MPA 311

V. PUBLIC ADMINISTRAION IN PHILIPPINE SETTING

REPORT
B. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
C. PUBLIC POLICY AND PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES

REPORTER: CARL LAURENCE B. ORTEGA

MPA 2B 1:30-4:30PM
DR. MARIA MAGDALENA TEODOSIO
THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION
• The study of Administration is an article by American Politician,
Academic and University Administrator Woodrow Wilson in 1887
promoting the study of public administration in American
Universities and arguing for the implementation of administrative
methods in American Government. The purpose of this article is to
bring awareness that the government systems in place, need to be
re-evaluated and improved.

WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

• WOODROW WILSON - Public administration is a detailed and systematic
application of law. One can also say that public administration is nothing but
the policies, practices, rules and regulation etc. in action.
• FREDERICK K. LANE - Defines administration as organizing and
maintaining human and fiscal resources to attain a groups’s goals.
• LEONARD DUPEE WHITE - Consists of all those opetaions having for
their puporse the fulfillment or enforcement of Public Policy.
• FELIX A. NIGRO - Essentially a cooperative group effort in public setting.
Secondly, it covers all the three branches of government machinery, the
executive, legislative and judicial. Public Administration plays a crucial role in
formulation of policies therefore, it is a part of the political process as well (for
e.g Bills and Acts)
CONCEPT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• Today Public Administration is often regarded as including also
some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of
governments, specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing,
coordinating and contrilling of government operations.

NEW CONCEPT OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
• The new concept of Public Administration approach all call for
small, flexible and less hierarchical structures in an administration
interface that could become more flexible and comfortable. The
orgganizational structure should be in tune with the socially
relevant condition.
• Reorganizing of the bureaucracy has always been an initiative of
Philippine President throughout the years. Reorganization
programs have been mainly ensuring the effectiveness, efficiency,
affordability and accountability of government; that is government
effort must be focused on its core functions, the realization of
service delivery support system and right staffinf, rationalizing
government funds and ensuring transparency and respectively.
12 PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
1. TRANSPARENCY - Aims at keeping public servant in check as
far as their operations is concerned.
2. EQUITY - Public servants deal with people from diverse
backgrounds and all deserve their service.
3. ECONOMY - When researching the pillars of public
administration, economy comes in under the banner efficiency
and effectiveness.
4. SUBSIDIARITY - Due to public administration’s concern with
efficiency, effectiveness and improvement, focus has been placed
on question of formal organization in service delivery.
5. PLURALISM - Places emphasis on the disperse of power
among different economic and ideological groups.
6. ACCOUNTABILITY - As societies became more organized and
the control of resources went into the hands of elected
government structures, the public became dependent on these
governments for services and quality is of importance.
12 PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
7. PARTICIPATION - Public administration accepts that all people are
equal irrespective of their nackgrounds, ethnicity, gender and/or affiliations.
8. ACCESS TO SERVICE - For quality to be achieved, every citizen ought
to be afforded equal access to public services such as health care, education
among others.
9. REPRESENTATION - The fundamental buillding block around the
principle of representation is the idea of the peoples will it becomes a
question of who will represent the will of the people? are they those who are
elected by the people themselves? Representation is not the cornerstone of
Public Administration but it is the concerstone of the entire government
system.
10. LEGITIMACY - For legitimacy to be carried out, public administrators
should provide conductive environment for adequate public involvement.
11. RESPONSIBILITY - When looking at the pillar in the form of
responsibility in the realm of Public Administration, you will come accross
a ,myriad of scholarly emphasis regarding the importance and reason for
responsible civil servant.
12. INTEGRITY - Integrity as a principle in public administration has more
to do with one’s ethical conduct more than anything else.
THE MAJOR INSTITUTIONS THAT PRACTICES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT
AND POLITICS
• ADMINISTRATION - A systematic process of administering the management of a business organization, an
educational institution like school or college government office or any nonprofit organization.
• MANAGEMENT - Is defined as an act of managing people and their work, for achieving a common goal by using the
organization’s resources.
• POLITICS - Is derived from the GREEK word polis, which means “city”.
- The art or science concerned with winning and holding control over a government.
- Way that people living in groups make decisions.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VS.
PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
• PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - Is a field of study that is concerned with the
systematic application of public policies and programs formulated by the state.
• PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION - Is defined as management and organization
of private business enterprises.
WHAT IS PUBLIC
POLICY?
• Attempt by the government to address a public issues.
• Principles & standards regarded by the legislature or by the courts
as being of fundamental concern to the State & to the whole
society.
• Course of action or inaction taken by governmental entities with
regard to a particular issue or set of issues.

MEANING OF PUBLIC POLICY?

• System of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, & funding
priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental
entity or its representative.
• Commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative acts and judicial
decisions; may also be created by an executive order, bureaucratic
regulation, or provincial/city/municipal/barangay ordinance.
• Rule of action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization
goals, objectives, values or ideals & often prescribing the
obligatory or most desirable ways & means for their
accomplishment.
AIMS OF PUBLIC
POLICY?
• Reconcile conflicting claims for scarce resources.
• Encorage cooperation that would probably not occur without
government influence or encouragement.
• Prohibit morally unacceptable behavior.
• Protect the rights of individuals
• Provide direct benefits to citizens.

