Course Code and Title: BACR3 Good Governance and Social Responsibility

Lesson Number : 1 and 2

Topic: Nature and Thrust of Public Administration and Social

Responsibility
This module discusses the traditional functions of government. Then, set of
innovations had been introduced for a better or enhanced administrative organization
including methods. Technically competent personnel are chosen on the basis of merit rather
than on politics or patronage. More businesses like administration and attention are geared
toward both public and human relations where social responsibility is considered.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

 Identify the nature and thrust of Public Administration

 Differentiate public from private sector
 Explain the meaning of social responsibility

Pre-Assessment:

Direction: True/False: On the blank before the number, write True if the sentence is correct,
False if incorrect.

______1. There is no definitive prescription for excellent organizational formula for

Public Administration (PA) thrust.
______2. Even in the 21st century, no management strategies satisfy our volatile
politico-administrative environment.
______3. Both in its discipline and in its practice, there is no new development in
Public administration (PA).
______4. For effective participation in democracy, citizens need only to select and
change their leaders.
______5. Governance is not only by government agencies alone, but, the active
entry of the people in its affairs to attain equality, social justice, rule of law
and people empowerment.
Lesson Presentation:

Public Administration (PA) deals with the system, processes, and dynamics of the
management, operation or administration of the affairs of the state, which include the entire
gamut of government service in the national and sub-national politics, including but not
limited to government officials and public employees.

Fields of Public Administration

1. Local and Regional Governance and Administration.

It refers to the institutions around local government engage in the design and
implementation of political, economic policy like business elites, community leaders,
development cooperatives, training and enterprise councils, and voluntary groups.

2. Fiscal Administration

It generally refers to the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and

decisions on:

a. Taxation and revenue administration

b. Resource allocation
c. Budgeting and public expenditure
d. Public borrowing and debt management, and
e. Accounting and auditing
3. Public Policy Analysis and Program Administration

It can be defined as what the government chooses to do or not to do in a particular issue

or program that includes the administration of the following processes:

a. Policy initiation e. Policy and program evaluation

b. Policy information
c. Policy implementation
d. Policy and program monitoring and
4. Organizational and Personnel Management

It refers to the creation of an environment that hastens the improvement of individuals and
their organization to provide better public service. Leaders and the rank and file are enjoined
to implement organizational thrust while maintaining operational function, developing
interpersonal skills and managing human resources.

Emerging Subfields of Public Administration

Emerging subfield of

Public Administration

Public Enterprise Voluntary Sector Spatial Information

Management Management
Management
 Public Vs. Private

Public
It focuses less on the government
institution but more on whom it
serves – the people.
Private
Denotes client or customer-
centered activity carried usually by
a business group, an enterprising
organization or the likes.

“Administration of the public but an

administration for the public” “Customer satisfaction”

Administrators and employees are Include Non-profit organization,

driven by: accountability, voluntary groups and civil society.
responsiveness and transparency

Setting goals in Public Administration

The goal of public administration is identified to democratic norms and governance:
 Pursuing public good
 Ensuring efficiency and effective delivery of a public service
 Improving the quality of life
 Promoting social justice and equity
 Transparency
 Accountability
 Accessibility along the way in the business of public service
Public Servants:
 Legislation
 Budget monitoring to statistical data analysis
 Policy construction
 Implementation of government programs to program assessment and
recommendation
Social Responsibility Public Administration as a field of Study
Social responsibility means that businesses, in addition to maximizing
shareholder value, must act in a manner that benefits society. Social responsibility
has become increasingly important to investors and consumers who seek
Public Administration
investments that are not just profitable but also contribute to the welfare of society
and the environment. However, critics argue that the basic nature of business does
not consider society as a stakeholder.
Generalization:
Henceforth, the term public administration is beingLaws, used in small letters to
Rules, and
denote its Political
practice while the capital letter (e.g. Public Administration) is to be treated
Management
as a discipline for the purpose of ourScience
discussion. Regulations

Reinforcement / Assignment:
Other Interdisciplinary Answer
Nature the following
of Public questions based on the next topic:
Administration
1. Is there effective Public Administration under the PBBM Administration?
2. Is the distribution of basic goods and services i.e. SAP & “ayuda” during this pandemic
being allocated based on social equity?

