S T R U C T U R E S

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 I N T R O D U C T I O N
The high-rise building is generally defined as one that is taller
than the maximum height which people are willing to walk up;
it thus requires mechanical vertical transportation. This includes
a rather limited range of building uses, primarily residential
apartments, hotels, and office buildings, though occasionally
including retail and educational facilities. A type that has
appeared recently is the mixed-use building, which contains
varying amounts of residential, office, hotel, or commercial
space. High-rise buildings are among the largest buildings built,
and their unit costs are relatively high; their commercial and
office functions require a high degree of flexibility
Foundations
The foundations of high-rise buildings
support very heavy loads, but the systems
developed for low-rise buildings are used,
though enlarged in scale. These include
concrete caisson columns bearing on rock or
building on exposed rock itself. Bearing piles
and floating foundations are also used
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S T R U C T U R A L S Y S T E M
Earthquake loads
Wind loads
Earthquake or seismic forces, unlike wind forces, are
The structural systems of tall buildings must carry vertical gravity loads, generally confined to relatively small areas, primarily
but lateral loads, such as those due to wind and earthquakes, are also a
along the edges of the slowly moving continental
major consideration. Maximum 100-year-interval wind forces differ
considerably with location; in the interiors of continents they are plates that form the Earth’s crust. When abrupt
typically about 100 kilograms per square metre (20 pounds per square movements of the edges of these plates occur, the
foot) at ground level. In coastal areas, where cyclonic storms such as energy released propagates waves through the crust;
hurricanes and typhoons occur, maximum forces are higher, ranging this wave motion of the Earth is imparted to buildings
upward from about 250 kilograms per square metre (50 pounds per resting on it. Timber frame buildings are light and
square foot). Wind forces also increase with building height to a flexible and are usually little damaged by earthquakes;
constant or gradient value as the effect of ground friction diminishes. masonry buildings are heavy and brittle and are
The maximum design wind forces in tall buildings are about 840
susceptible to severe damage. Continuous frames of
kilograms per square metre (170 pounds per square foot) in typhoon
areas. steel or reinforced concrete fall between these
The effect of wind forces on tall buildings is twofold. A tall building may extremes in their seismic response, and they can be
be thought of as a cantilever beam with its fixed end at the ground; the designed to survive with relatively little damage.
pressure of the wind on the building causes it to bend with the
maximum deflection at the top. In addition, the flow of wind past the
building produces vortices near the corners on the leeward side; these
vortices are unstable and every minute or so they break away
downwind, alternating from one side to another. The change of pressure
as a vortex breaks away imparts a sway, or periodic motion, to the AARSH MALHOTR A | 4A | 180BARCH030

building perpendicular to the direction of the wind. JASSIMAR SINGH | 4A | 180BARCH034

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Classification of structural systems
The types of structures used for high-rise buildings must meet
the lateral load performance criteria outlined above, and they
must be reasonably efficient in the use of material and of
reasonable cost. The most efficient high-rise structure would
meet the lateral load criteria using no more material than would
be required for carrying the building gravity load alone; in other
words, it would have no premium for height.
High-rise structures begin at the lowest range with the rigid
frame in both steel and concrete. Some or all of the joints
between the beams and columns are rigidly joined together by
welding the steel or pouring the concrete in situ, and lateral
resistance is provided by the rigid joints; this system can rise
about 90 metres (300 feet) with little premium. The next type is
the rigid frame with a vertical shear truss in steel or a shear wall
in concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity; it has a range of
38 to 150 metres (125 to 500 feet). The framed tube structure in
both steel and concrete brings more gravity load and more
structural material to closely spaced columns at the building’s
perimeter, again increasing lateral rigidity; this type is AARSH MALHOTR A | 4A | 180BARCH030

reasonably efficient from 38 to 300 metres (125 to 1,000 feet) in JASSIMAR SINGH | 4A | 180BARCH034

