YÖKDİL Sosyal Question Types

2022 SONBAHAR
YÖKDİL
QUESTION
TYPES
SOSYAL
remzihoca.com
YÖKDİL Sosyal Question Types
2022 Sonbahar YÖKDİL Sosyal Bilimler
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Before We Start
. . . . . . . . .Lists
Grammar . .▢
........................................................4 .
Set 1
Vocabulary . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 .
Preposition . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 .
. . . . . . . Verb
Phrasal . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 .
Tense . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .
Verbal . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 .
Conditionals . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 .
Connectors . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 .
Relative
. . . . . . . Clause . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 .
Noun
. . . . . Clause . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 .
Other
. . . . . Grammar . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .
Cloze
. . . . . .Test . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 .
Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 .
Set 2
Vocabulary . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 .
Preposition . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 .
. . . . .Verb
Main . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 .
Clauses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 .
. . . . . Grammar
Other . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 .
Connectors . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 .
Cloze
. . . . . .Test . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 .
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. . . . . . . . .Completion
Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .10 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 .
Set 3
. . . . . . . . . .&. .Grammar
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .11 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .12 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .13 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 .
Set 4
. . . . . . . . . .&. .Grammar
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 .
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
Reading . . . . . . . . . .14 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .15 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .16 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 .
▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.
Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.
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Before We Start
• Grammar Lists
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Grammar Lists > List of Prepositions
of ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri

1
İsim tamlaması kurarken kullanılır.
of (all) … arasında, ...içinde

2
Bir şeyin benzerleriyle karşılaştırma yaparken kullanılır.
(be) of …e sahip
3
Bazı isimlerle birlikte sahiplik anlamında kullanılır.
the fall of the Berlin Wall
the result of the experiment
lack of Vitamin C
of all the cities I have visited
Health is of vital importance.
in
...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki, ...nın içinde
(place)
1
Yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
in
...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki
(place)
2
“belirli bir alanda” anlamı katar.
in
(time)
3
Zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
in
…içerisinde, …de, …da
(time)
4
Bir şeyin ne kadar süre içerisinde olacağını ifade eder.
in …açısından, …bakımından
5
Bir şeyin hangi açıdan, hangi bakımdan olduğunu ifade eder.
in
…e, …a, …içine
(direction)
6
bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
a tumour in the brain
the information in the book
a PhD in chemistry
improvements in agriculture
researchers in 19th century
the number of countries in World War II
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You must finish it in two days.
They are equal in weight.
I threw him in the pool.
at
(place)
1
Yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
at
(time)
2
Zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
at
…e, …a
(direction)
3
Bazı fiillerin hangi yöne doğru yapıldığını belirtir.
a new play at the theatre
at a depth of 350 metres
to be free at lunchtime
The plane will take off at 3 am.
Don't shout at the children!
on
…de, …da, …deki, …daki, ....nın üzerinde
(place)
1
yüzeyine temas eden
on
…de, …da, …deki, …daki, sessiz çeviri
(time)
2
Günlerle birlikte kullanılır.
on …üzerine, …hakkında
3
about
on
…e, …a, …üzerine., …üstüne
(direction)
4
bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
on
…den sonra, …nın üzerine
(time)
5
after, when
upon
…den sonra, …nın üzerine
(time)
6
after, when
broken glass on the ground
no water on Mars
on 29th October, 1923
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Don't comment on this matter!
a debate on education system
an attack on personal liberty
on retiring from politics
The will visit us upon their return from Belgium.
for ...için
1
purpose
for
…dır, …dir, …dur, …dür, sessiz çeviri
(time)
2
Bir şeyin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini belirtir.
for + zaman dilimi | for + mesafe
He was arrested for murder.
very difficult for researchers
for almost 500 years
for the past three decades
Walk for 200 metres and it is on your right.
by …tarafından, …nca
1
Edilgen anlam olan cümlelerde eylemi yapanı belirtir. (passive voice)
by
…e kadar, …e gelindiğinde
(time)
2
belirtilen zaman ifadesinden önce
by + Ving …erek, …arak

3
Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X without +Ving)
by ...ile
4
aracılığıyla, vasıtasıyla (by means of)
by
…yanında, …oralarda, …orada
(place)
5
yakınlarında bir yerde
examined by an experienced physician
an invasion by the Normans
by the end of the week
by 2023
to decide by flipping a coin
cheated by copying from the girl in front
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to go to Rome by plane/air
He has a house by the harbour.
to
…e, …a
(direction)
1
yönelme
to + V1 …mek, …mek için

2
infinitive (to V1)
to …için
3
Bazı sıfatlarla birlikte için anlamında kullanılır.
She is transferred to a new hospital.
to move to another city
to achieve his goal
essential to liver function
I want to go to Thailand to visit James Bond

island.
from …den, …dan

1
bir şeyin başlangıcı, çıkış noktası, sebebi
from… to…
…dan …ya
(place & time)
2
zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… until…
from… till… …dan …ya kadar
3 (place & time)
zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… on
from… onwards …dan itibaren
4 (time)
Bir şeyin başlangıç noktasını belirtir.
suffer from a chronic disease
inherit money from his uncle
threats from his competitors
from August to December
from Italy to Greece
from birth until/till death
from January on
from 18th century onwards
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about …hakkında, …ile ilgili
1
on the subject of
about
yaklaşık ...
(adverb)
2
approximately
about to do
yapmak üzere
(adverb)
3
is going to do (+ to V1)
optimistic about the future
knowledge about the side effect of plastic

surgery
They must be taken at about the same time

every day.
They are about the same weight.
I think they are about to arrive.
with …ile, ...ile birlikte

1
birlikte (together with)
with ...ile
2
aracılığıyla (using)
with …sı olan, …ya sahip, …lı, …li

3
sahiplik (who has, which has, having) (X without)
the border with Greece
She likes to travel with her friends.
to dig a hole with his hands
to fix with a strong glue
patients with genetic disorder
animals with four legs
over
…üzerinde, …üzerinden, …üzerine
(place)
1
yer isimleriyle
over
…içerisinde, …boyunca, …dır, …dir
(time)
2
zaman ifadeleriyle
3 over
…üzerinde, …dan fazla
(adverb)
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more than
over
bitti, sona erdi
(adverb)
4
finished
thick black smoke over the city
put your hands over your ears
over the last 50 years
over 80 percent of the population
women over the age of 40
The party was over by midnight.
under
…altında
(place)
1
yer isimleriyle
under ...altında
2
yer olarak değil; soyut olarak bir şeyin altında
under yapılmakta, devam etmekte

3
Belirli isimlerle kullanıldığında devam etmekte şeklinde çevrilebilir.
under
…altında, …dan az
(adverb)
4
less than
blood vessels under the skin
organisms under water
people under risk of heart attack
The proposal is now under negotiation.
to complete in under 30 seconds
without …sız, …siz, …olmasaydı

1
not having, lacking (X with)
without + Ving …meden, …madan

2
Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X by+Ving)
We won without much difficulty.
You cannot leave without permission.
We couldn't have done it without her help.
He can drive for five hours without taking a

break.
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within
(time)
1
belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde
within
(place)
2
belirtilen yerin sınırları içerisinde
within two decades
The wound will heal within a week.
within the borders of this country
peace within the family
between
…arasında
(place & time)
1
belirli noktalar arasında
talks between management and unions
the distance between stars
between Monday and Thursday
among
…arasında
(place)
1
Sonrasında çoğul isim veya topluluk ismi gelir.
to search among the wreckage
common among young adults
during
…de, …da, …boyunca, …sırasında, ...esnasında
(time)
1
Sadece zaman ifadeleriyle kullanılır.
during the 19th century
during teenage years
along
…boyunca
(place & direction)
1
Sadece yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
climate along the equator
to drive along the road
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throughout
…nın her yerinde
(place)
1
in every part of it, everywhere in
throughout
…boyunca
(time)
2
from the beginning to the end of
common throughout the world
blood flow throughout the body
hibernate throughout the winter
throughout his career
through
…içinden, …den, …dan
(direction)
1
bir şeyin bir ucundan diğerinden çıkma
through …ile, …vasıtasıyla

2
using; by means of
to look through the key hole
to drive through the red light
through vitamin supplements
to observe through a telescope
towards
...e doğru
(direction)
1
yönelme
towards the end of March
towards the east
into
…e, …a, …içine
(direction)
1
bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
into …e, …a
2
Bir şeyin başka bir şeye dönüşümünü anlatır.
to flow into the ocean
to look into her eyes
Kinetic energy is converted into electricity.
onto
…e, …a, …üstüne
(direction)
1
bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
onto the trucks
Put the plates onto the table.
against ...e karşı

1
opposing
the fight against global warming
to vote against the new institution
above
…üzerinde
(place)
1
seviye olarak üzerinde
above average
its height above the ground
below
...altında
(place)
1
seviye olarak altında
20 m below sea level
temperatures below zero
around
...etrafında
(place & direction)
1
yer ve yönelme
around
yaklaşık ...
(adverb)
2
approximately
around
var, mevcut
(adverb)
3
exists
the civilizations around the Middle East
electrons around the nuclear core
around the same hour tomorrow
If your sister's around, bring her too.
across
karşıdan karşıya
(direction)
1
from one side to the other
across
…her yerinde
(place)
2
yer isimleriyle
the corn fields across the river
to swim across the Bosphorus
all across the Middle East
outside
…dışında, …dışarısında
(place)
1
not in
outside the house
outside my job description
inside
…içinde, …de, …da
(place)
1
in or into
inside
…içinde, …de, …da
(time)
2
(+ duration of time)
the clothes inside the cupboard
What is going on inside your head?
inside three days
beyond
…ötesinde
(place)
1
bir şeyden uzakta
beyond …ötesinde, …meyecek kadar

2
bir şeyin sınırlarının, kapasitenin dışarısında
The village is beyond that river.
beyond the solar system
Keep them beyond the reach of young children.
away
(place & direction & ...dan uzak, uzağa
1 adverb)
somewhere else
40 km away from the nearest settlement
The police went after him but he got away.
out
dışarı
(adverb)
1
not in
Don't go out with wet hair.
He leaned out the window.
out of
…dışında, …dan dışarı
(place & direction)
1
not in
out of …den, …dan

2
Bazı kelimelerle sebep anlamında kullanılır.
push air out of your lungs
out of sadness
near
…yanında
(place)
1
close to
We want a house near the school.
near the train station
beside
…yanında
(place)
1
close to
Our school was built right beside a river.
the couple standing beside a banana tree
1 next to … bitişiğinde
(place)
very close to
the house next to ours
I want to sit next to the window.
behind
...arkasında
(place)
1
in the back side of sth
a shopping mall behind his office
the factor behind her success
in front of
...nın önünde
(place)
1
in the front side of sth
Please don't swear in front of the children.
the car in front of us
opposite
…karşısında
(place)
1
facing
a modern-looking building opposite the train

station
the women sitting opposite us
beneath
...altında
(place)
1
under
to hide beneath the leaves
bleeding beneath the skin
underneath
...altında
(place)
1
under
The mouse is underneath the fridge.
to hide the money underneath the aquarium
up
yukarı
(direction)
1
towards higher position
up to …kadar, …varan
2
ya eşit ya da daha az; belirtilen miktarı geçmez
up to somebody birine kalmış, birine bağlı

3
onun sorumluluğunda
The sugar is up on that shelf behind you.
The fare of public transport has risen up.
It supports up to four users at a time.
It is up to the parents to be parents.
down
aşağı
(direction)
1
towards lower position
This box is really heavy - can we put it down for

a minute?
Why don't you lie down on the sofa for a while?
off Belirli bir çevirisi yoktur. Kullanıldığı cümleye göre farklı şekillerde çevrilebilir.
1
uzaklaşma, uzak (away from)
off kapalı
2
kapalı, çalışmıyor, kapalı halde (not operating)
off izinli
3
izinli olmak, çalışmamak (not at work)
to give off an awful smell
Someone had taken the mirror off the wall.
Make sure all the lights are off.
You look tired. Why don’t you take tomorrow off?
after
...dan sonra
(time)
1
later than
Her name came after mine on the list.
After the war, many soldiers stayed in France.
following
...dan sonra
(time)
1
later than
the weeks following the riots
following their 3-0 defeat last Saturday
before
...dan önce
(time)
1
earlier than
before
daha önce
(adverb)
2
Bu anlamda genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılır.
before
…nın önünde
(place)
3
in front of something or somebody
I usually take a shower before having my

breakfast.
before his son’s birth
I've never been to this restaurant before.
We have the whole weekend before us.
until
...e kadar
(time)
1
up to the point
until approximately 9000 years ago
until the arrival of the Europeans
till
...e kadar
(time)
1
up to the point
We waited till half past six for you.
till the end of summer
1 since
...dan beri
(time)
from a particular time in the past
Sarah's been sick since Friday.
Unemployment is now at its lowest point since

World War II.
than ...den, ...dan, ...e göre

1
karşılaştırma (comparative)
She has woken even earlier than usual.
less than I predicted
as ...olarak
1
in the role, status or function of
It can be used as evidence against him.
as an alternative to chemotherapy
like ...gibi
1
example (örnek)
like ...gibi
2
similar to (benzetme)
I prefer hard cheeses, like Cheddar.
cholesterol, in foods like eggs
She moves and talks exactly like her mother.
He eats like a pig!
unlike ....nın aksine, …nın zıttına

1
İki şey arasındaki farklılığı ifade eder.
unlike other bird species
Unlike most people in the office, I come to work

by bus.
despite ...e rağmen

1
zıtlık
despite constant control
despite the increase in unemployment
notwithstanding …e rağmen
1
zıtlık
notwithstanding some members' objection
Notwithstanding injuries, he won the semi-final

match.
considering
…yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak
given
1
"…e rağmen" ile yakın anlamlıdır.
He looks young considering his age.
Given the circumstances, you’ve done really well.
besides ...nın yanı sıra, ...ya ek olarak

1
ekleme (addition)
He was a poet besides being a military genius.
Besides being intelligent, he is handsome.
concerning
…ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konusunda
regarding
1
about
information concerning the woman's

whereabouts.
a variety of options regarding this issue
including …dahil
1
part of
Their new house has four storeys including the

attic.
You’ll need a variety of skills, including

leadership and negotiating.
excluding
except …hariç
1 excepting
not part of
The van seats 18 passengers excluding the
driver
a computer that can do everything except talk
It is a desert with no animals of any kind,

excepting a few lizards.
via ...aracılığıyla, ...üzerinden

1
through; using
You can access our homepage via the Internet.
The London-Addis flight goes via Rome.
per …de, …da, her, …başına

1
each
How many calls do you make per day?
The meal cost $25 per head.
versus ...e karşı

1
competing, fighting, compared
a match Banvit versus Efes Pilsen
working from home versus office
plus artı
1
toplama
minus eksi
2
çıkarma
What is 88 plus 53?
What is 73 minus 14?
Grammar Lists > Present Tenses
Table of Present Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Present Present Perfect

Continuous Continuous
am Ving
have V3 have been Ving
V1 is Ving
has V3 has been Ving
are Ving
yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor
Passive Voice

am V3 am being V3
have been V3
is V3 is being V3
has been V3 Passive halde
are V3 are being V3
kullanılmaz.
yapılır yapılıyor yapılmış durumda
Grammar Lists > Past Tenses
Table of Past Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was Ving
V2 had V3 had been Ving
were Ving
yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu
Passive Voice
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was V3 was being V3

had been V3
were V3 were being V3 Passive halde
kullanılmaz.
yapıldı yapılıyordu yapılmış durumdaydı
Grammar Lists > Future Tenses
Table of Future Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Future Future Perfect

will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving
yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak
Passive Voice

will be V3 will have been V3

Passive halde Passive halde
kullanılmaz. kullanılmaz.
yapılacak yapılmış durumda olacak
Grammar Lists > Simple Modals
modal TR time mood
must do
present
future
must be done
should do
present
future
should be done
ought to do
present
future
ought to be done
had better do
present
future
had better be done
have to do
has to do
present
have to be done
has to be done
had to do
past
had to be done
will have to do
future
will have to be done
need to do
needs to do
present
need to be done
needs to be done
needed to do
past
needed to be done
will need to do
future
will need to be done
may do
present
future
may be done
might do
present
future
might be done
can do present
future
can be done
could do
present
future
could be done
could do
past
could be done
is able to do
are able to do
present
is able to be done
are able to be done
was able to do
were able to do
past
was able to be done
were able to be done
will be able to do
future
will be able to be done
is going to do
are going to do
future
is going to be done
are going to be done
was going to do
were going to do
past
was going to be done
were going to be done
would do
present
future
would be done
would do
past
would be done
used to do
past
used to be done
Grammar Lists > Perfect Modals
modal TR time mood
should have done

past
should have been done
ought to have done

past
ought to have been done
must have done

past
must have been done
may have done

past
may have been done
might have done

past
might have been done
can't have done

past
can’t have been done
could have done

past
could have been done
would have done

past
would have been done
Grammar Lists > Conditionals
type 0
real-present
yan cümle ana cümle
if simple present simple present
notlar
type 1
real-present
will V1
if simple present can V1
may V1
notlar
type 2
unreal-present
would V1
if simple past
could V1
notlar
type 3
unreal-past
would have V3
if past perfect
could have V3
notlar
mixed type 3/2
unreal-past / unreal-present
if past perfect would V1
could V1
notlar
mixed type 2/3
unreal-present / unreal-past
would have V3
if simple past
could have V3
notlar
inversion
will V1
type - 1 Should you do … can V1
may V1
would V1
type - 2 Were you to do …
could V1
would have V3
type - 3 Had you done …
could have V3
notlar
Grammar Lists > Gerund & Infinitive
gerund
active passive
zaman farkı yok Ving being V3
zaman farkı var having V3 having been V3
notlar
infinitive
active passive
zaman farkı yok to V1 to be V3
zaman farkı var to have V3 to have been V3
notlar
Grammar Lists > List of All Transitions
so
therefore
bu yüzden
thus
hence
as a result
sonuç olarak
as a consequence
sonuç
thereby + Ving
dolayısıyla
thus + Ving
that’s why
which’s why bu sebeple
for this reason
in this way bu şekilde, böylece
but
however fakat, ama, ancak
yet
still yine de
even so öyle bile olsa
nevertheless
yine de
nonetheless zıtlık
on the contrary aksine
on the other hand öte yandan…
in/by contrast
contrarily
aksine, zıttına
conversely
to the contrary
for çünkü sebep
likewise
benzer şekilde benzetme
similarly
moreover ayrıca ekleme
in addition
furthermore
also
besides
additionally
what’s more
and ve
for example
for instance örneğin örnek
to illustrate
meanwhile
bu sırada
in the meantime
zaman
afterwards ardından, daha sonra, ve daha sonra
(and) then (ve) daha sonra
otherwise
or else yoksa, aksi takdirde koşul
or
or veya, ya da
nor ne de
instead bunun yerine, onun yerine
in fact
aslında
actually
diğer
indeed gerçekten
that is
in other words
yani, başka bir deyişle
namely
that’s to say
Grammar Lists > List of All Conjunctions
when conj ...dığı zaman
whenever conj her ne zaman …se
conj
after ...den sonra
prep
as soon as conj … er...mez
once conj ...den sonra
conj
before ...den önce
prep
until
conj zaman
…e kadar
prep
till
by the time conj …e kadar
while
conj …iken
as
just as conj tam ...iken
as conj …dıkça, …dikçe
since
conj
...den beri
prep
ever since
if conj (eğer) …se
as long as
conj …dığı sürece
so long as
unless conj ...mezse, ...medikçe
even if conj …se bile
only if conj sadece/ancak …se
on condition that
koşul
providing (that) conj …mesi şartıyla
provided (that)
suppose (that)
conj farz et ki…
supposing (that)
if ever conj eğer olurda …se
if only conj keşke
what if? conj ya...se?
because conj ...dığı için |çünkü sebep
trans
as
since
now that
conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı, çünkü
on grounds that
in that conj …mesi bakımından
inasmuch as conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı
conj
although
trans
conj
though ...e rağmen | fakat
trans
conj
even though
trans
zıtlık
conj
while
trans
...e rağmen | oysa
conj
whereas
trans
however + adjective
conj her ne kadar … olsa da
however + adverb
as + SVO
as + prep conj …gibi
as + V3 benzetme
just as conj tıpkı…gibi…
as if
conj (sanki)...mış gibi diğer
as though
so that
conj ...sın diye, böylece amaç
in order that
in case conj ...r diye, ...rsa diye

tedbir
for fear that conj …korkusuyla
as far as
conj ...dığı kadarıyla, ...e göre
so far as
assuming that conj farz edelim ki

diğer
except that conj …hariç
in the hope that conj …mesi umuduyla
given that conj ...i düşünürsek
the moment conj ...er...mez, …dığı anda zaman
the instant
the minute
the second
Grammar Lists > List of All Prepositional Phrases
because of PP
due to PP
...den dolayı
owing to PP
on account of PP
as a result of PP
...nın sonucu olarak sebep
as a consequence of PP
thanks to PP ...nın sayesinde
by means of PP …nın aracılığıyla
with the help of PP

…nın yardımıyla
with the aid of PP
such as PP … gibi, örneğin, mesela örnek
despite prep
in spite of PP …e rağmen zıtlık
notwithstanding prep
unlike prep
in contrast to/with PP ...nın aksine karşılaştırma
contrary to PP
like prep … gibi benzetme
as well as PP
in addition to PP ...e ilaveten, ...ın yanı sıra, ve ayrıca

ekleme
besides prep
along with PP ... ile birlikte
in order to + V1 PP amaç
...mek için
so as to + V1 PP
in an effort to + V1 PP
in an attempt to + V1 PP
for the purpose of PP ...mek için, ...mek amacıyla
with the intention of PP
with a view to PP
in case of PP tedbir
… durumunda, … halinde
in the event of PP
for fear of PP … korkusuyla
about prep
with/in regard to PP
as regards PP
concerning prep
regarding prep
as to PP
pertaining to PP … ile ilgili, ...nın hakkında, ...e dair ile ilgili
with respect to PP
in respect of PP
with reference to PP
in/with relation to PP
in association with PP
in connection with PP
in the aftermath of PP
...den sonra, ...nın sonrasında
following prep
prior to PP ...den önce, ...nın öncesinde zaman
as of PP
...den itibaren
as from PP
compared to/with PP karşılaştırma
when compared to/with PP karşılaştırma

