has present, past, and future tense, the English translation can be
classified as past tense in the original text.
On the other hand, the elaboration of this class shift is almost similar to
datum 12/TTE/240620. The difference is in the part of speech of the TL item. The
word everything is a pronoun. When translated into Indonesian, there is a change
in the part of speech. Its translation semua is categorized as a numeralia in
Indonesian. Therefore, the shift comes from pronoun to numeralia.
19. Data 27/ST/300121
In this data, no shift occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian since the translated titles are not necessarily related to the original title.
Howbeit, these titles share a similar context.
Table 39. Analysis of Data 27/ST/300121

Target Text
English-
Indonesian
드디어 Kor-Eng: -
27/ST/3 오픈했습니다! 27/TTE/
Welcome to
27/TTI/ Akhirnya Telah
(deudieo Claire's Food
00121 300121 300121 Dibuka!
opeunhaetseumni Stall!
da!) Eng-Ind: -
Here, the Korean title is literally translated as finally it’s opened. The
English title is not the direct translation of the original title. The English translator
seems to create a new title instead of translating the Korean title. On the contrary,
the Indonesian title is a literal translation of the original title. The Indonesian title
seems to use the Korean title as the ST instead of the English title. Even though
the translation results are different, these titles have similar context. In the video,
62
it can be seen that Claire opened a bungeoppang stall. Bungeoppang is a fish-
shaped pastry filled with red bean paste, similar to Japanese taiyaki.
Based on the discussion above, six types of shift occur from Korean to
English: level, structure, intra-system, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic shifts.
Meanwhile, eight types of shift occur from English to Indonesian: level, structure,
class, unit/rank, intra-system, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic shifts. In the
Korean to English translation, the change happens mainly in the language systems
and culture as the result shows that structure, semantic, and level shifts occupy the
most. On the other hand, in the English to Indonesian translation, the change
happens primarily in the language systems as the result shows that structure and
intra-system shifts occupy the most.
B. Translation Procedures in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles
In this subchapter, the researcher applies Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of
translation procedures to examine the findings of the procedures found in the
video titles of Claire Luvcat from the occurring shifts in the previous discussion.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) categorize the procedures into two types: direct
translation and oblique translation. Direct translation contains borrowing, calque,
and literal translation. In contrast, oblique translation comprises transposition,
modulation, equivalence, and adaptation (pp. 31-39). In this analysis, four types of
procedure are applied based on the occurring shifts: literal translation,
transposition, modulation, and equivalence. The occurrences can be illustrated in
the following chart.

63
Chart 2. Translation Procedure Occurrences in Claire Luvcat’s Video Titles

30
25
20
15
10
0
Literal translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence
Korean to English English to Indonesian
Similar to the subchapter above, there are 64 occurrences of translation
procedures from 30 collected data. The whole occurrences are divided into 30
occurrences from Korean to English and 34 occurrences from English to
Indonesian. Literal translation is the most occurring procedure with 77% or 49
occurrences in total. Then, it is followed by modulation with 12% or 8
occurrences and equivalence with 6% or 4 occurrences. Lastly, transposition is the
least occurring procedure with 5% or 3 occurrences.
Literal translation also captures the most occurring procedure from Korean
to English with 83% or 25 out of 30 occurrences. It is followed by modulation
with 10% or 3 occurrences and equivalence with 7% or 2 occurrences. Therefore,
equivalence is the least occurring procedure.
A similar occurrence also appears in the English to Indonesian translation.
Literal translation occupies the most occurring procedure with 70% or 24 out of
34 occurrences. Then, it is followed by modulation with 15% or 5 occurrences,

64
transposition with 9% or 3 occurrences, and equivalence with 6% or 2 occurrences.
Thus, equivalence is also the least occurring procedure.
The following discussion explicates the analysis by examining each
obtained procedure in the data with results and narrations. Similar results are
elaborated by one particular example, while the rests are shown for comparison.
In these data, literal translation occurs from Korean to English and English
to Indonesian. This procedure directly translates the original text into a
grammatically and idiomatically suitable TT (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, pp. 33-
34). The table below merely displays the discussed data. The remaining data can
be seen in the appendix.
Table 40. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
Data Korean Data Data Procedures
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
literal
돌아온
Return of the translation
1/ST/01 미식회．．．？ 1/TTE/0
Gourmet
1/TTI/0 Kembalinya
0420 (doraon 10420 10420 Episode Kuliner
Talk…? Eng-Ind:
misikhoe…?)
literal
translation
Kor-Eng:
고양이가 자꾸
Kucing Terus- literal
원숭이 소리를 My Cat Keeps translation
menerus
5/ST/22 내요 5/TTE/2 Making 5/TTI/2
Mengeluarkan
0520 (goyangiga jakku 20520 Monkey 20520
Suara yang Eng-Ind:
wonsungi sorireul Noises!
Mirip Monyet literal
naeyo) translation
Kor-Eng:
코코가 엄청 화가 literal
났어요! translation
7/ST/30 7/TTE/3 CoCo’s Really 7/TTI/3 Si Kucing Coco
0520 (kokoga 00520 Angry!!!!! 00520 Marah Besar!
eomcheong hwaga Eng-Ind:
nasseoyo!) literal
translation
65

