7 SEMESTER

A REPORT ON
PRE CASTED C •
OItbend
Ninvolves the application of forces tending to
CandRcompress
E T E a concrete element in
A N D P R E S T R Eorder
from
to counteract bending which results
S Sloading.
ED
CONCRETE AND •
ITheT forced
S Tapplied
Y P Eis Sthe tensioning or
stretching of the steel component which
usually in the form of high tensile strands,
wires or bars.

P R E PA R E D B Y
AARSH MALHOTRA |
4A | 180BARCH030
JASSIMAR SINGH |
4A | 180BARCH034
R A J AT V E R M A | 4 A |
180BARCH118

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 01
PRE-CAST
CONCRETE
Precast concrete is a construction product
produced by casting concrete in a
reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a
controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up").
In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-
specific forms and cured on site.

There are many different types of precast

concrete forming systems for architectural
applications, differing in size, function, and cost.
PRE-STRESSING
Precast architectural panels are also used
to clad all or part of a building facade or free-
standing walls used for
TECHNIQUE
landscaping, soundproofing, and security walls,
• It involves the application of forces tending to
and some can be prestressed concrete structural
bend and compress a concrete element in
elements. Stormwater drainage, water and order to counteract bending which results
sewage pipes, and tunnels make use of precast from loading.
concrete units.
• The forced applied is the tensioning or
stretching of the steel component which
usually in the form of high tensile strands,
wires or bars.

Applications :

• Building and site amenities

• Retaining walls
• Sanitary and stormwater pipe
• Transportation and traffic-related products
• Modular paving

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 02
 Reinforced
Concrete
PRE-STRESSED
Prestressed Concrete
Before Loading
CONCRETE:
Prestressed Concrete
After Loading
METHODS
There are two basic methods of applying pre-
stress to a concrete member

MAIN Pre-tensioning – most often used in

factory situations
DIFFERENCE Post-tensioning – site use

Both utilizes the structural capabilities of steel and
concrete. Concrete is very strong in compression,
but relatively weak in tension.
RCC
PRINCIPLE – Using high tensile strength steel alloys
producing permanent pre- compression in areas
subjected to Tension.
A portion of tensile stress is counteracted thereby
reducing the cross-sectional area of the steel
reinforcement .

Beam supports a load by developing compressive
stresses at the top, but since the concrete cannot
resist the tension at the bottom, it cracks there.
Reinforcing steel bars are placed within this
tension zone to resist the tension and control the
cracking.
METHODS :- a) Pretensioning
b)Post-tensioning
PRETENSIONING :- Placing of concrete around
reinforcing tendons that have been stressed to
the desired degree.
POST-TENSIONING :- Reinforcing tendons are
stretched by jacks whilst keeping them in serted in
voids left pre-hand during curing of concrete.
These spaces are then pumped full of grout to

PRESTRESSED bond steel tightly to the concrete.

CONCRETE
It involves the application of forces tending to
bend and compress a concrete element in order to
counteract bending which results from loading.

The forced applied is the tensioning or stretching of

the steel component which usually in the form of
high tensile strands, wires or bars.

These two differ in the method of stressing the

elements. A description of the construction
sequences will help bring out this difference
STEEL BARS BEING STRETCHED BY JACKS
Pre-Tension & Post-Tension

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 03
 Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied at the
c.g of the section

CONCEPT OF PRE-STRESSING:

1. The concept of pre stressing was invented years

ago when metal wound area wooden pieces to
form barrels.

2. The metal brands were tighten under tensile

tress which creates compression between the
staves allowing them to resist internal liquid
pressure. Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied
eccentrically with respect to the c.g of the section .

PRE-TENSIONING
In Pre-tension, the tendons are tensioned against
some abutments before the concrete is place. After
the concrete hardened, the tension force is
released. The tendon tries to shrink back to the
initial length but the concrete resists it through the
bond between them, thus, compression force is
induced in concrete. Pretension is usually done with
precast
PRINCIPLE OF PRE-
STRESSING:
Pre-stressing is a method in which
compression force is applied to the
reinforced concrete section.
The effect of pre stressing is to reduce the
tensile stress in the section to the point till the
tensile stress is below the cracking stress. Thus
the concrete does not crack.
It is then possible to treat concrete as a elastic
material.
The concrete can be visualized to have two
compressive force
i . Internal pre-stressing force.
ii . External forces (d.l , l.l etc )
These two forces must counteract each other.