NATURE & SCOPE OF PUBLIC POLICY

• The authoritative allocation of values for a society.
• The process of deciding who gets what, when, where and how.
• What the government chooses to do or not to do about a specific
problem.
• Establish the boundaries of our freedoms & color the countour of
our interactions with other people in our political, social &
economic system.
THREE (3) PARTS TO PUBLIC POLICY-MAKING
• PROBLEM
• PLAYER
• POLICY

SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY

• Complex and multifaceted process.
• Interplay of individuals and groups (interest)
competing/collaborating to influence policy makers.
• Variety of tools/tatcics used to advance aims.
• Advocating positions publicly - Educating supporters/opponents,
mobilizing allies.

ADVOCACY
• Attempt to influence public policy thru education, lobbying or
political pressure.
• Educate general public/policy makers re: funding required for
services/research.
• Regarded as unseemly but it can clearly influence public policy
priorities.
GUIDANCE FOR POLICY MAKERS - CORE PRINCIPLES
• Politicians & public servants are accountable to the public.
• Elites, in politics & private sector, no not have the rights to pursue
their interests without constraints.
• Govcrnment bureaucratic & deciion processes must be open,
accessible & transparent, as well as responsive to public.
• Individuals & communities affected by projects have the right to
information regarding proposed developments; the right to
challenge the need for, and the design of, projects, and the right to
be involved in planning and decision-making processes.

RATIONAL MODEL OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

PROCESS
• AGENDA SETTING - Agencies & government officials meet to
discuss the problem at hand.
• OPTION-FORMULATION - Alternative solutions are considered &
final decisions are made regarding the best policy.
• IMPLEMENTATION - The deciced policy is enforced.
 STAGES IN THE POLICY MAKING PROCESS
By: JOHN W. KINGDON, 1984
1. AGENDA SETTING - Certain problems are viewed as needing action while others are postponed; competing
claims & prioritization gain ordecline in prominence over time.
2. POLICY RECOGNITION - Certain topics emerge as significant issues that demand action due to many influences
such as indicators that come to public view, feedbak on current programs, or events that demand attention.
3. POLICY GENERATION - May occur almost simultaneously with policy recognition; likely that many are trying
to generate solutions to the problem.
4. POLITICAL ACTION - To reach the op of policy agenda, proposal must be consistent with emerging political
realitites.
5. POLICY FORMULATION - Development of formal policy statements that are viewed as legitimate.
6. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - Managers develop administrative rules or policies to give detail to legislation or
fill in the gaps.
TYPES OF POLICY
1. REGULATORY POLICY
• Designed to limit the actions of persons or groups so as to protect
the general public or a substantial portion of the public.

2. DESTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• Most common form of government policy, uses tax revenues to
provide benefits to individuals or groups by means of grants or
subsidies.

3. REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• Take taxes from certain groups & give them to another group.

4. CONSTITUENT POLICY
• Intended to benefit the public generally or to serve the
government.
 STAGES IN MAKING PUBLIC POLICIES
By: ROY SYLVAN
• Identify porblem that needs improvement or solution.
• Develop alternative solutions that can improve or solve the problem.
• Adopt an alternative or combination of alternatives.
• Implement the adopted policy.
• Evaluate the effect of the policyn on the problem it addresses and on the people affected.
LOCAL LEGISLATIVE BODY (SANGGUNIAN
CRITICAL TASKS)
• Formulating and managing the legislative agenda.
• Crafting ordinances and resolutions.
• Enacting ordinances & codes of ordinances.
• Evaluatomg the implementation od ordinances..

CRAFTING ORDINANCES AND RESOLUTIONS

• Identifying and analyzing a policy problem to be addressed by legislation.
• Gathering research-based information.
• Drafting the legislative proposal - Requires knowledge of its parts or
elements, rule of construction such as grammar and usage, form and style;
civil society groups can influence this cycle by drafting proposal and
giving them to legislators.

ENACTMENT OF LEGISLATION
• Deliberation
• Consultation
• Codification
• Consideration
LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT
• Evaluation of how the policy was carried out; that funds were not wasted.

ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE LOCAL LEGISLATURE

• Efficient institution or organization.
• Participatory legislation process.
• Development perspective; addresses development objectives: poverty
reduction, environmental protection, gender equality, peace and unity,
accountability, and transparency, citizen participation.

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
• Awareness-raising on areas and mechanism for participation.
• Making existing legislative mechanism for participation work.
• Developing innovative tools to encourage and sustain participation in
legislative decision making.

MECHANISM FOR LEGISLATIVE PARTICIPATION

• Committee meetings
• Commitee hearings
• Legislative agenda formulation - Public consultations and workshop.
• Budget hearings
• Accreditation (Research, writing, infromation)
METHODS TO SOLICIT INPUT/COMMENT
FROM PUBLIC
• Public hearing
• Public consultation
• Focus group discussion
• Community needs assessment survery
• Consultation by individual legislators

TOOLS TO REACH OUT PUBLIC

• Legislative digest
• Sanggunian brochure
• Medal tools
• Website
• Letters to constituents
• Barangay or purok hopping
• Study visits for students
 THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
“DEMOCRACY IS THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE
PEOPLE AND FOR THE PEOPLE.”
- ABRAHAM LINCOLN

BY: CARL LAURENCE B. ORTEGA