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
literal
티티가 또
translation
8/ST/11 삐졌어요 8/TTE/1 TT's Started 8/TTI/1 Si Kucing TT
0620 (titiga tto 10620 Sulking Again 10620 Ngambek Lagi
Eng-Ind:
ppijyeosseoyo)
literal
translation
Kor-Eng:
literal
아기 고양이가
One of the translation
14/ST/2 탈출했어요! 14/TTE/
Kittens
14/TTI/ Bayi Kucing
40720 (agi goyangiga 240720 240720 Kabur!
Escaped! Eng-Ind:
talchulhaesseoyo!)
literal
translation
In the first datum, it can be seen that the English translator uses the word
talk instead of episode when translating the Korean word hoe. However, the
translation can be considered idiomatic since these words share a similar semantic
feature of installment. Both hoe and talk can come in installment or section. This
analysis is similar to data 6/ST/240520 and 23/ST/251020 in which the translation
results use different words with similar semantic features instead of literally
translating the original words.
Structure change is grammatically appropriate since the translation result
has to adjust the TL system. It can be seen in the translation of the English noun
phrase in the first datum. The phrase the gourmet talk is translated into episode
kuliner. In Indonesian, a noun phrase is usually composed in head + post-modifier
structure. It is different from English and Korean which follow pre-modifier +
head structure. This occurrence is similar to data 5/TTE/220520, 6/TTE/240520,
7/TTE/300520, 9/TTE/130620, 13/TTE/080720, 20/TTE/280920, 22/TTE/131020,

66
23/TTE/251020, 24/TTE/101120, and 30/TTE/070321 in which the shift occurs in
the noun phrase structure.
Moreover, structure change can also be seen in the translation of the
Korean sentence in datum 5/ST/220520. The sentence goyangiga jakku wonsungi
sorireul naeyo is formed in S-Adv-O-V structure. Its English translation my cat
keeps making monkey noises is composed in S-V-O structure. Korean puts the
verb at the end of the sentence, whereas English and Indonesian place the verb
after the subject. Hence, it can be said that the SL text has to adjust the structure
of the TL text. This analysis is also similar to data 13/ST/080720, 19/ST/240920,
20/ST/280920, 22/ST/131020, 24/ST/101120, 28/ST/200221, 29/ST/220221, and
30/ST/070321.
Aside from the structure, the translation result has to adjust the TL
grammatical form. It can be seen in datum 7/ST/300520 in which the original text
adapts the English past tense form in the translation. The sentence kokoga
eomcheong hwaga nasseoyo ends with –asseoyo as the verb conjugation. When
translated into English, the conjugation becomes the word was or ‘s since English
has a different system for forming past tense. Korean past tense conjugates its
verb with –ass/eoss/yeosseoyo; meanwhile, English uses was, did, or had to
indicate past tense. This analysis shares similarity with data 8/ST/110620 and
9/ST/130620.
English also uses regular or irregular verbs to indicate past tense, as seen
in datum 14/ST/240720. The verb talchulhaesseoyo is translated into escaped in
English. The conjugation –yeosseoyo becomes suffix –d. Korean past tense form
67
is adjusted into a regular verb; hence, the translation result adapts its TL
grammatical form.
On the other hand, the Indonesian translation has a different occurrence. It
can be seen in datum 8/TTE/110620 in which the Indonesian title does not
translate its past form. Indonesian indicates its tenses lexically instead of attaching
affixes. Therefore, this language does not change its verb stem into past tense
form like English; it uses time markers such as tadi, kemarin, or tiga hari yang
lalu to indicate the past event. This analysis is similar to data 14/TTE/240720,
19/TTE/240920, 28/TTE/200221, and 29/TTE/220221. It can be said that these
data use literal translation procedure since the results are direct translations of the
original texts. Moreover, the translation results are also grammatically and
idiomatically appropriate.
2. Equivalence (Korean to English) and Literal Translation (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, equivalence occurs from Korean to English as the original
expression has its equivalent in the translation. On the contrary, literal translation
occurs from English to Indonesian since the TT is a direct translation of the ST.
Table 41. Analysis of Equivalence (Kor-Eng) and Literal Translation (Eng-

Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
2/ST/24 오오.. 살려주새오 2/TTE/2 2/TTI/2 Oh... Tolong Kor-Eng:

Oh... Save Me!
0420 (oo.. sallyeojusaeo) 40420 40420 Aku equivalence
68

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Eng-Ind:
literal
translation
Equivalence occurs when the same situation in two languages can be
translated using different stylistic and structural methods (Vinay & Darbelnet,
1995, p. 38). The expression sallyeojuseyo or sallyeojusaeo derives from the verb
stem sallyeojuda and imperative juseyo which can be translated into spare/save
someone’s life and please, respectively; hence, the expression means please save
(my life) in English. The expression save me is the English equivalent of
sallyeojuseyo since these expressions are used to ask for someone’s help in an
urgent situation. However, the English translation has a slight difference from the
original expression.
On the other hand, the Indonesian expression tolong aku is a direct
translation of the original expression save me since it is translated word by word.
Both expressions share a similar meaning of asking for someone’s help. The
difference is that tolong can be used in an urgent and non-urgent situation.
Nevertheless, the translation is considered idiomatically appropriate.
3. Modulation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian)
In these data, modulation occurs from Korean to English and English to
Indonesian. This procedure happens as the translated titles have a different point
of view from the source titles. Howbeit, the original and translated titles share
69
similar general ideas. Since these data have similar analyses, the discussion is
elaborated with an example. Other data are shown for comparison.
Table 42. Analysis of Modulation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
modulation
연어 폭발 김밥 Salmon
3/ST/06 3/TTE/0 3/TTI/0 Kimbap Salmon
(yeoneo pokbal (Mi)steak
0520 60520 60520 Meledak
gimbap) Gimbap
Eng-Ind:
modulation
Kor-Eng:
이불 밖은 modulation
10/ST/1 위험해요! 10/TTE/ It's Safe Under 10/TTI/ Di Luar Selimut
80620 (ibul bakgeun 180620 the Sheets! 180620 Bahaya!
wiheomhaeyo!) Eng-Ind:
modulation
Kor-Eng:
디디 송곳니가 modulation
Gigi Taring Si
18/ST/1 부러졌어요ㅠㅠㅠ 18/TTE/ DD Broke His 18/TTI/
Kucing DD
70920 (didi songgonniga 170920 Fang! 170920
Patah T.T
bureojyeosseoyo) Eng-Ind:
modulation
It can be seen in datum 3/ST/060520. The word pokbal means explosion.
In the English translation, this word is replaced by wordplay from the word
mistake. However, the Indonesian translation uses the word meledak which
directly translates from pokbal. Thus, the point of view from each title becomes
different. Both Korean and Indonesian titles mean the outburst of salmon kimbap.
Meanwhile, the English title merely means salmon steak kimbap with a little
mistake. Even though there is a difference in the point of view, these titles share a
similar main idea of salmon kimbap. This analysis can also be applied to data
10/ST/180620 and 18/ST/170920.

70
The English translations may share similar ideas with the Korean titles.
However, the Indonesian titles are direct translations from the Korean titles. For
instance, the sentence ibul bakgeun wiheomhaeyo can be translated into it’s
dangerous outside the blanket in English. The Indonesian title di luar selimut
bahaya shares a similar meaning to the original title, whereas the English
translation has the opposite of the Korean title.
4. Modulation (English to Indonesian)
In this data, the original title is different from the English title. The Korean
title can be roughly translated into DD wants to be loved in English. Meanwhile,
modulation occurs twice from English to Indonesian. This procedure happens due
to a semantic gap and difference in the point of view in the translation.
Table 43. Analysis of Modulation (Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng: -
디디가 사랑받고 Tingkah Laku
What DD Does
4/ST/14 싶대요 4/TTE/1
When He Feels
4/TTI/1 Si Kucing DD
0520 (didiga sarangbatgo 40520 40520 Saat Suasana
Good Eng-Ind:
sipdaeyo) Hatinya Baik
modulation
(both)
The first occurrence happens because the point of view changes in the
translation. In the Indonesian translation, the dependent clause what DD does
becomes the noun phrase tingkah laku si kucing DD. It can be seen that the focus
of each item is different even though both clause and phrase share a similar idea
71
of DD’s act. In the English title, the focus is on DD himself. Meanwhile, the focus
changes to the behavior of DD as it is translated into Indonesian.
The second occurrence happens due to a semantic gap between feels and
suasana hati. The phrase suasana hati can be translated into mood in English.
These items are related to emotion. However, suasana hati is a mixture of feelings
and emotions, while the feeling is an internalization of emotions. Hence, it can be
said that modulation occurs between suasana hati and feels.
5. Literal Translation (English to Indonesian)
In this data, the original title is also different from the English title. The
Korean title can be translated into bathing teddy bear-like cat. On the other hand,
literal translation occurs from English to Indonesian since the TT is translated
directly from the ST.
Table 44. Analysis of Literal Translation (Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
곰 인형처럼 Kor-Eng: -
목욕하는 고양이 My Cute Kucing Lucu Si
11/ST/2 (gom 11/TTE/ ChuChu 11/TTI/ Chuchu
00620 inhyeongcheoreom 200620 Stepped on 200620 Menginjak
mogyokhaneun DooDoo! Kotoran! Eng-Ind:
goyangi) literal
translation
This analysis is similar to data 8/TTE/110620, 14/TTE/240720,
19/TTE/240920, 28/TTE/200221, and 29/TTE/220221. Here, the verb stepped is
translated into menginjak in Indonesian. It can be seen that the Indonesian
translation does not follow the English past form. It happens due to the nature of
72
Indonesian that determines its tenses lexically instead of adding affixes. This
language uses a time marker to indicate past tense. The verb also does not change
into the past form like English. Therefore, this translation can be classified as
literal translation since the ST adjusts the TL system to produce grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TT.
6. Literal Translation (Korean to English and English to Indonesian) and
Transposition (English to Indonesian)
In this data, literal translation occurs from Korean to English and English
to Indonesian. This procedure happens since the translations are directly translated
from the source texts. Transposition also occurs from English to Indonesian as
part of speech changes in the translation.
Table 45. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and Literal Translation

and Transposition (Eng-Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
literal
루루가 다 translation
LuLu's Going Si Kucing Lulu
12/ST/2 먹을거애오!! 12/TTE/
to Eat
12/TTI/
Mau Makan
40620 (ruruga da 240620 240620
Everything!! Semuanya! Eng-Ind:
meogeulgeoaeo!!) literal
translation,
transposition
This analysis is similar to data 7/ST/300520, 8/ST/110620, and
9/ST/130620. Here, the Korean verb ends with the suffix –eul geoyeyo; it means
that the sentence uses future tense. This ending becomes the phrase is going to in
the English translation. Korean does not specify its future tense; hence, the
English translation of this future form can be am/is/are going to or will.