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 04
PRE-TENSIONED
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
The beams or elements are constructed on a
stressing bed and stranded cable is placed
between two buttresses anchored to a stressing
bed which holds the force in the stretched
cables.
After stretching the steel with hydraulic jacks,
concrete is placed in forms around the cables and
allowed to harden. When the concrete reaches
sufficient strength, the pre-stress forced is
transferred to the concrete by bond when the steel
strand at the ends of the beam is cut loose from
buttresses.
POST-
TENSIONING
In Post tension, the tendons are tensioned after
the concrete has hardened.
Commonly, metal or plastic ducts are placed
inside the concrete before casting. After the
concrete hardened and had enough strength,
the tendon was placed inside the duct, stressed,
and anchored against concrete. Grout may be
injected into the duct later. This can be
done either as precast or cast-in-place.

Pre-tensioned Concrete Beam

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 05

POST –TENSIONING METHOD
METHOD OF POST-
TENSIONING
CONSTRUCTION
• In slab-on-ground construction, unbonded
tendons are typically prefabricated at a plant and
delivered to the construction site, ready to install.
• The tendons are laid out in the forms in
accordance with installation drawings that .
• After the concrete is placed and has reached
its required
• strength, usually between 3000 and 3500
psi (“pounds per square inch”), the
tendons are stressed and anchored.
A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E
AND IT S TYPES
• In slab-on-ground construction, unbonded
tendons are typically prefabricated at a
plant and delivered to the construction
site, ready to install.
• The tendons are laid out in the forms in
accordance with installation drawings
that .
• After the concrete is placed and has
reached its required
• strength, usually between 3000
and 3500 psi (“pounds per square
inch”), the tendons are stressed
and anchored.
• The tendons, like rubber bands, want to
return to their original length but are
prevented from doing so by the
anchorages.
• The fact the tendons are kept in a
permanently stressed (elongated)
state causes a compressive force to
act on the concrete.
• The compression that results from the post-
tensioning counteracts the tensile forces
created by subsequent applied loading (cars,
people, the weight of the beam itself when
the shoring is removed).
• This significantly increases the load-carrying
capacity of the concrete.
• Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place
at the job site, there is almost no limit to the
shapes that can be formed.
Limitations of Prestressing
The limitations of prestressed concrete are
few and really depend only upon the
imagination of the designer and the terms of
his brief. The only real limitation where
prestressing is a possible solution may be the
cost of providing moulds for runs of limited
quantity of small numbers of non-standard
units.
06
 • Reduces occurrence of cracks .
• Freezing & thawing durability is higher than
non prestressed concrete.
• Post-tensioning also allows extremely
long span bridges to be constructed
without the use of temporary
intermediate supports. This minimizes
the impact on the environment
• and avoids disruption to water or road
traffic below.
• In stadiums, post-tensioning allows long
clear spans and very creative
architecture. \
• Post-tensioning can also be used to
produce virtually crack-free concrete for
water-tanks.

ADVANTAGES:
• The high tensile strength & precision
of placement gives maximum
efficiency in size & weight of
structural members.
• Take full advantages of high strength concrete
and high strength steel • Applications of various prestressed
techniques enable quick assembly of
• Need less materials standard units such as bridge
• Smaller and lighter structure members,building frames, bridge decks
providing cost-time savings.
• No cracks
• Post-tensioning allows bridges to be
• Use the entire section to resist the load built to very demanding geometry
• Better corrosion resistance requirements, including complex
curves, and significant grade changes.
• Good for water tanks and nuclear plant
• Post-tensioning is the system of choice
• Very effective for deflection control for parking structures since it allows a
• Better shear resistance high degree of flexibility in the column
• Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, layout, span lengths and ramp
thinner slabs, fewer beams and more configurations.
slender, dramatic elements. • In areas where there are expansive
• Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required. clays or soils with low bearing capacity,
It means a lower overall building height for post-tensioned slabs-on-ground and
the same floor-to-floor height. mat foundations reduce problems with
cracking and differential
• Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant
reduction in building weight versus a
conventional concrete building with the
same number of floors reducing the
foundation load and can be a major
advantage in seismic areas.
• A lower building height can also translate to
considerable savings in mechanical systems
and façade costs.
• Another advantage of post-tensioning is that
beams and slabs can be continuous, i.e. a
single beam can run continuously from one end
of the building to the other.