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 C A S E S T U D Y

Structure: Freedom Tower

Location: Manhattan, New York
Typology: Commercial & Office Building
Architect: David Childs, Daniel
Libeskind, T. J. Gottesdiener
Owner - LOWER MANHATTAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
Land Use - Commercial & Office Buildings
Lot Area - 833,945 sq ft
Lot Frontage - 950 ft
Lot Depth - 750 ft
Year Built - 2009
Building Class - Office Buildings - Office Only or Office with
Comm – 20 Stories or More ( O4 )
Number of Buildings - 8
Number of Floors - 104
Gross Floor Area - 8,837,500 sq ft
Floor Area Ratio - 105%
BY LAWS - Separate by laws were made for the security of the
building which is different from the city by laws.
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 C A S E S T U D Y
History
1)The World Trade Center destruction by a terrorist attack on
September 11, 2001 not only plunged the population of New
York and the world, in a panic too close, but also created a large
debate on the future of the place occupied by the complex.
2)A first contest sponsored by the Lower Manhattan
Development was a failure by the public rejection of design
concepts, leading to a second round in 2002, the project was
selected Daniel Libeskind.
3)In April 2006, after several months of negotiations to allow the
reconstruction began, Silverstein ceded some of their rights to
the Port Authority of the city, but got to be granted architect
change to reform and carry out the project going to take over
the same architect David Childs in SOM Architects.
About The Project
1)Criticism of the project submitted by Liebeskind disapproved the few floors
dedicated to offices and other services, only 82 habitable floors, 280.000m2
reducing the space available to the World Trade Center
2)The low height in this design was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern
about another terrorist attack or other incident and the high degree of
responsibility that would entail. Much of the building height should be to a large
outdoor structure, a lattice of steel placed above the roof of the tower, where they
would place wind turbines and some “open gardens”. A later design corrected the
space, approaching the capacity of the original building and removed the open
garden
3)The final design for the “Freedom Tower” as it was called in its early days was
formally presented on June 28, 2005.
4)Building relocation of underground utilities and foundations for construction
began on April 27, 2006. The steel structure of the tower was crowned on August
30, 2012 and in May 2013 placed the last component of the antenna.
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Construction
1) When architect Daniel Libeskind first proposed plans for the new World Trade
Center at Ground Zero in New York, described a 541-meter skyscraper called
Freedom Tower. Libeskind’s original design was altered and the planes were
rediseñads to make the building more secure from terrorist attacks.
2) In 2004, the architect David Childs became the architect commissioned to
modify and implement the project for the Freedom Tower, while Daniel Libeskind
focused on the master plan for the site of the World Trade Center.
In contrast to Libeskind’s original plan, the final design of the octagonal tower
tapers as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a “monolithic glass
structure which reflects the sky, topped by a sculpted antenna.”
3) The April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a
conceptual framework providing the basis to begin construction and a formal
agreement was signed the next day, 75th anniversary of the opening in 1931 of
the Empire State Building. The building was completed on May 2, 2013.
4) The May 10, 2013, the last component of the antenna was installed on the rise,
making the One World Trade Center, the tallest building in New York, provisionally
the highest in the western hemisphere and the third tallest building in the world
taking into account the height to the top of the antenna, 541m. The Port Authority
of New York and New Jersey confirmed that the legal name will be One World
Trade Center, rather than the colloquial name Freedom Tower (Freedom Tower)

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Location
Concept 1) The first building will be the new WTC complex, is built
1) One World Trade Center is the first office tower built in on part of the land of the original complex in Lower
the site of the World Trade Center Real. A memorable Manhattan, New York, United States.
architectural landmark for the city of New York and 2) The 104-story skyscraper is located in the northwest
America will serve as an enduring beacon of inspiration corner of the 6.5 acres it occupied the entire World Trade
for the city. Center, on the site where stood the building 6 of the first
Construction of the complex is part of an effort to complex. To the west is surrounded by West Street, on the
remember and rebuild the World Trade Center after the north by Vesey Street, south on Fulton Street and east by
destruction of the original during the terrorist attacks of Washington Stree. This space won the Hudson River more
September 11, 2001. than two centuries ago is to the east of the river, in the
heart of the financial district.
2) WTC One is a bold icon in the sky that recognizes the
adjacent monument. While the memorial, carved into the
earth, speaks of the past and remember, WTC One talks
about the future and the hope that rises into the sky with
a faceted, crystalline form that reflects light. This tower
evokes the thin, triangular features diminishing the
landmarks of the city such as the Chrysler or Empire State
Building