73
Similar analysis can be applied in datum 12/TTE/240620. Indonesian
indicates its tenses lexically; thus, the English tenses are translated into lexis in
Indonesian as it can be seen that the future tense form becomes word mau in the
translation. Based on these analyses, it can be said that the translation result has to
adapt the TL grammatical form.
Transposition means substituting one word class with another without
changing the meaning (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. 36). In this datum, the word
everything is classified as a pronoun. This part of speech changes in the
Indonesian translation. Its substitute semuanya is categorized as an adverb.
Everything and semuanya have similar meanings; the only difference is in the part
of speech.
7. Literal Translation (Korean to English) and Transposition (English to
Indonesian)
In these data, literal translation occurs in the Korean to English translation.
This particular procedure happens as the original text is translated to
grammatically and idiomatically correct TT. On the other hand, transposition
occurs from English to Indonesian. This procedure happens due to a difference in
the part of speech.
Table 46. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and Transposition (Eng-

Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
엄마 고양이가 Induk Kucing

The Mommy Kor-Eng:
15/ST/ 15/TTE/ 15/TTI/ Mandi untuk
처음으로 목욕을 Cat Had Her literal
010820 010820 010820 Pertama
했어요 First Bath translation
Kalinya
74

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
(eomma goyangiga
cheoeumeuro Eng-Ind:
mogyogeul transposition
haesseoyo)
Kor-Eng:
새해 첫 날 부터... literal
망했습니다 Sigh... translation
26/ST/ 26/TTE/ 26/TTI/ Hah... Hancur
(saehae cheot nal Everything's
010121 010121 010121 Semua
buteo... Ruined
manghaetseumnida) Eng-Ind:
transposition
The analysis for datum 15/ST/010820 is similar to data 5/ST/220520,
13/ST/080720, 19/ST/240920, 20/ST/280920, 22/ST/131020, 24/ST/101120,
28/ST/200221, 29/ST/220221, and 30/ST/070321. The Korean sentence eomma
goyangiga cheoeumeuro mogyogeul haesseoyo is formed in S-O-V structure. Its
English translation reverses the sentence structure. It can be seen in the sentence
the mommy cat had her first bath which has S-V-O structure. This change is
considered appropriate since the original text has to adjust the structure of TT.
This analysis of transposition is similar to datum 12/TTE/240620. It can be
seen in the translation of the English word bath. This word is categorized as a
noun. When translated into Indonesian, there is a difference in the word class. Its
translation mandi is classified as a verb. This analysis is also applied in datum
26/TTE/010121. The English word everything is a pronoun. Its Indonesian
substitute semua is classified as numeralia. The change comes from pronoun to
numeralia. Despite the change, these words share similar meanings.

75
The analysis for datum 26/ST/010121 is similar to data 7/ST/300520,
8/ST/110620, 9/ST/130620, and 12/ST/240620. The verb manghaetseumnida ends
with conjugation –yeossseumnida. This past tense form is translated into the
phrase was ruined, or ‘s ruined in the text. Even though it has a different
grammatical form from the usual past tense, the English translation can be
considered past tense since Korean merely has present, future, and past tense.
Therefore, it can be said that the translation has to adjust the TL grammatical form.
8. Literal Translation and Equivalence (Korean to English and English to
Indonesian)
In this data, literal translation and equivalence occur from Korean to
English and English to Indonesian. Literal translation happens since the
translation result has to adapt TL grammatical form. Meanwhile, equivalence
occurs as the source expressions have their equivalents in the translations.
Table 47. Analysis of Literal Translation and Equivalence (Kor-Eng and

Eng-Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
literal
translation,
안녕하세요
equivalence
16/ST/2 크집사입니다 16/TTE/
Hi, It's Claire
16/TTI/ Apa Kabar? Ini
70820 (annyeonghaseyo 270820 270820 Mama Claire!
Eng-Ind:
keujipsaimnida) literal
translation,
equivalence
This analysis of literal translation is similar to data 7/ST/300520,
8/ST/110620, 9/ST/130620, 12/ST/240620, and 26/ST/010121. The Korean
sentence annyeonghaseyo keujipsaimnida ends with the conjugation –imnida

76
which roughly equals to the verb to be in English. The English title translates this
suffix into the word is, or ‘s in the text. It can be seen that the Korean title adapts
to the English grammatical form when it is translated.
On the contrary, the following analysis is similar to data 8/TTE/110620,
11/TTE/200620, 14/TTE/240720, 19/TTE/240920, 28/TTE/200221, and
29/TTE/220221. The English auxiliary verb is is used to indicate affirmative
sentence and present tense. This verb can be translated into merupakan or adalah
in Indonesian. However, Indonesian sometimes omits the auxiliary verb as it can
be redundant. The translation is considered appropriate since it is directly
translated from the source text.
This analysis of equivalence is similar to datum 2/ST/240420. The
expression annyeonghaseyo can be translated into hello in English. This
expression is equivalent to its English translation hi since these expressions are
used for greeting people. Even so, there is a difference in the degree of formality
in which annyeonghaseyo is more formal than hi. In the Indonesian translation,
the expression hi becomes apa kabar. Both expressions are used for greeting;
however, apa kabar means asking the receiver’s condition. The translation is still
considered equivalent because the expressions share a similar situation and the
original expression can be translated with different stylistic and structural methods.
9. Literal Translation (Korean to English) and Equivalence (English to
Indonesian)
In this data, literal translation occurs from Korean to English as the TT is
directly translated from the ST. On the other hand, equivalence occurs from
77
English to Indonesian. Similar to the discussion above, this procedure happens
because the source expression has its equivalent in the translation.
Table 48. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng) and Equivalence (Eng-

