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Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Vol. 4 - Costs
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Hard Rock Tunnel Boring
Doctoral theses at NTNU 1998:81
Amund Bruland
Vol. 4 of 10
Costs
NTNU Trondheim
Norwegian University of
Science and Technology
Doctoral thesis
for the degree of doktor ingeniør
Faculty of Engineering Science
and Technology
Department of Civil and
Transport Engineering
PREFACE 1
0 GENERAL 3
0.1 Project Reports about Hard Rock Tunnel Boring 3
1 NORMALISED COSTS 6
1.0 Introduction 6
1.1 Assembly and Disassembly 8
1.2 TBM and Backup Equipment 9
1.3 Cutters 11
1.4 Work Behind the Face 13
1.5 Labour 15
1.6 Declined Adit 17
2 DETAILED COSTS 18
2.1 TBM and Backup Equipment 18
2.2 Examples of Application - Machine Costs 24
2.3 Muck Transport 28
2.4 Other Costs 36
3 TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 39
3.0 General 39
3.1 Construction Time 40
3.2 Construction Costs 41
APPENDICES 43
A. Previous Editions 43
B. Research Partners 44
C. List of Parameters 45
D. Estimation Forms 48
PREFACE
HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Costs

Project Report 1C-98
The report is one of five reports about hard rock tunnel boring:
•= 1A-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Design and Construction

•= 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Advance Rate and Cutter Wear
•= 1C-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Costs
•= 1D-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Geology and Mapping
•= 1E-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Performance Data and Back-mapping
•= 1F-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING The Boring Process
In addition, HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Background and Discussion gives

general information about the basis of the above listed reports.
Combined with the other reports in the Project Report Series from the Department of
Building and Construction Engineering at NTNU, the reports present an updated and
systematised material on rock excavation and tunnelling to be used for:
•= Economic dimensioning
•= Choice of alternative
•= Time planning
•= Cost estimates, tender, budgeting and cost control
•= Choice of excavation method and equipment.
A list of available Project Reports may be requested from the Department of Building
and Construction Engineering at NTNU.
The advance rate, cutter wear and excavation cost models also exist as a WINDOWS
programme.
The report is prepared by Amund Bruland and is part of his dr.ing thesis about
hard rock tunnel boring.
The reports listed above describes a comprehensive model developed at NTNU The
model covers the complete tunnel boring process from the early planning stage
1
PREFACE
through preinvestigations, time and cost estimates, tunnel excavation and finally ac-
quisition and treatment of experience data. The models and data presented in the
reports are meant to be a practical tool for owners, consultants and contractors,
more than a theoretical analysis of the tunnel boring process.
The project has been granted financial support by our external research partners, see
list in Appendix.
For reference, registration and similar, we ask for the following:
NTNU-Anleggsdrift (1998): Project Report 1C-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL

BORING Costs.
When copying from the report, the source should be stated.
Trondheim, February 1999
Odd Johannessen
Professor
Contact address: Amund Bruland

Department of Building and Construction Engineering, NTNU
N-7491 Trondheim
NORWAY
Telephone +47 73 59 47 37 Fax +47 73 59 70 21

e-mail amund.bruland@bygg.ntnu.no
Internet http://www.bygg.ntnu.no/batek/batek.htm
2
0. GENERAL 0.1 Project Reports about Hard Rock Tunnel Boring
0.1 PROJECT REPORTS ABOUT HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING
1C-98
The report provides methods and necessary data for estimation of excavation costs
and total construction costs for hard rock tunnel boring.
The report presents the following data and models:
•= Chapter 1: Normalised Costs, an evened and normalised summary of the de-

tailed costs in Chapter 2.
•= Chapter 2: Detailed Costs, costs for the various operations of tunnel boring.
•= Chapter 3: Total Construction Costs, including site preparation and operation,
design and planning, construction management and interest during construction.
•= Appendix D: Estimation forms adapted to the estimation models.
Project Report 1C-98 is a revised and updated version of parts of the project reports
1-76, 1-79, 1-83, 1-88 and 1-94, all published by the Department of Building and
Construction Engineering at NTNU.
The price level in the report is January 1999.
Appendix A shows a list of previous editions of the HARD ROCK TUNNEL

BORING report.
Other Reports
The Project Report 1A-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Design and Con-
struction describes general design parameters such as tunnel profile, tunnel inclina-
tion and curve radius. Some features of various tunnel types like water, sewage, road
and rail tunnels are treated. Transport, ventilation and other necessary service systems
are presented.
The Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Advance Rate and
Cutter Wear provides methods and necessary data for estimation of time
3
consumption and cutter wear for tunnel boring. Geological parameters and machine
factors of significance for the penetration rate and the cutter wear are presented
briefly.
The Project Report 1D-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Geology and Pre-
investigations treats the rock mass parameters of the model in more detail. Preinves-
tigations and building of an engineering geological model adapted to the estimation
models for penetration rate and excavation costs are treated closely.
The Project Report 1E-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Performance Data
and Back-mapping covers follow-up procedures and collecting of performance data
from tunnel boring projects. Engineering geological back-mapping is treated in detail.
Project Report 1F-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING The Boring Process
covers rock breaking and chipping, machine factors affecting performance, boring in
fractured rock mass, and various types of cutter wear.
Use of the Estimation Models
The estimation models are aimed at being used through several stages in a project:
•= Preliminary and feasibility studies

•= Project design and optimisation
•= Tendering and contract
•= Construction
•= Possible claims.
The estimation models for Hard Rock Tunnel Boring should be used with care. Com-
bined with other estimation models in the Project Report Series from the Department
of Building and Construction Engineering, the Hard Rock Tunnel Boring reports pro-
vide a reliable and practical tool to be used for:
•= Estimating net penetration rate and cutter wear

•= Estimating time consumption and excavation costs, included risk
4
•= Assess risk with regard to variation in rock mass boreability or machine

parameters
•= Establish and manage price regulation in contracts
•= Verify machine performance
•= Verify variation in geological conditions.
Background
The estimation models are based on job site studies and statistics from tunnelling in
Norway and abroad, including more than 35 job sites and more than 250 km of tunnel.
The data have been systematised and normalised. The results are regarded as being
representative for well organised tunnelling.
A more detailed treatment of the background and the basis for the Hard Rock Tunnel
Boring estimation models is found in HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Back-
ground and Discussion.
5
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.0 Introduction
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tunnel excavation costs are divided into the following items:
Main Item Sub-item

