Annual Perennial (Many times flowering , Parts of plant that we use Leaves: Arum, Colocasia,

(In 1 year 1 life cycle germination, seeds) as spices Cabbage, all green leafy
flowering, seeds to death) Trees Stem: Ginger, Onion , vegetables,( Colocasia contains
Cereles Peepal, Garlic, Turmeric, Calcium oxalte that cause itching
Jowar pine, throat)
Bajra banian Bark of tree: Cinnamon
wheat Shrubs Fruit: Pumpkin, Tamarind,
(Dalchini)
Rice Hibiscus Bitter gourd, Snake gourd
corn Oleander Leaves: Tejpatta,
Legumes Rose Flower: Cauliflower,
Coriander, Mint
PeaBeans Mango Banana flower
Neem Flower bud: Clove (Loung)
Marigold Gulmohar Seeds: Beans, Lentil, Cow
sunflower pea, Gram
Flower part: Saffron
Mustard Fruits
Nagpur: Oranges Plants used for making
Fruit: Chillies, Pepper(kali
Radish Gholvad (Palghar): Chikoo fuel oil
mirch), Fennel (Saunf),
Saswad (Pune): Custard Wheat
Cumin
Biennial apple Maize
(In 2 year 1 life cycle germination to Devgad(Konkan):Alphanso Sugarcane
Parts of plant we use as
death) mango, jackfruit Karanja (Pongame oil tree)
fruit
Cabbage Jalgaon: Banana (Biodiesel)
Roots: Carrot, Beet root,
Carrot
Radish, Sweet potato,
Beetroot Special, food obtained Cash Crop
Turnip (swolen stem)
Radish from fresh water plant Sugarcane
Turnip Singadas (Chest nuts) Cotton
Stem: Potato, Elephant:s
Onion Makhanas Turmeric
foot (Suran), Ginger,
Potato Vegetable
Onion, Garlic, Colocasia
(Taro stem) Onion
 CLIMATE & CROP Mansoon/Rain Vegetable around Diwali
Rice Spiny gourd(Kantoli)
In regions of high rainfall Ridge gourd (Shirali)
the crops June to October : Kharip Ghosali
Rice (JOK) Pumpkin (Kohala)
Coconut (Use rain water for farming)
Ragi (finger millete) Rice
Varai (little millete) Pulses: Moong,
Soyabeans
In regions of moderate
rainfall the crops October to March: Rabi
Wheat (Use soaked water+ dew)/
Toor Winter Crop
Soyabean (Rain is good for winter crop)
Jowar
In regions of low rainfall Bajra
the crops Barly
Jowar Wheat,
Bajra Pulses: Gram,
Moth beans (Mataki) Peas,
(Legumes) Mustard,
Sesame
March to June/Summer
Mango Fruits around Diwali
Jackfruit /Begining of winter
Oranges
End of summer before Sweet lime
beginning of rainy Apple
season Musc melon
Gulmohar blossom
SOIL & CROP Cultivation of: Wheat, action With irrigation wheat , rice,
Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Contains: + Iron rich grapes, melons
Fertile soil has pulses Cultivation of:  Tea, coffy,
Humus groundnut, puses, Soil Conservation
Bacteria coconut Methods
Minerals Black Soil (Black Lava 1Afforestation
Water Soil) Mountain Soil 2Contour farming(Terrace
Good texture(Loamy) Found in: Maharashtra, Found in: North India(UP, farming, Strip Cropping)
Gujarat, Madhyapradesh Hariana,Punjab),Orisa, 3Regular farming
Alluvial soil Formed by: Weathering of Tamilnadu
Found in: North India (UP, volcanic rocks Formed by river How plats prevents soil
Hariana, Punjab), Orisa, Texture: Porous and black Texture: Silty, Loam erotion
Tamilnadu (regur/ black cotton soil) Contains: Carbon Nitrogen 1 Roots of plants hold in
Formed by river Contains: Iron, Potassium, ratio is very wide place the particles of soil.
Contains: all types soil- Calcium + Humus 2 Leaves of plants reduce
clay, silt, sand, loam - Lack organic matter Cultivation of: Wheat, speed of rain water
+ Humus + Moisture Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, 3 Dry leaves that fall from
Cultivation of: Wheat, Cultivation of : Sugarcane, Oilseed(Sarso), Jute tree do not allow rain
Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Cotton water to fall on soil
Oilseed(Sarso), Jute Dessert Soil
directly.
LateriteSoil ( Course & Found in: Rajasthan,
Red soil Red in colour) Gujarat, South Punjab
Dams in Maharashtra
Found in: Orisa, Found in: Andra Pradesh, Formed by river
Jayakwadi
Tamilnadu, Goa, Tamilnadu, Assam, Part of Texture: Coarse, sandy,
Koyana (Koyana river flow from
Madhyapradesh Orissa, kerala Porous
north to south.)
Formed by weathering of Formed by:  high Contains: High percentage Ujani
old metamorphic rocks. temperature and heavy of salts
Yeldari
Contains: High content of rainfall + Poor in organic matter (Dam me jacuzzi hai)
iron Texture: Soil is porous -lacks moisture
+ Low Humus from which silica get Cultivation of: Not fit for
+Less water retention removed by chemical agriculture
 Soil Texture Particles Ploughable Contents Nutrients fertility
Sandy Soil Large sized Easy to plough Silicon dioxide Little capacity to supply Less fertile
nutrients
Silt Soil Medium sized Not as plough able as Large proportion of organic Nutrients is much greater
(Sedimentary Soil) sandy material
But more plough able than
clay
Clay Soil Small sized, smooth High water holding
capacity
China clay : (Kaolin) It is white in colour.

It is used to make crockery, bathroom tiles, tanks, laboratory apparatus, masks, jars, etc.

2. Shadu soil : It is whitish in colour.

It is used for making statues and idols.

3. Terracotta soil : This soil is red in colour. Decorative articles and pots used for growing plants are made from this soil.

4. Multani soil : This soil is used in cosmetics.

Two tests, are particularly useful in finding out the characteristics of soil.

1.the pH and

2.the electrical conductivity tests

World Soil Day : 5th

December To mak efforts
for conservation of soil
 FOOD
Method of Food Protection
Freezing
Refridgerator
Smoking
Aluminium phosphides
Use of insecticide
Malathion (sprayed on
gunny bags)
Irradiation
High energy electrons by
accelerators, x rays,
gamma rays
Destroy microbes,
increase time for ripening,
slow down sprouting in
onions, potatoes
(Lasalgaon Nasik, Navi
mummbai)
Use of Inert gas
Nitrogen
Use of preservative
Natural
Salt, Sugar, Oil
Chemical
Acetic acid
Citric acid
Sodium benzoate
Pasturisation
Fermentation increases
nutritive value (Increase
vitamin, minerals)
Food preservative in
Factory
Benzoic acid
In process of fermentation
Vitamin increases
Fermented food can stay
longer due to chemical
changes
Equinox: 21 Mar, 23 Sept
Summer solstice: 21 June
Winter solstice: 22 Dec
Water Day: 22 March
Ozone day: 16 September
Int. Day for Disaster
reduction: 13 Oct
World AIDS Prevention
Day: 1st Dec
World Soil Day: 5 Dec