References: Principles and Practices of Public Administration in the Philippines by

Ricardo S. Lazo, First Edition, Rex Book Store copyright 2011.
Course Code and Title: BACR3 Good Governance and Social Responsibility
Lesson Number: 3
Topic: Origin and Development of Public Administration
Professor: Soledad S. Escritor J.D.
This module explains spoils system, politics and administrative dichotomy,
classical proponents of public administration and towards the modern PA to New
Public Management.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
 Postulate politics and administration dichotomy.
 Criticize the spoils system tracing how it became a question of
organizational inefficiency.
 Distinguish public administration from new public management
Pre-Assessment: Sentence Completion: Fill the blank with the correct answer to
complete the following sentences:
A. The separation of politics and administration brings about solvency in the
1)_e__________y and 2) i_e___________s of government organization or
3) g___________t mismanagement. The spoils system is a term derived
from the phrase “to the 4) v c__r_of 5) sp___s.

Lesson Presentation:
Public administration is believed to be as old as the civilization of Greece and
and Mesopotamia. In other words, the idea of client-oriented public administration has
its roots in ancient public administration. To Pres. Woodrow Wilson of USA, the field of
administration is a field of business and that administration should be politics-free. He
further stressed that politics and administration are separate as politics is the
expression of the will of the state, and administration is the exercise of that will. During
the Industrial Revolution Era, profound changes in management techniques offered a
variety of innovations in the reformation of the organizational system toward more
productive working outputs which found their ways to the improvement of administrative
capacity and organizational behavior in the public business field. Here are some of the
early proponents of management thoughts:
1. Frederick W. Taylor – Father of Scientific Management. He advocated the
Taylorian principles such as: division of labor, span of control, organizational
hierarchy, reporting systems, departmentalization, and development of standard
operating rules, policies and procedures.

2. Henry Fayol – He focused on the general theory of management.

3. Leonard White – He noted the four critical assumptions that shaped the
framework for the study of Public Adm

4. William F. Willoughby- He outlined developments that led to the creation of a

modern budget system or budget reformation.
One neoclassical proponent of Public Administration is Herbert Simon. He was known
for the concept of bounded rationality and his model of administrative man who
maximizes. Elton Mayo conducted studies in group dynamics while Chester Barnard
and Abraham Maslow presented a more comprehensive theory of organizational
behavior where he wrote the functions of executives. Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
edited A Collection: Papers on the Science of Administration where introduced the
acronym PODSCORB. The innovations they introduced adds social equity to the classic
definition of PA. (NPM)
Generalization:
The Old PA or classical PA from the early management theory, was developed in
response to the needs and requirements of emerging industrialized societies vis-à-vis
the growing needs of the public sector in regard to the position of the government as
well. PA during the classical stage was focused on achieving efficiency, effectiveness,
and economy, known as the traditional Es, in managing organizational structures and
personnel as determined in the results of the delivery of public goods and services. Old
PA was further characterized by the overlapping of rules and regulations, lack of
capacity building for citizens; low quality of civil service; and low accountability among
the players. Traditional PA was challenged as highly futile, hence the birth of the
Modern PA.

Activity/Evaluation: Answer the following questions:

1. As the Father of Scientific Management, name and explain five (5) principles
advocated by Frederick Taylor?
2. How did Pres. Woodrow Wilson distinguish politics from administration?

References: Principles and Practices of Public Administration in the Philippines by

Ricardo S. Lazo, First Edition, Rex Book Store Copyright 2011.
Course Code and Title: BACR3 Good Governance and Social Responsibility
Lesson Number: 4
Topic: Towards the Modern Public Administration and Good Governance
Professor: Soledad S. Escritor J.D.
This module explains and discusses the modern PA, interprets privatization,
the Philippine experience. It traces some setbacks of privatization; appraise modern PA
to good governance (toward 2000s)
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
 Discuss the modern Public Administration
 Explain the relationship of good governance to modern PA
 Summarize the era of new PA from 1960 to 2000s
Pre-Assessment: Multiple Choice: Encircle only the letter of the correct answer.
1. Modern public administration suggests that public governance be
a) effective b) economical c) scholarly d) relevant
2. The old Public administration focused only on
a) social equity b) the traditional Es c) bureaucracy d) transformation
3. As a political principle, this term has become associated with particular means of
achieving general well-being.
a) social justice b) industrialization c) welfare d) democracy
4. It refers to the policy of shifting prioritization of services on the part of the
government to the private sector.
a) privatization b) social media c) laity d) prosperity
5. Developments through the years in Public Administration led to:
a) corrupt officials b) industrialization c) identity crisis d) disinformation