… ile karşılaştırıldığında
as compared to/with PP karşılaştırma
in/by comparison with PP karşılaştırma
in terms of PP … açısından diğer
instead of PP
...nın yerine diğer
in place of PP
rather than PP …den ziyade diğer
according to PP …e göre diğer
in accord with PP
... ile uyum içinde, ...e uygun olarak diğer
in accordance with PP
in line with PP … ile uyumlu olarak diğer
including prep … dahil diğer
excluding prep … hariç diğer
except for PP
apart from PP
excepting PP
with the exception of PP
other than PP
regardless of PP
…e bakmaksızın diğer
irrespective of PP
no matter + NCl PP her … diğer
as a means of PP … aracı olarak diğer
on behalf of PP
...nın adına, ...i temsilen, ...nın namına diğer
in the name of PP
in the hope of PP …nın umuduyla diğer
as for PP
…e gelince, …i sorarsanız, söz konusu diğer
when it comes to PP
in view of PP ...den ötürü, … göz önünde tutarak diğer
considering prep … düşünüldüğünde, düşünürsek diğer
on the brink of PP
on the edge of PP
on the verge of PP ...nın eşiğinde, …mek üzere diğer
on the eve of PP
at the point of PP
ahead of PP ...nın önünde, ...nın ilerisinde diğer
in return for PP
in exchange for PP ...nın karşılığında, ...e karşılık olarak diğer
in response to PP
in search of PP
…nın peşinde, …nın arayışında diğer
in pursuit of PP
in favour of PP ...nın lehine, ...nın çıkarına diğer
in need of PP …e muhtaç diğer
in opposition to PP …e karşı olarak diğer
in the light of PP …nın ışığında diğer
on the basis of PP ...i temel alarak, …e dayanarak diğer
without prep ...sız, …siz; olmazsa, … olmasaydı diğer
but for PP
for the sake of PP ...nın hatırı için diğer
Grammar Lists > List of All Correlatives
not only… but also… sadece… değil ayrıca...
both… and… hem… hem de… / gerek… gerek…
either… or… ya… ya da…
neither… nor… ne…ne de…
whether… or… ister…ister…
not… but… …değil…
the same… as… …ile aynı…
as… as… …kadar…
so… as… …kadar… (sadece olumsuz cümlede)
so… that… o kadar … ki …
such… that… o kadar … ki …
such… as… …gibi…, örneğin, mesela
the more… the more… ne kadar… o kadar…
more… than… …den daha fazla…
less… than… …den daha az…
just as… so … tıpkı … gibi …
Grammar Lists > Relative Clause Markers
Önüne ne gelir? marker Sonuna ne gelir?
who
whom
which
where
when
why
whose
that
whereby
by which
notlar
Grammar Lists > Noun Clause Markers
question words
who
whom
what
where
when
why
how + SVO
how + adjective
how + adverb
which
whose
question words + ever
whoever
whomever
whatever
wherever
whenever
whyever
however
whichever
whosever
that
that
the fact that
whether
whether
if
notlar
Grammar Lists > verb + that SVO
accept that kabul etmek
acknowledge that kabul etmek
add that ilave etmek
admit that kabul etmek
advise that öğütlemek, tavsiye etmek
allege that iddia etmek
announce that duyurmak
answer that cevaplamak
anticipate that önceden tahmin etmek
appear that … gibi görünmek
appreciate that takdir etmek
argue that iddia etmek
arrange that düzenlemek
assert that iddia etmek
assume that varsaymak
assure sb that güvence vermek
believe that inanmak
bet that bahse girmek
caution that uyarmak
certify that belgelemek
charge that suçlamak
claim that iddia etmek
command that talimat vermek
comment that yorumlamak
complain that şikâyet etmek
conclude that sonlandırmak
confess that itiraf etmek
confirm that onaylamak
consider that düşünmek, sanmak
contend that ileri sürmek
convince sb that ikna etmek
decide that karar vermek
declare that ilan etmek
deduce that çıkarsama yapmak
demand that talep etmek
deny that inkâr etmek
determine that belirlemek
discover that keşfetmek
doubt that şüphelenmek
dream that hayal kurmak
ensure that sağlamak
envisage that öngörmek
establish that belirlemek
estimate that tahmin etmek
expect that ummak
explain that açıklamak
fancy that hayal etmek
fear that korkmak
feel that hissetmek
figure out that anlamak
find out that öğrenmek
forecast that tahmin etmek
foresee that önceden tahmin
forget that unutmak
gather that anlamak
guarantee that garanti etmek
guess that tahmin etmek
it happens to me that bana öyle geliyor ki
hear that duymak
hint that ima etmek
hope that ummak
hypothesize that hipotezde bulunmak
imagine that hayal etmek
demonstrate that göstermek
imply that ima etmek
indicate that göstermek
infer that sonuç çıkarmak
inform sb that bilgilendirmek
insist that ısrar etmek
judge that yargılamak
know that bilmek
learn that öğrenmek
maintain that ileri sürmek
mean that demek istemek
mention that bahsetmek
notice that fark etmek
notify sb that işaret etmek
object that karşı çıkmak
observe that gözlemlemek
it occurs to me that bana öyle geliyor ki
order that emretmek
perceive that algılamak
pledge that söz vermek
point out that işaret etmek
postulate that ileri sürmek
predict that önceden tahmin
prefer that tercih etmek
presume that sanmak
presuppose that sanmak
pretend that rol yapmak
pretend that …mış gibi yapmak
promise that söz vermek
propose that teklif etmek
prove that ortaya çıkmak
rule that hükme varmak
reckon that düşünmek
realise that fark etmek
recall that hatırlamak
recollect that hatırlamak
recommend that tavsiye temek
reflect that yansıtmak
regret that pişman olmak
remark that işaret etmek
remember that hatırlamak
remind sb that hatırlatmak
reply that cevap vermek
report that rapor etmek
request that rica etmek
resolve that karar vermek
reveal that açığa çıkartmak
say that söylemek
see that anlamak
seem that …gibi görünmek
sense that hissetmek
show that göstermek
speculate that spekülasyon
state that ifade etmek
stipulate that ön şart koşmak
stress that vurgulamak
suggest that önermek
suppose that sanmak
surmise that özetlemek
suspect that şüphelenmek
tell sb that söylemek
think that düşünmek
threaten that tehdit etmek
trust that güvenmek
turn out that … olduğu ortaya çıkmak
understand that … olduğunu anlamak
urge that …-da ısrarla istemek
verify that … olduğunu doğrulamak
visualize that görselleştirmek
warn that uyarmak
wish that dilemek, istemek
wow that söz vermek
Grammar Lists > adjective + that SVO
to be absurd that saçma
to be afraid that korkmuş
to be amazed that şaşırmış
to be annoyed that kızgın
to be apparent that belli
to be ashamed that utanmış
to be aware that farkında
to be certain that emin
to be clear that açık
to be confident that emin
to be conscious that farkında
to be convinced that ikna olmuş
to be delighted that memnun
to be disappointed that hayal kırıklığına uğramış
to be evident that belli, açık
to be excited that heyecanlı
to be fortunate that şanslı
to be furious that kızgın
to be glad that memnun
to be happy that mutlu
to be impressed that etkilenmiş
to be incredible that inanılmaz
to be likely that olası
to be natural that doğal
to be obvious that açık
to be odd that tuhaf
to be optimistic that iyimser
to be pleased that memnun
to be positive that olumlu
to be possible that olası
to be proud that gururlu
to be recommendable that tavsiye verilebilir
to be sad that üzgün
to be shocked that şok olmuş
to be sorry that üzgün
to be strange that tuhaf
to be sure that emin
to be surprised that şaşırmış
to be terrified that ürkmüş
to be thrilled that çok korkmuş
to be unaware that farkında olmayan
to be unlikely that olası olmayan
to be upset that morali bozuk
to be worried that üzüntülü
Grammar Lists > noun + that SVO
the allegation that iddia
the argument that iddia
the assumption that varsayım
the belief that inanç
the chance that şans
the claim that iddia
the concern that endişe
the conclusion that sonuç
the doubt that şüphe
the evidence that kanıt
the expectation that beklenti
the explanation that açıklama
the fact that gerçek
the fear that korku
the hope that umut
the idea that fikir
the impression that izlenim
the indication that gösterge
the miracle that mucize
the news that haber
the notion that olgu
the observation that gözlem
the opinion that fikir
the pity that yazık
the possibility that olasılık
the prediction that önceden tahmin
the premise that iddia
the principle that prensip
the probability that olasılık
the proof that kanıt
the reason that neden
the recommendation that öneri
the relief that rahatlama
the rumour that dedikodu
the shame that ayıp, yazık
the stipulation that ön şart koşma
the suggestion that öneri
(a good) thing that iyi bir şey
the view that görüş
the wonder that şaşılacak olay
Set 1
• Vocabulary
• Preposition
• Phrasal Verb
• Reading & Translation 1
• Tense
• Verbal
• Conditionals
• Connectors
• Relative Clause
• Noun Clause
• Other Grammar
• Cloze Test
• Sentence Completion
• Translation
• Paragraph Completion
• Irrelevant Sentence
• Reading Comprehension
Vocabulary > Introduction
1. No one has to read a textbook to learn that 6. Information about a person that might be
children’s problem solving abilities improve acquired during a study must be treated as
---- across childhood. confidential and not made available to others
without his or her ----.
A) deliberately
B) dramatically A) consent
C) approximately B) identify
D) respectively C) appointment
E) incidentally D) integration
E) resentment
2. Mobile learning, the role of which in

education is becoming quite important, is 7. Statistics concerning the ---- of wages and
often applied outside classrooms to ---- the salaries show that the incomes of females
learning that takes place inside classrooms. are distinctly lower than those of males.
A) enhance A) involvement
B) insist B) payment
C) require C) recurrence
D) suspect D) inclination
E) provide E) rejection
3. Apparently as much as 20 per cent of 8. So long as they continue to ---- the

London fires are started ----. resolutions of the Security Council, they will
face growing international pressure.
A) reputably
B) appropriately A) provide
C) preferably B) admit
D) deliberately C) defy
E) compulsively D) undertake
E) describe
4. Ideally, museums should have lots of public

money, ---- space to exhibit most of their 9. Alexander the Great’s conquest of the
treasures and enough staff to look after Persian Empire and his vision to link Europe
them. with Egypt resulted in a mixture of unique
cultures that ---- a new era of intellectual and
A) grateful scientific achievement.
B) sufficient
A) quitted
C) incredible
B) surpassed
D) portative
C) restrained
E) radiant
D) stimulated
E) relieved
5. Queen Elizabeth I established a strong
central government that received the ----
support of her people. 10. As video-gaming has become a ---- industry
that attracts huge investment and intense
A) loyal competition, there are numerous ideas
B) favourite concerning its characteristics.
C) capable
A) massive
D) sensitive
B) constant
E) fluent
C) challenging
D) repetitive
E) complementary
Vocabulary > Homework
1. As China has recently become a leading 6. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain
economic power in Asia, the industrialized steering control of your car even while
countries of the West have ---- their own braking on ---- roads.
production capacity to maintain their lead.
A) lonesome
A) rejected B) fast
B) forgotten C) reckless
C) neglected D) slippery
D) approached E) stagnant
E) upgraded
7. For the world‘s automotive industry, this

2. By the start of the 1990s, popular music had year‘s Dubai Motor Show is a rare
become ---- globalized, with seventy per cent opportunity to ---- serious business with
of all production resting in the hands of just wealthy customers in the Middle East.
five companies.
A) lift
A) possibly B) purchase
B) rarely C) relate
C) negligently D) conduct
D) significantly E) satisfy
E) respectively
8. It is ---- surprising that the art of ancient

3. In 1996, two teams of archaeologists found America remains the most mysterious and
what appear to be the remains of very ---- the least accessible.
musical instruments at Neanderthal sites.
A) urgently
A) sensitive B) notably
B) reluctant C) indifferently
C) relentless D) elaborately
D) simple E) hardly
E) confident
9. Launched as the new regulatory authority for

4. Ireland is in the Atlantic Ocean and ---- from the countries' banking and insurance sector,
Great Britain by the Irish Sea. the National Financial Services Management
will extend its activities so as ---- to cover
A) established more than 40% of the national economy.
B) occupied
A) exceptionally
C) placed
B) ultimately
D) inhabited
C) inherently
E) separated
D) fluently
E) apparently
5. Film directors may place objects or actors in
the foreground in order to ---- their narrative
significance. 10. As far as we are concerned, the evidence put
before the court was not ---- enough to
A) spoil convict the man.
B) relieve
A) subsequent
C) threaten
B) conclusive
D) overcome
C) adamant
E) highlight
D) earnest
E) consecutive
11. The topics included in the conference 16. Although there is some disagreement
programme are not as ---- as one might have regarding ---- how to define transfer of
hoped. learning, it is clear that it involves seemingly
simple similarity relations.
A) obsessed
B) illuminated A) peculiarly
C) preoccupied B) importantly
D) varied C) precisely
E) disposed D) intentionally
E) fiercely
12. In their ---- to overcome the anti-social

effects of modern architecture, architects 17. As a result of continuing economic
have directed their attention to more recession, a huge ---- in the budget seems
informal settlements. inevitable.
A) avoidance A) redundancy
B) condition B) improvement
C) attempt C) profit
D) involvement D) distinction
E) development E) deficit
13. Losing a loved one is always painful, but for 18. The tendency towards increasingly bitter
most people time ---- heals the wounds. chocolate has its origins in the ---- fall in
cocoa prices in the 1980s.
A) densely
B) excessively A) dramatic
C) eventually B) permanent
D) casually C) empirical
E) cautiously D) subtle
E) hectic
14. For years, information systems experts have

faced the ---- of convincing business 19. A lack of skills or of higher education are
managers of the value they provide to the issues that ---- many South Africans from
organizations. making a decent living.
A) challenge A) prevent
B) appreciation B) promote
C) consciousness C) complain
D) assurance D) offer
E) designation E) help
15. A strong ---- exists between a country‘s 20. A ---- of courses are now available to help
wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens. students get ahead in the music business
and make money from music.
A) coincidence
B) correlation A) step
C) consideration B) level
D) determination C) frequency
E) interpretation D) state
E) range
Preposition > Introduction
1. When the company decides ---- the policy to 6. Research has shown that children ---- secure
be adopted, it will focus ---- the results. attachments to parents develop more
positive relationships with teachers and
A) to / with friends ---- their family.
B) at / in
A) with / beyond
C) on / on
B) in / about
D) through / on
C) of / towards
E) about / for
D) under / over
E) on / across
2. Since 1998, the US federal government
has more than doubled its spending ----
defence ---- biological and chemical 7. Two factors that contribute ---- the Eastern
weapons. Sierra’s wildflower diversity are its local
habitat diversity and the fact that it is the
A) for / with meeting point ---- three floristic regions.
B) of / to
A) over / from
C) on / against
B) for / in
D) in / from
C) into / at
E) with / over
D) on / about
E) to / for
3. ---- the past few decades South Korea,
Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong have
achieved the fastest rates ---- economic 8. Children’s first experiment with paint begin -
growth the world has ever seen. --- many rhythmic brushings back and forth -
--- the paper.
A) Within / at
B) During / of A) with / across
C) In / over B) by / on
D) After / in C) within / over
E) Over / about D) through / for
E) off / from
4. The agreement, which has been issued ----

the World Trade Organization, advises its 9. We are prevented ---- completing the project
members ---- support sustainable ---- time due to unforeseen circumstances.
development in international trade.
A) from / on
A) at / from B) in / by
B) with / out C) by / in
C) in / by D) at / over
D) by / to E) for / about
E) for / at
10. China’s rapid growth ---- trade is seen as a

5. Nicaragua's economy is mainly based on plus for the Southeast Asian nations
agriculture, with fishing ---- the coasts, but it because it helps to spur development ---- the
also has large deposits of minerals that are region.
mined ---- export.
A) of / without
A) off / through B) by / about
B) on / under C) upon / over
C) in / toward D) at / under
D) along / for E) in / across
E) at / by
Preposition > Homework
1. The biggest accounting issue raised ---- 6. The 25-year period following World War II
the energy company is ---- accounting can be viewed ---- an era ---- which the nature
standards. of economics as a discipline was
transformed.
A) by / over
B) to / to A) with / on
C) for / under B) at / by
D) through / within C) over / for
E) from / into D) as / in
E) by / on
2. Ancient Egypt developed ---- the valley

surrounding the Nile River in northeast 7. Glassblowing is the process for forming
Africa, extending into the desert and ---- the glass ---- a desirable shape, and this ability
Red Sea. to form iconic, practical, and elegant shapes
out of glass has been ---- incalculable value
A) around / within and practical benefit to society.
B) beyond / among
A) from / to
C) throughout / of
B) into / of
D) along / across
C) on / in
E) by / inside
D) through / at
E) with / by
3. ---- the 1830s, a major cholera epidemic
sweeping through Europe from the Middle
East killed about 31,000 ---- Britain alone. 8. The separation of people ---- categories is
one of the most important ways in which one
A) During / across group asserts and maintains its dominance -
B) Under / in --- another.
C) By / for
A) from / by
D) At / at
B) into / over
E) In / under
C) to / with
D) on / through
4. The collapse of Rome left ---- its wake a large E) at / for
variety of ethnic communities ---- which
modern European states emerged.
9. ---- World War II, many of the factories that
A) before / of had been devoted to military production ----
B) at / through the fighting were converted back to their
C) over / by original, civilian uses.
D) in / from A) At / with
E) within / with B) Following / during
C) Along / over
5. The mountain peaks ---- Çamlıhemşin D) Through / within
attract mountaineers ---- all over the world. E) Across / for
A) between / of
B) upon / for 10. The Mississippi Valley, where she spent the
C) above / cross greater part ---- her life provides the
background ---- most of her stories.
D) near / beyond
E) around / from A) in / to
B) of / for
C) with / in
D) from / over
E) through / of
11. Personality psychology focuses on the 16. The arrival of Europeans in America
consistency in people’s behaviour ---- time dislocated traditional ways of life and altered
and the traits that differentiate one person --- the world ---- recognition.
- another.
A) for
A) at / for B) beyond
B) over / from C) at
C) in / of D) off
D) within / by E) from
E) around / to
17. Even prior to the 1930's, Swedish banks

12. Psychological studies show that Belgian and played an important role ---- the financing ----
French workers place greater importance ---- long-term industrial projects.
personal independence than do workers ----
many other countries. A) at / for
B) for / in
A) in / of
C) in / of
B) on / in
D) by / with
C) about / by
E) into / over
D) to / for
E) of / within
18. The Gulf countries have achieved
substantial progress ---- regional integration
13. Post offices don't have enough space to ---- the past 20 years.
cope ---- the tremendous increase ----
demand for PO boxes. A) through / of
B) into / with
A) with / in
C) for / on
B) on / of
D) over / by
C) up / of
E) towards / over
D) for / upon
E) through / from
19. The official Lincoln Heritage Trail passes ----
west-central and southern Illinois ---- about
14. Philosophers have debated the relation ---- 1,100 miles, visiting many of the major sites
thought and emotions ---- at least two in Abraham Lincoln’s life along the way.
millennia.
A) down / beneath
A) from / over B) by / below
B) over / in C) through / for
C) between / for D) into / upon
D) in / by E) along / at
E) through / to
20. The advance in the steel industry has been

15. Crying, which starts ---- birth, is an marked ---- a progressive increase ---- size,
alarm system that attracts the parent and it complexity and capital outlay.
can be switched off ---- parental attention.
A) at / of
A) with / after B) with / to
B) at / by C) over / from
C) for / with D) by / in
D) from / for E) under / through
E) by / through
Phrasal Verb > Introduction
1. Dublin is a fairly easy city to ---- because of 6. Meditation is a learned technique for
its frequent and efficient bus and refocusing attention that ---- a different state
underground services. of consciousness.
A) get around A) gets along
B) make over B) grows apart
C) set up C) looks into
D) get on D) brings about
E) go with E) takes after
2. I’m sure the boy is not really backward, but it 7. In Italy, even judges and priests who have
is certainly difficult for him to ---- the been brave enough to ---- the Mafia, have
other students in his class. been brutally and indiscriminately murdered.
A) pull up A) stand up against

B) make up for B) put out of
C) keep up with C) strike up against
D) turn down D) run over
E) take over E) follow up
3. In order to manage their vast empire, Mongol 8. In non-literate societies, valuable

khans ---- an elaborate postal system in information about the past is often
which messages could travel from Beijing to enshrined in oral tradition – poems, hymns
Tabriz (in Iran) in just a month. or sayings ---- from generation to generation
by word of mouth.
A) put out
B) went through A) taken off
C) took down B) handed down
D) set up C) thrown up
E) broke in D) kept off
E) rooted out
4. In some cities in the United States, traffic

lights ---- distinctive sounds so that a blind 9. Located in Central Europe, Germany is ---- of
person will know when it is safe to cross an the North German Plain, the Central German
intersection. Uplands, and the Southern German
Highlands.
A) set up
B) give off A) spread out
C) make up B) brought together
D) show off C) held out
E) get out D) made up
E) taken down
5. Rice is by far China’s most important

agricultural product and ---- over half the 10. To analyse and understand their target
total cereal production. markets, all major advertisers nowadays ----
considerable market research.
A) lets in
B) accounts for A) call off
C) sets forth B) turn over
D) falls through C) carry out
E) looks after D) get up
E) find out
Phrasal Verb > Homework
1. Muammar Gadaffi, the Libyan leader, has 6. If this business goes on in such an awful
decided to ---- the 22-member Arab League way, it will ---- hundreds of unemployed.
in response to its inefficiency in dealing with
the crises in the Middle East. A) do without
B) hang around with
A) put up with
C) end up with
B) pull out of
D) go up against
C) be concerned about
E) make out for
D) get away with
E) fall in with
7. There is a wide range of theories that
attempt to ---- the differences in left- and
2. One of the greatest roles of photography is right-handedness, some with much more
to record images of the world around us empirical support than others.
worthy to be ---- as a heritage for all
generations. A) take over
B) carry out
A) brought back
C) account for
B) given back
D) give away
C) handed down
E) refer to
D) thrown out
E) sent down
8. The projects will be ---- originality of thought
and potential impact on society by
3. They had to call in troops to ---- the forest distinguished specialists.
fire which was spreading rapidly.
A) judged on
A) get out B) related to
B) put out C) applied to
C) hold up D) brought up
D) break down E) dealt with
E) hand out
9. The country’s Minister for Development

4. Before the meeting begins, it would be couldn’t get much work done today because
advisable to remind him that he is not on any there were so many visitors to ----.
account to ---- the subject of unemployment
insurance. A) come across
B) find out
A) look through
C) lead on
B) bring up
D) leave out
C) take back
E) show around
D) break out
E) make out
10. He admits that he has not yet fully ---- the
true implications or the logical conclusions
5. The problem of how to ---- the vast quantities of his startling discovery.
of waste we produce, requires our urgent
attention. A) given back
B) thought out
A) bring up
C) played down
B) win over
D) taken over
C) find out
E) backed out
D) put off
E) deal with
11. As Egypt ---- its biggest irrigation project, 16. Human accomplishments ---- our ability to
the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their acquire knowledge from others and to use
kingdoms into the deserts coming true. that communal store of experience to devise
novel solutions to life's challenges.
A) puts off
B) embarks on A) call off
C) breaks up B) stem from
D) tries on C) bring down
E) shows up D) take out
E) figure out
12. The top research universities in the US are --

-- the fact that women researchers are 17. Before I send this article to the editor, I’d be
encountering substantial barriers to career grateful if you could ---- it for me.
advancement.
A) watch out
A) waiting for B) look up
B) pulling out of C) break through
C) facing up to D) take over
D) trying out E) go through
E) turning up
18. The EU recognizes that progress on human

13. Millions of immigrants and refugees change rights around the world ---- the cooperation
homes each year in pursuit of freedom, and collaboration of many groups and
security, economic betterment, or simply to - individuals.
--- a more desirable environment in which to
live. A) gets into
B) makes up
A) turn down
C) takes off
B) look for
D) depends on
C) give up
E) puts off
D) take off
E) fall behind
19. There has been increasing pressure in the
US to ---- the amount of funding allocated to
14. European Union foreign ministers have foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to
urged the Serb authorities to ---- the two improve the domestic economy.
fugitives by the end of March.
A) make up for
A) set out B) point out to
B) tidy up C) keep up with
C) step down D) cut down on
D) take off E) take up with
E) turn over
20. In Roman times, the theatre at Miletus was ---

15. The Spanish Civil War ---- when the Spanish - seating 1,500 people.
army in Morocco, led by General Francisco
Franco, rose up against the democratically A) prepared to
elected Republican government. B) capable of
C) made into
A) broke out
D) replaced by
B) fell off
E) released from
C) came along
D) turned on
E) blew up
Reading & Translation 1 > Translation
1: Egyptian jewelry, whether it's antique or modern, 6: Peru is considered to be a poor country, yet it
tends to have common features. has a rich and wide variety of natural resources.
TR: TR:
2: The rise of tablets and smartphones has

completely transformed the way we live in many
ways for the better. 7: Our ancestors, millions of years ago, could not
TR: sleep as deeply as we do now.
TR:
8: Life on Earth will become unsustainable unless

population growth is held in check.
3: For thousands of years, it had been impossible TR:
for explorers to travel too far from their homelands.
TR:
9: Iran is the largest economy to return to the global

fold since the break-up of the Soviet Union.
TR:
4: Technology is such an important aspect that it

has been incorporated into our daily lives.
TR:
10: People worldwide are beginning to recognise

that a healthy, functioning community relies on a
healthy environment.
5: Artifacts from King Tut's tomb have been TR:
exhibited almost constantly since they were
discovered in 1922.
TR:
Reading & Translation 1 > Reading
Japan in the mid-19th century was closed to 3. What could be the best title for this
foreigners, and had been that way for more than 200 passage?
years; only a few Dutch and Chinese traders entered
Japan's harbours. So observers in Tokyo Bay were A) The Historical Importance of Japan's
shocked when, on July 8, 1853, four black ships Harbours
cruised into the harbour. The boats were commanded B) The Influence of the Japanese Seapower on
by Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the US, who the US Navy
bore a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the C) Why Japan Refused to Accept the Treaty of
emperor of Japan, requesting a treaty. Perry refused Kanagawa
Japanese orders to leave the harbour, insisting that
D) From Isolation to Economic Development
he would deliver the letter by force, if necessary.
Having finally handed the letter to a hesitant pair of E) The Japanese Contribution to World Trade
Japanese princes, Perry departed, leaving word that
he would return for an answer. By the time he came
back in 1854, the Japanese government had realized
it would have to admit the terms of the treaty. Without
its own navy, Japan could not withstand an American
attack. The Treaty of Kanagawa opened up Japan to
trade from the West. The Japanese agreed to admit
US ships to two ports and to allow American ships to
pick up supplies and fuel in Japan. Subsequent
treaties with other Western nations followed, leading
to a number of positive social and economic changes
that would bring modernization to Japan.
1. It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.
A) Perry was not satisfied with the answer of the

