UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ

Brief summary of L8

In the last lecture we introduced:

• Vibrational nuclei (A ~150-190)

• Deformed nuclei (A > 230 )

- Evidence from Quadrupole Moments

- Evidence from level energies

• Introduced a model to describe rotational nuclei

- ``Rotational Bands´´

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Population of excited states in heavy-ion reactions

Inside the Oak

Ridge Nat. Lab.
Tandem
Electrostatic
Accelerator

The JUROGAM
array in JYFL

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Gamma-ray spectra from JYFL

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158Er E (MeV)
EI = ħ2 I(I+1)/2J

Change in slope
= change in ℐ

``Picket fence´´

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158Er “Backbending”
2
E(I )  I(I 1)
2

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Ultra High Spin States

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Spectrum of gamma rays
Superdeformation: 152Dy emitted successively down
a superdeformed rotational
band.
proposed spin values I
for Eγ(I+2→I)

Below I = 24 the nucleus is

no longer superdeformed.
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Superdeformation
152Dy

Very large β (2:1 axis ratio)

Physics world 3 (1990) 31

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Collective shapes: Triple shape coexistence in 186Pb

In atomic nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons, the low-lying
excitation spectrum is generally formed by nucleon pair breaking and
nuclear vibrations or rotations. However, for certain numbers of protons
and neutrons, a subtle rearrangement of only a few nucleons among the
orbitals at the Fermi surface can result in a different elementary mode: a
macroscopic shape change.
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Collective shapes: Triple shape coexistence in 186Pb

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Studies of pear-shaped nuclei: Nature (2013)

There is strong circumstantial evidence that certain heavy,

unstable atomic nuclei are ‘octupole deformed’, that is,
distorted into a pear shape. This contrasts with the more
prevalent rugby-ball shape of nuclei with reflection-
symmetric, quadrupole deformations. The elusive octupole
deformed nuclei are of importance for nuclear structure
theory, and in searches for physics beyond the standard
model; any measurable electric-dipole moment (a signature
of the latter) is expected to be amplified in such nuclei.

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Single-particle states in deformed nuclei

Sven Gösta Nilsson

1955

Nilsson Model
Nilsson Diagram

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Single-particle states in deformed nuclei

Prolate deformation

Oblate deformation

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Single-particle states in deformed nuclei

Ωπ[NnzΛ]

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Next Lecture:
• We will start to discuss radioactivity and radioactive decay

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