3) The new complex of the World Trade Center will also

feature three other office towers, located along
Greenwich Street and the Memorial & National Museum
September 11, which is located south of One World Trade
Center, in the place once occupied by the Twin Towers.
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Base
Many of the original concepts presented in
Design
2002 by Daniel Libeskind were later discarded
The architect who made the
in the design of the tower, trying to integrate
modifications to the original design
with some selected elements of contemporary
of Daniel Libeskind and carried out
New York skyline. The central spire of the
the realization of One World Trade
tower is based on precedent as the Empire
Center, David Childs, of Skidmore,
State Building or Chrysler, and also visually
Owings & Merrill, said with respect
evokes the North Tower of the World Trade
the design of the tower:
Center original, rather than be a needle offset
“… I really wanted our design was
is to echo the Statue of Liberty.
based on something that was very
One WTC begins from a 200ft square footprint
real, not just in sculptural
– exactly the same dimensions as the original
sketches.’ve Explored the
twin towers. From a height of 20ft, it begins to
infrastructure problems because
gently taper at the corners. By the time it
the proper solution would have to
reaches the uppermost 104th storey, the floor
be convincing, not only beautiful.
plan is again a square, but slightly smaller and
Designing has no great sculptural
twisted through 45 degrees. At its midpoint, it
implications, understand deeply,
is a perfect octagon. From base to parapet, the
the symbolic importance of the
building is also the same height as the twin
tower, but also have to be a highly
towers – 1,368ft [417m] – before its crowning
efficient building.’s speech on
mast takes it up to the symbolic height of
Freedom Tower has often been
1,776ft [541m], reflecting the year of the
limited to the symbolic, formal and
signing of the Declaration of Independence
aesthetic but recognize that if this
and making it the tallest tower in the western
building does not work well, if
hemisphere.
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architects… ”
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STRUCTURE
It has a hybrid concrete-and-steel structure. The key to its strength is a massive, extremely strong
concrete core. This rises all the way to the uppermost storeys, acting as the building’s primary support
to resist gravitation, wind and seismic loads and impact, as well as housing all means of egress. Steel
beams set into the concrete core support the floors, enabling vast column-free expanses.

The core is made of ultra-high-strength concrete, at 14,000psi the strongest ever poured in New
York.
This strength also helped reduce the thickness of the walls, maximizing the lettable area, while
minimizing the weight of materials required. Replacing more than 50% of the cement content with
industrial by-products further cut the carbon footprint of the building, and more than 95% of the
steel in the structure is recycled, contributing to a LEED Gold environmental rating.