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 07
Pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete is usually
fabricated away from the job site in a pre-
stressing plant, whereas in post-tensioned pre-
stressed concrete the application of stressing
forces to the structure is done at the job-site.
APPLICATION:
• Bridges
• Slabs in buildings
• Water Tank
• Concrete Pile
• Thin Shell Structures
• Offshore Platform
• Nuclear Power Plant
• Repair and Rehabilitations
Post-tensioning- is a method of reinforcing
(strengthening) concrete or other materials with
high- strength steel strands called tendons.
Post-tensioning allows construction that would
otherwise be impossible due to either site
constrains or architectural requirements.
Requires specialized knowledge and expertise to
fabricate, assemble and install.
After adequate curing of concrete, reinforcing
tendons (placed in side the voids of the structure)
are tensioned/stretched by jacks on the sides &
grouts filled with appropriate mix.
Applications – a) Structural members beams,
bridge-deck panels, Roof –Slabs, Concrete Silos
Etc.
A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E
AND IT S TYPES
TENSIONING
DEVICES
1.Mechanical devices: The mechanical devices
generally used include weights with or without
lever transmission, geared transmission in
conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks
with or without gear devices and wire-winding
machines. These devices are employed mainly
for prestressing structural concrete
components produced on a mass scale in
factory.
2.Hydraulic devices: These are simplest
means for producing large prestressing
force, extensively used as tensioning
devices.
3.Electrical devices: The wires are electrically
heated and anchored before placing concrete
in the mould. This method is often referred to
as thermo-prestressing and used for tensioning
of steel wires and deformed bars.
4.Chemical devices: Expanding cements are
used and the degree of expansion is
controlled by varying the curing condition.
Since the expansive action of cement
DISADVANTAGES OF
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
• The major problem with prestressed concrete
is that it needs specialised construction
machineries like jacks anchorage etc.
• Advanced technical knowledge and strict
supervision is very important.
• For concrete prestressing, high tensile
reinforcement bars are needed which costs
greater than generally used mild steel
reinforcement bars.
• Highly skilled labor is needed for prestressed
concrete constructions.
08
 BONDED POST- Large reduction in traditional reinforcement
requirements as tendons cannot destress in
accidents.
TENSIONED Tendons can be easily 'weaved' allowing a
more efficient design approach.

CONCRETE Higher ultimate strength due to bond

generated between the strand and concrete.
No long term issues with maintaining the
Bonded post-tensioned concrete is the integrity of the anchor/dead end.
descriptive term for a method of applying
compression after pouring concrete and the
curing process (in situ).
The concrete is cast around a plastic, steel or
UNBONDED
aluminium curved duct, to follow the area
where otherwise tension would occur in the
POST
concrete element.
A set of tendons are fished through the duct TENSIONED
and the concrete is poured. Once the concrete
has hardened, the tendons are tensioned by
hydraulic jacks.
CONCRETE
Unbonded post-tensioned concrete differs
When the tendons have stretched sufficiently,
from bonded post-tensioning by providing
according to the design specifications they are
each individual cable permanent freedom of
wedged in position and maintain tension after the
movement relative to the concrete.
jacks are removed, transferring pressure to the
concrete. To achieve this, each individual tendon is
coated with a grease (generally lithium based)
The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons
and covered by a plastic sheathing formed in
from corrosion. This method is commonly used to
an extrusion process.
create monolithic slabs for house construction in
locations where expansive soils create problems The transfer of tension to the concrete is
for the typical perimeter foundation. achieved by the steel cable acting against
steel anchors in the perimeter of the slab.
All stresses from seasonal expansion and
contraction of the underlying soil are taken into The main disadvantage over bonded post-
the entire tensioned slab, which supports the tensioning is the fact that a cable can destress
building without significant flexure. Post- itself and burst out of the slab if damaged
stressing is also used in the construction of (such as during repair on the slab). The
various bridges. advantages of this system over bonded post-
tensioning are:
The advantages of this system over unbonded
post-tensioning are : EXTERNAL
PRESTRESSING

DECK STEEL LAYING

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 09
This refers to the case where prestressing tendons place concrete blocks and the installation of
are placed outside the concrete section and the near surface mounted carbon fiber rods.
prestressing force is transferred to a structural Challenged with maintaining Fallingwater’s original
member through end anchorages or deviators. setting, furnishings and artwork, the project was
Advantages of external prestressing include the successfully completed in six months.
possibility of monitoring and replacing tendons,
ease in concreting and hence better concrete
quality and the use of narrower webs. External
prestressing is being increasingly used in the
construction of new bridges and is a primary
method for the strengthening and rehabilitation
of existing structures.

