Density Measured by SI: 1N / m square = 1

MEASUREMENTS Choice of length Instrument Pascal

Mollecule size measuring device Hydrometer 1atm= 760 mm of mercury
10 raise to -10 m to 10 depends on type of Humidity is measured by
= Force / Area
raise to -9 measurement. Hygrometer
Pressure is measured by Contact forces
Short to long Factor deciding whether Barometer Muscular
Meter approximate or accurate Increase in height of plant Frictional
Yard measurement of the Measured by Tension
KM substance will be Arc indicator Reaction
Mile (Auxanometer)
appropriate
Purpose of measurement Noncontact force
1are = 100 m square Gravitational
FORCE WORK ENERGY
1 hectare= 100 are = Electrostatic force
RADAR system PRESSURE
10,000 m square Magnetic force
Measurement od speed in
1Km = 100 hecatre= Force
air eg. Bawling speed
10,00,000 m square SI: N
MASS WEIGHT DENSITY
1Kgf = 10 N
SONAR system
Radius of earth
Locating in sea. Eg. Mass
6,371 Km Work
Nautical chart, locate Qualitative measure of
Distance between earth SI: Joule
water hazards navigation, inertia
and moon CGS: Erg
map object on sea floor Scaler
3,84,400 Km kgf × m = 9.8 joule
Does not change
Distance between sun anywhere
Circumference of circle Energy
and earth
=2 Pi r SI: Joule
15 crore Km
Meter scales Kinetic Energy = 1/2 m v
Area of cicle square
have bevelled edges to
=pi r square Potential energy= mgh
avoid errors due to
parallax.
Pressure
Weight Hydrometer MOTION = A to back A
The gravitational force by (Humidity is measured by = B to back B
which the earth attracts an Hygrometer) Speed ( Refer to NSO workbook
object towards its centre is SI:meter/ second pge 28Q7, pge30Q20)
called the weight of the Float on water kilometer/ hour
object. Sponge Circular Motion
Vector Plastic Speed = Body moves in a circle
Maximum at pole. Paper = Distance traversed / (In circular motion
Minimum at equator. Thermacol Time required traversing direction of motion
Higher at sea level. Wood, plastic ball the distance continuously changes.)
Lower at high altitude . Cork
The gravitational force by which Rectilinear Motion Eg.Hands of clock
the earth attracts an object When water at normal Eg. Soldier’s march post Mary go round
towards its centre is called the temperature start cooling, Stone tied to rope and
weight of the object. The density increases (like Oscilatory motion swung in a circle.
other liquids) Swing
Density Pendulum Curvilinear Motion
1000 kg / mcube = 1gm/ cc If temperature of water Wings of birds Eg. Motion of train along a
start decreasing bellow 4 Needle of sewing curved track on hills
Density of degree machiene
Cork 0.2 gm/cc The density decreases Vibrating diaphragm of Rotational Motion
Kerosine 0.8 gm/cc Water expand tabla, drum = Body rotates arounds
Ice 0.9 gm/cc Electric bell its own axis.
water = 1gm/cc at 4 *C Density of water is Weight hung at spring
Iron 7.8gm/cc
Eg. earth
maximum at pulled down and released.
Copper 8.9gm/cc 4 degree
Merquery 13.6gm/cc Period of pendulum
= Time taken to complete
Density Measured by one oscilation
Instrument In A-B-C
=B to C to A then to B
Periodic Motion SOUND
If oscilatory motion is
uniform (☹Ghanta is Not Intensity of Sound
periodic motion) Decible dB
If circular motion is =is unit for measuring
uniform sound level
Eg; Motion of thong which proportional to
rotates around the wheel the square of the
od sewing machiene. amplitude of vibration.
For example, if the amplitude is
Random Motion doubled the intensity of sound
Hockey player motion becomes four times as much.
Amplitude = Maximum
Combined Motion distance
=Combination of two or
more type of motion Sound level
is intensity of sound as
Rotatory + Translatory perceived by our ear.
Drill Decible dB is unit for
Ball delivered by spin measuring sound level.
bawler The magnitude of sound level,
Wheel of moving bicycle ‘decibels’ can be deduced from
the intensity of the sound using
a mathematical formula.
When intensity of sound
becomes ten times the original,
the sound level increases by
10dB.
Pitch of sound Speed of sound in air
Frequency 331.5 m/s at 0 degree
= Frequency is the number
of oscillations occurring in PENDULUM
one second. Frequency (n) = 1/Time
period of oscilation (T)
High Pitch Sound The unit of frequency is
In musical instrument Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz means
When tension in the wire is
there is one one second
increased, the frequency is seen to
increase and sound is shriller called oscillation in one second;
high pich sound. 100 Hz means hundred
low pitch sound. oscillations in one second.
when tension in wire is reduced, The time period of
frequency is also seen to decrease. oscillation (T)
sound is also less shrill called low
pitch sound. depends on the length of
the pendulum. The time
Audible frequency of period of oscillation
sound increases if the length of
20Hz to 20,000Hz the pendulum is
increased.
Infrasonic sound The frequency remains the
Less than 20Hz same even if the amplitude
Elephant, whale, decreases or increases
Rhinoceros
MACHINE
Ultrasonic sound Escalator: Pully
More than 20,000Hz
Dogs HEAT
Dolphin Calorie= kilocalory
Bat
 MAGNET +Titanium ELECTRICITY Addition of bulbs in series
Natural magnet = decrease brightness
= Loadstone In touch method for Dry cell contains
=Iron ore, is igneus rock making magnet chemicals Fuse wire is used
= F3O4 Where magnet touches at Elements: Carbon , Zinc For protecting circuit from
=is called wonder rock that point pole will form Compound: Zinc chloride, short circuit and
Magnesium dioxide overloading
Magnetic Material To preserve the
Iron magnetism for long time Primary cells( once used Copper is not used as
Nickel then discarded) filament
Soft iron is placed across
Cobalt Dry cell Because it is good
the poles that soft iron is
(Magnetic field can not Mercury cell conductor of electricity
called keeper
pass through magnetic
material but it can pass Secondary cell (Reused by Tubelight is preffered over
Permanent magnet is
through non magnetic recharge) bulb
material) used in Because bulb produce
Lead storage cell
Magnetic door catches, Nickel cadminium cell large umbral shadow
Magnetic alloy loud speakers,
Alnico compasses Maximum batteries LED
=Iron connected to bulb P in Consumes negligible
+Aluminium parallel amount of electricity
+Nickel = same current – same
+Cobalt brightness
=Powerfull magnet = Longest period