SPIRE
The tower consists of two main components:
• A mast of 134.42 m
• A communications platform in a ring with three levels surrounding the needle
The base diameter
The tower consists of eight vertically stacked sections that decrease in width as it 4.27m
approaches the needle. Maximum
These sections are designed to support digital broadcasting. diameter of
shrouds 6.70m
To strengthen the support against wind, four wires radio frequency (RF)
transparent Kevlar connect from the mast to the ring, in which structure also AARSH MALHOTR A | 4A | 180BARCH030
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CORE
The core contains two interlinked access
stairs and a dedicated first-responders’
stair – to allow first responders to climb
the building quickly in the event of an
emergency, while people escape – a
feature that is now standard in New York
building codes.
The core is made of ultra-high-strength
concrete, at 14,000psi the strongest ever
poured in New York.
AESTHETIC
While this is largely hidden from public view, back above ground the
architects were responsible for perhaps the most highly visible
façade on the planet. Aesthetics were therefore of paramount
importance. Aside from the sheer size of the building, it’s the way
that it catches the light that makes the greatest impression, the
luminescence of the structure somehow lightening its monumental
presence on the skyline.This is thanks to the floor-to-floor glazing –
the exterior of the building is composed of 1 million ft2 of specially
developed glass. It has a very high U-value to maintain comfortable
conditions inside the building and support the LEED Gold rating. It’s
also highly transparent, with a reflective, mirror-like coating that
creates a constantly changing kaleidoscope. The corners are clad in
laser-finished stainless steel that glints in the sunlight.
FIRE SAFETY
One World Trade Center’s two egress stairs are encased in the reinforced
concrete core that is a minimum of 2 feet thick. Stair widths are increased by
more than 60 percent, from the standard 44 inches to 72 inches. Every stair
landing contains a 30-inch by 48-inch rescue assistance area in the corner.
Doors are positioned to optimize flow, with people entering in the down
direction. Battery-powered emergency lighting and photoluminescent
markings ensure that the stairs will not go dark. Independent air systems can
pressurize each stairway to block potential smoke. Wireless infrastructure
stands ready to relay emergency communications. Both sets of egress stairs
exit directly to the street, while providing an alternate route via a connecting
passageway above the lobby in case one of the exits is blocked. A third
pressurized stairway and a water-resistant elevator are reserved for use by first
responders.
At One World Trade Center, galvanized steel hangers secure the mineral wool—
which has been shown to resist temperatures surpassing 2,000 F—into the
spandrel openings; Safing insulation, also made from mineral wool, is installed
in the narrow gap between the slab and the curtain wall. Behind the curtain
wall insulation, steel reinforcements at the floor line are also critical where the
floor slab intersects at the spandrels’ mid-height to provide a tight seal when
the compression-fit joint material is packed into the void. This detail prevents
the curtain wall insulation from bowing due to the compression fit of the Safing
insulation. Next, a strip of mineral wool, called the mullion cover, is applied to
the inner face of the vertical aluminum mullions and all the mechanical
attachments.
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SPRINKLERS & SMOKE REMOVAL
The building has a full sprinkler and smoke alarm
system and an exhaust-ventilation equipment that is
particularly effective for smoke removal, thus meets
fire prevention requirements.
ELECTRICS
Electrical energy is supplied from the municipal
medium voltage grid. Interruption-free electricity
supply plants compensate for power cuts and grid
fluctuations for 10 minutes before the emergency
units cut in. The double floors in the office storeys
guarantee continuous installation space with a high
degree of flexibility for cables and fitted equipment.
The busbar supply system with an overall length of
approx. 5000 m feeds the underfloor outlets for the
workplaces.
SANITARY SYSTEMS
The sanitary installations conform to the
standard for modern office buildings. For
ecological and financial reasons no hot
water was provided for the ash basins in
the toilets. To save water, water from the
cooling towers was used for flushing
toilets. Possible extended use of service
water in future is secured by an additional
rising main outlets to the subdivision.
The program is organized as follows:
Acces
LOBBY
The entries in the four sides of the building, each
with 18.29 meters in height and a width of 9.14
meters in the east and west sides, on the north side
15.24m and 21.34m in the south, activate the
building level street. The entries are defined by glass
canopies and large transparent glass walls framed
trussed by metal gates.
The west entrance hall gives access to both the
observation platforms at the underground level and
public transportation systems.
The east entrance provides access to the occupants
of the offices and restaurant patrons to ascend to
the top of the building.
The north and south entrances, wider, allowing
tenants access to commercial spaces, entrances
marked with dichroic glass panels.
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The large lobby surrounds the core and is
filled with natural light that enters the
space through the east and west entrances
and through openings in the north and
south walls.
Floors 1-19
Being born from the level of the plaza, a
public lobby rises 15.24 m to be crowned
by a series of mechanical floors, which
together form the foundation of the
building.
Floors 20 to 90
70 floors for offices, from the 20th floor to
the 90th tower over this base to a height
of 345m.
From the 20th floor upwards, square edges
cubic base of the tower are beveled
inward, transforming the way the building
into eight tall isosceles triangles, or form
elongated antiprism. Near its center, the