1. Assembly and disassembly
2. Boring 2.1 TBM
2.2 Cutters
3. Backup Equipment
4. Muck Transport 4.1 Transport
4.2 Roadway or tracks
4.3 Dump Site
5. Other costs 5.1 Ventilation
5.2 Electrical installations
5.3 Water
6. Labour costs
Table 1.1 Cost items.
Depreciation of the main equipment for tunnelling is based on the concept of eco-
nomic useful life. The method of depreciation is further described in the Project Re-
port 15A-92 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY Costs, Performance and
Maintenance. Additional equipment is depreciated partly on time and partly on use.
The costs in this report are estimated in the same way as the costs in the Project Re-
port 2C-95 TUNNELLING Costs for Drill and Blast. The excavation costs of the
two tunnelling methods may be directly compared as long as corrections for price
level are performed.
All costs in this report are based on the price level of January 1999. The Depart-
ment of Building and Construction Engineering at NTNU calculates the necessary
correction factors for price level.
The normalised costs are an evened and normalised summary of the detailed cost
analyses given in Chapter 2, and represents averaged costs over the tunnel.
6
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.0 Introduction
One should add costs for unforeseen conditions during the tunnel excavation. As a
rule of thumb, additional costs for unforeseen conditions amount to approximately
10 % of the estimated normalised costs.
The excavation costs must be adjusted for price increase according to the price level
of the cost model, which is January 1999.
Finally, a correction factor of excavation efficiency may be included. The efficiency

factor reflects:
•= The productivity and skill level of the contractor

•= Project location and infrastructure of the project area
•= Climatic conditions
•= Third-party impacts
•= Project duration
•= Etc.
The normalised costs are mainly used for estimation of various alternatives (routes,
cross sections and tunnelling methods). For a more detailed cost analysis, see the de-
tailed costs in Chapter 2.
The normalised costs include all necessary operations to excavate the tunnel. Costs
for rock support are not included. The total construction costs for the tunnel should
also include site preparation and operation, design and planning, construction man-
agement and interest during construction. See an example of application in Chapter 3.
The excavation costs are found by using the Figures 1.1 - 1.9 and Equations [1.1] -
[1.4] as shown in Appendix D.1.
The necessary input parameters like Im, Ntbm, Hhm and Ht may be estimated according
to the Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Advance Rate
and Cutter Wear.
7
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.1 Assembly and Disassembly
1.1 ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY
Costs for freight of the TBM and backup equipment, concreting of starting blocks,
assembly and disassembly, and backing the machine out of the tunnel are shown in
Figure 1.1.
c rig = C rig / l t (NOK/m) [1.1]
lt = tunnel length (m)
Crig
mill. NOK
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 1.1 Costs for assembly and disassembly of the TBM and backup equipment.
8
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.2 TBM and Backup Equipment
1.2 TBM AND BACKUP EQUIPMENT
The Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show costs for TBM and backup equipment as a function of
TBM diameter and net penetration rate. Section 2.1 treats the cost items like deprecia-
tion, repair and maintenance, and energy consumption in more detail.
ctbm
NOK/m Im=1 m/h
12000
10000
1.5 m/h
8000
2 m/h
6000
3 m/h
4000
4 m/h
2000 6 m/h
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 1.2 TBM costs.
9
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.2 TBM and Backup Equipment
Im=1 m/h
cback
NOK/m
2000
1.5 m/h
1500
2 m/h
1000
3 m/h
4 m/h
500
6 m/h
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 1.3 Backup equipment costs.
10
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.3 Cutters
1.3 CUTTERS
The cutter costs include rings, bearings, hubs and other cutter parts. Figure 1.4 shows
basic cutter costs c0b as a function of cutter ring life and cutter diameter. Average cut-
ter costs are calculated as follows:
N tbm
c b = c 0b ⋅ (NOK/m) [1.2]
Im
Im = average net penetration rate over the tunnel

Ntbm = number of cutters on the cutterhead.
For definition and estimation of the input parameter Ht (cutter ring life), see Section
3.1 and Appendix D in the Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL
BORING Advance Rate and Cutter Wear.
11
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.3 Cutters
c0b
NOK/hc
160
1 dc = 394mm
140 2 d = 432mm
c
3
dc = 483mm
120
100
80
60
40
1 2 3
20
100 200 300 400 500 600
Cutter ring life Ht, h
Figure 1.4 Basic cutter costs.
12
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.4 Work Behind the Face
1.4 WORK BEHIND THE FACE
The Figures 1.5 - 1.7 show total costs for work behind the face as a function of TBM
diameter and tunnel length. The costs include transport of muck, ventilation, electrical
installations and water supply.
cbs = c 0bs ⋅ k lbs ⋅ k ibs (NOK/m) [1.3]
dtbm=7.5m dtbm=7.5m
klbs Track-bound kibs Track-bound
transport transport
1.2 1.04
5.5m
5.5m
1.1 1
3.5m
3.5m
1.0
2 3 4 5
c0bs Net penetration rate, m/h
NOK/m 6 10
Tunnel length, km
4000
Lt=14km
3500 12km
10km
3000 8km
6km
4km
2500
2km
2000
Truck
transport
1500
1000 6 m/h
Track-bound transport
500
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 1.5 Basic costs for work behind the face - track-bound and truck transport.
Correction factor kibs for net penetration rate Im ≠ 3 m/h and klbs for tun-
nel length Lt ≠ 6 km.
13
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.4 Work Behind the Face
c0bs
NOK/m
1500
1400
1300
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 1.6 Basic costs for work behind the face - transport with continuous con-
veyor. Correction factor klbs for tunnel length and net penetration rate is
shown in Figure 1.7.
1.6
klbs
1.4
Im=1 m/h
1.2
2 m/h
1.0 3 m/h
6 m/h
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 1.7 Correction factor klbs for tunnel length and net penetration rate - trans-
port with continuous conveyor.
14
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.5 Labour
1.5 LABOUR
Labour costs include work connected to the tunnel excavation, including work at the
adit and rig area. Hourly wages are estimated at 225 NOK/h + 50 % social security
costs for work in the tunnel and 160 NOK/h + 50 % social security costs for work
outside the tunnel.
The following number of personnel is estimated:
TBM 3 (operator, mechanic, electrician)