Ind)
Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
나나가 빨리
literal
나았으면 translation
I Hope NaNa Berharap Si
17/ST/0 좋겠어요 17/TTE/ 17/TTI/
Gets Better Kucing Nana
50920 (nanaga ppalli 050920 050920
Soon. Cepat Pulih
naasseumyeon Eng-Ind:
jokesseoyo) equivalence
This elaboration of literal translation is similar to data 5/ST/220520,
13/ST/080720, 15/ST/010820, 19/ST/240920, 20/ST/280920, 22/ST/131020,
24/ST/101120, 28/ST/200221, 29/ST/220221, and 30/ST/070321. The sentence
nanaga ppalli naasseumyeon jokesseoyo is composed in S-Adv-If Clause-V
structure. Meanwhile, its translation I hope Nana gets better soon is formed in S-
V-If Clause structure. It can be seen that the order of the sentence structure is
reversed in the translation. However, it can be considered grammatically
appropriate since the original title has to adjust the translation structure.
The following analysis is similar to data 2/ST/240420 and 16/ST/270820.
The expression get better soon can be literally translated into menjadi lebih baik
in Indonesian; it is used to wish for someone to be healthy again. The English
expression is translated into cepat pulih. Both get better soon and cepat pulih have
a similar meaning. Its translation is considered equivalent to the ST since such
expression actually exists in the TL and is commonly used.

78
In these data, literal translation occurs twice from Korean to English and
English to Indonesian. It directly translates the ST into a grammatically and
idiomatically appropriate TT. Since the analysis is similar to the previous
discussions, each elaboration for these data is merely a restatement.
Table 49. Analysis of Literal Translation (Kor-Eng and Eng-Ind)

Korean- English-
English Indonesian
Kor-Eng:
literal
우리 고양이가 translation
(both)
21/ST/0 미쳤어요! 21/TTE/ My Cat Is 21/TTI/ Kucingku
61020 (uri goyangiga 061020 Crazy! 061020 Sudah Gila! Eng-Ind:
michyeosseoyo!) literal
translation
(both)
Kor-Eng:
새로운 우리집 literal
강아지를 Perkenalkan translation
25/ST/1 25/TTE/ Meet My New 25/TTI/ (both)
소개합니다! Anak Anjing
01220 (saeroun urijip 101220 Puppy! 101220 Baru di Rumah Eng-Ind:
gangajireul Kami literal
sogaehamnida!) translation
(both)
This analysis is similar to data 7/ST/300520, 8/ST/110620, 9/ST/130620,
12/ST/240620, 16/ST/270820, and 26/ST/010121. The verb michyeosseoyo ends
with suffix –yeosseoyo which indicates past tense. This verb conjugation is
translated into the word is in English. Even though it is different from the usual
translation, this English translation is idiomatically appropriate because the
subject my cat went crazy and perhaps is still crazy in the present time. A clearer
explanation can be referred to this discussion in the previous subchapter.

79
The analysis above can be applied in datum 21/TTE/061020. The English
present tense is translated into the word sudah in Indonesian. Sudah is one of the
markers to indicate past tense. Despite the difference, this translation is considered
appropriate since it is directly translated from the ST.
The translation result has to adjust the TL format. The noun phrase my cat
is translated into kucingku in Indonesian. The possessive pronoun my becomes the
suffix –ku. This occurrence happens due to the nature of Indonesian that uses
suffixes such as –ku, –mu, and –nya to indicate possession. Meanwhile, in datum
25/TTE/101220, the noun puppy is translated into anak anjing. Indonesian does
not have a specific term for young animals; hence, they are usually identified as
anak of the animals.
This elaboration is applied to data 21/ST/061020 and 25/ST/101220. It can
be seen that the word uri is translated into my in English. These words are
categorized as possessive pronouns. The English translation is considered suitable
since Korean and English have different backgrounds. Korean culture is based on
collectivism; hence, if someone owns a thing, it “belongs” to the whole
community because everyone also owns it. It is different from English-speaking
countries which mainly consider individuality more.
This analysis is similar to data 5/ST/220520, 13/ST/080720, 15/ST/010820,
17/ST/050920, 19/ST/240920, 20/ST/280920, 22/ST/131020, 24/ST/101120,
28/ST/200221, 29/ST/220221, and 30/ST/070321. The sentence saeroun urijip
gangajireul sogaehamnida comprises in O-V structure. In contrast, its English
translation is composed in V-O structure. It can be seen that the order of sentence
80
structure is exchanged in which the verb comes before the object in the English
translation. This occurrence is grammatically and idiomatically suitable since the
translation result has to adjust the TL system.
The following explication is similar to data 1/TTE/010420, 5/TTE/220520,
6/TTE/240520, 7/TTE/300520, 9/TTE/130620, 13/TTE/080720, 20/TTE/280920,
22/TTE/131020, 23/TTE/251020, 24/TTE/101120, and 30/TTE/070321 in which
the structure change occurs in the noun phrase. The phrase my new puppy is
formed in pre-modifier + head structure. On the other hand, its Indonesian
translation anak anjing baru is composed in head + post-modifier structure. It can
be seen that the order is reversed in the translation due to the fact that Indonesian
commonly puts the modifier after the head. This occurrence is also grammatically
and idiomatically suitable since the translation result has to adapt to the TL
system.
11. Data 27/ST/300121
The procedure in this data is not available in the Korean to English and
English to Indonesian translation since the translation results do not belong to any
of Vinay and Darbelnet’s classifications. Moreover, the translated titles are not
necessarily related to the source titles.
Table 50. Analysis of Data 27/ST/300121