Alloy used to make Maximum batteries

magnet connected to bulb P in
Nipermag series.
=Iron = addition of current—
+Nickel increase brightness.
+Aluminium
LIGHT The size of image / size of day As distance between light
Natural sources of light object= Distance of screen When object is close to source and object
Sun & Other stars from pinhole/ distance of light source increases
Fireflies object from pinhole Shadow on screen is Shadow size decreases
Angerfish bigger than object.
Honey mushroom Solar eclipse: New moon
day
Transluscents Lunar eclipse: full moon
Ground glass
Oil
Bone china Mirror Plain Concave Convex
Size of Image Equal (Depending on position of (Always)
Transparent object) Smaller
Cellophane paper (made Smaller
up of thin cellulose) Equal
Larger
Ray of light Location of Image Equal (Always)
= Path along which it Behind the mirror,
travels between pole and focus.
Nature of Image Virtual Erect Real Inverted (Always)
In ray diagram but laterally inverted Virtual Erect (When object Virtual Erect
Angle of incidence should is between pole P and F)
be always equal to angle RIVER: Real are always Inverted; Virtual are always Erect.
of reflection
Can plain mirror form real image?
Wavelength of light
measured in Yes
A (Angstrom) 1. Pencil (beam) of light incident on mirror should be convergent, then plane mirror reflect it to form a real image

2.For formation of real image object should be virtual.