Transport 1-3 (locomotive drivers for track-bound transport,
0 for truck transport)
Adit 2-3 (cutter and mechanical workshop, external workers)
Rig area 1 (warehouse, supplies, etc.)
Figure 1.8 shows labour costs as a function of net penetration rate, tunnel length and
cutter ring life.
Rock support work is not included. This means rock support that requires the boring
to be stopped, i.e. shotcreting, grouting, erection of segments, etc. However, rock
support work carried out while boring (e.g. scattered bolting), and without increasing
the crew, is included.
cl = c 0l ⋅ k il ⋅ k cl (NOK/m) [1.4]
15
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.5 Labour
kil Track-bound kcl

transport lt=15 km
1.1
10 km
1.0 1
0.9
2 km
c0l
NOK/m 0.75
2 3 4 5 2 4 6 8
Net penetration rate, m/h Cutter life Hhm, h/c
2500
2000
1500
Continuous conveyor
1000
dtbm=7.5m
3.5m
500
Truck transport
1 2 3 4 5 6
Net penetration rate,m/h
Figure 1.8 Basic labour costs. Correction factor kil for net penetration rate Im and
correction factor kcl for cutter ring life Hhm ≠ 2.0 h/c.
16
1. NORMALISED COSTS 1.6 Declined Adit
1.6 DECLINED ADIT
Figure 1.9 shows additional costs for declined adit (length 300 m) as a function of net
penetration rate and tunnel length. The costs include pumping of water, extra ventila-
tion and other costs, which arises due to the declined adit.
cad
NOK/m
100
dtbm=9m
80
60
6m
40
3m
20
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 1.9 Additional costs for declined adit.
17
2. DETAILED COSTS 2.1 TBM and Backup Equipment
2.1 TBM AND BACKUP EQUIPMENT
The method and necessary equations to help estimate the machine costs of the TBM
or backup equipment are given in Section 2.2.
Cost calculation for TBMs and backup equipment follows the general machine cost
model described in detail in the Project Report 15A-92 HEAVY CONSTRUC-
TION MACHINERY Costs, Performance and Maintenance.
Depreciation
One significant deviation from the general model is made: Only 50 % of the deprecia-
tion basis is assumed to contribute to the repair and maintenance costs. Therefore, 50
% of the depreciation basis is depreciated linearly and 50 % of the depreciation basis
is depreciated degressively.
The cost estimates are based on the following assumptions:
TBM diameter Economic Downtime factor kD Economic

(m) life tL (h) useful life tB (h)
3.5 14000 0 14000
9.5 20000 0 20000
Table 2.1 Expected economic life of TBMs and backup equipment.

The downtime factor is set to 0 because practically all indirect costs due to machine down-
time are covered through the machine utilisation. If a downtime factor of e.g. 0.33 had
been used, the tB would have been 12140 h for 3.5 m diameter and 17340 h for 9.5 m dia-
meter.
A major refurbishment or sale of the machine is presupposed at 2/3 of tB (9333 h for

TBM diameter 3.5 m and 13333 h for TBM diameter 9.5 m). Following these assump-
tions, undepreciated capital (and assumed market value) is approximately 22 % at the
time of refurbishment. For other TBM diameters, economic life is presupposed to fol-
low a linear curve between the given values. Time for the major refurbishment is es-
timated at a rest value of 22 %. The backup equipment is supposed to have the same
economic life as a TBM of corresponding diameter.
18
IA
Rest value
0.5 IA (tB-t)2 0.5 IA (tB-t)

R= +
tB2 tB
Cd =
Depreciation
until tR
0.5 IA
Refurbishment
RR=0.22 IA
t tR=9333 tB=14000 Time, h
Figure 2.1 Model for depreciation of TBMs. dtbm = 3.5 m.
Costs are calculated as an average for the period until a rest value of 22 % is reached.
The costs are based on purchase prices for TBM and backup equipment as shown in
the Figures 2.2 and 2.3. The purchase price should be interpreted as the price of the
equipment delivered at the site. The depreciation basis must include investment tax or
similar. The costs in this report include an investment tax of 7 %.
When estimating costs for a specific tunnel project, it may be necessary to calculate
depreciation, interest and maintenance costs separately for that tunnel.
19
dc=483mm
Ip
mill. NOK
75
dc=432mm
50
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.2 Purchase price for TBM, excluding investment tax, cutters and spare
parts.
IP Muck transport:
mill. NOK 1
1 Track-bound
15.0 2 Trucks or continuous
conveyor 2
12.5
10.0
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.3 Purchase price for backup equipment, excluding investment tax.
20
Interest
Interest on the TBM and Backup Equipment

A real interest rate of pr = 7 % is assumed (nominal interest rate corrected for infla-
tion, etc., see Project Report 15A-92 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
Costs, Performance and Maintenance). The interest is calculated for the average
undepreciated capital. For the period until 22 % rest value is reached, the average un-
depreciated capital is approximately 57 %.
It is supposed that the machine as an average bores ty = 1250 hours per year. Hence, it
will take about 7.5 years for a 3.5 m diameter TBM to reach 9333 hours.
When estimating costs for a specific tunnel job, one should assume a lower interest
rate, from 5 % to 7 %, depending on the duration of the job (applicable for Norway).
Interest on Spare Parts