Japanese government when he came back
in 1854
B) Japan's harbours had been effectively used
by many Dutch and Chinese traders before
1854
C) Perry had to use force in order to get the
Japanese government to admit the treaty
D) the observers in Tokyo Bay were expecting
American ships to visit Japan's harbours in
1853
E) Japan had hardly ever accepted outside
influences until 1854
2. One can infer from the passage that the

Treaty of Kanagawa ----.
A) allowed the US to help Japan to build a
modern navy and have good harbours
B) offered a variety of benefits to Japan
although it was initially reluctant to accept it
C) led Japan to make treaties with other
Western nations, which caused it to lose its
effective harbours
D) was strongly supported by the Japanese
government since it would bring economic
prosperity to Japan
E) was designed by Commodore Matthew C.
Perry under the order of President Millard
Fillmore
The term 'imperialism' means the process of 6. As one understands from the passage, in
extending one nation’s control over another; it is a informal imperialism, ----.
process that takes many forms. Historians distinguish
between 'formal imperialism' and 'informal A) the colonizing nations sign treaties with
imperialism. ' Formal imperialism is colonialism, and it native governments to help them solve
was exercised by the Europeans in the past mainly economic problems
by direct rule: the colonizing nations annexed B) the independence of the weaker nation is
territories outright and established their own respected by the colonizing nation
governments to subjugate and administer the C) the sovereignty of the colonized nation is
peoples of these territories. Sometimes formal totally disregarded by the colonizing power
imperialism was exercised through indirect rule: the
D) the management of the ports in a country is
conquering nations reached agreements with native
undertaken by economically stronger nations
leaders and governed them. There was no single
practice of colonial management, and resistance from E) native governments are granted certain
the natives forced colonial powers to shift strategies privileges and political powers by stronger
frequently. As for 'informal imperialism, it refers to a
more subtle and less visible exercise of power, in
which the stronger nation allows the weaker one to
maintain its independence while reducing its
sovereignty. For the Europeans in the past, informal
imperialism took the form of carving out zones of
European sovereignty and privilege, such as treaty
ports, within other countries. Essentially it meant
using European economic, political, and cultural
power to get advantageous treaties or terms of trade.
Informal imperialism was not only common, it played
an even more fundamental role in shaping global
power relations in the 18th and 19th centuries.
4. It is asserted in the passage that, in the past,

informal imperialism ----.
A) enabled the Europeans to conquer the lands
of other peoples and face no resistance
B) was preferred by the natives who were
involved in free trade with the European
nations
C) was far more effective than formal
imperialism in the development of power
relations in the world
D) was commonly practised by the Europeans
because it allowed them to make use of
various strategies
E) provided the European nations with an
economic power which enabled them to rule
the rest of the world
5. According to the passage, although the

practice of imperialism may be varied, ----.
A) native peoples in the European colonies
were always in favour of formal imperialism
B) it was formal imperialism in the past which
most suited the Europeans for their trade
overseas
C) the European nations followed a common
strategy in the past in order to set up
colonies in other parts of the world
D) for historians, it is mainly divided into formal
and informal imperialism
E) in the 18th and 19th centuries the European
nations gave up formal imperialism because
of native resistance
Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, 9. In the passage, ----.
including affordable energy to reduce our workloads
and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an A) the writer makes a strong defence of the oil
important and visible part of our daily lives, and industry and does not consider it to be
because it is exceptionally open to political responsible for any wrongdoing
manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount B) the main emphasis has been put on the
of attention. This is especially true whenever its price indispensable uses of oil for man‘s comfort
increases sharply, and experts immediately get to and prosperity
work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the C) there is much concern expressed about the
price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that consequences of current oil consumption in
much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil the world
production and consumption will become cleaner and
D) some hope is expressed about the
more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile,
improvement and increasing efficiency of
and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for
global energy resources
conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the
current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain E) much attention has been given to the
a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century importance of experts‘ work in diagnosing the
after the first warnings about soaring consumption cause of increasing oil prices
and limited resources.
7. According to the passage, warnings were

first given almost a century ago that ----.
A) there would be a sharp decline in oil
consumption throughout the world as
alternative energy resources became
available
B) there could be serious disruptions of global
oil supply in the future owing to political
manipulations and conflicts
C) he consequences of soaring prices for oil
would be extremely unbearable unless new
economic measures were put into effect
D) oil would cease to be a vital source of energy
in the near future because of the growing
rate of pollution
E) oil consumption would continue to increase
enormously and that the resources for oil
were not infinite
8. As suggested in the passage, oil ----.
A) was so manipulated politically a century ago

that its production was often disrupted
B) has unfortunately lost its economic value due
to the fact that the oil age has come to an
end
C) has been the major cause of political
instability in the world for nearly a century
D) has always been a major source of
affordable energy and had a positive impact
on our lives
E) is produced currently in enormous amounts
in order to meet the soaring global demand
for cleaner energy
Tense > Introduction
1. The Sumerian civilization ---- the first 6. When Charles ll ---- king in 1660, the
alphabet, which ---- it easier for older theatres, which ---- by Cromwell, were
generations to pass on their cultural heritage opened again and new dramatists appeared.
to younger generations.
A) would become / had closed
A) will have developed / has made B) had become / have been closed
B) would have developed / made C) became / had been closed
C) developed / makes D) was becoming / will have been closed
D) would develop / had made E) would have become / could have been
E) were developing / will make closed
2. The word ‘acupuncture’ ---- from a Dutch 7. Babylon ---- one of the cultural centres of the
physician, William Ten Rhyne, who ---- in world before it ---- by revolt in 689 BC by the
Japan during the latter part of the 17th Assyrians.
century.
A) will be / is destroyed
A) was originating / lived B) had been / was destroyed
B) originates / has been living C) was / will be destroyed
C) originated / had been living D) has been / has been destroyed
D) had originated / could have lived E) is / had been destroyed
E) is originating / was living
8. Investigators ---- various methods over the

3. By the 20th century, photography ---- so years to search for genes that ---- to
advanced that sports ---- and illustrated in intelligence, which is a so-called quantitative
daily newspapers. trait.
A) had become / were being photographed A) use / will contribute

B) has become / are being photographed B) may use / contributed
C) became / had been photographed C) would use / are going to contribute
D) would have become / were photographed D) are using / should contribute
E) was becoming / have been photographed E) have used / might contribute
4. Smoking ---- in almost all segments of the 9. Tablet computers ---- some advantages for
American population, so that, in various form-filling or updating your status on a
polls, 60 to 65% of Americans ---- non- social network, but you ---- it hard to get any
smokers today. real work done.
A) declines / may have been A) are offering / must find
B) has declined / are B) have been offering / should find
C) had declined / would be C) can offer / will have to find
D) could have declined / will be D) had offered / would have found
E) declined / were E) might offer / could find
5. In the past, travelling ---- about getting to the 10. Military geography ---- military leaders with
destination in the shortest amount of time; information about areas where they ---- to
but these days, travellers ---- relaxing and operate.
pleasurable journeys.
A) had provided / will need
A) could be / were seeking B) is providing / had needed
B) is / seek C) will provide / used to need
C) had been / had sought D) provides / may need
D) used to be / are seeking E) will be providing / needed
E) might be / sought
Tense > Homework
1. Native American tribes and nations ---- their 6. Most sociologists ---- that over the past
own religions and political views long before decades, the concept of family ---- significant
Europeans ---- their lands. and rapid changes.
A) had been developing / had been invading A) should agree / would undergo
B) were developing / have invaded B) agree / has undergone
C) have developed / had invaded C) need to agree / had undergone
D) developed / could have invaded D) might agree / used to undergo
E) had developed / invaded E) had agreed / will have undergone
2. Today, enormous amounts of information ---- 7. Cabbage ---- as early as 2000 BC, and the
around the globe almost instantaneously in commercial varieties now ---- Brussels
a way that ---- possible a few years ago. sprouts, common cabbage, sprouting
broccoli, and kohlrabi.
A) used to be distributed / might not have been
B) had to be distributed / may not have been A) might have been cultivated / have included
C) must be distributed / should not have been B) had been cultivated / included
D) can be distributed / could not have been C) would be cultivated / used to include
E) would be distributed / must not have been D) would have been cultivated / can include
E) was cultivated / include
3. The Amish ---- from a relatively small

founding population, and each major 8. Geoffrey Chaucer is often called the father
settlement ---- largely genetically isolated of English poetry, although, as we ----, there -
from both other Amish settlements and the --- many English poets before him.
surrounding US populations for over 200
years. A) know / were
B) have known / had been
A) originate / will remain
C) knew / have been
B) originated / has remained
D) had known / are
C) had originated / remained
E) might have known / could have been
D) were originating / remains
E) have originated / had remained
9. Complex human language ---- suddenly and
without progression; like other advanced
4. The authorities in India ---- that the country’s capabilities, it ---- in a series of stages.
highly qualified young researchers ---- by
multinational companies as cheap labour. A) does not appear / can evolve
B) has not appeared / might evolve
A) have worried / will have been used
C) did not appear / must have evolved
B) are worrying / were used
D) will not appear / could have evolved
C) were worried / have been used
E) had not appeared / should have evolved
D) worry / had been used
E) are worried / are being used
10. Making friends ---- a number of positive
effects on the ways children interact, and
5. Sub-Saharan Africa ---- at a relatively stable these effects ---- short-term or long-term.
rate since the mid-1990s, and its growth ----
in the following years. A) can have / could be
B) would have / may be
A) was growing / continues
C) might have / used to be
B) has been growing / should continue
D) must have / should be
C) has grown / should have continued
E) may have / would have been
D) grew / has continued
E) is growing / will have continued
11. In September 2003, the National Book 16. London ---- the oldest and most
Foundation ---- that Stephen King ---- the comprehensive subway system in the world
recipient of a ‘lifetime award’. today, and all of the city's train stations ----
by subway.
A) would be announcing / is to be
B) announces / has to be A) had / might be reached
C) had announced / used to be B) has had / could have been reached
D) had been announcing / has been C) has / can be reached
E) announced / would be D) is having / may have been reached
E) will have / must be reached
12. By the early 20th century, the local ceramic

industry of Kütahya ---- more or less to an 17. The robot has just the sort of features that ---
end, but now the city ---- the focus of a - to Japanese consumers when it ---- on
revival of this skilled art. sale there later this year.
A) had come / is A) would appeal / went

B) has come / has been B) will appeal / goes
C) came / was C) have appealed / went
D) would have come / would be D) appeal / will go
E) was coming / will be E) are appealing / is going
13. Until the time of World War II, it ---- that 18. A report by the Japanese government ----
human beings ---- to the requirements that the disaster in 2011 at the Fukushima
of technological systems with great ease. Nuclear Plant ----.
A) is assumed / adapted A) could reveal / will be foreseen
B) has been assumed / were adapting B) can reveal / should have been foreseen
C) was assumed / are adapting C) reveals / must be foreseen
D) had been assumed / could adapt D) has revealed / needs to be foreseen
E) assumed / have adapted E) revealed / could have been foreseen
14. Milton Friedman, who ---- a Nobel Prize in 19. The big test ---- over the next few weeks
1976 for his monetary theories, ---- a great when the government ---- to introduce a plan
influence upon economists in recent years. to include drug coverage in Medicare.
A) had won / had exerted A) is coming / will be expected
B) won / has exerted B) comes / was expected
C) wins / will exert C) has come / is expecting
D) has won / will have exerted D) will come / is expected
E) would win / should have exerted E) would come / would be expected
15. In 1800 few people, either in Europe or the 20. Unfortunately, there ---- as yet no evidence
Americas, ---- that 25 years later all of to suggest that a surge of growth in the
Spain’s mainland American colonies ---- US economy ---- more Jobs.
independent republics.
A) is / is creating
A) could have anticipated / would be B) was / has created
B) must have anticipated / used to be C) has been / will have created
C) had to anticipate / should have been D) will be / created
D) would anticipate / could have been E) had been / was creating
E) should have anticipated / could be
Verbal > Introduction
1. Most immigrants aim ---- their economic 6. The first people ---- non-stop round the world
situation, which involves ---- employment in ---- captain James Gallagher and his crew.
their new destination country.
A) to have flown / have been
A) improving / to find B) being flown / are
B) to be improving / having found C) to fly / were
C) to have improved / to be finding D) to be flying / had been
D) to improve / finding E) having been flown / will be
E) having improved / to have found
7. The outbreak of fire underground ---- an

2. Children learn the language ---- to them and excellent opportunity for ---- a no smoking
reinforce the unique features that are rule.
characteristic of the dialect ----.
A) will provide / to be enforced
A) speaking / being used B) has provided / having enforced
B) to be spoken / to use C) would provide / to enforce
C) spoken / used D) had provided / being enforced
D) being spoken / using E) provided / enforcing
E) to speak / to be used
8. ---- as a temple in the 2nd century AD, the

3. Orphan elephants need ---- the same Pantheon in Rome ---- famed for its dome,
companionship as they ---- from their one of the largest ones in the world.
mothers in the wild.
A) Having created / was
A) to have given / had received B) Created / is
B) to be given / would have received C) Creating / has been
C) having given / will be receiving D) To be created / could be
D) to have been given / would receive E) Being created / should have been
E) being given / are receiving
9. Modern underwater archaeology ---- special

4. Philosophy did not play a large part in methods to ---- shipwrecks and other
Roman culture, other than Stoicism, which -- archaeological sites that lie under water.
-- by the Romans for its emphasis on
virtuous conduct and ---- one’s duty. A) has used / studied
B) is using / having studied
A) is to be admired / to have done
C) used / being studied
B) is admired / to do
D) will use / have studied
C) had been admired / having done
E) uses / study
D) was admired / doing
E) could be admired / being done
10. Humanity's extraordinary success ---- due to
our ingenuity in devising cultural means ----
5. Europe appears ---- a new period of labour our physical limitations.
militancy, but appearances ---- deceptive.
A) has been / to overcome
A) entering / could be B) was / having overcome
B) to be entering / would have been C) had been / overcoming
C) having entered / could have been D) is / overcome
D) to enter / will be E) will be / to have overcome
E) to have entered / can be
Verbal > Homework
1. Walter Dill Scott of Northwestern University 6. Included with the account of his journey
suggested that advertisers ---- certain down the Amazon there ---- engaging stories
fundamental principles on which ---- a ---- by the unusual people he meets.
rational theory of advertising.
A) have been / recounting
A) can develop / constructing B) were / being recounted
B) had to develop / having constructed C) are / recounted
C) could develop / to be constructed D) will be / to have been recounted
D) should develop / to construct E) would be / to be recounted
E) might have developed / being constructed
7. It is not unusual for advertising campaigns --

2. Mount Etna, which is one of the world’s -- even before the new products ---- onto the
largest active volcanoes, ---- by the ancient market.
Romans ---- the home of Vulcan, the
mythological god of fire. A) to have been launched / have come
B) being launched / will come
A) would be thought / being
C) to be launched / come
B) has been thought / having to be
D) having been launched / are coming
C) is thought / to have been
E) to have been launched / will have come
D) was thought / to be
E) had been thought / having been
8. In the end, he admitted that he ---- the fire ----
at such a speed.
3. The number of foreign students ---- at
Canadian universities ---- fast over the last A) hadn't expected / to spread
decade. B) didn't expect / to have spread
C) wasn't expecting / spreading
A) having studied / had been increasing
D) hadn't been expecting / having spread
B) studying / has been increasing
E) wouldn't expect / to be spreading
C) to study / was increasing
D) to have studied / had increased
E) to be studying / is increasing 9. ---- office just six weeks ago, the new
president ---- no time in implementing his
plans to save his war-torn country.
4. In 1996, the US government began funding a
series of studies ---- to reduce the number of A) To have taken / lost
AIDS babies in poor countries. B) Having taken / has lost
C) To take / would lose
A) intend
D) Taking / had lost
B) having intended
E) To be taking / is losing
C) intended
D) to intend
E) to be intending 10. New York City ---- the first US ban on large-
size sodas and other sugary drinks ---- in
restaurants.
5. Soon, customs officers ---- to use X-ray
technology ---- cavities in vehicles for drugs. A) is approving / having been sold
B) approved / to be sold
A) have been able / having scanned
C) was approving / having sold
B) are able / scanning
D) approves / to have been sold
C) were able / to be scanned
E) has approved / being sold
D) will be able / to scan
E) would have been able / to have scanned
11. On first ---- the hotel we ---- by the starkness 16. Before long, ---- down a half-remembered
and hardness of the place. piece of music ---- as easy as humming the
tune.
A) having to enter / had been struck
B) having entered / are struck A) having to track / was
C) entering / were struck B) having tracked / would be
D) to enter / will be struck C) to track / has been
E) to be entering / are being struck D) to have tracked / is
E) tracking / will be
12. The 1980s ---- a surge of new interest ---- the

definition of intelligence. 17. Evil ---- when good people allow bad things -
---.
A) have brought / to be expanding
B) had brought / having expanded A) came / happened
C) were bringing / to have expanded B) comes / to happen
D) brought / in expanding C) will come / will happen
E) would have brought / to expand D) may come / happening
E) had come / to have happened
13. In 1989, Jennifer Johnson of Sanford,

Florida, ---- the first woman ---- of 18. Having found the appropriate archives, it is
transferring cocaine to her unborn baby now possible ---- with some degree of
through the umbilical cord. certainty what really ----.
A) was becoming / having been convicted A) reconstructing / happens
B) has become / to convict B) to reconstruct / happened
C) would become / to be convicting C) to have reconstructed / has happened
D) became / to be convicted D) having reconstructed / had happened
E) had become / convicting E) to be reconstructed / was happening
14. One oil company in particular claims ---- its 19. Big social media companies have a
best to balance economic progress with responsibility ---- every possible action to
environmental care and social responsibility. ensure that their applications ---- by
criminals.
A) to be done
B) having done A) to take / are not exploited
C) having been done B) taking / will not be exploited
D) doing C) to be taken / would not be exploited
E) to have done D) being taken / have not been exploited
E) having taken / were not exploited
15. Girne Castle ---- the oldest shipwreck ever ---

-. 20. ---- by the Romans first and then by Arabs,
Crete ---- by the Ottomans in the 17th
A) is housing / to have discovered century.
B) has housed / having been discovered
A) Taking over / had been conquered
C) would house / being discovered
B) Having been taken over / had conquered
D) houses / to have been discovered
C) Having taken over / conquered
E) will have housed / discovered
D) Taken over / was conquered
E) To be taken over / was being conquered
Conditionals > Introduction
1. If Britain ---- the euro, say in 2004, 6. If she ---- more pessimistic, most probably
the stability pact ---- highly important. she ---- up, but instead, she went on trying.
A) will be joining / is becoming A) were / had given
B) has joined / will have become B) has been / has given
C) will have joined / will become C) had been / may have given
D) would join / has become D) is / will give
E) were to join / would become E) were / would have given
2. Had they apologised for deliberately 7. If the soldiers ---- at the beginning of the
overcharging me, I ---- a complaint with the siege of Rhodes Island, they ---- to Crete or
Consumers’ rights Office. somewhere else with their treasures.
A) will not have filed A) surrender / must have been transported
B) may not have filed B) would surrender / could be transported
C) would not have filed C) had surrendered / might have been
D) was not filing transported
E) may not file D) used to surrender / could have transported
E) could surrender / should have been
transported
3. The vast expansion of the Internet ---- unless
people ---- money out of it.
8. Actually, the position of the small farmer ---
A) has not occurred / used to make - only slightly even if all these changes ----.
B) might not have occurred / can make
A) has improved / had been introduced
C) should not have occurred / are to make
B) would improve / were introduced
D) could not have occurred / have to make
C) will improve / would be introduced
E) would not have occurred / could make
D) improved / have been introduced
E) would have improved / will be introduced
4. A popular social networking site says if
everything ---- as planned, they ---- a new
privacy-protected messaging service by the 9. If the birth rate in India ---- controlled,
end of 2020. the population ---- in the next 25 or 30
years, increasing from about 900 million to
A) has gone / start about 1, 800 million.
B) is going / will be starting
A) is not / will double
C) had gone / will start
B) will not be / doubles
D) went / are to start
C) has not been / would double
E) goes / will have started
D) would not be / could have doubled
E) was not / would have doubled
5. If they ---- us their plans at the beginning,
these problems ---- us now.
10. If only I ---- out an accident insurance policy,
A) showed / would not have been worrying I ---- to pay this bill myself.
B) had shown / would not be worrying
A) had taken / wouldn’t have had
C) show / will not be worrying
B) have taken / wouldn’t have
D) have shown / could not be worrying
C) took / don’t have
E) will show / may not be worrying
D) should take / won’t have had
E) would take / won’t have
Conditionals > Homework
1. If only I ---- out an accident insurance policy, 6. If we are to get out of this political mess,
I ---- to pay this bill myself. someone ---- the lead, and the sooner they
start the better.
A) had taken / wouldn’t have had
B) have taken / wouldn’t have A) has taken
C) took / don’t have B) should have taken
D) should take / won’t have had C) had to take
E) would take / won’t have D) must have taken
E) will have to take
2. If she ---- more pessimistic, most probably

she ---- up, but instead, she went on trying. 7. If they ---- out some market research for the
new product, they ---- such heavy losses in
A) were / had given sales.
B) has been / has given
A) have carried / had been spared
C) had been / may have given
B) carried / will be spared
D) is / will give
C) carry / have been spared
E) were / would have given
D) had carried / could have been spared
E) would have carried / were spared
3. If he ---- the conditions of the insurance
policy carefully, he ---- that it did not cover
such eventualities. 8. Julius Caesar ---- a great historian if the
making of history ---- him the time and the
A) has read / realized inclination to write it.
B) reads / has realized
A) could be / could have allowed
C) is reading / realizes
B) would be / allowed
D) were reading / had realized
C) had been / would have allowed
E) had read / would have realized
D) would have been / could allow
E) could have been / had allowed
4. If Japan ---- import tariffs on food for all
foreign farmers, its reliance on agricultural
products from abroad ---- to 90% from about 9. Had they apologised for deliberately
60%. overcharging me, I ---- a complaint with the
Consumers’ rights Office.
A) had cut / has risen
B) cuts / will rise A) will not have filed
C) would cut / rises B) may not have filed
D) has cut / rose C) would not have filed
E) cut / had risen D) was not filing
E) may not file
5. If an age could ever be rightly described as