At NUS, a three-year project on the application of

external prestressing in structural strengthening
has been completed, and this has resulted in
design charts being developed for such
applications. Works were also carried out on the
use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement as external tendons in both simply
supported and continuous beams.

Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater

APPLICATIONS Mill Run, Pennsylvania

1. Falling Water is comprised of a series of
concrete cantilever “trays” 30-ft. above a
waterfall. Previous efforts failed to permanently
address excessive deflections of the cantilever and
repair the cracks. After a thorough design review,
the owner and engineer selected an external post-
tensioning solution for its durability, aesthetics
and structural unobtrusiveness.
Construction plans called for strengthening of three
support girders spanning in the north-south
direction with multistrand post-tensioning tendons
consisting of multiple 0.5” diameter strands.
Thirteen strand tendons were placed on each side of
two girders. One 10-strand tendon was placed on the
western side
of the third girder (access on the eastern side of this
girder was not available). Eight monostrand tendons,
0.6” diameter, were slated for the east-west
direction.
The monostrand tendons were stressed in the east-
west direction and then the multistrand tendons
were stressed in
the north-south direction and grouted with a high
quality, low- bleed cementitious grout mixture.
VSL’s scope of work also included welding steel cover
plates, attaching structural steel channels, injecting
epoxy grout, doweling reinforced cast in
The lower and upper terraces cantilever over the
stream below. The temporary structural steel
shoring was placed beneath the main level
terrace.
2. Clin
85th Street Bridge
Valley Center, Kansas
is a seven span post-tensioned haunched slab
bridge with a typical span of 26 meters for the
middle five spans, and 20 meters at the ends. This
170 meter long bridge accommodates two lanes of
traffic reaching over the Wichita Valley Center
Floodway. VSL post-tensioning systems utilized for
this project include 5-19 longitudinal tendons as
well as 6-4 transverse tendons.
Post-tensioned haunched slab bridges are noted for
ease of construction. Once the geometry of the
bridge falsework has been obtained, prefabricated
spacer frames are set into place. The spacer frames
serve as templates for profiling the longitudinal
post-tensioning tendons and aid in the placement
of the remaining conventional reinforcement.
Transverse tendons maintain mid-depth placement
along the geometry of the haunched slab and
provide the minimum pre- compression over the
length of the structure.

