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Measurement
History of the International Systems of Units (SI)
1799 - French Revolution and the subsequent deposition of two platinum
standards representing the meter and the kilogram, on 22 June 1799, in the
Archives de la République in Paris
1832 - Gauss promoted using the Metric System. Gauss was the first to
make absolute measurements of the earth’s magnetic force in terms of a
decimal system based on the three mechanical units millimetre, gram and
second for, respectively, the quantities length, mass and time.
History of the International Systems of Units (SI) cont.
The ampere is officially defined as “the current in a pair of equally long, parallel,
straight wires 1 meter apart that produces a force of 0.0000002 Newton's
(2 × 10−7 N) between the wires for each meter of their length”
The Kelvin is officially defined as “A temperature scale in which zero occurs at
absolute zero and each degree equals one Kelvin. Water freezes at 273.15 K and boils
at 373.15 K.”
The Candela is officially defined as “A unit of luminous intensity equal to 1/60 of the
luminous intensity per square centimetre of a blackbody radiating at the temperature of
solidification of platinum (2,046°K).”
1960 - The name International System of Units (SI) was given to the system
1971 - the current version of the SI was completed by adding the mole as base
unit for amount of substance, bringing the total number of base units to seven.
The mole is officially defined as “The mass in grams of this amount of a substance,
numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance.”
SI Units
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Area Squared metre m2
Solids volume Cubic metre m3
Liquid volume Litre L=10-3m3
Velocity Metre per second m/s
Acceleration Metre per second squared (m/s2)
Angle Radian rad
Angular velocity Radian per second rad/s
Angular acceleration Radians per second squared rad/s2
Density Kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3
Force Newton N = kgm/s2
Moment of force Newton-metre Nm
Stress and Pressure Pascal Pa = N/m2
Frequency Hertz Hz = cycle/s
Impulse Newton-second Ns
Work Joule J = Nm
Power Watt W=j/s
Thermal Conductivity Watt per metre per degree centigrade W/mC
Specific heat Joule per Kilogram per degree centigrade J/kgC
Convection film coefficient Watt per metre squared per degree centigrade W/m2C
Heat Power Watt W
Heat Flux (heat generation per area) Watt per metre squared W/m2
Examples of modern
measurement tools
Assignment Solution
• Express the following numbers in
scientific notations:
• a) 0.015 b) 0.0000002 c) 54800
11
Express speed of sound (330 m/s) in
miles/h
(1 mile = 1609 m)
a)738 miles/h
b)730 miles/h
1 shake = 10-8 sec. Find out how many
nano seconds (ns) are there in 1 shake
(1ns=10-9s).
a)1 ns
b)10 ns
Express the following numbers in scientific
notations:
a) 0.015 b) 0.0000002 c)
54800
a) 1.5 x 10-2 b) 2 x 10-7 c) 5.48 x
104