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Chapter 6 Metal
Chapter 6 Metal
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (CE-2102)
CHAPTER 6: METAL
May 2012
METAL
Metal
• Ferrous metal
(Iron as main constituent)
- e.g. cast iron, wrought iron, steel
Pig Iron
Uses
• Ornamental work, pipes,
vehicle components, bars,
chain.
Steel
• Invention of steel in 1856 by
Henry Bessemer
• Bessemer process was the
first inexpensive process for
the mass-production of steel
from molten pig iron.
Bessemer Converter
• Replace by basic oxygen
process.
• Contain
- iron
- carbon (0.12 –1.5 %)
- phosphorous & sulfur < 0.1 %
- manganese up to 0.5 %
- silicon up to 0.3 %
Basic oxygen furnace
Conversion to steel products
Molten steel
Ingots
(6 x 2 x 2 ft)
Mechanical operation
Steel properties are greatly
influenced by the mechanical
operation that change ingot,
bloom, billets or slabs into useful
shape.
Ductility
Steel has high ductility. Ductility is the
property of a material by which it can
withstand extensive deformation without
failure under high tensile stresses. It usually
shows large visible deflections before failure
or collapse.
Tensile Strength
Most important property. Depends on types of
steel. Tensile strength for structural steel (400 –
900 MPa)
Types of steel
• Mild steel (Low carbon steel) < 0·25% carbon);
cheap, strong and easily shaped. Main metal for
construction.
• Steel Alloy
Ni-steel (Gear, shaft, cable), Mn-steel (Rail
tracks)
• High tensile steel
e.g. as reinforcing material
(in the form of wires) in
prestressed concrete.
• Galvanized Steel
Steel that has been plated with zinc to improve
corrosion resistance.
Classification of
steel products
• Structural steel –
plates, bars, pipes,
tubes, structural shapes
– I, H beams, channel,
angle
• Fastening product used for structural
connections - bolt, nuts, washers
• Reinforcing steel -
plain / deformed bar,
wire fabric for concrete
reinforcement
• Miscellaneous
products e.g. forms,
pans
Advantages of steel in building
construction
7. Repetitive use
Steel can be reused after a structure is
disassembled. Most steel today is a recycled
product, and nearly all structural steel from
building demolition is recycled. This provides
salvage value, reduces demolition expenses,
reduces landfill volume and helps the environment
1. General cost
Steel structures may be more costly than
other types of structures.
2. Fireproofing
The strength of steel is reduced
substantially when heated at temperatures
commonly observed in building fires.
Consequently, steel frames in buildings
must have adequate fireproofing.
3. Maintenance
Steel structures exposed to air and water, such
as bridges, are susceptible to corrosion and
should be painted regularly. Application of
weathering and corrosion-resistant steels may
eliminate this problem.
4. Susceptibility to buckling
Due to high strength/weight ratio, steel
compression members are in general more
slender and consequently more susceptible to
buckling than reinforced concrete compression
members.
Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures
Advantages Disadvantages
32
Non ferrous metal
- use as original metal or as alloy
Aluminum
• Lightweight - 1/3 weight steel and cooper; excellent
corrosion resistance; low strength
Uses
• Roofing, window & door frames, door & window
handles, protective covering
Copper
• High electrical conductivity; readily bent & cut;
good corrosion resistance
Uses
• Electrical conductor, heating vessels
Zinc
• Good conductor of heat; high corrosion resistance,
Uses
• Roofing material, batteries, protective covering
Tin
• Resistance to acid corrosion, good conductor of
heat & electricity
Uses
• Protective covering, alloy, household purpose,
coating for food containers