It is assumed that the job site has a stock of spare parts which constitutes 12 % of the
depreciation basis of the TBM. Interest costs are calculated for spare parts and two
cutter dressings (price per dressing is approximately 2 % of TBM price).
Repair and Maintenance
Repair and maintenance costs include spare parts and other materials, and workshop
costs for repairs carried out at a central workshop. The fixed part of the repair and
maintenance costs for TBM and backup equipment is shown in Figure 2.3. The vari-
able repair costs are estimated according to the Project Report 15A-92 HEAVY
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY Costs, Performance and Maintenance.
Downtime
Indirect costs for standard downtime are incorporated through the machine utilisation.
The costs for major downtime include serious incidents like inspection or failure of
the main bearing, axles, etc., and are estimated as 20 % of the maintenance costs.
21
Service
The service costs include materials for routine service, e.g. oil change, lubrication and
change of filters. Figure 2.4 shows service costs for the TBM and backup equipment.
Electric Energy
The costs include the consumption of electric energy. Installations, cables, etc. are
included in Section 2.4 Other Costs.
Figure 2.5 shows energy consumption for the TBM and backup equipment. For high
penetration rate, it may be necessary to check the curve against the cutterhead power.
Cost of electric power is estimated at pe = 0.30 NOK per kWh.
kiA
c0A
1.5
NOK/h
800 1.0
TBM
2 3 4 5
Net penetration rate, m/h
600
400
Backup
200
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.4 Basic fixed repair and maintenance costs for the TBM and backup
equipment. Correction factor for net penetration rate Im ≠ 3.0 m/h.
22
cs
NOK/h
TBM
250
200
150
100
Backup
50
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.5 Service costs for the TBM and backup equipment.
kie
1.2
1.1
1.0
P0e
2 3 4 5
kWh/h
Net penetration rate, m/h
3000
2000
1000
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.6 Energy consumption for the TBM (90 %) and backup equipment (10 %).
Correction factor for net penetration rate Im ≠ 3.0 m/h.
23
2. DETAILED COSTS 2.2 Example of Application - Machine Costs
2.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION - MACHINE COSTS
Average TBM costs until refurbishment
TBM diameter dtbm 5.5 m
Average net penetration rate Im 3.70 m/h PR 1B-98
Purchase price IP 52 106 NOK Figure 2.2
Investment tax pt 7%
Depreciation basis IA = IP + IP ⋅ pt / 100 55.64 106 NOK PR 15A-92
Economic useful life Page 18

20000 − 14000
t B = 14000 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) 16000 h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Time of refurbishment Page 18
13333 − 9333
t R = 9333 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) 10666 h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Rest value at tR
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t R ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t R )
RR = ( + ) ⋅ 100 22 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
C d I A (100 − R R )
Depreciation until tR cd = = 4069 NOK/h Figure 2.1
tR t R ⋅ 100
Real interest rate pr 7 % Page 21
Machine hours per year ty 1250 h Page 21
Average rest value until tR

tR
R( x ) d ( x )
Rm = 0
⋅ 100 57 % PR 15A-92
tR
Continues on the next page.
24
Rm I A ⋅ p r
Interest until tR cr = ⋅ 1776 NOK/h PR 15A-92
100 ty
Interest on spare parts and cutters

I ⋅ (0.12 + 2 ⋅ 0.2) ⋅ p r
c rs = A 499 NOK/h Page 21
t y ⋅ 100
Fixed repair costs cA = c0A ⋅ kiA 550 NOK/h Figure 2.4
Downtime factor kD 0 Table 1.1
0.5 ⋅ I A
Variable repair costs until tR c B = ⋅ tR 1159 NOK/h PR 15A-92
(1 + k D ) ⋅ t B2
Major downtime costs cD = 0.2 ⋅ (cA + cB ) 342 NOK/h Page 21
Service cs 205 NOK/h Figure 2.5
Energy consumption Pe = P0e ⋅ kie 1725 kWh/h Figure 2.6
Price of electric energy pe 0.30 NOK/kWh Page 22
Electric energy costs ce = Pe ⋅ pe 518 NOK/h
Machine costs TBM

cmh = cd + cr + crs + cA + cB + cD + cs + ce 9118 NOK/h
Machine costs TBM cmm = cmh / Im 2464 NOK/m
Figure 1.2 shows a TBM cost of 2400 NOK/m. The difference between the detailed
and normalised TBM cost is due to smoothing of the curves in Figure 1.2.
PR 1B-98 refers to the Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING
Advance Rate and Cutter Wear, published by us.
PR 15A-92 refers to the Project Report 15A-92 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION MA-

CHINERY Costs, Performance and Maintenance, published by us.
25
Average TBM costs over a specific tunnel. Used machine.
TBM diameter dtbm 5.5 m
Tunnel length lt 9000 m
Average net penetration rate Im 3.70 m/h PR 1B-98
Purchase price IP 52 106 NOK Figure 2.2
Investment tax pt 7%
Depreciation basis IA = Ip + IP ⋅ pt / 100 55.64 106 NOK PR 15A-92

20000 − 14000
t B = 14000 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) 16000 h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Time of start boring t1 2800 h
lt
Time of finished boring t 2 = t1 + 5232 h
Im
Rest value at t1
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t1 ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t1 )
R1 = ( + ) ⋅ 100 75 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
Rest value at t2
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t 2 ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t 2 )
R2 = ( + ) ⋅ 100 56 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
Depreciation from t1 to t2
Cd I ⋅ ( R2 − R1 )
cd = = A 4347 NOK/h Figure 2.1
t 2 − t1 100 ⋅ (t 2 − t1 )
Real interest rate pr 7 % Page 21
Project duration for interest payment tP 2 years

26
Average rest value from t1 to t2

t2
R( x ) d ( x )
Rm = ⋅ 100
t1
65 % PR 15A-92
t 2 − t1
Rm I A ⋅ p r ⋅ t P
Interest from t1 to t2 cr = ⋅ 2082 NOK/h PR 15A-92
100 t 2 − t1

I ⋅ (0.12 + 2 ⋅ 0.2) ⋅ p r ⋅ t P
c rs = A 512 NOK/h Page 21
100 ⋅ (t 2 − t1 )
Fixed repair costs cA = c0A ⋅ kiA 550 NOK/h Figure 2.4
Variable repair costs from t1 to t2

