Fill in the blanks – 10

Word pool – 10

Multiple choice – 15

SCIENCE Q.E REVIEWER p.s sorry kung mahaba Odd one out – 10

Earthquake and Faults Morse type – 10

Continental Drift Calculations – 5

Continents of South America and Africa fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. =60

Alfred Wegener published “The Origin of  Continents and Oceans”,  in this book, he set forth his radical
hypothesis of continental drift.

PANGAEA

The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle

some types of fossilized animals and plants found in S. America and Africa

 the shape of the east coast of S. America fits the west of Africa

matching of rocks formation and mountain chains found in South America and Africa are
identical.

PLATE BOUNDARIES

  Divergent Boundaries (constructive margins) - Where two (2) plates move apart,

resulting in up-welling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor.

  Convergent Boundaries (destructive margins) - Where two (2) plates move together,

resulting in oceanic lithosphere descending beneath an overriding plate, eventually to be
reabsorbed into the mantle, or possibly in the collision of two continental blocks to create
a mountain system.

  Transform Fault Boundaries (conservative  margins) - Where two (2) plates grinds

past each other without the production or destruction of lithosphere.

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?

Is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.

Are caused by slippage along a fault in Earth’s crust. The energy released radiates in
all directions from its source, the focus.

FAULTS

Are fractures in rocks along which movement has occurred.

Small faults can be recognized in road cuts

Large faults usually have displacements of hundreds of kilometers long.

Result of the action of plate tectonic forces.

FAULT SCARP

 Rupture on the ground.

 One of the purest tectonic landforms.

 Change in elevation of the land surface across the fault.

FAULT PLANE

 Is the surface along which the slip or movement occurs during an earthquake.

Types of Faults

NORMAL FAULT

Is one in which the hanging wall falls relative to the footwall due to a stress.

REVERSE FAULT

One which the hanging wall displaces up relative to the foot wall because of compression.

A thrust fault occurs if the hanging wall is pushed up and then over the foot wall at a low angle.

STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

Primarily a horizontal displacement.

Left-lateral strike-slip fault is a fault on which the displacement of the far block is to the left.

Right-lateral strike-slip fault is a fault on which the displacement of the far block is to the
right when viewed.

Active Fault
Are structures along which movement are expected to take place.

Considered to be active if seismic activity is evident during the last 10,000 years.

INACTIVE FAULTS

Are structures that do not show seismic activities.

Maybe considered inactive if it has been inactive for millions of years.

May cause enormous earthquake if reactivated.

SEISMOLOGY

SEISMOGRAPHS are instruments that record earthquake waves.

SEISMOGRAMS are traced and records produce by the seismograph.

SURFACE WAVES

 Travels along the Earth’s outer layer.

  Rayleigh Waves and Love Waves

BODY WAVES

 Travels along the Earth’s interior.

  Primary Waves (P waves), and Secondary waves (S waves)

SURFACE WAVES

RAYLEIGH WAVES

  Also known as ground roll, spread through the ground as ripples, similar to rolling waves
on the ocean.

   Move both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane pointed in the direction in which
the waves are travelling.

LOVE WAVES

  Move the ground from side to side in a horizontal plane but at right angles to the direction
of propagation.

  Particularly damaging to the foundations of structures because of the horizontal ground

motion they generate.

BODY WAVES

PRIMARY WAVES (P WAVES)

Are push-pull waves – they push (compress) and pull (expand) rocks in the direction the wave travelling.

SECONDARY WAVES (S WAVES)

 Shake the particles at right angles to their direction of travel.

HYPOCENTER

  Other term for focus.

  Is the region where the rocks move and rupture along the fault.

  Found below the earth’s surface and the point where wave originates.

EPICENTER

 The epicenter is the point on the earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter (or focus), point in
the crust where a seismic rupture begins.

MAGNITUDE
   Is based on measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph.

  The moment magnitude (Mw) scale, based on the concept of seismic moment, is uniformly
applicable to all sizes of earthquakes but is more difficult to compute than the other types. 

INTENSITY

 Measures the strength of trembling produced by the earthquake at a certain place.

 Determined through the effects brought on people, buildings and environment.

TSUNAMI

-Is term taken from Japanese which means “big wave in the port”

-Is a sudden movement of gigantic water volcanic eruption, and meteorite impacts.

-In deep sea, tsunami’s height can be only about 1m (3 ft.) tall,

During landfall, a tsunami wave can be hundreds of meters tall.
Higher tsunami waves are produced on steeper shorelines.

EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI

-Loss of lives

-Destruction of property

-Risks of getting diseases due to contaminated and stagnant water.

-Always followed by more earth shaking

STORM SURGE

-A rising of the sea because of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.

-Rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems.

TIDAL WAVES

Regularly reoccurring shallow water wave caused by effects of the gravitational interactions between
the Sun, Moon, and Earth on the ocean.

TYPHOON
CLIMATE VS. WEATHER
Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific
region averaged over a long period of time.
AIR MASSES
 Is an immense body of air, usually 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) or more across and perhaps

by a similarity of temperature and moisture at any given altitude.