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E

AND IT S TYPES 10
The finished product has several advantages over
conventionally reinforced concrete. Dead loads are
balanced by the use of longitudinal post-tensioning
reducing the sustained loading and associated
creep. Corrosion resistance is increased due to the
encapsulation of the post- tensioning
reinforcement. Through the use of transverse
post-tensioning, added compression improves the
longevity of the structure by adding resistance to
de-icing methods such as salt and magnesium
chloride. Post-tensioned haunched slab bridges
allow for a larger span to depth ratio than that of
conventionally reinforced haunched slab bridges.
The labor and material savings on mild
reinforcement is
Overlooking the 85th Street Bridge prior to
concrete placement
3. Colorado Convention Center
Expansion
Denver, Colorado
The Colorado Convention Center Expansion
project is a 1.4 million square foot expansion of
the existing facility. This was a multi-level project,
which included a 1,000-car attached parking
garage.
The garage above the street was constructed
using precast tees and columns with a cast-in-
place topping slab. In order to maintain regular
spacing for the columns in the precast section of
the garage and still maintain an unobstructed
path for the road and light rail, large post-
tensioned
A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E
AND IT S TYPES
transfer girders were required to support several
of the columns above. The transfer girders
allowed for the placement of columns required for
the precast design despite the restricted column
locations at the street level.
Post-tensioning the transfer girders resulted in
smaller dimensions than a conventional reinforced
concrete design, an important factor given the
girders are over 7 feet high and up to 7 feet wide
and a larger section would not fit within the space
constraints of the building.
The girders could not be stressed until after the
precast garage was fully erected and the topping
slab poured on the truck dock.
Temporary columns were placed under the
girders to support the load until stressing.
The effective post-tensioning force required for the
beams ranged from 2176 to 5457 kips. A multistrand
bonded system was installed
4. Seward Silo
The Seward Silo project involved the post-
tensioning of three interconnected ash silos that
are part of the Seward Re-Powering Project in
Seward, Pennsylvania. The overall project
involved the construction of a new, state-of-the-
art 208 MW power plant designed to burn low-
grade coal that can not be burned in ordinary coal
plants. This is a design-build project with Drake-
Fluor Daniel as the owner/construction manager
until the completed plant is turned over to
Reliant Energy, the ultimate owner.
11
T.E. Ibberson Company was contracted to build
three 187’-6” tall, interconnected, in-line silos;
two 82’-4” diameter fly ash silos and one 64’-8”
diameter bed ash silo. The silos were built using
the slip-form method of construction and are
believed to be the first interconnected silos in
the world built using post-tensioning as the
primary circumferential reinforcement.
pretension in the lower spokes - only a couple
of spokes are carrying the load at any one time.
The second is the pneumatic tyre, where the
compressive load is carried to the ground by
reducing the tension in the sidewall. The air
pressure in the tyre does not change when the
load is applied.

VSL’s work was performed from November 2003 The final prestressing system is the tyre cord,
through February 2004, during the second coldest which is shorter than the perimeter of the rim.
winter on record locally. Significant snowfall and The cord is thus in tension, holding the tyre on
subzero temperatures made progress challenging, the rim, which enables the pretension in the
yet with a strong focus on safety, both cold-related sidewalls to be reacted
and otherwise, the job was completed with no
incidents. The job required close coordination
between the various trades working in close
proximity and constant communication between
parties working above and below VSL’s work
locations to phase the work to avoid having
personnel under an active work zone.
The strand installation, stressing and
grouting operations were completed
successfully, with cold-weather grouting
made possible through a variety of heating
methods.

EQUIPMENTS :-
T6Z-08 Air Powered Grout Pump
Pumps cement grout only, no sand. 32 Gallon
Mixing Tank. Mixes up to 2 sacks of material at
once and allows for grout to be pumped during
mixing or mixed without pumping.

5. The Bicycle Wheel

Bicycle wheel as we know it today - each is
associated with an application of prestressing to a
Approximate 50" long
structural system.
size 30.5" high
The first and most obvious is the tensioned 52" wide
spokes - the rider's weight is carried from the Weight 560 lbs.
forks to the ground not by hanging off the top Production Rate 8 gallons per
spokes, but by reducing the minute at 150 psi

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E 12

AND IT S TYPES
 Colloidal Grout Plant
The heavy duty, high volume Colloidal Grout Plant is
favored for precision post-tension grouting. The
unit features a high speed shear mixer that
thoroughly wets each particle and discharges the
mixed material into a 13 cubic foot capacity
agitating holding tank. A direct coupled progressing
cavity pump delivers slurries at a rate of up to 20
gpm and pressures of up to 261 psi. The unit easily
mixes and pumps slurries of Portland cement, fly
ash, bentonite, and lime flour. All controls are
conveniently located on the operator platform for
easy one-man control.
T7Z Hydraulic Jacks
Used for testing and pre-stressing anchor
bolts. Available with up to 5-1/8" center hole.
Unit comes with ram, pump, gauge, hoses,
jack stand, high strength coupling, high
strength test rod, plate, hex nut and knocker
wrench.
Calibrations are available upon request.
Note: Jack pull rods should have a higher
capacity than the anchor rod.

Pump Pump Type

31.6
progressing
cavity
variable up to 20
Output/Pressure
gpm, 261 psi
Colloidal Mixer Mix Tank
13.0 CF
with
bottom
clean out
Mixing Pump 2x3x6
diffuser-
type
centrifugal
13.0
Holding Tank paddle
agitat
ing
Drive Power Air 300
CFM, 100 psi
Physical Dimensions
96" L x 60" W
x 63" H
T80 Post-Tensioning Jacks
Specifica
tions
Weight 1800-2800 lbs. With the T80 series the enclosed bearing
housing contains a geared socket drive to
tighten the bolt hex nut during tensioning.
Test jack housing will accommodate up to a
9” deep pocket.