tower forms a perfect octagon in plan and
then culminates in a glass parapet whose
shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from
the base.
Floors 91-99, 100-102, 103-104
Mechanical plants, plants 91-99 and 103-104, a
restaurant and two observation decks, floors 100-
102, culminating with a parapet of metal and glass,
with a communication platform over the parapet
and ceilings which make 415.13my 416.66m
respectively, the two heights of the original Twin
Towers.
On the parapet also placed the antenna cable
stayed, designed in collaboration with artist Kenneth
Snelson and structural engineer Hans Schober of
Schlaich Bergermann and Partners that crowns the
project
Flat 105
The top floor of One Wordl Trade Center is
designated as 105
The building has 5 levels below street level, in which
are located the parking areas and numerous
transport links
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 C A S E S T U D Y
Mast
A sculpted mast, 124m high,
holds the transmitting antenna.
This mast was designed in
collaboration with SOM, artist
Kenneth Snelson who invented
the tensegrity structure, and
structural engineer Hans Schober
of Schlaich Bergermann and
Partner, who also ran the crystal
structure. The antenna is secured
by a system of cables, and rises
from a circular support ring
contains additional dissemination
equipment and maintenance. At
night, it projects an intense beam
of light above the tower, which is
visible to more than 3000 m.
The architectural design of the
building allows the outer seats to flow,
creating areas where people can
meet, sit, relax and reflect. Waterfalls
steel tape down behind Prismatic
glass facade to the base to form a
series of steps to the terraces,
integrating the horizontal surfaces of
the square with the vertical surface of
the building. At night, the tapes are lit
from within to create continuous
strips of light. Terraces, made with
steel textures, are shaded by a ring of
trees and water humanizing scale
space. The square is richly textured
with small groups granite
cobblestones. These areas connect
the tower to the neighborhood,
offering views and access to the
monument, although glass walls were
placed at the edges of the square as
windbreaks. Although incorporated
sophisticated security measures, the
house is open and accessible to the
public.
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Materials
Sustainable Building
The One WTC uses new technologies to maximize
efficiency, minimize waste and pollution, and reduce
the impact of development. The building’s design
incorporates strategies for conservation of water and
energy that go far beyond the requirements
established by the Center for Sustainable Design
Guides World Trade.
• The building uses 30% less water than allowed by
the New York City Building Code for this type of
building. A collection system 100% of the rainwater
that falls within the boundaries of the site is
recycled, the recycled water is used for watering
gardens and filling the square pool.
• A new generation plant dedicated to fuel stack,
capable of 1.2, a major public facilities country fuel
cell is integrated into the mechanical and electrical
systems of the building and contributes to the use of
20% less energy that the proposal in the city building
code.
• The building uses a new form of technology with
glass coating with low emissivity and high
performance to maximize the “light of day” and
minimize heat gain. Maximize the amount of natural
light that is used in the building help save energy by
reducing the need for artificial lighting.
Facades
The curtain wall was manufactured and
assembled in Portland, Oregon by Benson
Industries using glass made in Minnesota by
Viracon. The architects worked with industry
experts to develop a new glass monumental
scale, able to withstand wind pressure on a
super-tall building and the strict safety
requirements.
The four facades of the skyscrapers in the
higher floors are covered with glass panels
chains designed by Schlaich Bergermann. These
panels, in the east and west sides, giving access
to the observation deck, measuring 18m high
and have an average width of 9.1 m. On the
north side are 15m and 21m in the south.
Insulating glass panels covering the entire
contour of the building, floor to floor without
intermediate uprights, system first used in the
construction of skyscrapers. These glass panels
allow maximum natural light and give the
project a monumental scale. The eight corners
of the building are covered with stainless steel
panels, with each panel covers the entire height
of a plant.
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Security systems
The building incorporates advanced
safety systems that exceed the
requirements of the Safety Code of
the City of New York, opening the
way to the development of new
standards for high-rise construction.
Besides the structural redundancy
and protection against fire cement is
dense and highly adhesive, the
building has biological and chemical
filters in the air supply system.
To strengthen the system of
emergency lighting and optimal
capacity in an emergency exit built
extra wide pressurized stairs, special
protection for all sprinklers and
emergency risers, plus numerous
interconnected outputs, output
places Additional stairs all adjacent
streets and direct exits to the street
from the stairs of the tower. All
building security systems, exit stairs,
communication antennas, exhaust
pipes and ventilation shafts, electric
hoists, lifts water intakes and are
enclosed in a concrete core of a
meter thick.
Dichroic Panels
Special Access for tenants of
commercial spaces are
indicated with dichroic glass
panels.
These panels, made of several
layers of clear glass, dichroic
recorded and are based on the
spectral characteristics of the
light to create patterns of
vibrant colors through the
lobby areas. The design is
based on the results of a
research project of one year
duration on the optical effects
of dichroic glass in
transmission and reflection.
The high walls of the entrance
hall are lined with Carrara
marble.
Due to its circular shape, it is
possible to maintain the
building with three units of
maintenance.
C A S E S T U D Y