0.5 ⋅ I A t 22 − t12
cB = ⋅ 873 NOK/h PR 15A-92
(1 + k D ) ⋅ t B2 t 2 − t1
Major downtime costs cD = 0.2 ⋅ (cA + cB ) 285 NOK/h Page 21
Service cs 205 NOK/h Figure 2.5
Energy consumption Pe = P0e ⋅ kie 1725 kWh/h Figure 2.6
Price of electric energy pe 0.30 NOK/kWh Page 22
Electric energy costs ce = Pe ⋅ pe 518 NOK/h
Machine costs TBM

cmh = cd + cr + crs + cA + cB + cD + cs + ce 9372 NOK/h
Machine costs TBM cmm = cmh / Im 2534 NOK/m
27
2. DETAILED COSTS 2.3 Muck Transport
2.3 MUCK TRANSPORT
Muck transport costs are estimated for track-bound transport, truck transport and use
of continuous conveyor. Transport by subcontractor is assumed for truck transport.
Required transport capacity is defined by fully utilising the penetration rate capacity
of the TBM and backup system.
Track Transport
Transport costs for track transport includes
•= Transport of muck
•= Rails
•= Switches
•= Dump costs.
Transport
Estimation of transport capacity is treated in the Project Report 1A-98 HARD
ROCK TUNNEL BORING Design and Construction. The transport costs are
based on the following assumptions:
•= Train speed 35 km/h, reduced to 10 km/h at and near the backup equipment,
California Switches, the adit, the dump station, etc.
•= Muck car size 6 lm3 for dtbm = 3.5 m increasing to 12 lm3 for dtbm = 9.5 m
•= Train size 10 muck cars, one locomotive
•= Double track backup equipment
•= Bottom-dump dump station
Figure 2.6 shows transport costs for track transport as a function of tunnel diameter,
tunnel length and net penetration rate. The costs are based on use of diesel locomo-
tives. The transport distance includes a 300 m adit and 300 m from the adit to the
muck disposal site.
28
Tracks
The costs include rails, sleepers, switches, production of track sections as well as in-
stallation, maintenance and dismantling of the track. The rail size is presupposed to be
35 kg/m. Rails, sleepers and switches are depreciated partly on an annual and partly
on a reuse basis. Rail costs as a function of tunnel length and net penetration rate are
shown in Figure 2.7.
Bypass Stations
Figure 2.8 shows costs for necessary California Switch(es) as a function of tunnel
length, TBM diameter and net penetration rate. The necessary number of switches is
calculated on the following basis:
Dump Station and Muck Disposal Site

Figure 2.9 shows dumping costs as a function of the tunnel length and TBM diameter
for above ground and underground dump stations. The dump costs include costs con-
nected to the dump station, reloading and transport with dump trucks from under-
ground dump stations to the muck disposal site, and final placement of the muck at
the disposal site.
29
crt dtbm=7.5m
NOK/m
800
600 5.5m
400
3.5m
200
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.7 Transport costs for track-bound transport.
crr
NOK/m
Im=2 m/h
225
200
3m
6 m/h
175
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.8 Track costs including switches at the dump station.
30
dtbm=7.5m
crs Im=6m/h
dtbm=5.5m
NOK/m
80
6m/h
60
40 2m/h
20
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.9 Costs for necessary California Switches.
crd Underground dump station

NOK/m Dump station outside the tunnel
1400
1200
dtbm=7.5m
1000
800
600 5.5m
400
3.5m
200
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.10 Dump station and muck removal costs for track transport.
31
Truck Transport
Transport with trucks includes:
•= Transport of muck, including dump station and muck disposal costs

•= Roadway
•= Turning table for the trucks at the backup equipment.
Transport
The transport costs are based on transport by subcontractor. Figure 2.11 shows trans-
port costs including dumping and muck disposal, as a function of tunnel length and
TBM diameter.
Roadway and Turning Table

The roadway costs as a function of tunnel length are shown in Figure 2.12. The costs
include grading and road pavement, maintenance and drainage.
32
ctt
NOK/m dtbm=12m
5000
4000 10m
3000
8m
2000
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.11 Averaged transport costs for truck transport, including dumping and
muck disposal.
33
ctr Roadway
NOK/m
200
150
100
Turning table
50
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.12 Costs for roadway and turning table. Truck transport.
Transport with Continuous Conveyor
The transport costs include:
•= Transport of muck, including dump station and muck disposal costs

•= Tracks or roadway for transport of personnel and equipment
•= California Switch(es) or turning table for meeting and turning.
Transport
The transport costs are based on conveyor belt width and speed as shown in the
Project Report 1A-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Design and Construc-
tion. Figure 2.13 shows transport costs including dumping and muck disposal, as a
function of TBM diameter.
Auxiliary Transport Costs

The costs include tracks and California Switch(es) or roadway and turning table, de-
pending on the auxiliary transport method used in the tunnel. The auxiliary transport
costs are shown in Figure 2.14.
34
klct kict
Lt=14km
1.3 1.2
6km
1.2 1.1
2km
1.1 1.0
1.0
2 3 4 5
c0ct Net penetration rate, m/h
NOK/m 6 10
Tunnel length, km
900
800
700
4 5 6 7 8 9
TBM diameter, m
Figure 2.13 Transport costs for continuous conveyor.
ccr
NOK/m
300
200
Truck transport
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.14 Auxiliary transport costs when using continuous conveyor.
35
2. DETAILED COSTS 2.4 Other Costs
2.4 OTHER COSTS
Ventilation
The costs include ducts, duct couplings, materials for duct mounting and mainte-
nance, depreciation and repair of fans and ducts, electric power and dismantling of the
ventilation system.
Costs for dust filtration of air from the cutterhead are included in the backup equip-
ment costs.
Ventilation costs are shown in Figure 2.15.
Electrical Installations
The costs for electrical installations in the tunnel and at the dump station are shown in
Figure 2.16.
The costs include transformer(s), high voltage cables, materials for mounting and
maintenance of cables, and dismantling of cables and other electrical installations.
Costs for transformers at the backup equipment, flexicable, etc. are included in the
backup equipment costs.
Water Supply
The costs include pumps, water pipes, materials for installation, and dismantling of
the water supply system.
The costs for water supply are shown in Figure 2.17.
36
truck transport dtbm=9m

cv
NOK/m trackbound transport
400
8m
300
200
100
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.15 Ventilation costs. The costs are estimated for optimal supply of fresh air,
medium drillability and net penetration rate Im = 3 m/h.
37
kdes
c0es
1.2
NOK/m
120 1.1
100
5.5 7.5
TBM diameter, m
80
60
40
20
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.16 Costs for electrical installations in the tunnel and at the dump station.
cw
NOK/m
Im=1m/h
50
40
3m/h
30
6m/h
20
4 6 8 10 12 14
Tunnel length, km
Figure 2.17 Costs for water supply.
38
3. TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 3.0 General
3.0 GENERAL
In order to compare tunnel boring to drill and blast as excavation method for a spe-
cific tunnel, one has to estimate the construction time and the total construction costs.
The following example treats a 3.5 m diameter tunnel with a total length of 7300 m.
The net penetration rate, the machine utilisation, the weekly advance rate and the cut-
ter life have been estimated based on the Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK
TUNNEL BORING Advance Rate and Cutter Wear.
•= Net penetration rate 4.84 m/h

