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Brief summary of Lecture 7

• We continued looking at some nuclear properties from perspective of
EIPM
• ”Single-particle” magnetic moments – Schmidt estimates
• Quadrupole moments – some values exceptionally large

• Switched focus to even-even nuclei

• Brief look at two-particle configurations & the ”m-scheme”

• Need to invoke collective picture to describe certain aspects of

experimental data – namely the trends seen in the first excited 2+
states of even-even nuclei

• We looked forward to L8 as there is an opportunity to taste Ferrero

Rocher chocolates and to think about the meaning of spherical
nuclei (and deformed nuclei)

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Energies of the first excited 2+ states in e-e nuclei

Lilley: Fig. 2.12 Rotational nuclei

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The ratio E(4+)/E(2+) for the lowest 2+ and 4+ states

of e-e nuclei
Deformed, rotational nuclei
are found in regions where
N and Z are both away from
magic numbers
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A vibrating liquid drop

• Consider the vibrations to be standing waves on the surface of the drop

• Similar to the θ, φ dependence of the wavefunction for a particle in a
(spherical) well
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Quadrupole phonon vibration of a

spherical nucleus
Expected spectrum of
vibrational states

3 phonon 6+, 4+, 3+,

2+, 0+
Octupole 3-

2 phonon 4+, 2+, 0+

0.5 – 1.5 MeV

1 phonon 2+

0+

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Examples of complexity: region around 208Pb

Lilley (Fig. 2.11)

• Ground states and several excited

levels of 209Pb, 209Bi given by
promotion of single p or n

• In 209Bi, several states near E*

= 2.6 MeV

• Not single-particle or single-hole

states but states including a 208Pb
core excitation into a 3- state
coupling with the single neutron
(3- is a collective state )

Doubly-magic Z=83 N=127

(N=126) (Z=82)
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Low-lying excited levels of 118Cd

2 quadrupole
ħω phonons

1 quadrupole
ħω phonon

What is the characteristic frequency?

• E=ħω ~1 MeV
• ω ~1021 Hz !!
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The ratio E(4+)/E(2+) for the lowest 2+ and

4+ states of e-e nuclei
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Change of level structure with increasing number of

valence nucleons
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Electric Quadrupole Moments

C.H. Townes et al., Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 1415

Distortion of the liquid drop under the influence of the

trajectories of the valence nucleons to gain in stability
J. Rainwater, Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 432

Nobel Prize in Physics (1/3) in 1975

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James Rainwater
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Quadrupole moment and deformation

β>0, Q0>0

β<0, Q0<0

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How common is quadrupole deformation?
One might even ask how ”uncommon” spherical nuclei are ?

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Energy ratios of ground state rotational bands

2
E(I )  I(I 1) Rotational Rotational
Lilley: Fig. 2.16
2 nuclei nuclei

E(I ) 

E(4+)/E(2+)

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Rotations of a deformed nucleus

Real nuclei are somewhere between these two extreme pictures

Fluid inside rotating vessel?

Rigid rotation? ħ2 /2J fluid= 90 keV (for A=170)

EI = ħ2 I(I+1)/2Jrigid
Predictions:
ħ2 /2Jrigid = 6 keV (for A=170)
Experimental observations
ħ2 /2J Exp~ 15 keV (for A=164)
E2 ~ 90 keV
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Brief summary

• Looked at systematic behaviour of energies of 2+ states in e-e nuclei

• Large regions of nuclear chart with E(4+)/E(2+) around 2 (A<150)

• Two regions of nuclear chart with E(4+)/E(2+) around 3.33

(150<A<190, A>220)

• Developed models describing these properties in terms of:

vibration and rotation

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