NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

Master in Public Administration

The Philippine Administrative Legal System

Professor : Dr. Maria Ellen Ruditha A. Quinicio

Student : Eduardo B. Borela

Topics : Public Administrative define, Problem areas in the study of the public
administration, Private and public administration distinguished, Politics and
administration and Policy and administration.
By : Eduardo Borela /Commission on Appointments

Public Administrative Defined

Public – refers to the government
Administrative – relating to administration; relating to the management of a
company, school, or other organization.
- Tasks/duties/responsibilities.
- Expenses/costs/a hospital’s staff.
- A job/a skill /duties.

Administrative systems, processes and functions

Administrative Systems – refers to systems and processes for filing and record
keeping, office correspondence, visitor and phone call management, internal
communication, financial management and other administrative duties…need to
set up a basic administration system.

Administrative Processes – are the office tasks that are required to keep a
company humming along. Include human resources, marketing, and accounting,
and managing information that supports the business.

Administrative Functions – functions normally associated with the routine

operation of the government, including tax assessment and collection, personnel
services, purchasing, records management services, data processing warehousing,
equipment maintenance, and printing.

The Philippine Administrative System (PAS)

 Influenced by western and eastern ideologies, culture and characteristics.
PAS- refers to a network of organizations with specific rules and goals, structures,
and resources. It empowers people by:
1. Institutionalizes access to PAS services.
2. Decentralizes and makes operations transparent
3. Listens and work with people
4. Procedures should be made simple and local language should be used.
Public Administrative System
Public Administration – the implementation of government policies [according to
Encyclopedia Britannica].
PA Work – regarded as controlling government operations.
A public administrator – one is employed by the government and works in the
service of that governing body in the interests of governing. This occurs at all
levels of virtually all governments, from the local, all the way to the national level.

Problem Areas in the Study of Public Administration

Five (5) Contemporary issues in Public Administration
1. Political Environment – political conflicts, issues, corruption, anomalies, etc.
2. Contracting –involvement of private contractors in government projects,
privatization and private-public partnership programs.
3. Technology – with the implementation of advance technology and the
shifting to automation and computerization in almost all data-oriented
operations. The issue of security and safety. Needs specialized personnel.
4. Social Equity – the need to protect the minorities, the need to balance
social and cultural environment, the issue of discriminations, and other
general welfare and public services.
5. Transparency – the face of Public Administration must change to mirror the
government and culture that houses it.

Most Common Problems of Organization

 Absence of clear direction
 Difficulty blending multiple personalities into a cohesive and unified team
 Failure to develop key competencies and behaviors
 Poor communication and feedback
 Lack of awareness

Major Problems of Public Administration

1. Graft and Correction
2. Red Tape
3. Padrino System

Challenges of Public Administration

 Protect electoral integrity and enhance voter participation.
 Modernize and reinvigorate the public service.
  Develop new approaches to public governance and engagement.
 Advance national interests in a changing global context.
 Foster social equity.
 Connect individuals to meaningful work.

Public and Private Administration Distinguished

Public Administration – is the specialized branch of administration and deals with

public policies and programs, government functions, and providing of various
services to the general public.

Private Administration – refers to the management of private organization usually

business entities. It is carried out by private individuals or a group with the aim to
earn profits usually.

How is public administration different from private administration?

Private Firm (Administration) Public Administration

Clear objective-profit Multiple objectives and vague
May differ depending on public policies such as
budgetary or health objectives
Control performance Complex performance monitoring
Performance can be monitored according And evaluation outputs vs policy outcome
to accounting criteria
Congruence between managers’ Difficulties in the control of public
And owners’ interests managers by political power
Careers, stock options, etc. information asymmetries, non-congruence
possibilities
Direct market sanctions No public bankruptcy
Bank, stock exchange