Spire
The antenna mast
comprises several segments
12.19m long with a
different type of steel
support structure, each
adapted to a type of
antenna. More complicated
areas of transition between
segments were designed
with steel casting that
ensured adequate load
transfer. For reasons of
design, the antenna is
coated with glass fiber
reinforced plastic sandwich
panels. During the wind
tunnel tests were observed
transverse oscillations,
which have been avoided
through spirals along the
coating. To limit
deformation due to wind,
the wire antenna is braced
with Kevlar.
C A S E S T U D Y

INFERENCES CHARACTER OF SPACE

Considerations for safety loomed over the design process for One
World Trade Center, but so did the belief that the structure
•As the Tallest building in new york city, the sustainable
should be an inviting place. No one wanted a building that
approach for the project was ahead of its time. The design
looked or felt like a fortress. A huge challenge—and
planned for a future of increasing resource scarcity and cost,
achievement—was visually lightening the base of the building, a
by minimizing energy and water consumption, whilst
186-foot-tall podium shielded by 30-inch-thick concrete walls
providing solutions for enhanced comfort.
that contains a 50-foot-tall lobby topped by a series of
•The building was designed to be naturally ventilated for 60%
mechanical floors. SOM’s proposed prismatic glass cladding for
of the year.This approach was expected to reduce energy
the podium saw manufacturing difficulties, leading the firm to
consumption by up to 50% compared to The core is like a
devise a system of triple-laminated glass fins over laser-etched
standalone building—a blast-proof, 110-foot-deep square
steel louvers. Transparent cable-net glass walls admit natural
volume housing elevators, stairways, mechanical systems,
light to all four lobby entrances, one on each building
standpipes, communications antennas, and restrooms.so that
elevation.The lobby could have felt like a bunker, but instead it
in case of emergency or in a case where the building is
feels like a museum hall, complete with large-scale contemporary
broken a person can evacuate from the core of the building .
artworks.
A 10-foot-wide corridor bisects the core on each floor. To the
everyday occupant, the robust core means the use of
gloriously open, sunlit, and column-free office interiors. Human interaction
•The tower has been embraced by the city, and one world There were big column free spaces which helped in giving more
trade centre is now regularly shown as an iconic structure of and big office spaces and comfortable spaces for human
New York City interaction.
•The building is historically important for people of New york
and also for the people of world as it had 9/11 terror attacks
and many people lost their life so ,in remembrance there are Openness & Accessibility
two waterfalls made which are known as 9/11 memorial. Transparency is the supreme principle, not least in the sense of
•The central infill site location of the project, is also key to its mental openness to a working world based on communication.
connectivity and access as it is close to public transport links. Taking this into account all the offices are made visually open.