'dark' in European history, it ---- the two 10. If she ---- to the interview in a more positive
centuries that ---- the collapse of Roman state of mind, she ---- a better impression.
authority in Britain at the beginning of the
fifth century. A) will go / would make
B) goes / has made
A) may be / follow
C) had gone / might have made
B) would be / followed
D) would go / had made
C) used to be / had followed
E) has gone / makes
D) must be / have followed
E) had to be / were following
11. If things ---- according to plan, the book ---- 16. If I ---- a similar kind of research, I ---- on
by this time next year. just two decades.
A) go / will have been published A) will do / concentrate
B) have gone / would have been published B) had done / concentrated
C) went / was to be published C) have done / would have concentrated
D) were going / has been published D) were doing / would concentrate
E) will go / will be published E) did / will concentrate
12. Imagine what your life would be like if you --- 17. If Atatürk ---- his country to victory in the
- one morning and everything you ---- had War of Independence (1919-1923), Turkey ----
been forgotten! only as an inland state in central Anatolia.
A) wake up / have ever learned A) would not have led / had survived
B) woke up / had ever learned B) did not lead / survived
C) had woken up / ever learned C) had not led / would have survived
D) will wake up / ever learn D) has not led / would survive
E) have woken up / will ever learn E) would not lead / will have survived
13. If we ---- the terms of the contract, all the 18. If you ---- a car, you ---- its performance, not
paint-work in the building ---- finished by the its appearance.
15th of next month.
A) were buying / had been considering
A) are to meet / will have to be B) were buying / would have considered
B) were meeting / will be C) bought / had considered
C) met / would have had to be D) have bought / would have been considering
D) had met / is being E) are buying / should be considering
E) will meet / was being
19. When I accidentally broke Mrs Parker's

14. Had it not been for the variety and flexibility antique Chinese vase, I felt as if I ---- a
of its trades, Hudders field, like so many of criminal.
the other textile towns, ---- into a decline in
the 20th century. A) am being
B) have been
A) was going
C) am
B) had gone
D) were
C) would have gone
E) had been
D) would go
E) had been gone
20. If you ---- long hours on the job, most
probably your stress level ----, leaving you
15. Of course, it can never be proved, but just more vulnerable to cravings for unhealthy
the same, some people think that it ---- better food.
for these children if they had been forcibly
taken away from their families. A) have worked / had risen
B) are working / will rise
A) may have been
C) worked / is rising
B) had been
D) had worked / will have risen
C) will have been
E) work / rose
D) would have been
E) must be
1: Unlike most other people of the time, some 5: There has been a rise in the number of
Greek thinkers did not believe that gods or spirits accidents. As a result, the government has decided
caused natural events. to lower the speed limit.
TR: TR:
2: The compass gave people more time to 6: Unemployment hampers the economics as well
concentrate on things besides navigation, like food as the social status of society.
and shelter. TR:
TR:
7: The death toll was rather high even though the

earthquake affected only a little part of the country.
TR:
3: Listening is so important that many top
employers provide listening skills training for their
employees.
TR:
8: Before the Egyptians began to mummify their rich

and royal citizens, people were buried differently.
TR:
4: It is estimated that more than a fifth of the

population of the developing world live in extreme
poverty.
TR:
9: Contemporary art is defined by the time it was

created rather than the type it falls under.
TR:
10: The economic uncertainty of the past decade
has particularly affected the young, making it harder
to get on the career ladder.
TR:
Originally grown in China, rice has a number of If your child has a learning difficulty, you may be
qualities that made it attractive to early farmers. It eager for information and support. Learning
yielded more than other early domesticated grains disabilities (LD) may be the source of your child’s
like wheat and barley. The low moisture content of its struggle. Beware of the popular myths and
seed allowed for easy drying and long storage, and misconceptions about LD. You can visit the website
the seeds resisted bruising and were easily www. schwablearning. org, a parent’s guide to
transported. Rice cultivation gradually spread from helping kids with learning difficulties. They offer free
eastern Asia, very likely facilitated by the ancient information you can trust: research-based articles,
Persians whose empire stretched from Central Asia publications, other resources and an online
into Western Europe. For the ancient Greeks, it was community of parents who share the same concerns.
an expensive import, not a dietary staple. When first Send your child to a special institution, such as that
introduced in Britain, rice was valued as a medicine. described by www. sparktop. org, a safe, fun place
Rice reached the Americas by the 1650s, most likely where kids with learning difficulties can gain
on trade ships, by African slaves, and it turned into a confidence about themselves and how they learn.
major cash crop in the Carolinas within a century.
Soon rice was being grown widely in the southern 4. One of the major ideas in the passage is that
United States and South America. Today, rice is a ----.
dietary staple for about half of the world’s population.
Developed into more than 8,000 varieties, including A) children with LD do not worry about how they
genetically-engineered varieties, it is traded as a learn
commodity on local and world markets. B) if your child is struggling to learn, you should
distract him with fun activities
1. It is clearly stated in the passage that early C) LD makes children lose confidence in
farmers preferred rice production as it ----. themselves
A) was a more nutritional crop than wheat D) parents should try to get free help, since
costs of raising a family put pressure on the
B) cost less than other agricultural grains
budget
C) was abundant in quantity and could be easily
E) parents’ aim should not be “fun for their
preserved
children”, so special institutions must be
D) had been the primary source of income for avoided
most of them
E) could be grown almost in any type of soil
5. The purpose of the writer is to ----.
2. According to the passage, in early times, A) give guidance and advice

rice ----. B) warn against LD
C) give scientific information about LD
A) owed a lot to the ancient Persians and
Africans for its spread to different parts of the D) compare children with LD to children without
world LD
B) was the main food of the noble people in E) give information about relevant publications
Greece and Persia
C) was sold as a commodity in Britain rather 6. From the passage, we understand that
than being used for medical purposes parents of children with LD ----.
D) was part of the diet of the farmers and
A) do not believe in myths and misconceptions
workers in Persia
B) write research-based articles
E) was not known by African slaves until they
were brought to America C) all send their children to fun institutions
D) may be very interested in finding out about
LD and getting help
3. What could be the best title for the passage?
E) do not trust the information they get
A) Worldwide Rice Sales
B) Rice from the Past to the Present
C) Rice: Key to a Healthy Diet
D) Genetically Modified Danger: Rice
E) The Cultivation of Rice in Asia
The most significant political change in eastern 8. It is stressed in the passage that the Berlin
Europe during the late 1980s was the collapse of Wall ----.
communism in East Germany and the unification of
East and West Germany. Although long considered A) had been built by the East German
the most prosperous of the Soviet satellite countries, government in order to prevent any access to
East Germany suffered from severe economic West Berlin
stagnation and environmental degradation. Waves of B) not only divided East and West, but also,
East Germans registered their discontent with more importantly, symbolized the Cold War
worsening conditions by massive illegal emigration to and the Iron Curtain
the West. This exodus together with evidence of C) signified both the powerlessness of
widespread official corruption led to the resignation of Honecker‘s government and the failure of his
East Germany‘s long-time, hard-line premier, Erich economic policies
Honecker. His successor, Egon Krenz, promised
D) would have been demolished even if East
reforms, but he was nevertheless faced with
Germany had retained communism
continuing protests and continuing mass emigration.
In the end, on 4 November 1989, the government, in E) gave rise to a great many ideological
a move that acknowledged its powerlessness to hold controversies between East and West
its citizens captive, opened its border with Germany
Czechoslovakia. This move effectively freed East
Germans to travel to the West. In a matter of days, 9. According to the passage, with the collapse
the Berlin Wall, which had been the embodiment of of the Berlin Wall, ----.
the Cold War, the Iron Curtain, and the division of
East from West, was demolished by groups of A) the Soviet satellite countries were exposed to
ordinary citizens. Jubilant crowds from both sides Western ideas
walked through the gaping holes that now permitted B) East and West Germany signed a treaty of
men, women, and children to take the few steps that reunification
symbolized the return to freedom and a chance for
C) the economic prosperity of East Germany
national unity.
continued to increase
7. As pointed out in the passage, in the late D) the East Germans took up their fight against
1980s, ----. political corruption
E) the East German people were, as it were,
A) Honecker and Krenz were fully committed to finally freed from captivity
the ultimate unification of East and West
Germany
B) East Germany began to enjoy so much
prosperity that the other Soviet satellite
states became envious of its economic
success
C) the East German government, already
corrupt and disliked by the people, was no
longer able to prevent mass emigration to the
West
D) Honecker introduced extremely austere
economic measures in order to improve
worsening conditions and get rid of
corruption
E) East Germany adopted a policy of
cooperation with West Germany so that the
effects of the Cold War could be eliminated
Connectors > Introduction
1. When first introduced, gasoline-powered 6. His lecture was attended by ---- people ----
vehicles remarkably impacted the delivery of the hall was completely full.
newspapers ---- they could be distributed
throughout cities and rural areas to more A) so much / as
readers more quickly. B) so many / that
C) as many / as
A) unless
D) more / than
B) because
E) many / just as
C) before
D) just as
E) although 7. To psychology professionals, the name
Anne Anastasi is synonymous with
psychometrics, ---- it was she who pioneered
2. Reinforced concrete was used for the new understanding how psychological traits are
buildings ---- there should ever be another influenced, developed, and measured.
landslide in the vicinity.
A) so
A) due to B) even if
B) in spite of C) while
C) according to D) yet
D) in case E) as
E) instead
8. ---- the annual influx of tourists exceeds

3. ---- expansion west across the Mississippi Corsica’s population six times, tourism has
River to the Pacific coast, settIers from not destroyed the place.
Europe were brought into conflict with
Native American tribes who lived in the area, A) As long as
upon whose lands the settlers were B) Unless
encroaching. C) Now that
A) Rather than D) Because
B) Along with E) Even though
C) As opposed to
D) Unlike 9. Being very significant ---- economical and
E) Due to geopolitical aspects, control of the
Bosphorus was always demanded by many
countries.
4. Ancient Peruvian textiles have survived in
an excellent state of preservation ---- the A) in spite of
dry conditions of much of the country. B) rather than
C) instead of
A) with regard to
D) regardless of
B) in comparison with
E) in terms of
C) in case of
D) owing to
E) in opposition to 10. Freud’s favourite way of understanding his
patients was dream interpretation, ---- he
encouraged people to talk without restraint
5. Perfectionism constricts people just when about their dreams.
the fast-moving world requires more
flexibility, and ----, it turns them into success A) but
slaves. B) while
C) although
A) consequently
D) so
B) nevertheless
E) before
C) still
D) however
E) contrarily
Connectors > Homework
1. Most artists need a good, well-paying 6. ---- helmets had been revived for soldiers
second job ---- they are selling a large and extended to many workers, safety head
number of their works of art. coverings for athletes almost inevitably
followed.
A) provided
B) because A) While
C) therefore B) Before
D) unless C) Although
E) similarly D) Once
E) until
2. Painters ---- diverse ---- Goya, Manet, and

Picasso were inspired by Titian and other 7. There are about 30 species of coffee, ----
Renaissance painters. only two species provide most of the world
market with coffee.
A) as / as
B) both / and A) as
C) not only / but also B) or
D) so / that C) otherwise
E) such / as D) so
E) but
3. Alphabetic writing systems are easy to learn

and maximally efficient for transcribing any 8. ---- well one may think of him, one must
human language, ---- they are considered admit that he’s too old for the job.
one of the major achievements of
civilisation. A) So
B) Although
A) otherwise
C) Even
B) but
D) However
C) so
E) As
D) whether
E) as
9. ---- important differences between different
schools of behaviourism, all behaviourists
4. In the past, there were some economists shared the conviction that behaviour was the
who believed advertising was ineffective; --- only legitimate object of investigation in
-, they regarded it as a waste of time and psychology.
resources.
A) With regard to
A) however B) As a result of
B) such as C) Despite
C) nevertheless D) Owing to
D) instead E) In pursuit of
E) therefore
10. ---- the US and Brazil both occupy the

5. In most cultures around the world, men and American continent, the northern location of
women typically differ in a number of ways -- the former and the southern location of the
-- physical appearance, personality traits, latter plainly mark a real distinction and
and occupational preferences. bring important policy consequences.
A) in case of A) As long as
B) in spite of B) Now that
C) such as C) Only if
D) similar to D) After
E) as well as E) Although
11. All of the world‘s major national parks are 16. ---- adventurers return home after having
included on the map, ---- are most of the succeeded in another country, they bring
important reserves of lesser status. back real-world skills and experience for
their own communities.
A) as
B) as well A) Although
C) such B) Whereas
D) which C) As if
E) that D) Whether
E) When
12. Fire was essential for the growth of human

civilization ---- people used it to cook their 17. ---- corporations grow in size and diversity,
food, warm their homes, clear woodland for the difficulty of managing employee
cultivation, make pottery, and eventually relations increases.
melt metals for ores.
A) Lest
A) unless B) In case
B) even if C) Whether
C) whenever D) So that
D) as E) As
E) in case
18. ---- Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, a French painter

13. France is a large country and, although it who was happy to design posters and to
has over 56 million inhabitants, is ---- illustrate books, many modern artists have
densely populated ---- most of its western found it necessary to supplement their
European neighbours. incomes in various ways.
A) so / that A) Due to
B) more / as B) Firstly
C) less / than C) Despite
D) either / or D) In case of
E) not only / but E) Like
14. Some nations have an advantage in 19. Digital media communication differs
producing certain kinds of products ---- significantly from conventional marketing
because they have a comparative wealth of communication ---- digital media enable new
resources ---- more efficient production forms of interaction and new models for
techniques. information exchange.
A) neither / nor A) although
B) so / that B) since
C) the more / the more C) only if
D) as / as D) in case
E) either / or E) even if
15. Many African governments are ---- 20. Several studies have recently shown that, ----
financial collapse and survive only on the popular stereotypes, most grandparents do
strength of aid and donations from not wish to take on a parental role toward
international organizations. their grandchildren.
A) in line with A) by means of
B) in the case of B) owing to
C) in excess of C) contrary to
D) on the verge of D) for the sake of
E) in place of E) in addition to
Relative Clause > Introduction
1. Readers ---- desire more of Henry Kissinger- 6. The Caucasus is a strategically vital region --
an American intellectual- can get their fill in -- could play a critical role in the European
his three volume memoir. Union‘s future energy security.
A) whose A) whereas
B) which B) who
C) when C) as
D) who D) whereby
E) where E) that
2. A narrative essay is a non-fiction 7. Ankara University was established in 1925,

composition ---- the writer explores the and many faculties, institutes and schools
subject by telling a story. have since been set up within it, the first of --
-- was the Faculty of Law.
A) in which
B) which A) it
C) where B) which
D) whose C) those
E) when D) that
E) some
3. The Sumerian King Ur-Engur was a great

ruler ---- dominions extended from the Gulf 8. If there is one thing that is more astonishing
to the Mediterranean. than the ability of the adult human to talk, it
is the process ---- he learns to do it.
A) whom
B) who A) whichever
C) which B) where
D) whose C) that
E) that D) however
E) by which
4. China’s estimated space budget is still over-

shadowed by NASA’s, ---- is 19,3 billion 9. During the wars ---- followed the French
dollars for this year alone. Revolution, Belgium was occupied by
France and later annexed.
A) who
B) what A) whether
C) which B) who
D) where C) when
E) when D) that
E) as
5. The members of the special commission

on crime, some of ---- were appointed by 10. Bennett's novel the Old Wives Tale is the
the mayor, still meet on a regular basis. one ---- he is likely to be best known by
posterity.
A) that
B) whose A) whose
C) whom B) for whom
D) who C) by which
E) which D) in which
E) that
Relative Clause > Homework
1. The young sociologist ---- article was 6. Several important ports, ---- export timber,
published in the 'National Geographic' had are situated on the shores of the White Sea.
travelled 1700 miles across Australia's
western wilderness. A) most of which
B) that many of them
A) whose
C) those which
B) who
D) whichever of them
C) that
E) of which they
D) which
E) whom
7. The Great Pyramid of Khufu, ---- is near
Cairo, is one of the most famous monuments
2. A caricature is often a drawing or painting --- in the world.
- a person is ridiculed by the exaggeration or
distortion of his most obvious A) who
characteristics. B) where
C) which
A) more than
D) whom
B) in place of
E) what
C) by no means
D) in which
E) as much as 8. Surely we’re in a position now ---- we can
afford to pay for the best legal advice.
3. Emily Dickinson, ---- is a famous New A) where

England poet of the nineteenth century, B) which
published only seven poems in her lifetime. C) what
A) whose D) that
B) whom E) whom
C) which
D) about whom 9. The members of the special commission
E) who on crime, some of ---- were appointed by
the mayor, still meet on a regular basis.
4. The film Casablanca, the story ---- is set in A) that

Morocco during World War II, stars B) whose
Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. C) whom
A) whose D) who
B) of which E) which
C) by whom
D) whichever 10. The term 'Asian' is widely used for those
E) what individuals who have ethnic ties to Asia, ----
includes the Far East, Southeast Asia, and
the Indian sub-continent.
5. It is almost impossible to find two people ---
- opinions on this matter are the same. A) what
B) of which
A) which
C) which
B) who
D) that
C) that
E) of whom
D) whose
E) what
11. The last company chairman, ---- killers were 16. Bennett's novel the Old Wives Tale is the
never positively identified, was shot and one ---- he is likely to be best known by
subsequently died in New York three years posterity.
ago.
A) whose
A) whose B) for whom
B) who C) by which
C) that D) in which
D) which E) that
E) whom
17. One type of family is the single-parent

12. Many Italian cities are famous for their family, in ---- children live with an unmarried,
beautiful gardens many ---- date from the divorced or widowed mother or father.
great days of the Italian Renaissance.
A) which
A) at which B) that
B) of which C) them
C) of whose D) where
D) in what E) whom
E) with whom
18. Could this possibly be the firm’s new buyer -

13. Today virtually all country and suburban --- reputation, if we are able to believe the
week lies and small dailies are produced by newspapers, is not quite what it should be.
offset lithography, a procedure ----
photographs can be reproduced A) whom
inexpensively. B) which
C) whatever
A) why
D) what
B) that
E) whose
C) which
D) whether
E) by which 19. Héviz is Europe’s largest warm-water lake
and visitors can swim there even in winter, --
-- helps extend the tourist season.
14. China’s estimated space budget is still over-
shadowed by NASA’s, ---- is 19,3 billion A) thus
dollars for this year alone. B) which
C) nor
A) who
D) too
B) what
E) so
C) which
D) where
E) when 20. A narrative essay is a non-fiction
composition ---- the writer explores the
subject by telling a story.
15. Readers ---- desire more of Henry Kissinger-
an American intellectual- can get their fill in A) in which
his three volume memoir. B) which
C) where
A) whose
D) whose
B) which
E) when
C) when
D) who
E) where
Noun Clause > Introduction
1. More importantly, Dobson's book is a 6. She needs a change; she should take
reminder of ---- powerful and radical green a holiday; but she is pretending ---- she
thinking can be. can’t afford one.
A) ever so A) that
B) how far B) if
C) wherever C) whereas
D) much more D) as ever
E) just how E) that is
2. The hard truth is that money alone, ---- form 7. A company waiting to capitalize on
it takes, is unlikely to solve international opportunities cannot wait too
Germany's demographic problems. long to see ---- happens on political and
economic fronts.
A) which
B) what A) that
C) however B) whichever
D) whatever C) which
E) whoever D) what
E) whenever
3. For more than a decade, economists have

maintained ---- the dollar was too expensive 8. The Parents’ Committee still can’t decide ----
and its devaluation was unavoidable. the construction of a new playground really
is necessary.
A) whereas
B) because A) despite
C) that B) so as
D) since C) in case
E) as D) whether
E) so that
4. In advertising, it is important to decide ----

you are aiming to attract. 9. Having the support of a friend can change
our perception of ---- difficult an obstacle is
A) by whom to overcome.
B) whoever
A) how
C) who
B) what
D) which
C) whatever
E) whose
D) when
E) whichever
5. The director has promised that ---- finds a
solution to this particular problem will be
well awarded. 10. It is assumed ---- an educational programme
should emphasize the valid aspects of the
A) who cultural and historical past.
B) whoever
A) whereby
C) the one
B) since
D) whomsoever
C) as
E) anyone
D) that
E) in case
Noun Clause > Homework
1. An advertising message is the general idea -- 6. The World watch Institute reported last year -
-- an advertisement will convey to the target --- approximately four of the five McDonald‘s
audience. restaurants that opened every day in 2005
were outside the United States.
A) whose
B) which A) if
C) when B) as
D) how C) while
E) that D) when
E) that
2. The high value of the pound at the moment

explains ---- manufacturers and exporters 7. His Collected Essays continues to reveal ----
are suffering. George Orwell understood the basic
conflicts of the modern world.
A) that
B) why A) just as
C) whom B) so well
D) if ever C) if ever
E) who D) how well
E) even so
3. Last year, the results of a genetic study

suggested ---- modern-day domestic dogs 8. Indeed, the situation is such that
are descended from various regional wolf the chairman has finally promised to
populations. implement ---- the committee recommends.
A) that A) whoever
B) when B) however
C) who C) if ever
D) what D) as ever
E) where E) whatever
4. ---- takes on the task of investigating these 9. Law students in graduate courses often
particular allegations is going to run into a meet community leaders to learn first-hand --
lot of difficulties. -- policies are developed and implemented.
A) Someone A) of which
B) Anyone B) who
C) Whatsoever C) that
D) Whoever D) how
E) Whichever E) just as
5. In the course of conducting research, we can 10. Edward Gibbon’s great book “The History of
never know with absolute certainty ---- we the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”
have achieved valid measurement of informs us ---- mankind’s predilection for
variables. faction, augmented by environmental and
cultural differences, is ---- determines
A) whereby history.
B) which
A) why / that
C) whose
B) as / whereby
D) what
C) that / what
E) whether
D) how / whoever
E) so that / whatever
11. Vegans themselves debate on ---- to draw the 16. Many linguists predict ---- at least half of the
line on what is acceptable when it comes to world's 6,000 or so languages will be dead
clothing. by the year 2050.
A) which A) whose
B) what B) that
C) where C) when
D) whose D) which
E) that E) whether
12. Since the beginning of mankind, the cutting 17. The link between consumer spending and
blade helped to shape ---- our ancestors GDP allows economists to predict ---- the
hunted, fought, built, and survived. economy will become too heated due to
excessive spending.
A) however
B) with which A) what
C) how B) who
D) for whom C) when
E) whose D) why
E) wherever
13. Many of the Greek cities sent messengers to

the Persians to say that the Greeks would do 18. Turkey is well aware ---- Serbia is an
---- the Persians wanted, and please not to important factor of stability in the Western
attack them. Balkans region.
A) whom A) that
B) whatever B) when
C) however C) what
D) if D) where
E) why E) whom
14. Within a business, an organizational 19. By the beginning of the Christian era, the
structure allows people to know exactly ---- Romans had created a vast empire from Asia
is in charge of whom and what any given Minor to ---- is now France and Great Britain.
person’s responsibilities are.
A) which
A) when B) whose
B) whom C) what
C) whose D) why
D) where E) who
E) who
20. Many ancient Indian beliefs are based on the