Distinction between Public and Private Administration

Political Direction – PA takes place in a political context and work under political
direction and scrutiny. Private Administration functions largely under the
influence of market economic condition. But can be subject to political direction
in times of emergency.
Absence of Profit Motive – PA provide services to the people to promote social
goal. Private business organization is to make profit for their owners. PA is
communal while Private Ad is personal.
Legal Framework – PA operates within a legal framework. The Business org. are
subject to less legal constrains.
Consistency of treatment – the government official is required by law to maintain
a high degree of consistency in his dealing with the public. Private officer is not
legally obliged to treat small and big costumer alike.
Public Accountability – it is the hall-mark of PA in a democracy. His actions are
open to public review and scrutiny at all times. It is not a value effecting business
administration. Private Admin. Is not accountable for the public for what they do
and what they fail to do.
Large-scale administration – PA contrast with the private in size and diversity of
activity.
Essentiality of some public services – public services such as national security,
law and order, health care, transport and communications are vital to the
existence of community itself and can not be neglected by any government. Some
services provided by the business organization are not essentials for existence of
society.

Politics and Administration

Politics - administration dichotomy – is a theory that construct the boundaries of

public administration and asserts the normative relationship between elected
officials and administrators in a democratic society. The politics-administration
dichotomy is an important concept in the field of public administration and shows
no signs of going away because it deals with the policy-makers role as an
administrator and the balancing act that is the relationship between politics and
administration, from the words of Woodrow Wilson in a debate.
Politics – the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area,
especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to
achieve power.
 The activities of governments concerning political relations.
 The academic study of government and the state.
Public Administration – the implementation of government policies. Today public
administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility.
Public Administration is a child of Political Science, , therefore Political Science is
macro in nature because it deals with the state and systems of government and
its bureaucracy, while Public Administration is micro in nature because it deals
with the people or the bureaucrats who serve as the machinery of the state.
Policy and Administration
A policy – is a set of rules or guidelines for your organization and employees to
follow in to achieve a specific goal.
Public Policy – is a process about selecting strategies and making choices.
Public Administration – is the implementation of government policy.

The difference between policy and administration

Public Policies – are the guidelines that government entities use to coordinate
their various programs and initiatives.
Public Administration (Administrators) – are responsible for producing and
managing those policies.

Policy Analysis in public administration

Policy analysis is a technique used in public administration to enable civil servants,
activists, and others to examine the available options to implement the goals of
laws and elected officials.

Types of Policies

 Redistributive Policies (e.g. taxation, welfare, labour market)

 Distributive Policies (e.g. education, research, tax reductions)
 Regulatory Policies (e.g. competition, food safety, environment)
 Constitutive Policies (e.g. constitutional policy)

Policy Making process

 Agenda setting
 Policy formulation
 Adoption (or decision making)
 Implementation
 Evaluation
Policy Analysis Process
 Verify, define and detail the problem
 Establish evaluation criteria
 Identify alternative policies
 Assess alternative policies
 Display and distinguish among alternatives
 Implement, monitor, and evaluate the policy

Corporate policies and procedures (Examples)

 Code of conduct
 Attendance/vacation/time-off policy
 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination policies
 Workplace safety
 Alcohol, drug-free workplace…
 Whistleblower policy
 Anti-harassment policy
 Private policy
 Facemask/face shield and social distancing
 Minimum health protocol policies

Policy Tools
Policy instruments – tools used by government to pursue a desired outcome.

Policy Process
The policy process normally is seen as having a series of sequential parts or
stages:
 Problem emergence
 Agenda setting
 Consideration of policy options
 Decision making
 Implementation
 Evaluation

Policy development – involves identifying need, gathering information, drafting,

consulting and review.
Policy principles – represent the association’s position on major legislative issues
under consideration by federal and state policy makers now, and provide the
foundation for future policy guides.

References:

- Public administration defined -Google search

- Administrative system meaning – Google search
- Philippine Administrative System: a fusion of East and West-
Academia.edu
- Distinction between Public and Private Administration-bpsc
- Politics-administration dichotomy-Wikipedia
- What is the dichotomy between politics and administration? -Google
Search
- What is Public Administration? -Best Value Schools
- Problem areas in the studying of public administration-Google search
- Administrative system in the Philippines- Google search
- Contemporary issues in Public Administration-College Values Online
- Difference between Public Administration and Private Administration-
Google search
- Policy and administration- Google search
- Problems in public administration – Google search
- Underlying Problems of Public Administration- Academia.edu