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E 13

AND IT S TYPES
PRECAST JOINTS
1. COLUMN TO COLUMN 3. BEAM TO SLAB
Metal bearing plates and embedded anchor bolts
are cast into the ends of the columns. After the
columns are mechanically joined, the connection is
grouted to provide full bearing between elements
and protect the metal components from fire and
corrosion.

Hollow core slabs are set on bearing pads

on precast beams. Steel reinforcing bars are in
2. COLUMN TO BEAM inserted into the slab keyways to span the joint.
The joint is grouted solid. The slab may remain
on topped with several inches of cast in place
concrete.

4. WALLTO SLAB

Beams are set on bearing pads on the column

corbels . Steel angles are welded to metal plates cast
into the beams and columns and the joint is grouted
Hollow core slabs are set on bearing pads
solid.
on precast beams. Steel reinforcing bars are in
inserted into the slab keyways to span the joint.
The joint is grouted solid. The slab may remain
on topped with several inches of cast in place
concrete.

A REPORT ON PRESTRE S SED CONCRET E 14

AND IT S TYPES
5. WALL TO COLUMN

6. BEAM TO STAIRCASE

5. SLAB TO STAIRCASE

A REPO RT O N PREST RESSED 15

CO NCRET E AND IT S T Y PES
LARGE
PANEL
SYSTEM
• Large panel system is compsed of large
wall and floor concrete panel connected
in vertical and horiontal.
• Panels form box like structures.
• both vertical and horizontal elements are
load-bearing.
• one-story high wall panels (cross-wall
system /longitudinal wall system /
two way system).
• one-way or two way slabs.
• This system is most suitable for Indian
condition as a tailor–made aluminum
formwork for cast–in–situ fully concrete
structure.
• Aluminum Formwork system is a
comparatively a new technology in India.
MIVAN aims in using modern construction
techniques and
equipment in all its projects. On leaving the
MIVAN factory all
panels are clearly labeled to ensure that they
are easily
identifiable on site and can be smoothly fitted
together using the
formwork modulation drawings. All formwork
begins at a corner
and proceeds from there.

BEAM COMPONENTS
MIVAN
SYSTEM
• Mivan is the Brand name from far
East,Malaysia.
• It is Alluminium Alloy Formwork.
• The system of Aluminium forms (MIVAN)
has been used widely in
• the construction of residential units and
mass housing projects.
• It is fast, simple, adaptable and cost –
effective. It produces total quality work
which requires minimum maintenance and
when durability is the prime consideration.

A REPORT ON PRESTRESSED 16
CONCRETE AND ITS TYPES
 DECK COMPONENTS ADVANTAGES OF MIVAN

• Easy to handle.
• Aluminum does not rust like steel;
therefore, the Aluminium formwork can be
reused hundreds of times.
• Formwork is made with an aluminium
alloy, which has high tensile strength and is
also very hard.
• Saving on overhead expenses due to
speedy construction.
• Doesn’t require timber or plywood for
construction activities so, it saves the
environment.
• Casting of walls and slabs possible
simultaneously.
OTHER COMPONENTS • Doesn’t require skilled labour.
• Less debris generation.
• Higher scrap value.
• Carpet area will increase.
• Collect the best premium from the
customer, because of 100% RCC buildings.

LIMITATIONS OF MIVAN

Even though there are so many advantages of

MIVAN formwork the limitations cannot be
ignored. However the limitations do not pose
any serious problems. They are as follows: -

• Because of small sizes finishing lines are

seen on the concrete surfaces.
• Concealed services become difficult due to
small thickness of components.
WALL COMPONENTS • It requires uniform planning as well as
uniform elevations to be cost effective.
• Modifications are not possible as all
members are caste in RCC.
• Large volume of work is necessary to be
cost effective i.e. at least 200
• repetitions of the forms should be possible
at work.

A REPORT ON PRESTRESSED 17
CONCRETE AND ITS TYPES
 THE END

A REPORT ON PRESTRESSED 18
CONCRETE AND ITS TYPES