No. of No. of No. of Translation
Source Text Korean Korean- English-
Data Data Data Procedures
English Indonesian
드디어 Kor-Eng: -
Welcome to
27/ST/ 오픈했습니다! 27/TTE/
Claire's Food
27/TTI/ Akhirnya Telah
300121 (deudieo 300121 300121 Dibuka!
Stall!
opeunhaetseumnida!) Eng-Ind: -
81
The Korean title is literally translated as finally it’s opened in English.
However, it can be seen that the English translator creates a new title instead of
directly translating the original title. The Indonesian title seems to use the Korean
title as its ST because akhirnya telah dibuka is a literal translation of the title
deudieo opeunhaetseumnida. Hence, the procedure is only applied to the Korean
to Indonesian translation.
Based on the discussion above, three types of procedure occur from
Korean to English: literal translation, modulation, and equivalence. Meanwhile,
four types of procedure occur from English to Indonesian: literal translation,
transposition, modulation, and equivalence. This finding shows that the various
shifts come from these limited procedures. Literal translation results in level,
structure, unit/rank, intra-system, and semantic shifts. Transposition results in
class shift. Modulation results in unit/rank, syntactic, and semantic shifts.
Equivalence results in semantic and pragmatic shifts.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
From 64 occurrences, it is revealed that eight types of shift are applied in
the translation of Claire Luvcat’s video titles from Korean to English and English
to Indonesian. Those shifts are level, structure, class, unit/rank, intra-system,
syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic shifts. Level, structure, intra-system, syntactic,
semantic, and pragmatic shifts occur from Korean to English. Meanwhile, level,
structure, class, unit/rank, intra-system, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic shifts
occur from English to Indonesian.
It is also revealed that four types of procedure are applied based on the
occurring shifts. Those procedures are literal translation, transposition, modulation,
and equivalence. Literal translation, modulation, and equivalence occur from
Korean to English. On the other hand, literal translation, modulation, transposition,
and equivalence occur from English to Indonesian.
The finding above shows that the various shifts come from these limited
procedures. Literal translation results in level, structure, unit/rank, intra-system,
and semantic shifts. Transposition results in class shift. Modulation results in
unit/rank, syntactic, and semantic shifts. Equivalence results in semantic and
pragmatic shifts.
The result of the analysis is as expected in which the meaning is retained
through the translations although there may be adjustments to each TL system. In
82
83
some findings, the English translator seems to create new related titles instead of
translating the original titles. In addition, some Indonesian titles use the Korean
titles as the STs; hence, the English “translations” may have related titles or
completely different titles from the original sources.
Differences are indeed inevitable. In Korean to English translation, the
differences are mostly in the language systems and culture. Meanwhile, the
difference in English to Indonesian translation is mainly in the language systems.
Thus, this research also proves that Korean, English, and Indonesian have
numerous contrasts in ideas, cultures, and language systems, as seen in the various
results of translation shift.
Even though this research is conducted to enrich the translation research
repertoire, the researcher realizes that these data are merely simple sentences and
the findings may not represent the complexity of each language. Therefore, for
further research, it is suggested to consider different types of trilingual text that
have more complexities in Korean, English, and Indonesian. A comparison
between human and machine translators (such as Google Translate and/or Papago)
for these video titles is also recommended for future research.

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APPENDIX
Table 51. Data of Translation Shifts and Procedures in the Video Titles of Claire Luvcat YouTube Channel
Target Text Korean- Target Text English- Translation Translation

No. of Data Source Text Korean No. of Data No. of Data
English Indonesian Shifts Procedures
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
돌아온 semantic
Return of the Gourmet Kembalinya Episode translation
1/ST/010420 미식회．．．？ 1/TTE/010420
Talk…?
1/TTI/010420
Kuliner
(doraon misikhoe…?) Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng: Kor-Eng:
pragmatic equivalence
오오.. 살려주새오
2/ST/240420 2/TTE/240420 Oh... Save Me! 2/TTI/240420 Oh... Tolong Aku
(oo.. sallyeojusaeo) Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
literal
semantic
translation
연어 폭발 김밥 Salmon (Mi)steak Kimbap Salmon Kor-Eng: Kor-Eng:

3/ST/060520 3/TTE/060520 3/TTI/060520
(yeoneo pokbal gimbap) Gimbap Meledak syntactic modulation
87
88

Eng-Ind: Kor-Eng:
syntactic modulation
디디가 사랑받고 Kor-Eng: - Kor-Eng: -

Tingkah Laku Si
4/ST/140520 싶대요 4/TTE/140520
What DD Does When
4/TTI/140520 Kucing DD Saat
(didiga sarangbatgo He Feels Good Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
Suasana Hatinya Baik
sipdaeyo) unit/rank, modulation
semantic (both)
Kor-Eng:
고양이가 자꾸 원숭이 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
소리를 내요 My Cat Keeps Making
Kucing Terus-menerus translation
5/ST/220520 (goyangiga jakku 5/TTE/220520 5/TTI/220520 Mengeluarkan Suara
Monkey Noises! Eng-Ind:
wonsungi sorireul yang Mirip Monyet Eng-Ind:
naeyo) literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
우리집 고양이는 안 literal
semantic
translation
6/ST/240520 물어요 6/TTE/240520 My Cats Don't Bite! 6/TTI/240520
Kucing di Rumahku
(urijip goyangineun an Tidak Menggigit Eng-Ind:
mureoyo) Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
코코가 엄청 화가 Kor-Eng:
CoCo’s Really Si Kucing Coco Marah Kor-Eng:
7/ST/300520 났어요! 7/TTE/300520
Angry!!!!!
7/TTI/300520
Besar! level
literal
(kokoga eomcheong translation
89

hwaga nasseoyo!) Eng-Ind:

Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
level
티티가 또 삐졌어요 TT's Started Sulking Si Kucing TT Ngambek translation
8/ST/110620 8/TTE/110620 8/TTI/110620
(titiga tto ppijyeosseoyo) Again Lagi Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
literal
intra-system
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
루루는 정말 신기한 literal
Lulu Benar-Benar... level
translation
9/ST/130620 고양이예요 9/TTE/130620
LuLu Is a Really...
9/TTI/130620 Kucing yang Luar
(ruruneun jeongmal Interesting Cat Eng-Ind:
Biasa Eng-Ind:
singihan goyangiyeyo) literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng: Kor-Eng:
이불 밖은 위험해요! semantic modulation
It's Safe Under the Di Luar Selimut
10/ST/180620 (ibul bakgeun 10/TTE/180620 10/TTI/180620
Sheets! Bahaya!
wiheomhaeyo!) Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
semantic modulation
곰 인형처럼 목욕하는
My Cute ChuChu Kucing Lucu Si Chuchu
11/ST/200620 고양이 11/TTE/200620
Stepped on DooDoo!
11/TTI/200620
Menginjak Kotoran!
Kor-Eng: - Kor-Eng: -
(gom inhyeongcheoreom
90

mogyokhaneun goyangi) Eng-Ind:

Eng-Ind:
literal
intra-system
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
level
루루가 다 먹을거애오!! translation
LuLu's Going to Eat Si Kucing Lulu Mau
12/ST/240620 (ruruga da 12/TTE/240620 12/TTI/240620 Eng-Ind:
Everything!! Makan Semuanya!
meogeulgeoaeo!!) Eng-Ind: literal
level, class translation,
transposition
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
새로운 고양이 가족이 literal
structure
translation
13/ST/080720 찾아왔어요 13/TTE/080720
A New Family of Cats
13/TTI/080720
Keluarga Kucing Baru
(saeroun goyangi gajogi in My House Ada di Sini Eng-Ind:
chajawasseoyo) Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
아기 고양이가 literal
intra-system
translation
14/ST/240720 탈출했어요! 14/TTE/240720
One of the Kittens
14/TTI/240720 Bayi Kucing Kabur!
(agi goyangiga Escaped! Eng-Ind:
talchulhaesseoyo!) Eng-Ind:
literal
intra-system
translation
엄마 고양이가 처음으로 Kor-Eng:
The Mommy Cat Had Induk Kucing Mandi Kor-Eng:
15/ST/010820 목욕을 했어요 15/TTE/010820
Her First Bath
15/TTI/010820
untuk Pertama Kalinya structure
literal
(eomma goyangiga translation
91

cheoeumeuro
mogyogeul haesseoyo) Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
class transposition
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
level,
안녕하세요 translation,
semantic
16/ST/270820 크집사입니다 16/TTE/270820 Hi, It's Claire 16/TTI/270820
Apa Kabar? Ini Mama equivalence
(annyeonghaseyo Claire! Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
keujipsaimnida) literal
intra-system,
translation,
semantic
equivalence
Kor-Eng:
나나가 빨리 나았으면 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
좋겠어요 I Hope NaNa Gets Berharap Si Kucing Nana translation
17/ST/050920 (nanaga ppalli 17/TTE/050920 17/TTI/050920
Better Soon. Cepat Pulih
naasseumyeon Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
jokesseoyo) pragmatic equivalence
Kor-Eng: Kor-Eng:
디디 송곳니가 semantic modulation
18/ST/170920 부러졌어요ㅠㅠㅠ 18/TTE/170920 DD Broke His Fang! 18/TTI/170920
Gigi Taring Si Kucing
(didi songgonniga DD Patah T.T
bureojyeosseoyo) Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
semantic modulation
92

Kor-Eng:
츄츄가 밥 먹다가 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
잠들었어욬ㅋㅋㅋ ChuChu Fell Asleep Si Kucing Chuchu translation
19/ST/240920 (chyuchyuga bap 19/TTE/240920 19/TTI/240920
While Eating! Tertidur Saat Makan Eng-Ind:
meokdaga Eng-Ind:
jamdeureosseoyo) literal
intra-system
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
새 집사를 찾습니다 structure
Hiring: A New Cat Mencari Pengurus translation
20/ST/280920 (sae jipsareul 20/TTE/280920 20/TTI/280920
Caretaker Rumah yang Baru Eng-Ind:
chatseumnida) Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
level,
우리 고양이가 translation
semantic
21/ST/061020 미쳤어요! 21/TTE/061020 My Cat Is Crazy! 21/TTI/061020 Kucingku Sudah Gila!
(both)
(uri goyangiga Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
michyeosseoyo!) literal
level,
translation
unit/rank
(both)
아기 고양이가 서열 1 위 A Kitten Challenged DD Bayi Kucing Menantang Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
22/ST/131020 디디에게 덤볐어요! 22/TTE/131020 for the Top Cat 22/TTI/131020 Si DD untuk Posisi
structure
literal
(agi goyangiga seoyeol Position! Kucing Teratas! translation
93