•= Machine utilisation 42 %
•= Weekly advance rate 203 m/week
•= Cutter life 3.65 h/c
The excavation costs are estimated according to Chapter 1 Normalised Costs, and are
estimated at 3800 NOK/m, including 10 % unforeseen as recommended in Section
1.0.
As can be seen from the example on the following pages, the excavation costs makes
up only NOK 27.7 million of a total of NOK 62.0 million, or 45 % of the total costs.
The percentage will of course vary from project to project, but the example demon-
strates the importance of estimating the total construction time and costs as a basis to
decide the method of excavation from.
39
3. TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 3.1 Construction Time
3.1 CONSTRUCTION TIME
TBM diameter 3.5 m

Tunnel length 7300 m
Weekly advance rate 203 m/week
Site preparation 4 weeks
Precut and start blocks for the TBM 3 weeks
Assembly of the TBM 6 weeks
TBM boring of the tunnel 36 weeks
Rock support while boring 7 weeks
Unforeseen rock conditions 7 weeks
Disassembly of the TBM and the tunnel equipment 7 weeks
Sum 70 weeks
Yearly productive time 46 weeks/year
Construction time 1.52 years
40
3. TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 3.2 Construction Costs
3.2 CONSTRUCTION COSTS
Site Preparation
TBM diameter 3.5 m

Item No. of Units NOK/unit NOK ⋅ 1000
Site 200
Road 10000 m 500 5000
Communications 10000 m 20 200
Electricity supply 10000 m 250 2500
Transformers 350
Electricity subgrid 200
Housing 30 persons 55000 1650
Other buildings 165
Offices 5 pcs 55000 275
Auxiliary plants 400
Sum 10940
Site Operation
TBM diameter 3.5 m

Item Years No. of Units NOK/unit NOK ⋅ 1000
Road 1.52 10000 m 30 456
Communications 1.52 10000 m 5 76
Electricity supply 1.52 10000 m 20 304
Housing 1.52 30 persons 22000 1003
Other buildings 1.52 100
Offices 1.52 5 pcs 40000 304
Water, snow, etc. 1.52 25000 38
Internal transport 1.52 200000 304
Sum 2585
41
3. TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 3.2 Construction Costs
Tunnel and Other Construction Work
TBM diameter 3.5 m

Item No. of Units NOK/unit NOK ⋅ 1000
Precut 250
Tunnel portal 500
Tunnel boring 7300 m 3800 27740
Rock support 7300 m 500 3650
Fault zones 7 pcs 200000 1400
Probe drilling and pregrouting 140 m 10000 1400
Site cleanup 400
Sum 35340
Total Construction Costs
TBM diameter 3.5 m

Item NOK ⋅ 1000
Site preparation 10940
Site operation 2585
Tunnel and other construction work 35340
Sum 48865
Unforeseen, 7.5 % 3665
Sum 52530
Planning and management of owner and contractor, 12 % 6304
Construction costs excluding interest during construction 58834
Interest during construction, 7 % p.a. equals 5.36 % flat interest rate 3154
Construction costs including interest during construction 61988
42
APPENDIX A. Previous Editions
A. PREVIOUS EDITIONS
Previous editions of the Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Report including project group
members:
1-76 Norwegian edition

Bengt Drageset
Roy-Egil Hovde
Erik Dahl Johansen
Roar Sandnes
O. Torgeir Blindheim
Odd Johannessen
1-79 Norwegian edition

Knut Gakkestad
Jan Helgebostad
Svein Paulsen
Oddbjørn Aasen
Erik Dahl Johansen
O. Torgeir Blindheim
Odd Johannessen
1-83 Norwegian and English edition

Arne Lislerud
Steinar Johannessen
Amund Bruland
Tore Movinkel
Odd Johannessen

Arne Lislerud
Amund Bruland
Bjørn-Erik Johannessen
Tore Movinkel
Karsten Myrvold
Odd Johannessen

Bård Sandberg
Amund Bruland
Jan Lima
Odd Johannessen
43
APPENDIX B. Research Partners
B. RESEARCH PARTNERS
The following external research partners have supported the project:
•= Statkraft anlegg as
•= Norwegian Public Roads Administration
•= Statsbygg
•= Scandinavian Rock Group AS
•= NCC Eeg-Henriksen Anlegg AS
•= Veidekke ASA
•= Andersen Mek. Verksted AS
•= DYNO Nobel
•= Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB
•= Tamrock OY
•= The Research Council of Norway
44
APPENDIX C. List of Parameters
C. List of Parameters
The parameters used in the report are listed in the following. The list is according to
when the parameter first is explained or treated.
Parameter Description Unit Page
c0A Basic fixed repair and maintenance costs NOK/h 22

c0b Basic cutter costs NOK/h⋅c 11
c0bs Basic costs for work behind the face NOK/m 13
c0ct Basic transport costs for continuous conveyor NOK/m 35
c0es Basic costs for electrical installations in the tunnel NOK/m 38
c0l Basic labour costs NOK/m 15
c0t Total excavation costs, price level January 1999 NOK/m 49
cA Fixed repair costs NOK/h 22
cad Additional costs for declined adit NOK/m 17
cb Average cutter costs NOK/m 11
cB Variable repair costs NOK/h 21
cbs Costs for work behind the face NOK/M 13
cback Backup equipment costs NOK/m 10
ccr Auxiliary transport costs for continuous conveyor NOK/m 35
cct Transport costs for continuous conveyor NOK/m 35
cd Depreciation costs of main equipment NOK/h 24
cD Major downtime costs NOK/h 21
Cd Depreciation costs of main equipment NOK 19
ce Costs of electric energy NOK/h 22
ces Cost for electrical installations in the tunnel NOK/m 38
cl Labour costs NOK/m 15
cmh Hourly machine costs NOK/h 25
cmm Machine costs per metre NOK/m 25
cr Interest costs of main equipment NOK/h 21
crd Costs for dump station and muck
disposal site for track-bound transport NOK/m 31
Crig Assembly and disassembly costs of the TBM NOK 8
crs Interest costs on spare parts NOK/h 21
crr Track costs for track-bound transport NOK/m 30
crs Costs of California Switches - track-bound transport NOK/m 31
crt Transport costs for track-bound transport NOK/m 30
45
cs Service costs NOK/h 23