15. It is clear ---- the expectations of business principle ---- all human bodies contain
are changing as rapidly as the world around energy centers, which are called chakras.
us.
A) why
A) what B) where
B) which C) that
C) where D) whose
D) when E) of which
E) that
1: Iceland is considered almost an ideal nation-state 6: Solving world hunger in the conventional sense
since immigration to Iceland is quite low. will not tackle poverty that leads to hunger in the
TR: first place.
TR:
2: It is cheaper to import goods from member

nations and to export goods to member nations.
TR:
7: It is estimated that more than 1 billion people are
exposed to outdoor air pollution annually.
TR:
3: Spain has experienced very substantial

population movements since the 1950s, both
internal and external.
TR: 8: When the world got news about the Chernobyl
accident, it became the largest technological
disasters of all time.
TR:
4: It is essential for a teacher to foster a classroom

learning environment in which the opinions of all
participants are valued.
TR:
9: The death toll as a result of the earthquake is
expected to rise as the search for survivors
continues.
TR:
5: The future of water and food is highly uncertain

owing to uncontrollable factors such as weather.
TR:
10: The oil crisis has had a significant effect on the
car industry. Besides, it has forced industrialised
countries to recognise the need to conserve energy.
TR:
Set in 1941 in Leningrad, Helen Dunmore‘s novel 2. It is emphasized in the passage that the
The Siege opens with deceptively gentle scenes of novel ----.
Chekhovian melancholy. After the death of her
mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, A) never loses its romantic tone, even though
gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-year some of the scenes described can be very
old brother and her politically suspect father depressing and upsetting
Abraham, who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour B) shows how Helen Dunmore differs from the
with Stalin‘s cultural police. So she jumps at the Russian writer Chekhov in her detailed
chance to make a drawing of the retired actress portrayal of characters
Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna‘s father might C) is not only a narrative of romantic scenes,
once have had a romantic relationship. But Anna‘s but also the depiction of a cruel reality in
worries about art and romance are soon swept away which human survival was almost impossible
as the Germans besiege her native city. At this point,
D) primarily focuses on the complexity of human
Dunmore‘s novel transforms abruptly as well, shifting
emotions and tries to demonstrate this
from a romantic narrative into a study of survival
through the depiction of a wide range of
under most extreme hardships. Anna‘s abundant
characters
artistic creativity is put to use providing food and fuel
for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are E) is embedded with a number of
called on to sketch a neighbour‘s starved baby so inconsistencies as regards style and
that the grieving mother might remember her lost characterization, which make Dunmore‘s
child. Indeed, the novel presents a striking contrast literary creativity rather superficial
between the gentle display of human emotions and
the rude dictates of survival under the most inhuman 3. It is clear from the passage that Anna‘s
circumstances. study of art ----.
1. According to the passage, Helen Dunmore‘s A) was supported by her father, who, as a
novel The Siege is mainly the story of ----. political writer, often wrote against the
cultural policies of Stalin‘s regime
A) how the children of Leningrad in particular
B) was interrupted as, following her mother‘s
suffered extreme hardship when the
death, she had to take care of her family
Germans besieged the city in 1941
C) was carried out under the most favourable
B) the famous actress Marina Petrovna, who
circumstances, and her fame as a promising
was living in retirement when the Germans
young artist soon spread throughout
besieged Leningrad in 1941
Leningrad
C) the strong armed resistance that the people
D) was a great achievement for her, despite the
of Leningrad put up against the Germans
fact that her artistic creativity had not been
when the city was besieged
recognized at first
D) how a young artist, Anna Levin, struggled
E) took so long that, in the end, she gave it up
hard with her family to survive during the
to join the people of Leningrad in their
German siege of Leningrad in 1941
defence of the city against the Germans
E) the romantic relationship between the
actress Marina Petrovna and the writer
Abraham Levin, who was a political activist
Conspiracy theories seem shot-through with 6. What the author finds most concerning
paranoia, and there is evidence to suggest that the about conspiracy theories is that ----.
more paranoid someone is, the more they tend to
believe these theories. However, studies point out A) conspiracy theorists should be considered
that this does not refer to severe 'clinical level' 'clinically' paranoid
paranoia, even for those who believe in theories as B) most people strongly feel the need to be
unreasonable as the Earth being flat instead of a unique
globe. Most conspiracy theories are mundane, C) conspiratorial thinking aims to understand
everyday suspicions that we all have to some extent the world
— not outlandish levels. Recent studies have also
D) conspiracy theorists serve a useful role in
found that people who are more likely to believe in
society
conspiracy theories also tend to have a need for
uniqueness — a desire to be part of the small group E) any one of us can actually be a conspiracy
of people who are 'in the know'. Conspiracy theories theorist
can seem pretty harmless, but in July 2018, Public
Health England announced that more than 750 cases
of measles had been identified across England so far
this year, because a theory was put forth by
conspiracy theorists about the dangers of the
measles vaccine. It is important to note that
conspiratorial thinking exists within all of us. These
habits of mind can creep into a lot of beliefs that do
not necessarily look like conspiracy theories on the
surface. In other words, perhaps the most dangerous
thing of all is to assume that conspiracy theorists are
all other people.
4. Which of the following best describes the

author's attitude towards the flat Earth
theory?
A) Critical
B) Indifferent
C) Sympathetic
D) Neutral
E) Approving
5. The author mentions the cases of measles in

England in order to ----.
A) demonstrate how hazardous the measles
vaccine really is
B) illustrate that those 'in the know' can avoid
dangerous vaccines
C) prove that conspiracy theorists are just trying
to stay safe
D) argue that people who are against vaccines
are not actually paranoid
E) show how harmful certain conspiracy
theories can be
Justice in ancient Egypt encompassed a range of
physical punishment including corporal punishment
such as beatings, and capital punishment, which is
the legal killing of a person. Punishments were
typically administered in public. Corporal
punishments were imposed on citizens for lesser
crimes such as non-payment of taxes. But in the
most severe cases, the Egyptian state would execute
offenders. Robbing royal tombs, injuring the pharaoh,
and disloyalty were all regarded as the worst crimes
Egyptian citizens could commit. If criminals were
caught, they would be punished by death. Executions
were carried out in a number of ways, most often in
public. Members of privileged class could sometimes
choose to take their own lives by swallowing poison
rather than undergoing a painful death in public. The
harshest punishment was not only death in this world
but death in the afterlife. Burning a person’s body,
throwing their remains into the Nile, and erasing their
names from history were the most serious
punishments, as the person would not exist either
here or in the hereafter. In these cases, families
would not receive the body for burial or for the
purposes of funerals.
7. The main difference between corporal

punishment and capital punishment was that
----.
A) the former was administered in public in most
cases
B) the latter was used more frequently in
ancient Egypt
C) the former was for criminals who stole from
the pharaoh
D) the offender died as a result of the latter
E) the criminals were charged with higher taxes
for the former
8. Members of privileged classes in ancient

Egypt who faced execution ----.
A) were thrown into the Nile when they
committed the most unforgivable crimes
B) were not able to get away with public
execution
C) had to remove their names from history so
that they could avoid death
D) had the option to commit suicide by drinking
poison in order to avoid a painful death
E) did not want their families to get their bodies
for funerals
9. Which of the following could be the best title

of the passage?
A) Capital Punishment Methods in Ancient
Egypt
B) The Court System in Ancient Egypt
C) Burial Rituals in Ancient Egypt
D) Crime and Punishment in Ancient Egypt
E) How the Aristocracy was Punishment in
Ancient Egypt
Other Grammar > Introduction
1. We’ve had some pretty good directors over 6. ---- business plans are failing to materialise,
two years but Dr Radeliffe is ---- the most while ---- are processing at an
capable of them all. astounding pace.
A) by far A) Those / each

B) over all B) Some / others
C) just so C) All / either
D) as much D) Each / another
E) too much E) Any / none
2. Fish farming in the world seems to be 7. The judge ruled that the evidence given by
destined to expand, but it is ---- early to the witnesses at the trial was not substantial
predict the likely extent of growth in this ---- to prove the doctor guilty of negligence.
field.
A) already
A) as well B) alright
B) enough C) enough
C) too D) fairly
D) as E) still
E) so far
8. From a very early age it is clear that some

3. Several experts were working on the project, people are ---- better at drawing and painting
and each came up with some interesting ---- the majority of us.
proposals, and naturally ---- claimed that ----
was the best. A) much / than
B) more / than
A) many / each
C) so / as
B) some / its
D) either / or
C) we / it
E) even / such as
D) all / he
E) each / his
9. More than ---- invention of the last eighty
years or so, television has been the most
4. ---- half of the budget of the US National harmful to family life.
Institute on Ageing is spent on research into
Alzheimer’s disease. A) some other
B) another
A) As much as
C) the other
B) More of
D) any more
C) Rather than
E) any other
D) Other
E) The most
10. For a business to be really successful, team
work is essential and the members of team
5. They are worried that if the decline in the must be support of ----.
number of the Siberian tigers continues at
this high rate, ---- of the species will be left in A) each of them
a few years. B) the others
C) themselves
A) many
D) one another
B) none
E) the other one
C) most
D) any
E) least
Other Grammar > Homework
1. Income tax can be fitted more closely to 6. Tony Miller has written ---- successful film
the individual taxpayer's ability to pay than -- music, but he is widely known ---- the
-- tax. keyboard player and composer for his rock
group.
A) any other
B) any A) such / like
C) other B) more / that
D) some C) the more / by
E) one another D) much / as
E) many / enough
2. The animals, which are threatened ----

by poaching and farming, are protected in 7. I’ve given up expecting them to act sensibly
these private game parks. but their behaviour on this occasion was ----
irrational than usual.
A) throughout
B) instead A) the most
C) whereby B) so much
D) elsewhere C) even more
E) either D) ever so
E) the more
3. Beethoven’s seventeen string quartettes

hold ---- the same position in chamber music 8. Not ---- speaker can create great literature,
---- his symphonies hold in the orchestral but ---- who knows a language can create
repertoire. and understand new sentences.
A) as / that A) one / everybody

B) much / as B) every / anybody
C) quite / whether C) each / nobody
D) just / what D) another / someone
E) thus / than E) any / no one
4. He is diplomatically qualified ---- to negotiate 9. On the black market, prices of ---- thousand
for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in dollars are paid for the extremely rare
the region. hyacinth macaw, which is ---- sought after by
enthusiasts.
A) enough
B) though A) any / a lot
C) as well as B) each / neither
D) not only C) several / much
E) also D) some / a little
E) enough / all
5. This part of Africa is growing greener again -

--- that families who fled to wetter coastal 10. Our delegates hadn’t shown themselves
regions are starting to go home. willing to come to terms, those from other
countries ----.
A) to such an extent
B) so far A) would be, too
C) even so B) wouldn’t have, either
D) as a result C) had not, either
E) even more D) have had, too
E) would have, too
11. In the States a person travelling 10 miles 16. Some people can easily recover from their
to work everyday by train instead of by car, disappointments, whereas ---- are depressed
saves ---- 314 gallons of petrol per year. by even minor setbacks.
A) as much as A) others
B) the most B) the other
C) so much more C) another
D) equal to D) other
E) even more E) any
12. Of all the policies put into effect by the 17. Multinational companies account for ---- 60
Thatcher governments ---- controversial was per cent of trade in manufactured goods in
the economic one. the developed world.
A) most A) so much
B) the more B) rather than
C) the most C) as far as
D) more D) by no means
E) mostly E) no less than
13. China’s art market is growing bigger all the 18. Slow-motion photography can reveal things
time, and it is doing ---- at the expense of that happen ---- fast for the human eye to
America and Britain. see.
A) so A) more
B) as well B) as
C) as such C) than
D) just in case D) too
E) almost E) such
14. The evolution of a parliamentary democracy 19. The new Prime Minister is generally
---- came about over a long period of time regarded as ---- effective leaders the country
and ---- then the process was a rough one. has had in decades.
A) simply / as A) another
B) only / even B) the most
C) hardly / since C) the other
D) just / up to D) one of the most
E) really / so E) more than
15. Basel handles more foreign trade than ---- 20. The other climbers were all for giving up the
town in Switzerland on account of its attempt, but it was ---- impossible to
position on the Rhine River. convince him of the need to do so.
A) some other A) too
B) any other B) such
C) the other C) quite
D) other D) as
E) one another E) much
Cloze Test > Introduction
Along with prosperity and peace, the European Union

has brought its citizens unprecedented opportunities
and freedom to study, work, travel and trade (1) ----
Europe’s borders. The EU has helped strengthen
democracy, human rights and legal reforms in many
member states and aspiring candidate countries (2) --
-- continuing its original role as a mechanism for
peace. But the EU’s founding rules and institutions
(3) ---- for a far smaller union and it now risks
suffocation under its own weight and becoming one
large dysfunctional family. Replacing the old
constitutional norms or creating a new treaty to (4) ---
- the complex 28-member union will be an imperative.
Furthermore, future enlargement will remain a
contentious issue (5) ---- the EU absorbs its newest
members and the next wave of candidates fuels the
ongoing debate about who can join and where the
ultimate boundaries of Europe lie.
1.
A) within
B) under
C) among
D) alongside
E) into
2.
A) in spite of
B) as opposed to
C) except for
D) in addition to
E) such as
3.
A) can be designed
B) were designed
C) are being designed
D) would be designed
E) are to be designed
4.
A) deal with
B) rely on
C) agree upon
D) hand over
E) hold up
5.
A) as
B) even if
C) if only
D) unless
E) although
No one was surprised when Eric Shipton was chosen
by the Himalayan Committee to toad England's 1953
attempt to conquer Everest. But (6) ---- immediately
the committee members had second thoughts.
Shipton had certainty shown flair, but his inattention
to detail was (7) ----; on one occasion he had (8) ----
forgotten his backpack. And now the committee had
a new worry, foreign competition. (9) ---- the British
fall this time, the French or the Germans (10) ----
there first.
6.
A) thus
B) quite
C) as
D) almost
E) while
7.
A) traditional
B) notorious
C) random
D) sensitive
E) abundant
8.
A) rather
B) once
C) still
D) just
E) even
9.
A) Could
B) Had
C) Will
D) Should
E) Were
10.
A) have got
B) would have got
C) might get
D) used to get
E) must have got
Cloze Test > Homework
No single country owns Antarctica. (1) ----, countries

wishing to have a say in how the Antarctic (both the
continent itself and the surrounding Southern Ocean)
is governed (2) ----, and agree to abide by, the
Antarctic Treaty. However, prior to the signing of the
Antarctic Treaty in 1959, several countries had made
claims to parts of Antarctica, some of which
overlapped. The Treaty does not (3) ---- these claims;
Article IV of the Treaty states in part, “No acts or
activities taking place while the present Treaty is in
force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting
or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in
Antarctica. ” (4) ---- avoiding the claims issue in this
way, it was possible to produce a treaty that many
parties could sign. Unfortunately, this means that (5) -
--- many countries follow the spirit of cooperation of
the Treaty, there are still disputes over territory that
remain unresolved and come up from time to time.
1.
A) Instead
B) For example
C) At least
D) In short
E) Similarly
2.
A) were to sign
B) had to sign
C) must sign
D) may sign
E) used to sign
3.
A) jeopardize
B) withdraw
C) underestimate
D) recognize
E) deteriorate
4.
A) By
B) From
C) About
D) Along
E) Without
5.
A) as
B) while
C) if
D) until
E) before
When the rage for orchids hit Europe in the Great Britain was one of the most powerful nations in
nineteenth century, collectors immediately realized the world in the 18th century. It led the world in (11) --
that greenhouses were needed to provide (6) ---- -- new sources of energy for making textiles and
growing conditions. (7) ---- greenhouses were a concentrating the process in factories. This was the
luxury (8) ---- the very wealthy. But before long, Industrial Revolution. In New England, America,
greenhouses (9) ---- mass produced, (10) ---- made small factories first appeared in the 1790s.
them more affordable for orchid lovers of modest Thereafter, the proportion of manufacturing carried
means. out in northern factories steadily rose (12) ----
individual and primitive ways of production. By 1850,
6. Americans were pioneering ways (13) ---- clocks and
firearms using interchangeable, machine-made parts.
A) better Goods poured out of New England and Midwestern
B) best factories, and they spread (14) ---- the world.
C) as good Industrialization fell behind in the South, (15) ---- it
was not unknown.
D) the most
E) more 11.
A) accelerating
7.
B) utilising
A) At times C) challenging
B) At present D) eliminating
C) Eventually E) recruiting
D) Hardly
E) At first 12.
A) as a result of
8.
B) such as
A) for C) by means of
B) off D) due to
C) about E) as opposed to
D) over
E) from 13.
A) to mass-produce
9.
B) to have mass-produced
A) have been C) having mass-produced
B) were being D) to be mass-produced
C) had been E) mass-produce
D) would have been
E) will be 14.
A) on
10.
B) beyond
A) what C) across
B) thus D) against
C) which E) towards
D) but
E) so 15.
A) as if
B) though
C) in case
D) only if
E) just as
In the later part of the Middle Ages, cities created
asylums to cope with the mentally ill. These asylums
were simply prisons; the inmates were kept on chains
in dark, filthy cells and were treated more as animals
(16) ---- as human beings. It (17) ---- until 1792, when
Philippe Pinel was placed in charge of an asylum in
Paris, that some improvements were made. As an
experiment, Pinel removed the chains that (18) ----
the inmates. Much (19) ---- the amazement of
sceptics, who thought Pinel was mad to unchain such
'animals', the experiment was a success. When
placed in clean, sunny rooms, and treated kindly,
many people who for years (20) ---- hopelessly
insane improved enough to leave the asylum.
16.
A) than
B) like
C) such
D) so
E) much
17.
A) has not been
B) had not been
C) was not
D) would not be
E) would not have been
18.
A) compelled
B) restrained
C) overloaded
D) withdrew
E) sustained
19.
A) to
B) of
C) with
D) for
E) at
20.
A) will be considered
B) have been considered
C) were being considered
D) had been considered
E) are considered
1: Despite the fact that the country has arable land, 5: Our government has been determined to take
some farmers are still suffering from the decline in some sensible precautions in order that some
soil fertility. disasters never happen again.
TR: TR:
2: The Communist Party views the smuggling as a 6: While there are great variations among African
breakdown of political order and therefore as a languages, many of the families share similarities,
grave threat to party rule. or common characteristics.
TR: TR:
3: Many modern artists prefer to paint the inner 7: It’s our responsibility as citizens and inhabitants
world of feelings and thoughts rather than reflect of this earth to do our part in preserving the
what they see in nature. environment.
TR: TR:
8: In ancient Tahiti archery was a sacred sport that

4: It is unsafe to enter a building damaged by the
could only be played by those who were high-
earthquake.
ranking.
TR:
TR:
9: Throughout most of human history, people have 10: Immigrants ruin national culture by preserving
been almost certain to live and die in the class into their own customs instead of adopting those of their
which they were born. host country.
TR: TR:
As with all revolutions, the causes of the American

Revolution which separated the original thirteen
American colonies from Great Britain were social,
economic and political and so inextricably interwoven
that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the
distance from Great Britain and the environment of a
new country which, whether they willed it or not, had
gradually over a period of 150 years turned
Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was
largely English but the bulk of them, as a
contemporary historian commented. 'knew little of the
mother country, having only heard of her as a distant
kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding
century persecuted and banished their ancestors to
the woods of America'. With each generation and
with each move westward old contacts were broken.
Furthermore large groups of colonists had come from
Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had
no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no
affection.
1. The writer makes the point that it is very

hard to ----.
A) assess the separate causes of the American
Revolution because they are so complex
B) justify the American Revolution historically
C) relate the American Revolution to the
economic circumstances of the time
D) account for the political causes of the
American Revolution
E) explain the social implications of the
American Revolution on Britain
2. According to the passage, by the time the

American Revolution took place, ----.
A) generations of the colonists in America had
dreamed of gaining their independence
B) the non-British immigrants had
demographically far exceeded the British
ones
C) many of the British colonists were still trying
to maintain their ties with the mother country
D) the colonists living in America felt they no
longer had any ties with Britain
E) the number of the Irish in America had more
than doubled
3. The writer points out that, among the non-

British colonists in America, it was the Irish
who ----.
A) had suffered most at the hands of the British

B) were the least friendly towards Britain
C) united with the German colonists to oppose
Britain
D) were among the first ones to settle there
E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these
parts
The Council of Europe is a body established in 1949 It has been estimated that the average child in the
to achieve greater unity between European countries, US spends more time each week watching TV than
to facilitate their economic and social progress, and attending school. This is of great concern, as a
to support the principles of parliamentary democracy surprisingly large proportion of what children watch is
and respect for human rights. It has a Committee of violent. Saturday morning cartoons, for example,
foreign ministers, a Consultative Assembly, a present as many as twenty violent acts per hour.
Parliamentary Assembly with members from national Despite this concern, the producers of violent
parliaments, and a European Commission on Human programming have often continued to claim that
Rights, which examines complaints about human children will not imitate what they see in those
rights abuses. If the commission is unable to reach programmes. This claim has sounded unfounded to
an agreement on a case of human-rights violation, psychologists ever since Albert Bandura is classic
the case may be taken to the European Court of 'Bobo doll' studies in the early 1960s. In his seminal
Human Rights in the Hague. experiment, Bandura showed pre-schoolers a film of
an adult playing with a new toy, known at the time as
4. When the European Commission on Human a Bobo doll. The adult in the film committed abuse on
Rights fails to agree on a case, ----. the toy in various ways, punching it, kicking it, striking
its head with a hammer, and throwing other toys at it,
A) the Commission postpones it all the while clearly enjoying herself. The children
B) the European Court of Human Rights rejects were then led into a room with various toys in it,
it including the Bobo doll. Children who had seen the
C) the case may be sent to the Hague film were far more likely to beat up the doll than
children who had not. This prompted Bandura to
D) the Commission complains about the abuse describe a new type of learning theory: social
E) the Commission refuses to examine it learning or modelling.
5. It can be understood from the passage that 7. Children's excessive exposure to TV in the
the Council of Europe ----. US is concerning because ----.
A) does not deal with foreign policy issues A) most of the children do poorly on school
subjects
B) is the world’s only body dealing with social
issues B) there is not enough empirical evidence on
how it affects children
C) only has members from national parliaments
C) producers admit that children may act out
D) is part of the Consultative Assembly
what they see on TV
E) deals with social, political, and economic
D) violence is present in much of the content
issues
children watch
E) children mostly prefer violent TV shows to
6. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council cartoons
of Europe ----.
A) consists of national parliamentarians 8. The underlined word in the passage

B) has a Consultative Assembly 'unfounded' is closest in meaning to ----.
C) includes foreign ministers only A) undeniable
D) examines human-rights cases B) irreversible
E) is attached to the European Court of Human C) respectable
Rights
D) groundless
E) threatening
9. It can be understood from the passage that

the experiment carried out by Albert
Bandura is significant ----.
A) but it has not received the attention it
deserves over the decades
B) because it was the first psychological
experiment that used toys
C) since it was conducted in collaboration with
producers of TV programmes
D) although more and more evidence now is in
contradiction with its findings
E) as it led to the development of a new type of
learning theory
Sentence Completion > Introduction
1. Even though there was economic dislocation 4. If there is an increase in the demand, for
as well as demographic collapse, ----. instance, of wool, by any one industry, ----.
A) it may sound as if the situation was A) other industries would not have been so
improving in developing countries seriously affected
B) many international companies have adopted B) the price of wool immediately rose by fifty per
austere policies cent
C) the later Middle Ages was one of the most C) there have been constant rises in the prices
creative and inventive periods in the history of all goods made out of wool
of western Europe D) the prices of such commodities as carpets
D) the growth of the global economy had made and blankets would also have been affected
millions of workers redundant E) the price of wool will rise and affect the
E) some economists assert that technology prices of all commodities made from wool
must be responsible for this problem
5. As the company manufactures nearly all

2. More than half of the world’s coffee is grown its cars in Germany, ----.
on small family farms in developing
countries ----. A) the sterling started to weaken against the
euro
A) that large areas of forest have been cut down B) the sports car in particular finds a market in
to make this possible America
B) where coffee exports make up a significant C) every effort has to be made to minimize the
portion of the local economy short-term impact of currency swings
C) since it is the middlemen who get a large D) other companies have not always been so
percent of the profits successful
D) while for most people the quality of coffee is E) its costs are mostly in the European
important currency, euros
E) as long as weather conditions can be
predicted
6. Environmentalists want protection for
the archipelago of 7,000 islands that make
3. A report issued by the International Energy up the Philippines ----.
Agency warned that oil prices could be
volatile in 2016, ----. A) though conditions in Polynesia were
obviously quite similar
A) even though Venezuela had suspended B) since 75 per cent of its flora is to be found
trade agreements with several countries nowhere else
B) as several of America’s largest banks had C) until people began to realize that much of its
announced high profits wild life was also unique
C) just as the inflation rate in the EU economic D) if the introduction of predators could have
zone has risen well under 1% been foreseen
D) so that Europe’s finance ministers came E) before it was critically endangered
closer to agreeing radical reforms in banking deforestation
E) because production and refining capacity are
not enough to meet world energy needs
7. Advertising has increasingly less
credibility with consumers ----.
A) whether it plays a role in sustaining an
established brand
B) that a fundamental rethinking is clearly called
for
C) as if it were the indispensable foundation of
marketing
D) though they cannot always reject its
messages
E) since it was rarely effective in building a new
brand
8. Our voices sound higher and thinner on tape 9. While many parents benefit from available
than they do when we hear ourselves books and articles on parenting, ----.
speaking ----.
A) the transition to parenthood also creates
A) but this is actually much closer to the sound psychological transformations in adulthood
that other people hear when we speak B) young adults may be living entirely
B) because a good-quality recording cannot be independently, with a mature set of social
made easily relationships
C) so that there is no loss of quality in the C) some parents face inevitable uncertainty
recording when making decisions about how to raise
D) whether others recognize the quality of our their children
voices or not D) most people find that their responsibility to
E) because researchers found that people who another person is greater than their
experience a level of social anxiety dislike responsibility to themselves
their voices E) families tend to get closer as grandparents
become involved with the new family
10. Although it is not known exactly when

pottery making began in Cappadocia, ----.
A) early pottery was generally shaped by the
wrapping-rolling method
B) it is still agreed that the art originated in
Mesopotamia
C) it dates back at least to Hittite times
D) most archaeologists are keenly interested in
the excavations that are going on
E) pottery belonging to other cultures has been
found in the townships of Hacıbektaş and
Güzelyurt
Sentence Completion > Homework
1. ----, a multitude of new residential 5. It would be inaccurate to say ----.

