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考研英语讲义

主题:名词+数词

【知识点梳理 1】名词

【1】基本概念

名词是表示人或物以及抽象概念的词。

【2】基本分类

专有名词(首字母大写):表示某一特定的人、月份、节日、地名、机构等
个体名词(book,door)
可数名词
名词 普通名词: 集体名词(class,army)
表示一类 物质名称(milk,water)
人、事物或 抽象名词(动作、状态等抽象概念 love,interest)
不可数名词
抽象概念的
名称

【3】用法详解
1. 可数名词的复数变化

5 明:5 种规则变化
5 暗:5 种不规则变化

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1) 五明:五种规则变化

1. 直接加-s 的占多数;book student computer basket movie apple key

2. 词尾若是-s,-x,-ch,sh,直接加上-es;bus box class watch brush match glass dish

3. “辅音字母+y”,要把 y 变为 i 再加-es;baby lady family city story factory country hobby

一定是辅音字母—+y;元音字母+y 直接+s 如:toy day boy key

4. 词尾若是 f 或 fe,加-s 之前要把 f 或 fe 变为 ve;


leaf→leaves、half→halves、wife→wives、knife→knives、shelf→shelves、wolf→wolves; thief→thieves

特例:直接加 s: roof roofs,chief chiefs,proof proofs。

例题:
①There are three (knife)on the table.

②There are a lot of (leaf) on the tree when spring comes.

5. 词尾若是 o,加-es 的有 Negro,hero,tomato 和 potato;其他加 s。


potato tomato piano photo kilo hero Negro mosquito zoo radio video bamboo 等

2)五暗:五种不规则变化

1.单复同形:sheep deer fish

2.变元音:foot—feet tooth—teeth goose-geese ;man—men woman—women;mouse-mice

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3.变词尾:ox—oxen 公牛 child—children 孩子

4.变国人:

不变:Chinese—Chinese 中国人 Japanese—Japanese 日本人

词尾加-s:如:German—Germans 德国人 Russian—Russians 俄罗斯人 Roman—

Romans 罗马人 American—Americans 美国人 Australian—

Australians 澳大利亚人 Indian—Indians 印度人

变 man 为 men:Frenchman—Frenchmen 法国人 Englishman—Englishmen 英国人

German—Germans 是陷阱,考题常出现。

例题: They are from . They’re .

A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany

C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen

(1)有主加主后:有主体名词,把主体名词变成复数形式。

如:lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)。

tooth-brushes(牙刷),apple tree→apple trees(苹果树)


(2)无主加最后:无主体名词,则在词尾加-s
5. 复合名词: 如:forget-me-nots(勿忘我) touch-me-nots(含羞草)

grown-ups (成年人) go-betweens 中间人

(3)由 man 或 woman 作为第一部分的复数名词,两部分皆变。

如:man driver--- men drivers,woman doctor --- women doctors。

3)只有复数形式的名词:
一些学科名词:mathematics(数学),physics(物理学),politics(政治学)等

2. 不可数名词
它们前面不能用 a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。

1)常考不可数名词

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2)修饰不可数名词

a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶

a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a piece of bread 一片面包

a basket of food 一篮食物 a piece of news/advice/bread 一条消息/一个建议/一片面包

two bags of rice 两袋米 three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡

five kilos of meat 五公斤肉 two pieces of bread 两片面包

3)既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但意义不同

room(空间)—rooms(房间)

work(工作)—works(著作)

glass(玻璃)—glasses(眼镜)

time(时间)—-times(倍数,次数,时代)

paper(纸)—papers(试卷,证件,报纸)

fruit(水果)—fruits(各种水果)

drink(饮料)—drinks(各种饮料)

custom(习惯,风俗)—customs(海关)

【巩固练习】
1. If you want to lose weight and keep fit, you’d better not eat too much ______.

A. meat B. apple C. egg D. potato

2. My class teacher has given me lots of ___________. They’re very useful.

A. information B. advice C. suggestions D. news

3. We haven’t got much________ for our party. We should buy some this afternoon.

A. work B. time C. food D. paper

4. There are few _______ in the fridge. Let’s go and buy some carrots and cabbages.

A. fruit B. vegetables C. meat D. eggs

5.At the lecture the experienced teacher also gave us some ______ on how to learn English well.

A. advice B. suggestion C. opinion D. idea

6. My brother enjoys having cold drinks, so he always puts his Coke in the______ before he drinks it.

A. basket B. bottle C. packet D. fridge

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7. Her ambition is to be a journalist when she grows up. The underlined part means “______”.

A. businesswoman B. clerk C. guide D. reporter

8. My mother went to the supermarket to buy some ______.

A. egg B. apple C. bread D. orange

9. I like ______ very much. My mother usually cooks it in different ways.

A. potatoes B. tomatoes C. fish D. noodles

10. There is nothing but some ______ in my pocket.

A. coin B. key C. bill D. money

3. 常考修饰词:

可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达

可数名词与不可数名词的数量表达

只能修饰可数名词 few, a few, quite a few, many, too many, a (large) number of.

只能修饰不可数名词 little, a little, quite a little, much, too much, an amount of, a large amount of,

huge amounts of, a great deal of.

可数名词与不可数名词皆可修饰 some, any, lots of, a lot of , plenty of, two hundred/thousand/million,

hundreds/thousands/millions of.

【巩固练习】

1.There’s little ______ in the fridge. Let’s go and buy some for breakfast.

A. potato B. egg C. bread D. tomato

2. My father always reads much _________ after supper.

A. photos B. news C. newspapers D. messages

3.I must go to the supermarket today. There’s little ______ in the fridge.

A. ink B. grass C. milk D. fuel

4. It is not safe for teenagers to give out too much ______ about themselves on the Internet.)

A. information B. questions C. ideas D. knowledge

5. Bill isn’t feeling well as he had too much ______ this morning.

A.potato B. noodle C. biscuit D. bread

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4.名词所有格

1) 有生命:+’s/ s’ : Lucy’s coat the Children’ Palace women’s clothes Teachers’ Day The twins’ mother

有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s 来构成所有格。
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 one month’s vacation 一个月的假期
ten seconds’ love 十秒钟的爱 a mile’s journey 一英里的路程

an hour’s walk 步行 10 分钟的路程 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸

China’s land 中国的土地 American's industry 美国的工业

共同所有和各自所有:共有共用’s 不共有各自’s

Tom’s and Jack’s room 各自所有 Tom and Jack’s room 共有所有

表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上's 代表全称。

at the doctor's 在诊所 at my aunt’s 在我阿姨家

2)无生命:多用 “of + 名词”结构

the title of the song 歌名 the end of the week 周末

the name of the book 书名 the windows of the room(房间的窗户)

the cover of the dictionary(词典的封面)

3)双重所有格

在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰时,如:

a,an,one,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no 等。常用“of +名词’s”的形式来表示所有

关系,即通常所说的“双重所有格”。后面的名词一般都是表示人的。
如:This is a book of Li Ming’s. 这是李明的一本书。
I met a few friends of mine. 我遇到了我的一些朋友。
Here is a photo of Mary’s. 这是一张玛丽的照片。(玛丽收藏的,不一定是她本人的照片)
I have a photo of Mary. 我有一张玛丽的照片。(指玛丽本人的照片)

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