csum Direct excavation costs NOK/m 49
ct Total excavation costs NOK/m 49
ctbm TBM costs NOK/m 9
ctr Roadway costs for truck transport NOK/m 34
ctt Transport costs for truck transport NOK/m 33
cu Additional costs for unforeseen conditions NOK/m 7
cv Ventilation costs NOK/m 37
cw Costs for water supply NOK/m 38
dc Cutter diameter mm 12
kcl Correction factor for cutter life - labour costs 15
kdes Correction factor for TBM diameter
- cost for electrical installations in the tunnel 38
kD Downtime factor 18
kdf Efficiency factor 7
kiA Correction factor for net penetration rate
- fixed repair and maintenance costs 22
kibs Correction factor for net penetration rate
- costs for work behind the face 13
kict Correction factor for net penetration rate
- transport costs for continuous conveyor 35
kie Correction factor for net penetration rate
- energy consumption of the TBM and backup 23
kil Correction factor for net penetration rate
- labour costs 15
klbs Correction factor for tunnel length
- costs for work behind the face 13
klct Correction factor for tunnel length
- transport costs for continuous conveyor 35
kp Correction factor for price increase
- excavation costs 6
ku Correction factor for unforeseen conditions
- excavation costs 7
IA Depreciation basisof the main equipment NOK 19
Im Average net penetration rate over the tunnel m/h 11
IP Purchase price of the main equipment NOK 19
46
lt Length of tunnel m 26
Lt Length of tunnel km 13
Ntbm Number of cutters on the cutterhead 11
pe Price of electric energy NOK/kWh 22
Pe Energy consumption of the TBM
and backup equipment kWh/h 23
P0e Basic energy consumption of the TBM
and backup equipment kWh/h 23
pr Real interest rate % p.a. 21

pt Investment tax % 19
R Rest value of the main equipment NOK 19
Rm Average rest value over the depreciation period NOK 21
RR Rest value at time of refurbishment NOK 19
t Effective machine hours h 19
t1 Effective machine hours at start of project h 26
t2 Effective machine hours at end of project h 26
tB Economic useful life h 18
tL Economic life h 18
tP Project duration year 26
tR Time of refurbishment of the main equipment h 19
ty Yearly effective hours h 21
47
APPENDIX D. Estimation Forms
D.1 Normalised Excavation Costs Page 1 of 2
Tunnel Date Signed
TBM diameter dtbm m
Tunnel length lt m
Average net penetration rate Im m/h PR 1B-98
Average cutter life Ht h/c PR 1B-98
Average cutter life Hhm h/c PR 1B-98
Number of cutters on the cutterhead Ntbm PR 1B-98
Muck transport track-bound, trucks or conveyor
Adit horizontal/inclined or declined
Assembly and disassembly costs Crig mill. NOK Figure 1.1
Assembly and disassembly costs crig = Crig / lt NOK/m [1.1]
TBM costs ctbm NOK/m Figure 1.2
Backup equipment costs cback NOK/m Figure 1.3
Basic cutter costs c0b NOK/h⋅c Figure 1.4
Cutter costs cb = c0b ⋅ Ntbm / Im NOK/m [1.2]
Basic costs for work behind the face c0bs NOK/m Figure 1.5/1.6
Correction factor for tunnel length klbs Figure 1.5/1.7
Department of Building and Construction Engineering, NTNU 48


D.1 Normalised Excavation Costs Page 2 of 2
Correction factor for net penetration rate kibs Figure 1.5
Costs for work behind the face cbs = c0bs ⋅ klbs ⋅ kibs NOK/m [1.3]
Basic labour costs c0l NOK/m Figure 1.8
Correction factor for net penetration rate kil Figure 1.8
Correction factor for cutter life kcl Figure 1.8
Labour costs cl = c0l kil kcl NOK/m [1.4]
Additional costs for declined adit cad NOK/m Figure 1.9
Sum csum = crig + ctbm + cback + cb + cbs + cl + cad NOK/m
Correction factor for unforeseen costs ku Page 7
Unforeseen costs cu = csum ⋅ ku NOK/m
Excavation costs (price level 1999) c0t = csum + cu NOK/m
Efficiency factor kdf Page 7
Price increase (January 1999 = 1.0) kp Page 6
Excavation costs ct = c0t ⋅ kdf ⋅ kp NOK/m

D.2 Average Machine Costs until Refurbishment Page 1 of 2
TBM diameter dtbm m
Purchase price IP mill. NOK Figure 2.2
Investment tax pt %
Depreciation basis IA = IP + IP ⋅ pt / 100 mill. NOK PR 15A-92

20000 − 14000
t B = 14000 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Time of refurbishment Page 18
13333 − 9333
t R = 9333 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Rest value at tR
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t R ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t R )
RR = ( + ) ⋅ 100 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
C d I A (100 − R R )
Depreciation until tR cd = = NOK/h Figure 2.1
tR t R ⋅ 100
Real interest rate pr % Page 21
Machine hours per year ty h Page 21
Average rest value until tR

tR
R( x ) d ( x )
Rm = 0
⋅ 100 % PR 15A-92
tR

D.2 Average Machine Costs until Refurbishment Page 2 of 2
Rm I A ⋅ p r
Interest until tR cr = ⋅ NOK/h PR 15A-92
100 ty