developments are underway.
A) whether economic or environmental issues
A) Unless the first impression is a good one are the most explosive
B) Once the new marina had started B) that there are cameras monitoring virtually all
C) If there were a reception center to greet public places
prospective customers C) since personal freedom and privacy are
D) Since Dubai would like to persuade people to already a luxury
stay on a more permanent basis D) as if there were no ethnic hatred in Europe at
E) As if they have benefited from the swimming the moment
pool and sports facilities E) why the situation has become more tricky
and less stable
2. During the American Revolution, there was

relatively little fighting actually in North 6. Teachers cannot be criticized for failing
Carolina, ----. to promote engineering ----.
A) but many North Carolinians were fighting A) so the manner in which design is presented
elsewhere is of first importance
B) while the region was established as a colony B) that it is not a required field of study in most
C) since it is the nation's largest textile and technical universities
furniture producer C) whether students should follow enough
D) so long as it was one of the most densely maths and science courses to quality for
populated regions of the country engineering school
E) as the first settlements were established in D) if they have not been exposed to it
the region in 1653 themselves
E) as all the young children had a flair for
designing and building
3. Mr. Clarke, the education secretary, see ms
increasingly to be swept along by a system -
---. 7. As soon as the German troops crossed the
Polish frontier, ----.
A) that he only nominally controls
B) since there ought to be further increases in A) the allied forces had launched their first
the sizes of classes massive attack
C) while the number of children skipping school B) the people have been massacred and towns
has risen by a third devastated
D) where there has been an improvement in C) the Poles withdraw to a more strategic
some schools position
E) that the improvement in some schools has D) Britain declared war against Germany
been offset by a decline in others E) disease had not been prevented
4. Although Russia’s space technology is 8. The company will need fewer office workers
simpler than that of NASA in the US, ----. ----.
A) the Shuttle is grounded for repairs A) since some were looking for jobs with other
B) it still manages to work reliably firms
C) subsequent flights ran smoothly B) when the computer network has been
installed
D) more than one flight had ended in disaster
C) as long as the sales continued to increase
E) another one has flown more than 100
missions D) in order to discuss ways of combating
unemployment
E) even though the current economic recession
is likely to continue for another six months
9. ---- until William Gladstone presented 13. ----, it was not until only 1995 that extreme
his proposal for home rule in Ireland in 1886. sports achieved their highest level of public
exposure with the First Extreme Games.
A) The Republic of Ireland gained sovereignty in
1922 A) While most sports now classified as extreme
B) Northern Ireland did not separate from the have all existed for a long time and most
South have competitions
C) Northern Ireland is composed of 26 districts B) Given that extreme sports are international
with the Extreme or X Games attracting
D) Northern Ireland is an integral part of the
competitors from dozens of nations
United Kingdom
C) Because what differentiates extreme sports
E) The Irish nationalists are still struggling to
from others involves changes in the rules
end the partition of Ireland
and use of equipment
D) Although sport climbing is the only extreme
10. ----, London has decided to transform its sport with separate divisions for men and
poorest neighbourhood into a display of women
what the Olympic Games can mean beyond E) Seeing that all extreme sports are individual
medals. sport and involve a greater degree of risk to
the athletes
A) Since the athletes are competing to win gold,
silver and bronze medals
B) Because many people question the value of 14. In a recently published paper, it is pointed
hosting the Olympic Games out that China has produced much of the
C) Whenever the idea of hosting the Olympic world’s rice for many decades, ----.
Games emerges
A) but in these rice paddies, nitrogen-based
D) Though the political support would be fertilizer has, to a large extent, replaced
dependent on being chosen to host the animal manure
Olympic Games
B) so it is another change in agricultural
E) If hosting international events is considered practice that has the unintended side benefit
to be a valuable experience of reducing methane emissions
C) what is more, these rice farmers are using
11. If the company is to invest in long-term less water than they did before
growth, ----. D) yet for the past 30 years, the area devoted to
rice agriculture there has fallen from about
A) the main aim is nevertheless to improve 37 million hectares to about 27 million
customer relations E) and this change in how rice is grown in China
B) there was still a need for short-term profits reduces the amount of methane given off
C) it will clearly have to sacrifice short-term
profits
15. ----, in opposition to the notorious
D) a new sales force is already being trained
uncertainty of the Symbolist movement.
E) the investment would ultimately yield a return
A) Acmeism was a significant movement in the
early 20th century, aiming for precision and
12. ---- because he had led the country into four clarity
wars which he had lost, and brought B) Anna Akhmatova’s early work was perceived
economic ruin to his people. as exemplary of the new movement,
A) Serbia experienced widespread corruption Symbolism
under Milosevic, who ruled the country as a C) The Symbolists were a group of Russian
dictator poets, many of whose works were published
B) Many Serbians felt humiliated by the in “Apollon”
atrocities committed in Bosnia by the D) The Acmeist movement did not last very
Milosevic government long, but it included some distinguished
C) Milosevic‘s rule in Serbia literally meant Russian poets
political tyranny, which led to pro-democracy E) For the Acmeists, a poet was no longer a
protests in the country prophet or a theurgist, but a craftsman or a
D) Milosevic, the ex-president of Serbia, was master
protested nationwide and then removed from
power
E) Today Serbia‘s writers constantly remind
their people of the shameful past of their
country under Milosevic
16. Despite the superstition among seamen that 19. While the automobile provides
killing an albatross brings bad luck, ----. unprecedented personal mobility, ----.
A) the superstition was reflected in a poem by A) the number of vehicles on roads is increasing
Samuel Taylor Coleridge daily around the world
B) seamen once looked at albatrosses with B) this convenience has its costs including
considerable fear traffic crashes, and the deaths and injuries
C) these birds are often hunted by them for their caused by these crashes
meat C) cars are operated by people whose
D) the birds are believed to bring good luck to behaviours are influenced by a multitude of
friendly sailors psychological factors
E) such superstitions are no longer believed by D) traffic safety professionals have been
seamen working to reduce the frequency of motor
vehicle crashes for decades
E) an important component of the traffic safety
17. ----, there was something un-English about problem is understanding, predicting, and
his sentence structure. modifying the behaviours of drivers
A) Since Raleigh made classical writers his
models 20. ----, new shipping routes are becoming
B) If that were really a translation navigable.
C) However difficult it is to read
A) Though sailors have to learn to operate
D) Before he has time to develop a style of his vehicles in Arctic conditions
own
B) Even if the Arctic is attracting new interest
E) Once he has established his reputation from governments
C) As the Arctic Circle warms and large masses
18. ----, infectious disease continued to kill half of ice melt
of all Europeans before they reached the age D) Although Britain has deployed its military
of twenty. forces in the Arctic
E) If the Arctic becomes vulnerable to new
A) Although famines became less common and environmental threats
less widespread in Europe in the eighteenth
century
B) Unless the total number of urban dwellers
across Europe as a whole did not change
markedly between 1600 and 1800
C) Because improved sanitation, together with a
better diet, may have played some role in the
rise of Europe‘s population in the 1820s
D) Since Naples went from a population of
300.000 in 1600 to nearly half a million by
the late eighteenth century
E) Just as many of the million or so men and
women employed in the textile trade in
northern France in the seventeenth century
lived in cities
Translation > Introduction
1. Vücudun kendini önemli ölçüde yenilemesini 3. We believe the only way to make regulations
sağlayan öğle uykusu, özellikle Arjantin ve work is to make them mandatory.
Filipinler gibi sıcak ülkelerde uygulanan
yaygın bir gelenektir. A) Çalışma sırasında kuralların düzenli bir
şekilde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz.
A) In hot countries like Argentina and the B) Kanımızca, kuralların işlemesini sağlamanın
Philippines, siesta is a common tradition tek yolu onları zorunlu kılmaktır.
which is particularly practised in order to help
C) Düzenli bir çalışmanın ancak gerekli
the body renew itself remarkably
kuralların uygulanmasıyla mümkün olacağına
B) Generally practised in hot countries like inanıyoruz.
Argentina and the Philippines, siesta is a
D) Kuralların, ancak zorunlu hallerde
popular tradition that helps the body renew
uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz.
itself with ease.
E) Kanımızca, ancak kurallar uygulandığı
C) Siesta helps the body renew itself
takdirde düzenli bir çalışma yapılabilir.
substantially, and it is a common tradition
mostly practised in hot countries such as
Argentina and the Philippines 4. Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanı gazetecilere
D) Siesta, which helps the body renew itself elektronik alanında yatırım yapılması için
considerably, is a widespread tradition yeni teşvikler verileceğini söyledi.
especially practised in hot countries such as
Argentina and the Philippines. A) Journalists were told that the Minister of
E) In addition to being a widespread tradition Trade and Industry is encouraging people to
mainly practised in hot countries like invest in electronics.
Argentina and the Philippines, siesta helps B) The Minister of Trade and Industry has told
the body renew itself to a great extent. journalists that new incentives will be given
to invest in electronics.
C) Journalists were advised not to discuss the
2. The notion that we can or should put some topic of electronics investments with the
kind of a limit on economic growth seems to Minister of Trade and Industry.
be neither necessary nor practical.
D) The Minister of Trade and Industry discussed
A) Görünüşte gerekli ve pratik olmasa da, bir ways of encouraging people to invest in
düşünceye gör, ekonomik büyümeye belli bir electronics with some journalists.
sınır koyabiliriz ve koymalıyız. E) The need for electronics investments was the
B) Sınırları belirlenmiş bir ekonomik büyüme main topic when the Minister of Trade and
düşüncesi, gerekli olmadığı gibi pratik de Industry met the journalists.
değildir.
C) Ekonomik büyümeye belli bir sınır koymanın
gerekli veya pratik olup olmadığı konusu
tartışmalı.
D) Ekonomik büyümeye sınırlama getirecek
uygulamalar üzerinde tartışmak gereksiz
gözüküyor.
E) Ekonomik büyümeyi bir biçimde
sınırlayabileceğimiz ya da sınırlamamız
gerektiği düşüncesi ne gerekli ne de
uygulanabilir görünüyor.
5. People who apply for professional 7. Dünyadaki yağmur ormanları, özellikle
assistance in coping with stress and pain Amazon ve Kongo Irmağı havzalarında
are generally individuals whose strategies olanlar, insanlık tarihinde görülmemiş bir
have proven ineffective in managing their hızla yok edilmekte ve yakılmaktadır.
problems.
A) In the world today, especially the rain forests
A) Sorunlarını çözmek için geliştirdikleri of the Amazon and Congo River basins have
yöntemler yetersiz kalan bireyler, genellikle been destroyed and burned to the extent that
stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkma konusunda there is no precedence in human history.
uzman desteğine başvururlar. B) Rain forests in the world, particularly those in
B) Bireyler, sorunlarını halletmek için the Amazon and Congo River basins, are
kullandıkları yöntemler yetersiz kaldığında being destroyed and burned at a rate
stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkmak için genellikle unprecedented in human history.
uzman desteğine başvururlar. C) In human history, there has never been so
C) Stres ve ağrı ile başa çıkmak için uzman much destruction and burning of rain forests
desteğine başvuranlar, genellikle sorunlarını as can be seen in the Amazon and Congo
çözmek için yetersiz yöntemler geliştiren River basins.
kişilerden oluşmaktadır. D) The world‘s rain forests, including those in
D) Bireyler, sorunlarına çare bulma konusunda the Amazon and Congo River basins, have
gereken yöntemleri etkin olarak been destroyed and burned so extensively
kullanamadıklarında stres ve ağrıyla başa that there is no other example of it in human
çıkmak için genellikle uzman desteğine history.
başvururlar. E) Human history does not record the kind of
E) Stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkmada uzman destruction and burning that the world‘s rain
desteğine başvuran bireyler, genellikle forests, especially those in the Amazon and
sorunlarını çözmek için kullandıkları Congo River basins, have undergone so far.
yöntemler yetersiz kalan kişilerdir.
8. During World War II many Britons believed