Lesson Presentation:
The discipline of PA has been characterized as one with continuing “identity
crisis.” That “identity crisis” served as the theme that leads to the emergence of New
Public Administration (NPA). In the Philippines, the crisis revolved around development
aspirations of the country. It continues up to today, but modern public administration has
always been and will continue to cope with the contemporary changes and shifts in
global politics, economics, and other socially relevant trends of management &
governance. Social equity has been added to the classic definition of PA. At this period,
government efforts were geared at achieving wider based services at the grass roots.
Hence, equity has been defined as “equality among equals and inequality among
unequals.” In short, social equity is understood as the just distribution of services,
opportunities, income and wealth for the benefit of the underprivileged people to the
widest range of coverage at the local levels. This enhancement of government service
function is what characterized the New PA, the test of good governance.
Following the NPA is the era of New Public Management (NPM) which is a
political creed that redefines the role of the public sector toward a more effective and
cooperative responsibility with the business and the public sector in a state. This refers
to the new management techniques of the government through transferring the
government functions to the private bodies. This leads to privatization policy where
there exists a paradigm shift of prioritization of services on the part of the government
that is to concentrate more on social services spending through unburdening the state
control of ownership of production to private sectors, but defining and setting system
standards for effective and continuous operation; whereby the role of the government
has been reduced merely to a “minimalist tendency”, and to assume its significance
only in cases of market failures.
There is still a government indirect intervention on privatized companies as to owners
and operators of newly taken over industries would conduct their affairs and businesses
according to government rules and regulations. Many countries resort to privatization
perhaps to take advantage of the private sector efficiency and to save money in
implementing infrastructure projects or seen as part of an economic development
program. In the Philippines for one, asset privatization was not successful in the 1980s.
Majority of the sequestered assets of the Marcos family were operated and funded by
the government at a loss. And with the economic crisis that time, double-digit inflation,
deficits in the balance of payment, gross internal reserves below $1B, the government,
in its awful need of cash, decides to cut its losses and resell these companies.
The regulation of a State’s control and involvement in some key sectors of the
economy makes a government a regulatory body in theory and practice. Enticing
business sector to partake the nature of governance gives them more room for effective
and democratic market competitions while the state at the same time develops new
modes of regulation like the function of oversight body as regards the functioning of the
business in the markets, professionalizing the bureaucracy or extending more authority
to judicial branch. Thus, the state in a new democratic framework must modify its role or
alter it simultaneously, fading out in some areas but building up in other areas. Creating
private or individual business monopolies requires the creation of new offices of
regulation.
The Philippine Experience:
In the Philippines, privatization involves the sale or lease of government assets or
government-run or controlled corporations (GOCC) to the private sector. It also covers
to include the infrastructure sector, which may take the form of public-private
partnership or collaboration. Privatization in the country has taken its place in three
periods:
A. Pro-Marcos Era. The people power in 1986 resulted in the redemocratization of
the Philippines. The investiture of Corazon C. Aquino as President ushered in a
new era of governance. One of the strategies was de-Marcosification, one of
which is the privatization of expensive but non-performing assets of government
or some Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations(GOCCs). Included in
the disposition of assets were properties confiscated from the alleged illegitimate
wealth of the Marcos family.
B. Privatization in 1990s. It started with the power sector and later the Build-
Transfer-Operate Scheme. The facility is owned by the state but is operated by
the private sector.
C. Privatization in 2000s. Collaboration with the private sector in the provision of
housing services, health services, postal, and pension funds

Generalization:
The Philippine government is now pursuing sustainable development to meet the
needs of the society of today without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is maintaining a
balance between the need of the present population with the number, energy use,
food production, waste recycling, pollution control, industrial process, and material
utilization. A sustainable society must have a stable population growth and size, a
program of conserving and restoring biological base, minimal use of fossil fuel; and
is economically efficient and has social forms that are compatible with the natural,
technical and economic characteristics, cultural beliefs, values and social paradigms
that define and legitimize these natural and social characteristics. The Philippine
government’s major thrusts to ensure sustainable development are:
1. To promote a sustainable and more productive utilization of natural resources;
2. To encourage investments and entrepreneurship;
 3. To promote responsible mining that adheres to the principles of sustainable
development which are economic growth, environmental protection, and social
equity;
4. To focus and strengthen the protection of vulnerable and ecologically fragile
areas especially watersheds and areas where biodiversity is highly threatened;
5. To create a healthier environment for the population; and
6. To mitigate the occurrence of disasters to prevent loss of lives and properties.

Activity/Evaluation: 10%
Based on the previous discussion, name three (3) government properties which were
privatized; give three advantages and three (3) disadvantages of its being leased or
sold to the private sector.

References: Principles and Practices of Public Administration in the Philippines by

Ricardo S. Lazo, First Edition, Rex Book Store Copyright 2011.