SOURCE REGION
- The area where an air mass acquires its characteristics properties of
temperature and moisture.
- The air masses are classified according to their source region. Polar (P),
and arctic (A) air masses originate in high altitudes toward Earth’s poles, whereas
those that form in low latitudes are called tropical (T) air masses.
-In addition, air masses are classified according to the nature of the surface in the
source region. Continental (c) air masses form over land, and maritime (m)
air masses originate over water.
BASIC TYPES OF AIR MASSES
  Continental Polar (cP)
  Continental Arctic (cA)
  Continental Tropical (cT)
  Maritime Polar (mP)
  Maritime Arctic (mA)
FRONTS
- Are boundaries that separate air masses of different densities. One air mass is
usually warmer and contains more moisture than the other.
 Can form two (2) contrasting air masses.
THE MIDDLE-LATITUDE CYCLONE
-Locations more prone to mid-latitude cyclone development are the Gulf of
Mexico, off the East Coast, and the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains.
- It is shown by an L, meaning low-pressure center.
LIFE CYCLE
- Was formulated by a group of Norwegian scientists and published in 1918.-
- The model was created primarily from near-surface observation. 
 CYCLONE
-Comes from the Greek word “kyklocin”  which means “to circle or whirl”.
TYPHOON
-Comes from the Arabic word “tufan” which means “big cyclonic storm”
-In Chinese (Cantonese) word “tai fung” which means great wind.
-TYPHOON FORMATION
-Sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures
- Atmospheric instability
- High humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere
- Causes by the Air masses.

-TYPHOON IN THE PHILIPPINES
-PHILIPPINE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
 25°N - 120°E, 
 25°N - 135°E,
 5°N - 135°E,
 5°N - 115°E,
 15°N - 115°E and
 21°N - 120°E
DEADLIEST OVERALL TROPICAL CYCLONE
 September 1881
 Typhoon Haiphong
 Almost 20,000 people died.
DEADLIEST TYPHOON
 September 26, 2009,
 Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)
 Affected about 4.9 million people in the Philippines
DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOON
November 7-8, 2013,
Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)
Max. sustained wind of 315kph before landfall
DEADLIEST TROPICAL STORM
July 14-18, 1911,
TS Thelma (Uring)
Dropped 2210 mL of rainfall within a 3-day, 15hrs period in Baguio City.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NO. 1

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION
- A tropical cyclone will affect the locality
- Winds of 30-60 kph may be expected in at least 36 hrs
IMPACTS OF THE WIND
- Twigs and branches of small trees may be broken
- Some banana plants may be tilted or downed
IMPACTS OF THE WIND
- Some houses of very light materials (nipa and cogon) may be partially
unroofed.
- Very light or no damage at all
- Rice crops may suffer significant damage.
PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NO. 2
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION
- A tropical cyclone will affect the locality
- Winds of 60-100 kph may be expected in at least 24 hrs
IMPACTS OF THE WIND
- Some coconut trees may be tilted with few others broken
- Few big trees may be uprooted
- Many banana plants may be downed
- Few big trees may be uprooted
- Many banana plants may be downed
- Rice and corn may be adversely affected
- Large number of nipa and cogon houses may be partially unroofed or totally
unroofed.
- Some old, galvanized iron roofing may be peeled off.
- Winds may brought light to moderate damage to the exposed communities.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NO. 3

IMPACTS OF THE WIND
- Many coconut trees may be broken or destroyed.
- Almost all banana plants may be downed, and a large number of trees may
be uprooted.
- Rice and corn crops may suffer heavy losses.
- Majority of all nipa and cogon houses may be unroofed or destroyed and
there may be considerable damage to structures of light to
medium instructions.
- A widespread disruption of electrical power and communication services
- Moderate to heavy damage may be experienced particularly in agricultural
and industrial sectors.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NO. 4

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION
- A tropical cyclone will affect the locality
- Winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hrs.
IMPACTS OF THE WIND
- Coconut plantation may suffer extensive damage
- Many large trees may be uprooted
- Rice and corn plantation may suffer severe losses
  Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be
severely damaged.
- Electrical power distribution and communication services may be severely
disrupted.
- Damage to affected communities can be very heavy.
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

COMETS
An icy which contains dust, ice, bodycarbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and more.
PARTS OF A COMET
NUCLEI
  The first part of a comet.
  Contains different chemicals in varying amounts.
  Made up of rock, iron, dust and frozen chemicals including water and gases such as
nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane.
 Measure 10 miles (16 km) or less.
COMA
Produced when water, dust, gas and debris are expelled forming a cloud around the
nucleus.
TAIL
  Affected by the orbital path of the comet.
  Curves behind the nucleus

ASTEROID
Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the
early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.

PLANETS FORMATION

ADDITIONAL REVIEWER IN SCIENCE 8

ITEM SEISMIC STATION TIME DIFFERENCE DISTANCE

56-60 PALAWAN 49.8s

PALAWAN
56. Given: TD=48s
57, Required: Distance
58. Equation: d=Td/8s x 100km
59. Solution: d= 49.8s/8s x 100km
=6.22 x 100km
=622km
60. Answer: 622km

Seaquakes: An earthquake that takes place underwater

Circum-Pacific: Long horseshoe-shaped seismically active belt of earthquake epicenter,
volcanoes, and tectonic plate boundaries.
Alpide-Himalayan: It counts 15% of all earthquakes worldwide
Typhoon: Develop in the western part of North Pacific Ocean