6. Birçoğumuz için mutluluk arayışı hayatta that Churchill was clearly the man to lead the
önemli bir amaçtır ancak mutluluğun ne country to final victory, but few expected him
olduğunu anlamak için olumsuz tecrübelere to go on after the war.
ihtiyacımız vardır çünkü bunlar hayatımıza
anlam katar. A) II. Dünya Savaşı‘nda ülkeyi kesin zafere
ulaştıracak kişilerden birinin Churchill
A) For many of us seeking happiness is an olduğuna inanan birçok İngiliz, onun
important goal in life, but we need the savaştan sonra da liderliğini sürdüreceğini
negative experiences to understand what düşünüyordu.
happiness is because they give meaning to B) İngilizlerin çoğu, Churchill‘in, II. Dünya
our lives. Savaşı‘nda ülkeyi nihai zafere ulaştıracak kişi
B) Many of us seek happiness, which is an olduğuna inanmışsa da birkaçı onun
important goal in life, but we need the savaştan sonra görevini sürdüreceğini
negative experiences that give meaning to sanıyordu.
our lives to understand what happiness is. C) II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında pek çok İngiliz,
C) The negative experiences give meaning to Churchill‘in kesinlikle ülkeyi nihai zafere
our lives so we need them to understand götürecek kişi olduğuna inanıyor, ancak çok
what happiness is because for many of us azı onun savaştan sonra devam etmesini
seeking happiness is an important goal in umuyordu.
life. D) II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca çoğu İngiliz, ülkeyi
D) For most of us happiness is an important kesin zafere ulaştıracak tek kişi olan
goal in life, so we look for it, but we need the Churchill‘in, savaş sonrasında da görevini
negative experiences because they give sürdüreceğini umuyordu.
meaning to our lives and make us E) Churchill‘in II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkeyi
understand what happiness is. mutlak zafere ulaştıracak adam olduğuna
E) Many of us seek happiness as it is an kesinlikle inanan pek çok İngiliz'e karşın
important goal in life, but we need the sadece birkaç İngiliz onun savaş sonrasında
negative experiences to understand what da devam etmesini bekliyordu.
happiness is because they give meaning to
our lives.
9. In an economic recession, most companies 10. Çevredeki değişikliklerin, beyinlerimizde
know what they need to do. zamanın öznel biçimde algılanmasına nasıl
yol açtığı sorusu, ruhbilimcileri ve beyin
A) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, şirketler genellikle araştırmacılarını düşündürmeye devam
ne yapacaklarım bilir. etmektedir.
B) Ekonomik bir durgunluk durumunda,
şirketlerin çoğu, yapması gerekenleri bildiğini A) Psychologists and brain researchers have
sanır. recently started to wonder how changes in
the environment cause the brain to
C) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, çoğu şirket ne
experience time subjectively.
yapması gerektiğini bilir.
B) The question of how changes in the
D) Ekonomik bir durgunluk sürecinde ne
environment give rise to the subjective
yapılması gerektiğini hemen hemen tüm
experience of time in our brains continues to
şirketler bilir.
preoccupy psychologists and brain
E) Ekonomi ile ilgili bir durgunlukta ne researchers.
yapılacağını, şirketlerin hepsi bilir.
C) How changes in the environment can lead to
the subjective experience of time in our
brains is a matter of discussion among
psychologists and brain researchers.
D) The subjective time experience of our brains
resulting from environmental changes has
long been a controversial issue among
psychologists and brain researchers.
E) The reasons behind the subjective
perception of time by the brain have not yet
been explained by psychologists or brain
researchers.
Translation > Homework
1. The teacher’s job is not to provide students 3. Bugün, gelecek vaat eden pek çok genç
with the right answers about things but to yeteneğe karşın, Amerikan komedileri
see to it that students know what questions düzeyinde komedi ürettiğimizi sanmıyorum.
to ask.
A) Today, despite a lot of promising young
A) Öğretmenler mesleklerini, öğrencilere bir şey talent, I don’t think we are producing
hakkında öğrencilerine doğru cevapları comedies of the standard of American ones.
sunduğunda değil; onlara hangi soruları B) The comedies we are currently producing are
sorması gerektiğini öğrettiğinde yerine hardly of the same standard as the American
getirmiş olur. ones, though we do have a great deal of
B) Öğretmenlerin işi, öğrencilere sadece bir young talent.
şeyler hakkında doğru cevapları öğretmek C) The standard of the comedies we have
değildir; yeri geldiğinde hangi soruları produced so far is well below that of
soracaklarını da öğretmektir. American comedies, despite the fact that
C) Öğretmenler, meslekleri gereği öğrencilerine there are plenty of talented young people
bir şeyler hakkında doğru cevapları today.
sağlamalıdır, ancak öğrencilerin ne tür D) Though there are plenty of talented young
sorular soracağını bildiğini görebilmelidir. people today, still the standard of the
D) Öğretmenin işi, öğrencilere bir şeyler comedies we have produced is below that of
hakkında doğru cevapları sağlamak değil; the American ones.
öğrencilerin hangi soruları soracağını E) Even though we have a lot of young talent
bildiğinden emin olmaktır. today, we are producing comedies of a lower
E) Öğrencilere bir şeyler hakkında doğru standard than those in America.
cevapları sağlamak öğretmenin tek işi
değildir; öğrencilerin ne tür soruları sorması
gerektiğini bilmesini sağlamak da öğretmenin 4. Bazı siyaset bilimciler, üyeleri arasında derin
işidir. duygusal ilişkilerin var olduğu ailenin, ufak
çapta siyasal bir sistem gibi olduğunu ileri
sürmüşlerdir.
2. As the bridge between Europe and Asia,
Istanbul is often described as a symbol of A) Some political scientists have argued that the
Turkey as a whole, a meeting place of family, in which deep emotional relationships
different ideas and cultures. exist between members, is like a political
system in miniature.
A) Avrupa ile Asya arasındaki köprü olarak B) In the opinion of various political scientists,
İstanbul, çoğunlukla farklı fikirlerin ve the family, which consists of members with
kültürlerin bir buluşma noktası, Türkiye’nin deep emotional relationships, can be
tamamının bir sembolü olarak tanımlanır. compared to a minor political system.
B) İstanbul, Avrupa ile Asya arasında bir köprü C) As a few political scientists have argued, the
olduğu kadar çoğunlukla Türkiye’nin family reminds one of a political system in
tamamının bir sembolü, farklı fikirlerin ve miniature, in which members have deep
kültürlerin de bir buluşma noktası olarak emotional ties.
tanımlanır.
D) As pointed out by a number of political
C) Çoğunlukla farklı fikirlerin ve kültürlerin bir scientists, the family, whose members are
buluşma noktası, Türkiye’nin tamamının da emotionally bound together, resembles a
bir sembolü olarak betimlenen İstanbul, minor political system.
Avrupa ile Asya arasındaki köprüdür.
E) Some of the political scientists present have
D) Çoğunlukla Türkiye’nin tamamının bir suggested that the family, in which members
sembolü, farklı fikirlerle kültürlerin de bir maintain strong emotional ties with each
buluşma noktası olarak tanımlanan İstanbul, other, is similar to a small political system.
Avrupa ile Asya arasındaki köprüdür.
E) Türkiye’nin tamamının bir sembolü olarak
betimlenen İstanbul, Avrupa ile Asya
arasındaki köprü olduğundan çoğunlukla
farklı fikirlerin ve kültürlerin de buluşma
noktasıdır.
5. In a report prepared by a bipartisan 6. Whenever governments use globalization to
committee, it is recommended that the deny responsibility, democracy suffers
President should give his science adviser another blow and prospects for growth in
more authority to let research objectives and the developing countries are set back a little
co-ordinate the budgets of the 20 or sore further.
search agencies.
A) Hükümet'ler sorumluluklarından kaçmak için
A) İki partili bir kurul tarafından hazırlanan küreselleşmeyi bahane ederlerse gelişmekte
raporda, Başkan’ın, araştırma hedeflerini olan ülkelerdeki demokrasi yeni bir darbe alır
belirlemede ve 20 kadar araştırma ve büyüme ümitleri çok daha derinlere
kuruluşunun bütçelerinin eşgüdümünü gömülür
sağlamada kendi bilim danışmanına daha B) Ne zaman ki hükümet'ler sorumluluktan
çok yetki vermesi tavsiye edilmektedir. kaçınmak için küreselleşmeyi kullanır,
B) Karma bir kurul tarafından hazlırlanan demokrasi bir darbe daha alır ve kalkınmakta
raporda, Başkan’ın bilim danışmanıyla olan ülkelerdeki büyüme ümitleri biraz daha
birlikte araştırma politikalarının ortaya geriye atılır.
konması ve 20’ye yakın araştırma C) Sorumluluktan kaçınmak isteyen
kuruluşunun bütçelerinin eşgüdümünün hükümet'lerin küreselleşmeyi bahane
sağlanması için daha çok yetki kullanması etmeleri, kalkınmakta olan ülkelerin
tavsiye edilmektedir. demokrasisine darbe vurmakla kalmaz,
C) Başkan, iki partili bir kurulun hazırladığı büyüme ümitlerini de yok eder.
rapordaki öneriye uyarak, kendi bilim D) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küreselleşmeye
danışmanına araştırma hedeflerini ortaya sığınan hükümet'ler, demokrasiye darbe
koymak ve 20 kadar araştırma kuruluşunun vurduklarını ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin
bütçeleri arasında eşgüdüm sağlamak ümitlerini boşa çıkardıklarım bilmelidirler.
konusunda daha çok yetki vermiştir.
E) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küreselleşmeyi
D) İki partinin üyelerinden oluşan kurul, kullanan hükümet'ler, demokrasiye darbe
hazırladıkları raporda, araştırma alanları vurmakta ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki
belirlemek ve 20’ye yakın araştırma büyüme ümitlerini ortadan kaldırmaktadırlar
kuruluşunun bütçeleri arasında eşgüdümü
sağlamak amacıyla bilim danışmanlarına
daha fazla yetki verilmesini Başkan’a tavsiye 7. Whereas the freedom of the press in
etmiştir. America is guaranteed by the First
E) Karma bir kurul tarafından hazırlanan Amendment to the Constitution, the British
raporda yer alan önerilerden biri de press has never enjoyed such a right.
Başkan’ın, bilim danışmanına araştırma
hedeflerini ortaya koyması ve 20’den fazla A) Her ne kadar Birinci Anayasa Değişikliği ile
araştırma kuruluşunun bütçelerinin Amerika’da basın özgürlüğü güvenceye
eşgüdümünü yapması konusunda tam yetki kavuşturulmuş ise de, İngiliz basınının böyle
vermesidir. bir haktan yararlanması söz konusu değildir.
B) Amerika’da Birinci Anayasa Değişikliği
sonucu basın özgürlüğünün tam bir güvence
altına alınmış olmasına karşın İngiliz
basınının böyle bir hakka sahip olması hiçbir
zaman öngörülmemiştir.
C) Basın özgürlüğü, Birinci Anayasa Değişikliği
ile Amerika’da güvence altına alınırken,
böyle bir hak İngiliz basını için hiçbir zaman
gündeme gelmemiştir.
D) Amerika’da basın özgürlüğü, Birinci Anayasa
Değişikliği ile güvence altına alındığı halde,
İngiliz basını hiçbir zaman böyle bir hakka
sahip olmamıştır.
E) İngiliz basınının hiçbir zaman sahip olmadığı
basın özgürlüğü hakkı, Amerika’da Birinci
Anayasa Değişikliği ile kayıtsız şartsız
güvence altına alınmıştır.
8. Avrupa Birliğinin yayımladığı yeni rapora 10. ABD Nüfus Sayımı Dairesi'nce
göre, üye ülkelerin çoğunda ekonomi açıklanan rakamlara göre, tüm eyaletlerde
oldukça yavaş büyüyecek, ancak daha nüfus artmıştır, ancak en çarpıcı artış
rekabetçi ve saydam olacak. ülkenin güneydoğu ve batı kesimlerinde
olmuştur.
A) The new report issued by the European
Union to member countries warns that A) The figures released by the US Census
economic growth will be slow, but it will be Bureau confirm that the increase in the
competitive and transparent. population in south-eastern and western
B) In a new report issued by the European parts of the country is in excess of other
Union, it is suggested that some member parts.
countries should expect the economy to grow B) The figures released by the US Census
rather slowly but more competitively and Bureau show there has been an increase in
transparently. the population throughout the country but
C) The majority of the member countries of the especially in the southeast and western
European Union, must, according to the parts.
report, expect the economy to grow in a C) According to the figures released by the US
manner that is both competitive and Census Bureau, the population in all the
transparent. states has increased, but the most dramatic
D) According to the new report released by the increase has been in the southeastern and
European Union, in the majority of the western parts of the country.
member countries, the economy will grow D) According to the US Census Bureau, the
rather slowly but will become more most dramatic population increase recently
competitive and transparent. has been in the southeast and western parts,
E) According to the report issued by the but there has been an increase in all states.
European Union to member countries, E) The figures released by the US Census
economic growth is expected to be more Bureaus how that there has been a country
competitive and transparent, but rather slow. wide increase in the population but in
particular in the south-western and eastern
parts.
9. Patara‘da pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç
görkemli otel olmasına rağmen, geleneksel
köy yaşamı hâlâ devam etmektedir. 11. Cheese, which can be made with different
kinds of milk, from reindeer’s milk in
A) Patara boasts various pensions and a Scandinavia to buffalo’s milk in Australia,
number of magnificent hotels even though varies greatly in shape, texture and taste
village life continues here in a traditional way. based on where it is produced.
B) Despite a number of pensions and some
excellent hotels, Patara is still a village which A) Peynir, İskandinavya’daki ren geyiği
has a traditional way of life. sütünden Avustralya’daki bufalo sütüne
kadar değişik süt çeşitleriyle yapılabilir ve
C) Though a village where traditional life still
üretildiği yere göre şekil, doku ve tat
goes on, Patara has a great number of
bakımından büyük farklılık gösterir.
pensions and several luxurious hotels.
B) İskandinavya’daki ren geyiği sütünden
D) Although in Patara there are many pensions
Avustralya’daki bufalo sütüne kadar farklı süt
and a few splendid hotels, traditional village
çeşitleri kullanılarak yapılabilen peynirin
life still continues.
üretildiği yere göre şekil, doku ve tadında
E) Patara, which has several pensions but few büyük farklılıklar bulunmaktadır.
nice hotels, is just a village where life goes
C) İskandinavya’daki ren geyiği sütünden
on in a traditional manner.
Avustralya’daki bufalo sütüne kadar değişik
süt çeşitleriyle yapılabilen peynir, üretildiği
yere bağlı olarak şekil, doku ve tat
D) Peynir, İskandinavya’daki ren geyiği
sütünden Avustralya’daki bufalo sütüne
kadar değişik süt çeşitleriyle yapılabildiği için
üretildiği yere bağlı olarak şekil, doku ve tat
E) Üretildiği yere bakıldığında şekil, doku ve tat
bakımından büyük farklılık gösteren peynir,
İskandinavya’daki ren geyiği sütünden
Avustralya’daki bufalo sütüne kadar değişik
süt çeşitleriyle yapılabilir.
12. What retrieved the country from bankruptcy 14. Kriminolojinin doğuşundan beri
and spun it into an economic boom was the araştırmacılar suçun kökenlerini tanımlamak
massive in flow of foreign capital. için çeşitli nicel yöntemler kullanmışlardır ve
araştırmaları birçok kriminoloji kuramının ve
A) Ülkeyi iflastan kurtarmak ve ekonomik kamu politikasının temelini oluşturan önemli
canlanmayı hızlandırmak için geniş çaplı bir tanımlayıcı bilgiyi doğurmuştur.
yabancı sermaye akışı gerekiyordu.
B) Güçlü bir yabancı sermaye akışı ile ülke A) Since the birth of criminology, researchers
iflastan çıkmış ve hızla ekonomik büyümeye have employed a variety of quantitative
geçmiştir. methods to describe the origins of crime, and
their research has generated important
C) Ülkenin iflastan kurtuluşu ve hızlı bir
descriptive information that has formed the
ekonomik büyümeye yönelişi, muazzam bir
basis for many criminological theories and
yabancı sermaye girişi ile sağlanmıştır.
public policies.
D) Ülkeyi iflasın eşiğinden döndüren ve
B) Researchers have used a number of
ekonomik canlanmaya yönelten etkenin,
quantitative methods since the birth of
güçlü bir yabancı sermaye girişi olduğu
criminology in order to describe the origins of
açıktır.
crime, and with their research it was possible
E) Ülkeyi iflastan çekip çıkarmış ve onu to yield important descriptive information that
ekonomik bir canlanmaya yöneltmiş olan has established many criminological theories
muazzam yabancı sermaye akışı idi. and public policies.
C) Without the birth of criminology, it would not
13. Son yıllarında zaman zaman Auden’in have been possible for researchers to use a
üslubunda yazdığı şiirler anlamca zengin range of quantitative methods in their
veya yeterince zarif olmasa da, zevkle research to describe the origins of crime, and
okunabilir niteliktedir. yield important descriptive information to
form the basis for many criminological
A) In later years he improved the style of his theories and public policies.
poems rather along the lines of Auden, D) Ever since criminology was born, lots of
making them pleasantly readable though criminological theories and public policies
without depth of meaning. have been established based on the
B) Now and then, especially as he got older, he important descriptive information generated
wrote poems, which like Auden’s, are through the research carried out by
definitely readable but lacking in meaning researchers who employed various
and not refined in style. quantitative methods to describe the origins
C) In later years he sometimes wrote very of crime.
pleasant poems which, although not rich in E) In order to establish a number of
meaning, have a polished style reminiscent criminological theories and public policies
of Auden. researchers have been able to yield
D) The poems he wrote occasionally in his later important descriptive information using a
years in the style of Auden are pleasantly variety of quantitative methods in their
readable, even though they are not rich in research to describe the origins of crime
meaning or sufficiently refined. since the birth of criminology.
E) Like Auden in his later years, he too wrote
poems in a more polished style which made
them even more pleasantly readable.
15. Christopher Columbus ve diğer Avrupalı 17. The parliaments of the member states of the
kâşifler Yeni Dünya’ya ulaştıklarında, European Union agreed on the use of a
yerlilerin, kendilerininkinden çok farklı single currency to be known as the Euro.
alışkanlıklarının olduğunu gördüler.
A) Euro, Avrupa Birliğine üye devletlerin,
A) As soon as Christopher Columbus and kullanımı üzerinde anlaştığı tek para birimi
various other European explorers reached olarak bilinmektedir.
the New World, they discovered that the B) Euro, Avrupa Birliğine üye devletlerin
habits of the natives were hardly different parlamentolarının, kullanımı üzerinde
from their own. anlaşabildiği tek para birimidir.
B) When Christopher Columbus and other C) Avrupa Birliğine üye devletlerin
European explorers arrived in the New parlamentoları, kullanacakları tek para
World, they saw that the natives had habits birimini Euro olarak adlandırma konusunda
far different from their own. anlaşmışlardır.
C) On their arrival in the New World, D) Avrupa Birliğine üye devletlerin
Christopher Columbus and many other parlamentoları, kullanımı üzerinde
European explorers realized that the habits uzlaştıkları tek para birimini Euro olarak
of the natives were totally different from each adlandırmışlardır.
other.
E) Avrupa Birliğine üye devletlerin
D) Christopher Columbus and various other parlamentoları, Euro olarak bilinen tek bir
European explorers arrived in the New World para biriminin kullanımı üzerinde anlaştılar.
only to discover that their habits were very
different from those of the natives.
E) Soon after Christopher Columbus and other 18. While the US and the European Union have
European explorers got to the New World, it enacted legislation designed to prevent the
was clear to them that their habits differed a importation of products obtained from
lot from those of the natives. endangered plants and animals, this
legislation has had little impact in the Third
World Countries that are home to many of
16. İlk medeniyetlerdeki nüfuslar yoğunlaştıkça these species.
ve kasabalar şehirleştikçe bazı insan
toplulukları bir dizi yeni özelliklere sahip A) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan
olmaya başladılar. bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin
ithalatını önlemek için bir yasa
A) A series of new features emerged in some tasarlanmasını ve bu türlerin çoğunun ana
human societies when populations grew in vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde de bu
density and towns turned into cities in early yasanın yürürlüğe girmesini sağlamıştır.
civilisations. B) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan
B) A range of new characteristics were bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin
developed in some human societies in early ithalatını durdurmak için bir yasa tasarısı
civilisations as populations became denser hazırlamış ancak bu yasa, birçok türün ana
and towns transformed into cities. vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde etkili
C) In early civilisations, some human societies olamamıştır.
began to demonstrate a series of new C) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan
characteristics as a result of populations bitki ve hayvan türlerini korumak için
increasing in density and towns growing into tasarlanan bir yasayı yürürlüğe koyarken, bu
cities. türlerin çoğunun ana vatanı olan Üçüncü
D) With populations becoming denser and Dünya ülkelerinde tam tersine, bitki ve
towns turning into cities in early civilisations, hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin
it was possible for some human societies to ithalatında artış görülmüştür.
develop a group of new features. D) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan
E) As populations increased in density and bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin
towns grew into cities in early civilisations. ithalatını önleyecek yasayı hazırlamış ancak
some human societies began to take on a birçok türün ana vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya
set of new characteristics. ülkelerinde bu yasayı yürürlüğe
koyamamıştır.
E) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan
bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin
ithalatını önlemek için tasarlanan yasayı
yürürlüğe koymasına rağmen, bu türlerin
çoğunun ana vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya
ülkelerinde bu yasanın etkisi az olmuştur.
19. En aşırı ölçüde işkence genelde suçlunun 20. Many children in Africa are deprived of
halkın temel inançlarına bir tehdit olarak books that would inform them and sufficient
algılandığı baskın ideolojik düzene karşı food that would help them to grow.
suçlar için ayrılmıştı.
A) Bilgi verecek kitaplardan ve gelişmelerine
A) The most extreme measure of torture has yardımcı olacak yeterli gıdadan yoksun
often been reserved for offences against the olanlar, Afrika'daki çocuklardır.
dominant ideological order, where the B) Gelişmelerine yardımcı olacak yeterli
offender is perceived as a threat to the gıdadan yoksun olan Afrika'daki birçok
society’s basic beliefs. çocuk, aynı zamanda onlara bilgi verecek
B) Offences against the dominant ideological kitaplardan da yoksundurlar.
order, where the offender is perceived as a C) Afrika'daki birçok çocuğun yoksun olduğu
threat to the society's basic beliefs has often şeyler, onlara bilgi verecek kitaplar ve
been punished with the most extreme gelişmelerine yardımcı olacak yeterli gıdadır.
measure of torture.
D) Onlara bilgi verecek kitapların yanı sıra
C) The most extreme measure of torture has Afrika'daki çocuklar, gelişmelerine yardımcı
been reserved for offences against the olacak yeterli gıdadan da yoksundurlar.
society's basic beliefs, which reflect the
E) Afrika'daki birçok çocuk onlara bilgi verecek
dominant ideological order showing the
kitaplardan ve gelişmelerine yardımcı olacak
offender as a threat.
yeterli gıdadan yoksundurlar.
D) The offender is perceived as a threat to
society's basic beliefs, which is in the side of
the dominant ideological order when the
most extreme measure of torture has been
reserved.
E) The most extreme measure of torture has
often been reserved for the offenders
perceived as a threat to the society's basic
beliefs and offences against the dominant
ideological order.
1: Our findings show that circumstances influence 5: A majority of people are well aware of the
bilingual speakers’ brain activity when making benefits of exercising, yet many don't pursue it
language switches. actively.
TR: TR:
6: It cannot be denied that we cannot do without the

2: Written language is the representation of a telephone in our modern life.
language by means of a writing system. TR:
TR:
7: When modern humans arrived in Eurasia about

100,000 years ago, Neandertals had already lived
3: Amnesty International is a nongovernmental
there for thousands of years.
organization which coordinates efforts on behalf of
TR:
human rights around the world.
TR:
8: The higher the ratio of children to parents, the

harder it is to bring up the children.
4: Unlike today, workers during the Industrial TR:
Revolution were expected to work long hours or
they would lose their jobs.
TR:
9: Some people think that capital punishment is a 10: Marriage is an extremely important institution in
deterrent. On the contrary, it is no such thing, as the Africa, partly because children represent wealth and
experience of many countries has shown. status.
TR: TR:
Ancient Egyptian society was composed of three 3. The marriage contract ----.
classes, one of which consisted of 'free people'. Free
Egyptian citizens – both male and female – A) required the exchange of valuable gifts by
possessed two defining rights: they were free to each party
travel and to enter into contractual agreements. B) ensured all mutual property owned by the
Although they enjoyed no other rights of modern couple transferred to the woman
societies, their right to make contracts permitted C) did not address the possible death of either
members of this group to own property and marry. the husband or the wife
Serf and slaves were also permitted possessions, but
D) was only legally valid if executed in front of
they could not transfer them without a contract – only
witnesses
the free class could acquire and sell animals,
property and buildings as they wished. Though most E) was handled exclusively by the family of the
free people earned just enough to live on, some prospective wife
accumulated wealth, and a few even earned high
positions in government. Whether rich or poor, any
free person had the right to marriage. Marriage was
not a religious matter in Egypt – no ceremony
involving a priest took place – but simply a social
convention that required an agreement, that is, a
contract, negotiated by the suitor and the family of his
prospective wife. The agreement made an exchange
of objects of value necessary on both sides. The
agreement also specified what property belonged to
the woman and what belonged to the man, as well as
stating who would inherit what on the death of either
party. In some cases, a written contract was executed
before witnesses, in others only a verbal agreement
took place.
1. According to the passage, free Egyptian

citizens ----.
A) had as many rights as a free citizen in
modern society
B) enjoyed certain rights regardless of gender
C) needed a contract to sell and buy
possessions belonging to serf
D) could sell property just the same as slaves
and serfs
E) were required to have a contract in order to
travel
2. Which of the following is true about ancient

Egypt?
A) It was possible for most free Egyptians to
become very rich.
B) Free people were not allowed to work for the
government.
C) Marriage ceremonies usually involved a
priest.
D) Marriages were religious conventions
accompanied by an agreement.
E) The family of the bride was one party of the
marital contract.
The long-expected decline in the dollar is now 6. According to the passage, what has brought
well under way. For years economists have predicted about the fall of the American dollar ----.
that America's huge current-account deficit
would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far A) is the erratic global fluctuations in exchange
the dollar's slide has been fairly gradual: it is down rates
by 13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, B) is the enormous deficit experienced by the
though it has dropped by almost twice as American economy
much against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the C) has been a persistent recession in the global
decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John economy
Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, declared
D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by
that he favors a 'strong dollar policy'. That was surely
John Snow, Treasury Secretary
the wrong answer even leaving aside the debatable
issue of whether cabinet secretaries can influence E) is the unexpected rise in the value of the
the level of exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger euro
dollar, is what the world needs now - so long as
policymakers elsewhere respond appropriately.
America promoted a strong dollar throughout the
1990s, when inflation was still thought to be the main
enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its
recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover,
with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks
a bigger risk than inflation.
4. It is pointed out in the passage that the

American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong
dollar ----.
A) seems less rational now than it did then
B) has proved successful in boosting the
economy
C) has been reversed by the Treasury
Secretary, John Snow
D) has frequently been disregarded by
American economists
E) has been a major reason for the decline of
the euro
5. It is stressed in the passage that for the

American economy, ----.
A) John Snow's policies promise a great deal of

hope
B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may
pose the more serious problem
C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes
a major threat
D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is
of vital importance
E) policy makers agree that deflation has been
responsible for many of the problems
If you’ve had several jobs, then you have almost
certainly had a “worst” job, and the only useful
function of worst jobs, other than to get money, is to
make you look for better work and be thankful when
you find it. My worst job was so easy, so safe, so
common, so free from the barbaric demands of a
bad-tempered boss (I don’t remember even having a
boss), that I hesitate to describe it: it was filing files.
From start to finish each day, from the first day until
the end of the job (it was a brief job), and with
virtually no contact with anyone else, I filed files.
7. The writer doesn’t exactly say why he hated

his first job, but we understand that he found
----.
A) it boring and extremely tedious
B) it physically tiring
C) the working conditions too harmful
D) it challenging
E) no one to advise him on how to work
8. We learn from the passage that, though it

wasn’t true for the writer, ----.
A) one usually feels safe in a job when there is

a routine to follow
B) the size of the work place can have a
positive effect on the work one does
C) it is the money that makes most people
happy in their jobs
D) the person one works for can make the work
unpleasant
E) dealing with people is what makes a job hard
9. According to the passage, the job the writer