ilwi didiege Eng-Ind:

deombyeosseoyo!) Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
semantic
동네 바보 루루 The Household Dummy Si Kucing Lulu yang translation
23/ST/251020 23/TTE/251020 23/TTI/251020
(dongne babo ruru) LuLu Bodoh Eng-Ind:
Eng-Ind:
literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
산에서 새로운 고양이를 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
만났어요! I Met a New Cat in a Bertemu Kucing Baru di translation
24/ST/101120 (saneseo saeroun 24/TTE/101120 24/TTI/101120
Mountain! Gunung! Eng-Ind:
goyangireul Eng-Ind:
mannasseoyo!) literal
structure
translation
Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
literal
새로운 우리집 강아지를 structure,
translation
소개합니다! Perkenalkan Anak semantic
(both)
25/ST/101220 (saeroun urijip 25/TTE/101220 Meet My New Puppy! 25/TTI/101220 Anjing Baru di Rumah
Eng-Ind:
gangajireul Kami Eng-Ind:
literal
sogaehamnida!) structure,
translation
unit/rank
(both)
94

Kor-Eng:
Kor-Eng:
새해 첫 날 부터... literal
level
translation
26/ST/010121 망했습니다 26/TTE/010121
Sigh... Everything's
26/TTI/010121 Hah... Hancur Semua
(saehae cheot nal buteo... Ruined
manghaetseumnida) Eng-Ind: Eng-Ind:
class transposition
Kor-Eng: - Kor-Eng: -
드디어 오픈했습니다!
Welcome to Claire's
27/ST/300121 (deudieo 27/TTE/300121 27/TTI/300121 Akhirnya Telah Dibuka!
Food Stall!
opeunhaetseumnida!)
Eng-Ind: - Eng-Ind: -
Kor-Eng:
고양이들에게 초밥을 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
만들어줬어요! I Made Sushi for My Membuat Sushi untuk translation
28/ST/200221 (goyangideurege 28/TTE/200221 28/TTI/200221
Cats! Kucing! Eng-Ind:
chobabeul Eng-Ind:
mandeureojwosseoyo!) literal
intra-system
translation
Kor-Eng:
티티가 일주일동안 눈도 Kor-Eng:
literal
structure
안 마주쳤어요 TT Refused to Look at
Si Kucing TT Tidak translation
29/ST/220221 (titiga iljuildongan 29/TTE/220221 29/TTI/220221 Mau Bertatap Muka
Me for a Week Eng-Ind:
nundo an Selama Seminggu Eng-Ind:
majuchyeosseoyo) literal
intra-system
translation
95

왕머리 고양이는 Kor-Eng:

Kor-Eng:
literal
특별관리가 필요해요! This Big Headed Cat Butuh Perawatan structure
translation
30/ST/070321 (wangmeori 30/TTE/070321 Needs Special 30/TTI/070321 Khusus untuk Si Kucing
goyangineun Attention! Kepala Besar! Eng-Ind:
teukbyeolgwalliga Eng-Ind:
literal
piryohaeyo!) structure
translation

Korea Translation Shift

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND PROCEDURES

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND PROCEDURES

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND PROCEDURES

Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. July 18, 2022

Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum. July 18, 2022

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND PROCEDURES

Defended before the Board of Examiners

Yogyakarta, July 29, 2022

Dr. Tatang Iskarna

불티야 불티야 꺼지지 말고 피어나

and myself… 수고했어요.

Alhamdulillah, I firstly would like to express my gratitude to The

provides me tranquillity in her house during my study.

I sincerely would like to thank my brilliant advisor and co-advisor, Harris

completely lost if they do not help me at all.

grateful for meeting many people with diverse stories to tell.

they obliquely boost me during this distressing time.

Nadia Khansa Amira

TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................... 6

h. Stylistic Shift ........................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 21

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................... 27

12. Structure Shift (Korean to English) and Class Shift

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 82

No. Figure Page

1. Fig 1. Example of Structure Shift 12

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. Example of Level Shift 11

No. Table Page

AMIRA, NADIA KHANSA. (2022). Translation Shifts and Procedures of

To improve users’ convenience, YouTube enables a feature called

Keywords: translated video title, translation procedure, translation shift, YouTube.

AMIRA, NADIA KHANSA. (2022). Translation Shifts and Procedures of

Untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan penggunanya, YouTube meluncurkan

Kata kunci: translated video title, translation procedure, translation shift,

A. Background of the Study

as Google Translate), hiring an individual or an agency, or the creator oneself.

However, translators often encounter some problems in the process.

the cultural context is too indefinite; it reflects a society’s worldview, beliefs,

emotions, and values. The differences result in different interpretations although

target language (TL). Consequently, there is a departure from any TL category

during the process.

To solve the problems, translators use a procedure when translating a text.

Munday (2016) technically describes translation procedure as the translator’s

specific technique or method at a certain point in a text (for instance, borrowing a

Translators may transpose the SL message element by element into the TL or

employ more complex procedures (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. 31).

An example can be taken from a Korean honorific noona. It is used to

honorific since English honorifics tend to be used in an encounter with important

the addressee. Meanwhile, noona is often translated as kakak in Indonesian. Both

honorifics are used to address someone older in a casual situation. However,

meaning and is considered effective.

In this study, the researcher intends to analyze translation shifts and

languages: Japanese, English, and Indonesian. Hence, the researcher chooses