I ⋅ (0.12 + 2 ⋅ 0.2) ⋅ p r
c rs = A NOK/h Page 21
t y ⋅ 100
Fixed repair costs cA = c0A ⋅ kiA NOK/h Figure 2.4
Downtime factor kD Table 1.1
0.5 ⋅ I A
Variable repair costs until tR cB = ⋅ tR NOK/h PR 15A-92
(1 + k D ) ⋅ t B2
Major downtime costs cD = 0.2 ⋅ (cA + cB ) NOK/h Page 21
Service cs NOK/h Figure 2.5
Energy consumption Pe = P0e ⋅ kie kWh/h Figure 2.6
Price of electric energy pe NOK/kWh Page 22
Electric energy costs ce = Pe ⋅ pe NOK/h
Machine costs TBM

cmh = cd + cr + crs + cA + cB + cD + cs + ce NOK/h
Machine costs TBM cmm = cmh / Im NOK/m
PR 1B-98 refers to the Project Report 1B-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING
Advance Rate and Cutter Wear, published by us.
PR 15A-92 refers to the Project Report 15A-92 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION

MACHINERY Costs, Performance and Maintenance, published by us.

D.3 Machine Costs for a Specific Tunnel Page 1 of 2
TBM diameter dtbm m
Tunnel length lt m
Purchase price IP mill. NOK Figure 2.2
Investment tax pt %
Depreciation basis IA = Ip + IP ⋅ pt / 100 mill. NOK PR 15A-92

20000 − 14000
t B = 14000 + ⋅ (d tbm − 3.5) h and
9 .5 − 3 .5
PR 15A-92
Time of start boring t1 h
lt
Time of finished boring t 2 = t1 + h
Im
Rest value at t1
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t1 ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t1 )
R1 = ( + ) ⋅ 100 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
Rest value at t2
0.5 ⋅ (t B − t 2 ) 2 0.5 ⋅ (t B − t 2 )
R2 = ( + ) ⋅ 100 % PR 15A-92
t B2 tB
Depreciation from t1 to t2
Cd I ⋅ ( R2 − R1 )
cd = = A NOK/h Figure 2.1
t 2 − t1 100 ⋅ (t 2 − t1 )
Real interest rate pr % Page 21
Project duration for interest payment tP years

D.3 Machine Costs for a Specific Tunnel Page 2 of 2
Average rest value from t1 to t2

t2
R( x ) d ( x )
Rm = ⋅ 100
t1
% PR 15A-92
t 2 − t1
Rm I A ⋅ p r ⋅ t P
Interest from t1 to t2 cr = ⋅ NOK/h PR 15A-92
100 (t 2 − t1 )

I ⋅ (0.12 + 2 ⋅ 0.2) ⋅ p r ⋅ t P
c rs = A NOK/h Page 21
100 ⋅ (t 2 − t1 )
Fixed repair costs cA = c0A ⋅ kiA NOK/h Figure 2.4
Variable repair costs from t1 to t2

0.5 ⋅ I A t 22 − t12
cB = ⋅ NOK/h PR 15A-92
(1 + k D ) ⋅ t B2 t 2 − t1
Major downtime costs cD = 0.2 ⋅ (cA + cB ) NOK/h Page 21
Service cs NOK/h Figure 2.5
Energy consumption Pe = P0e ⋅ kie kWh/h Figure 2.6
Price of electric energy pe NOK/kWh Page 22
Electric energy costs ce = Pe ⋅ pe NOK/h
Machine costs TBM

cmh = cd + cr + crs + cA + cB + cD + cs + ce NOK/h
Machine costs TBM cmm = cmh / Im NOK/m

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Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Vol. 4 - Costs

Thesis · November 2000

Prediction model for drill and blast tunnelling View project

Life cycle assessment of road infrastructure View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

0.1 Project Reports about Hard Rock Tunnel Boring 3

1.1 Assembly and Disassembly 8

1.2 TBM and Backup Equipment 9

1.4 Work Behind the Face 13

1.6 Declined Adit 17

2.1 TBM and Backup Equipment 18

2.2 Examples of Application - Machine Costs 24

2.3 Muck Transport 28

2.4 Other Costs 36

3 TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS 39

3.1 Construction Time 40

3.2 Construction Costs 41

HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Costs

•= 1A-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Design and Construction

In addition, HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING Background and Discussion gives

For reference, registration and similar, we ask for the following:

NTNU-Anleggsdrift (1998): Project Report 1C-98 HARD ROCK TUNNEL

When copying from the report, the source should be stated.

Trondheim, February 1999

Contact address: Amund Bruland

Telephone +47 73 59 47 37 Fax +47 73 59 70 21

0.1 PROJECT REPORTS ABOUT HARD ROCK TUNNEL BORING

The report presents the following data and models:

•= Chapter 1: Normalised Costs, an evened and normalised summary of the de-

The price level in the report is January 1999.

Appendix A shows a list of previous editions of the HARD ROCK TUNNEL

Use of the Estimation Models

•= Preliminary and feasibility studies

•= Estimating net penetration rate and cutter wear

•= Assess risk with regard to variation in rock mass boreability or machine

Tunnel excavation costs are divided into the following items:

Main Item Sub-item

Table 1.1 Cost items.

Finally, a correction factor of excavation efficiency may be included. The efficiency

•= The productivity and skill level of the contractor

1.1 ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY

c rig = C rig / l t (NOK/m) [1.1]

lt = tunnel length (m)

1.2 TBM AND BACKUP EQUIPMENT

Figure 1.2 TBM costs.

Figure 1.3 Backup equipment costs.

Im = average net penetration rate over the tunnel

100 200 300 400 500 600

Cutter ring life Ht, h

Figure 1.4 Basic cutter costs.

1.4 WORK BEHIND THE FACE

cbs = c 0bs ⋅ k lbs ⋅ k ibs (NOK/m) [1.3]

The following number of personnel is estimated:

TBM 3 (operator, mechanic, electrician)

kil Track-bound kcl

Net penetration rate,m/h

1.6 DECLINED ADIT

Figure 1.9 Additional costs for declined adit.

2.1 TBM AND BACKUP EQUIPMENT

The cost estimates are based on the following assumptions:

TBM diameter Economic Downtime factor kD Economic

Table 2.1 Expected economic life of TBMs and backup equipment.