had was made worse by the fact that he ----.
A) didn’t need money
B) was generally disliked
C) worked alone
D) was afraid of losing the job
E) didn’t have enough to do
Paragraph Completion > Introduction
1. The word “Celtic” comes from the Greek 3. More than 80 renowned German scientists
Keltoi, first appearing in the sixth century and artists took refuge in Turkey from the
B.C. to describe peoples living inland from Nazi persecution in the 1930s and 1940s. ----
the Mediterranean Sea. These people weren’t Among them were the Berlin Opera director
united, but called themselves “Celts”. ---- Carl Ebert, the composer Paul Hindemith,
Trade by sea also connected them. Calling philosophers and orientalists such as Ernst
them “Celts” makes sense to separate them von Aster and Helmut Ritter. Close ties
from what they weren’t: Roman or Greek. developed amongst various universities in
the two countries as a result and these
A) Today some 2.5 million people claim to persist today. The German Academic
speak a Celtic language. Exchange Service awards various
B) However, these peoples spoke closely scholarships in Turkey. Professors and
related languages and shared beliefs and students teach and study in both countries.
styles of art.
A) Germany had always produced scientists
C) In the fifth century A.D., the Anglo-Saxons
who were renowned for their pioneering
invaded Britain, which was inhabited by
discoveries.
Celtic natives.
B) These were the worst years for those people
D) Today, Celtic culture survives in some parts
who suffered immensely under the Nazi
of Europe, such as Ireland.
regime.
E) The Celtic languages were most widely
C) They worked in and also helped to develop
spoken in various parts of ancient Europe.
and establish Turkish universities.
D) Turkey was a country that accepted people
2. Jane Austen was born in 1775 at Steventon, from Germany during the Nazi persecution.
a small country village in Hampshire. Her E) Many of them visited Istanbul because of its
father was an Anglican clergyman who had rich history.
been a fellow of St. Johns College, Oxford. --
-- Nevertheless, the one who really gave
Jane Austen her education was her own 4. The Times newspaper has three weekly
father. supplements all published and sold
separately. These are The Times Literary
A) When her father died, in 1805, the family Supplement, The Times Education
moved first to Southampton and then to Supplement and The Times Higher
Chawton. Education Supplements. ---- It is devoted
B) While still in her teens, she wrote a series of almost entirely to reviews and covers all
sketches and tales. kinds of new literature.
C) Her first novel, Lady Susan, remained
A) Obviously they influence the way people
unpublished during her life time.
think to a considerable extent.
D) Accompanied by Cassandra, her elder sister
B) Glossy weekly magazines cater for special
and life-long friend, she went to a school at
interests.
Oxford and then to one at Reading.
C) Both of these appeal only to a restricted
E) This is why Jane Austen knew so much
number of people.
about the lives of Anglican clergymen and
their families. D) Of these the Literary Supplement has the
biggest number of readers.
E) They make good use of academic
contributions on issues related to education
and literature.
5. Today deflation comes in both benign and 7. A television rating is simply the number of
malign guises. ----But weak demand is also households tuned into a particular television
creating harmful deflationary pressures in program at a given point in time. Advertisers
some countries. A good way to detect this is especially rely on ratings information to
to look at "output gaps", that is, the increase the effectiveness of television
difference between actual output and output advertising. When they want a commercial to
at full capacity. reach an audience, they need to place it in
TV programs that deliver a great number of
A) “Deflation”, like many economic concepts, is viewers. The more audience a program
a widely misunderstood and often misused delivers, the more the commercial time is
term. worth to advertisers. ----
B) There are several causes for concern, and
none of them are easy to control. A) Furthermore, the ratings are calculated by
gathering a sample of households that
C) New technology is pushing down prices of
represent the total television-viewing
goods and services around the globe which
population and monitoring their viewing
should be good for most economies.
behaviours.
D) Official consumer-price indices often
B) If an advertiser spends millions running ads
overstate inflation rates.
during a program that does not meet its
E) Inflation is equally misunderstood by the expectations, it would be economically wise
majority of ordinary people. to reconsider its placement in that time slot.
C) For example, most TV stations broadcast
6. Migration is the movement of people from news, shows or series during primetime, as
one geographic location to another. they can achieve a higher viewership than
Migration may result from many different other programs, and they are always high
causes. In some cases, economic rated.
opportunities may motivate individuals to D) In fact, advertisements can be harmful for the
move. Algerian guest workers in France are younger population, who spend hours in front
an example of this situation. ---- For of the TV screen and are exposed to
instance, violence emerging from internal aggressive advertising in between popular
conflicts in Rwanda and Sudan has created shows.
mass migrations during recent years. E) Although user habits are rapidly changing,
television has long been considered the most
A) Migration affects not only the recipient region effective mass-market advertising medium
or country but also the region or country of and the ultimate platform for targeted
origin. advertising.
B) War and political unrest also frequently lead
to large-scale movements of people.
C) Migration may boost economic productivity 8. The arts in Italy have enjoyed a long and
by using labour in a more efficient manner. glorious history, and Italians are very proud
of this. ---- Still, efforts are being made
D) Contrary to common view, migration may
throughout the country to put as many art
also produce opportunities as well as
collections on show as possible. The
challenges.
performing arts such as opera and cinema
E) Migration is categorised in many ways to are also underfunded, yet there are
better describe the characteristics of these spectacular cultural festivals.
movements.
A) A tradition of literary Italian was established
back in the 13th and 14th centuries by Dante
and Petrarch, who wrote in a cultured
Florentine dialect.
B) In the land of Verdi and Rossini, opera is
naturally well supported.
C) However, it does cost a lot to look after them.
D) It was the artists and scholars of 15th-
century Florence who inspired the
Renaissance in Europe.
E) On the other hand, Rome, Florence and
Venice are naturally the main tourist
destinations.
9. Ethnic groups can differ greatly in 10. ---- However, most of the African art known
appearance, dress codes, cultural practices, today is relatively recent; from the 19th
and religious beliefs. ---- For instance, the century or later. Very little earlier, African art
Welsh and the English in the UK are most has survived, primarily because it was made
distinctive in terms of their accent and largely of perishable materials such as
language. Speech style, then, is an important wood, cloth, and plant fibres, and because it
and often central stereotypical or normative typically met with intensive use in
property of group membership. ceremonies and in daily life. Scholars of
African art base suppositions about earlier
A) Therefore, communities that live in well- art mainly on the art of the last two
defined boundaries exhibit uniformity in the centuries. But they can only guess at the
way they use language orally. earlier traditions from which the recent art
B) Yet, communication involves spoken and developed.
written languages and a rich mix of
expressions which are contextualized by A) Today, African art does not constitute a
ethnicity and nationality. single tradition.
C) Nevertheless, language or speech style is B) Many surviving examples of African art date
often regarded as one of the most distinct from the 14th to the 17th century.
and clear markers of ethnic identity. C) Each African culture produces its own
D) Besides, the nature of the power and status distinctive art and architecture.
relations between ethnic groups in society is D) African cultures design many utilitarian
influenced by self-respect and pride. objects with decorative schemes in mind.
E) In addition, ethnic groups that are high on E) The earliest known African sculptures are
status and have respectful jobs have high sculpted clay heads and human figures.
ethno-linguistic value.
Paragraph Completion > Homework
1. Ecotourism organisations play a major role 3. At the beginning of every term, Harvard
in researching the viability of ecotourism as students are able to enjoy a one-week
a sustainable development tool. Universities 'shopping period'. ---- There is a spirited
provide funding and facilities for this quality to this stretch, a sense of intellectual
research, and also function as a forum for possibility as students pop in and out of
related debate. ---- A good recent example is lecture halls, grabbing syllabi and listening
the Canadian public agency Canadian for twenty minutes or so before rushing
Tourism Commission’s efforts to document away to other classes. It's quite an amazing
Canadian ecotourism practices in the event and the atmosphere is truly
publication Catalogue of Exemplary stimulating.
Practices in Adventure Travel and
Ecotourism. This document will serve as a A) As soon as the 'shopping period' ends, the
learning tool for other ecotourism fun of learning begins.
entrepreneurs. B) They can sample as many courses as they
like and thus prepare the most appropriate
A) However, they have not established the basic schedule.
standards for the sector.
C) It is an exceptionally good setting for an act
B) Some government agencies also play a of political theatre.
major role in this effort.
D) During this period they take notes in lectures
C) Ecotourism provides important benefits for exams.
especially for the areas affected by climate
E) It may be hard to get into Harvard, but it is
change.
easy to get out without learning much.
D) Public universities should take more active
roles in the development of ecotourism.
E) There is a need for guiding certification 4. Although it may not always be obvious, a
programmes in ecotourism. great deal of thinking lies behind every
advertisement we encounter, whether it be
on radio, or television or in the print media. -
2. People have lived on Earth for two million --- Psychographics, for example, is used to
years. For most of that time, the population divide people into lifestyle profiles that are
has remained small, as the number of births related to purchasing patterns. By using
has more or less equalled the number of psychographics, professional advertisers
deaths. Improved medicine and health care, can analyze consumer’s values, needs,
better sanitation, improved farming attitudes and motivation to purchase
methods, producing more and better food, particular items.
and less physical work have all led to fewer
infant deaths and more people living longer. A) Advertisements may seem pretty much alike
---- Today the world’s population is nearly 7 to us as they pass by in a blur.
billion, and is rising at the rate of about one B) The tougher the market, the more the
million a week. advertisers have to be careful about the
methods they can use.
A) The population is concentrated on areas
C) Even solid brands that have been available
where the climate is suitable for farming
for many years need advertising.
methods.
D) In developing advertising for a product, one
B) Poverty drives many people to flee their
must first understand the product itself.
country in search of better life elsewhere.
E) Several techniques are available that can
C) This has caused a huge increase in
help people resist persuasive messages.
population over the last 150 years.
D) Immigration and travel do not seem to have a
relevant impact on this change.
E) The world’s population is not equally
distributed around the world.
5. Children who do not master basic reading 7. From about 1300 until about the middle of
skills at an early age, specifically the ability the fifteenth century, disasters struck
to automatically decode new words and throughout western Europe with appalling
build vocabulary that leads to fluency, severity and dismaying persistence. ---- Then
experience academic failure. ---- In other came the most terrible natural disaster of all:
words, the curriculum focuses much less on the dreadful plague known as the Black
teaching students to acquire the basic tools Death. It reduced the total population of
of literacy, and much more on using those western Europe by at least one half and
tools to learn content, express ideas, and caused great hardships for most of the
solve problems. At this point, students are survivors.
likely to be given content textbooks in
science and social studies and to read non- A) Europe emerged in the later fifteenth century
fiction for the purpose of gaining new with a healthier economy.
information. B) Of these disasters, famine was the most
widespread and persistent.
A) The readiness of children to read, in
C) There was a limit to the amount of land that
particular, has recently gained greater
could be cleared for farming.
attention from educators.
D) Overcrowding made Europe‘s cities
B) Family environment is as important as the
particularly vulnerable to the plague.
school environment in children’s
development. E) Large-scale banking had already emerged
during the thirteenth century.
C) By the third grade, learning to read has
become reading to learn.
D) Children with good phonological awareness 8. All contemporary societies are to varying
skills usually learn to read quickly. degrees male-dominated. In Britain, as in
E) They also need to learn book-handling skills other Western societies, prestige is attached
such as orienting a book correctly. to “men’s” work while the women’s place of
work is seen as the home. Men’s work earns
a salary or a wage while women’s domestic
6. The temple of Artemis at Ephesus is one of labour is unpaid. ---- Part-time and low-paid
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. jobs are filled overwhelmingly by women.
Built about 550 BC it is the targets and the
most complex temple of ancient times. ----It A) It is not surprising that some women have
was begun in honour of a non-Hellenic campaigned to improve the status of women
goddess who later became identified with in society .
the Greek goddess of the same name. B) It is argued that the biological differences
between men and women are not the cause
A) A further remarkable building to be found at of female inequality.
Ephesus is the greatest library.
C) Role expectations between men and women
B) Ephesus was one of the greatest of the determine differences in status and power.
Ionian cities.
D) When women enter paid employment, their
C) The temple is still undergoing restoration. average incomes are lower than men’s.
D) Except for the tile-covered wooden roof, it E) Women account for approximately 40 per
was made entirely of marble. cent of Britain’s total labour force.
E) The process of restoration is slow and costly.
9. Anthropology literally means the science of 11. The Whispering Gallery is a circular gallery
mankind. The word was used in this broad immediately under the dome in St. Paul's
sense in English for several centuries. In the Cathedral, London. Here, a mere whisper can
18th century, and even for most of the 19th be heard with startling distinctness all the
century, it was conceived as a primarily way round the circumference. ---- Others
physiological study, though there were suggest that the mechanism may be more
always those who insisted that anthropology complicated.
should study body, soul, and the relations
between them. ---- What remained was A) Some have tried to explain the phenomenon
primarily 'cultural' anthropology and an on the basis of successive reflections round
emphasis on the variety of human societies. the wall.
B) People enjoy listening to each other's
A) This meant an emphasis on primitive whispers in the cathedral.
societies which can be studied in a more
C) So far, nobody has managed to give a logical
comprehensive way.
explanation of why this happens.
B) It is usually impossible to study advanced
D) In a church in Newburyport there is a similar
societies in detail and compare them with
effect.
primitive ones.
E) This phenomenon naturally gives an added
C) After the discovery of the DNA in 1953,
charm to the cathedral.
physical anthropology became more
significant than it had ever been.
D) This has often cast the anthropologist in the 12. ---- Unfortunately, it was not performed
role of the defender as well as the interpreter elsewhere during Mozart’s lifetime. That is
of the values of societies. probably why devotees today of Mozart’s
E) With the development of zoology, sociology, Idomeneo assume that it was totally
and economics, anthropology lost a great forgotten between 1791, when Mozart died,
deal of its territory. and 1951, when Fritz Busch and Carl Ebert
brought it to Glyndebourne. However, a
glance at Alfred Loewenberg’s Annuals of
10. The Renaissance is usually associated with Opera will show you how many times it was
the Italian city states. However, Italy’s produced between those years. Gramophone
undoubted importance has too often records also testify that Idomeneo was
overshadowed the development of new known about and sung during the first half
ideas in many other regions. In offering a of the twentieth century.
more global perspective on the nature of the
Renaissance, it would be more accurate to A) Most remarkable of all, Mozart wrote graces
refer to a series of ‘Renaissances’. ---- They into the vocal parts in his thirties.
often overlapped and exchanged influences B) For practical reasons he made other cuts
with the more classical and traditionally shortly before the first performance.
understood Renaissance centred on Italy. C) Mozart did conduct a concert performance in
Vienna in March 1786.
A) The term Renaissance comes from the
French word for ‘rebirth’. D) Mozart faced difficulties with all three
singers, during rehearsals.
B) The Renaissance began as early as the
thirteenth century with the art of Giotto. E) Mozart’s Idomeneo was first performed in
Munich in 1781.
C) Contributions to the Renaissance emerged
from Europe, particularly from Italy and
France.
D) Each of them had different characteristics
and influence.
E) The Renaissance is seen as an international
phenomenon today.
13. Each culture has some understanding of the 15. William Shakespeare, the greatest of
adult competencies needed for adequate Renaissance English dramatists, was born
functioning. For example, children who need into the family of a tradesman in the
a formal education to succeed in their provincial town of Stratford-upon-Avon.
culture are likely to be exposed to these Little is known about his early life. He left his
values early in childhood. Thus, they may native town, having gained a modest
receive books and instruction at a young education, when he was about twenty, and
age. Children in another culture may have to went to London, where he found
do spinning and weaving as part of their employment in the theatre. ---- Yet by the age
adult livelihood. ---- of twenty-eight he had definitely acquired a
reputation as an author sufficient to excite
A) We are all truly integrated in our own the jealousy of his rivals.
societies and cultures.
B) But these children must learn the rules and A) How he eventually became an actor and still
patterns of behaviour. later a writer of plays is uncertain.
C) These children are likely to receive early B) His final play, The Tempest, represents his
exposure to these crafts. reflections on human nature and the power
of art.
D) These learned patterns and rules influence
much of our behaviour. C) The plays written during the early years of
his career are characterized by a sense of
E) It is this pattern of thought that guides them
confidence.
to becoming academics.
D) His Hamlet, which is his greatest play, is the
tragedy of indecisive idealism and passion
14. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is for the truth.
perhaps the world’s most well-known E) Throughout his tragedies one senses his
painting. It is difficult to think of another profound analysis of human character seized
piece of artwork that has been analysed, by passion.
talked about and written about to quite the
same degree as this one. ---- Some believe
that the model was da Vinci’s own mother, 16. In April 1601 the English East India Company
Caterina, or Princess Isabella of Nables, or a sent its first expedition to the East. ---- The
Spanish noblewoman named Costanza success of this journey led to a second
d’Avalos. Some even suggested that da Vinci expedition by the same ships, which left
based the portrait on his own likeliness due London in March 1604. On the return, Hector
to the subject’s slightly masculine facial and Susan set off first, but Susan was lost at
features. sea and Hector was rescued by Ascension
and Dragon, which found her in South Africa
A) The painting was eventually acquired by King with most of her crew dead. Ascension,
Francis I of France and is now the property Dragon, and Hector made it back to England
of the French Republic. in May 1606 with a cargo of pepper, cloves,
B) Perhaps the most plausible answer came and nutmegs. The shareholders in these two
from art historian Vasan, who suggested that voyages made a profit of 95% on their
the model was Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo. investment.
C) But however famous the portrait is, the true
A) Despite the success of the third expedition in
inspiration behind that half-smile has never
1607, the fourth one was a complete
been truly discovered.
disaster.
D) It has remained on permanent display at the
B) A train run by steam power changed the
Louvre Museum in Paris sine 1797 where it
history of transportation forever.
continues to attract huge crowds.
C) Rich London businessmen provided a lot of
E) A 500 year-old note by one of da Vinci’s
money for these farmers.
friends, which stated that the artist was
working on the portrait, was recently D) Its four ships returned from Sumatra and
discovered. Java with a cargo composed mainly of
pepper.
E) The cost of building such a ship and
maintaining it is quite high these days.
17. At the start of the twentieth century, Britain 19. Until recently, Sudan’s Nubian history
was still the greatest world power. By the remained largely unknown. ---- They have
middle of the century, although still one of recognized that these pharaohs came from a
the Big Three, Britain was clearly weaker strong African civilization that had
than both the United States and the Soviet flourished on the southern banks of the Nile
Union. ---- Its power had ended as quickly as for 2,500 years, going back at least as far as
Spain‘s had done in the seventeenth century. the first Egyptian dynasty. The most
One reason for this sudden decline of Britain important remains of this civilization are the
was the cost and effort of two world wars. pyramids in the Nubian Desert, which are
greater in number than those in Egypt.
A) Indeed, by the end of the 1970s, Britain was
no longer even among the richest European A) Human figures in Egyptian, Greek, and
powers. Roman art indicate a clear awareness of
B) In electronics and technology, Britain is still a racial features.
world competitor. B) Only in the past four decades have
C) No one doubts that Britain is living in an age archaeologists uncovered the story of the so-
of uncertainty. called ‘'black’' pharaohs.
D) But the most important reason was the basic C) Sudan’s pyramids are extremely interesting
weaknesses in Britain‘s industrial power. structures and have not been properly
studied.
E) The discovery of oil in the North Sea has
given Britain a great deal of economic D) Therefore, The Sudanese government has
advantage. decided to build a dam on the Nile, 970 kms
upstream from Egypt’s Aswan High Dam.
E) The Nubian Desert, which is vast and
18. Photo interpretation in archaeology is the extremely uninhabitable, needs to be fully
process by which features photographed explored.
from the air, such as soil-marks, are
analyzed in order to deduce the types of
archaeological structures causing them. ---- 20. The relationship between humans and dogs
Such plans may guide excavation to key has been in existence for over 10,000 years,
points in a structure, place field-collected and shows no signs of weakening. But it is
data in context, or themselves be used as changing, as the traditional tasks that dogs
the starting point for new research. perform have been supplemented by new
roles. There is evidence that some children
A) Archaeologists may use aircraft to search the with autism-spectrum disorders benefit from
ground for traces of former sites in the the company of a dog. Some such children
landscape. form intense relationships with animals,
B) Given that the visibility of features varies seemingly finding them easier to relate to. ---
from year to year, photos taken over several - Otherwise, children tend to ignore pets that
years need to be studied to compile an were there when they were babies.
accurate plan.
A) However, in order to be the most effective,
C) The aerial photograph also highlights an
the dog has to be obtained when the child is
interesting earlier feature: a shallow Neolithic
old enough to interact with it.
ditch running across the middle of the fort.
B) Getting a dog may not automatically make
D) Soil marks may reveal the presence of varied
children healthier, but you need to train it well
ditches, banks or foundations.
for that.
E) Those who take and use aerial photographs
C) In fact, dogs need to be able to read a child’s
must understand the means by which the
body language in order to get the best out of
evidence is made visible in order to
their interactive natures.
determine the type of feature that has been
recorded. D) That’s why the capacity of pets to bring
people together is made use of in many
kinds of therapy.
E) It is not known precisely how this occurs, but
a dog’s ability to detect minute changes in
the child’s body must play a part.
Irrelevant Sentence > Introduction
1. (I) The balance of payments has recently been a 5. (I) The Magna Carta was a document written to
serious problem particularly in Eastern Europe. satisfy the grievances of England's barons and
(II) The late 1950s and the early 1960s saw a the Church by clearly defining their rights and
decline in British competitiveness. (III) As a responsibilities, as well as those of the King. (II)
result the British share in world exports of The agreement covered such topics as the
manufactures fell steadily. (IV) On the other giving of heirs in marriage, a widow's right to
hand, there was a rapid increase in imports of choose not to re-marry, and the handling of
manufactured goods. (V) Consequently, the debts following a debtor's death. (III) Of
balance of payments deteriorated, and the particular note though were the promises that no
country was heading towards a major economic free man would be imprisoned except by lawful
crisis. justice, nor would they be denied the right to
justice. (IV) The Magna Carta was written in
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V medieval Latin and agreed to and sealed by
King John in 1215. (V) There were also
restrictions placed on the use of taxation by the
2. (I) It was July 1789, and the Parisians were King and his barons, including the formation of a
excited to lever pitch by the summons of troops council that could approve or reject proposed
to Versailles. (II) For them, the Bastille had long taxes.
been symbol of royal absolutism. (III)
Everywhere in the country similar incidents were A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
taking place. (IV) So now they seized guns and
cannons from the invalides and marched
against the Bastille. (V) Since It was poorly 6. (I) Instead of carrying a large amount of cash, a
defended this fortress passed into the hands of buyer can make a single payment for many
the mob in just four hours. purchases with a credit card. (II) A credit card is
not money. (III) The credit card system is
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V efficient because it meets the seller's need to
know about the credit standing and repayment
habits of the buyer. (IV) For a fee that each user
3. (I) The word 'Utopia' is taken from a Greek word agrees to, the bank issues the credit card,
meaning 'nowhere'. (II) It was first used in 1516 makes a loan to the buyer for each purchase,
by Sir Thomas More as the title of a book he and pays the merchant promptly. (V) The buyer
wrote about an imaginary country. (III) In it he then has a debt that he or she settles by making
described an ideal society with the aim of payment to the credit card company.
directing public attention to the corruption in his
own country. (IV) Since then, the term has been A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
used of any idealised society. (V) Actually More
wrote his Utopia in Latin as this was still the
language of serious writing in Europe. 7. (I) There are differences between what men and
women do with the Internet when they are
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V online. (II) By 2005, however, men and women
were making use of the Internet in almost equal
numbers. (III) Women tend to use it to search
4. (I) Highly prized in Mayan society, chocolate for health and medical information, maps and
was regarded as a gift from the gods to the religious information. (IV) Men, on the other
Mayan race. (II) Cocoa beans were employed hand, rely on it more for weather reports, sports
as currency, traded for commodities such as results and news. (V) According to statistics
cloth or feathers, and used in religious rituals. from the US, women also use e-mail for different
(III) Evidence suggests that their international purposes than men.
trading relations brought them into contact with
peoples up to 1,600 miles away in central A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Mexico, Panama and the Caribbean. (IV) They
were also used to make the chocolate drink that
was, until around 1600, reserved for 8. (I) Women in Britain enjoy more sporting
consumption by the most prestigious members opportunities than they used to. (II) Today they
of the society. (V) The significance of cocoa and can take part in sports that were once restricted
chocolate within Mayan life can be seen in the to men such as boxing and body building. (III)
references to the making and consumption of However, there is still very little football played
chocolate in hieroglyphs and ancient Mayan among women in Britain. (IV) This is mainly due
texts. to their choice of sporting activities which
require individual performance. (V) In other
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V words, throughout history, women have had little
interest in sports.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9. (I) Across the globe, people greeted the end of 10. (I) Creativity usually means producing things
World War II with a profound sense of relief. (II) that are both novel and useful but could we
By virtually any measurement, the war had been design machines that are creative? (II) Equally
the most devastating conflict in human history. controversial is the idea that one might produce
(III) The more traditional and more widely socially and emotionally intelligent machines.
accepted date for the start of World War II is 1 (III) To fully qualify for this praise, a machine
September 1939, with the quick but not quite must be able to first read or detect emotions in
blitzkrieg (lightning) German invasion of Poland. another person or machine and then reach out
(IV) The war’s economic cost alone has been to that person or machine appropriately. (IV)
calculated at perhaps five times that of World Many people have dreamed of a machine that
War I. (V) In human terms, it claimed half again can produce typed script of what they say. (V)
as many military lives: 15 million versus 10 An emotionally intelligent, socially skilled
million for World War I. machine would need to be more than simply
polite but also rewarding and sensitive.
Irrelevant Sentence > Homework
1. (I) Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 4. (I) Music can change our mood by changing the
1558 to 1603. (II) During that time, England way we perceive the world. (II) Karaoke can
began its rise to become the empire ‘on which have a decidedly negative effect on mood
the sun never sets’. (III) In her reign, popular depending on the singer. (III) For example, in
culture flourished; her court became a focal experiments in which people looked at smiley or
point for writers, musicians, and scholars such sad face icons, the music they were listening to
as Shakespeare and Francis Bacon. (IV) affected what they saw. (IV) A beat can even
Elizabeth inherited an England that was troubled affect our heart rate and, when people sing
by inflation, bankruptcy, disastrous wars, and together, their breathing may become
religious conflict. (V) She also encouraged a synchronised and positive emotions increased.
spirit of free inquiry that in turn facilitated the (V) These effects are perhaps not so surprising
Scientific Revolution and the Age of when we know that musical patterns affect the
Enlightenment. auditory brainstem, as well as auditory cortex,
parts of the neural reward system and other
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V areas involved in memory and emotion.
2. (I) The cravat, introduced in the mid-17th
century, is the ancestor of the modern necktie.
(II) Legend has it that the origins of the cravat lie 5. (I) Students respond positively to being liked,
with an army regiment from Croatia that was and to being accepted and respected members
fighting with the French during the Thirty Years' of the class. (II) In some schools students help
War (1618-48). (III) The soldiers in this regiment ascertain their own rights and responsibilities.
wrapped a long scarf loosely around their necks, (III) Everyone has a basic need for love and for
supposedly to protect themselves from sword belonging, students are no exception. (IV) They
blows. (IV) When the Croatian soldiers visited want to feel valued and cared about. (V) They
Paris, the French were captivated by their want to be part of the group rather than
neckwear and began to adopt it for their own outsiders.
use. (V) Nevertheless, the soft and easy-to-tie
cravat was a great improvement in fashion A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
industry and it was worn by both men and
women.
6. (I) Prodigies are defined by their childhood
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ability to perform at adult professional levels in a
particular area. (II) Some experts argue that
prodigies benefit from years of intense, early
3. (I) Almost every culture has its version of the practice, usually encouraged by ambitious
flute, drum and guitar. (II) There are wide parents. (III) Many parents, in vain, make
variations in the way they are tuned, constructed academic success programmes for their
and played. (III) Typically, a child prodigy gains children with hopes that they may turn out to be
expertise in just two or three years. (IV) They a prodigy. (IV) Others highlight prodigies' innate
share, however, a common association of often abilities such as a heightened attention to detail
being used for religious ceremonies. (V) The and exceptional working memory. (V)
craft of making and playing them is therefore Prodigiousness seems to arise from a
taken very seriously. combination of this cognitive profile described
also by psychologists.
7. (I) Cuneiform is an ancient method of writing on

tablets of damp clay. (II) The other early forms
of writing also include the runic and the
hieroglyphic systems. (III) When the tablets
were dried and hardened, they formed a
permanent script. (IV) The origins of cuneiform
writing can be traced back to the Sumerians of
ancient Mesopotamia. (V) Later on, the method
was adopted by other Middle Eastern peoples.
8. (I) In Britain, biscuit consumption is higher than 12. (I) It is now nearly 40 years since President
in the rest of Europe. (II) When someone sits John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas,
down for a tea, coffee or biscuit, he or she might Texas. (II) Yet the events of that fateful day
be consuming a little bit of celebrity history. (III) remain the subject of much controversy. (III)
Some of the most common and popular foods Was the suspect, Lee Harvey Oswald, a lone
and beverages are named after famous people assassin? (IV) Actually, Dallas is the most
of the past. (IV) Early Grey tea, Garibaldi fascinating city of Texas. (V) Or was the murder
biscuits and the classic Victoria sponge cake the result of a major conspiracy?
are among the most favoured food and drinks
linked with historical figures. (V) Rich, famous A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
and talented historical celebrities have also lent
their names to seafood dishes, puddings and
champagne. 13. (I) There are many different ways of responding
to or experiencing artworks. (II) We call these
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V art responses. (III) Being amused by a play is an
art response, and, if the play is a farce, all things
being equal, an appropriate response. (IV) A
9. (I) While it is often easy to identify the change large part of what is called aesthetic experience
your project will deliver, it may be more difficult concerns noticing, detecting and discriminating.
to quantify the nature, scale and timing of the (V) Similarly, if one is reading a social protest
benefit. (II) Every year, hundreds of projects are novel, then being angered by the oppression
carried out in various countries despite their depicted is an art response.
limitations. (III) As a rule, benefits from a project
should be aligned with at least one of the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
organisation’s strategic goals if it is to proceed.
(IV) You should also consider the point at which
the benefits can be expected. (V) In some 14. (I) The problem with electric guitars is that, from
cases, a smaller return is preferable to a larger the point of view of sound, they cannot be
one that will take longer to come in. improved. (II) At schools, children should be
encouraged to play the guitar. (III) They can be
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V decorated and made to look better. (IV) They
can be made lighter and easier to play. (V) But
they cannot be made to sound any better.
10. (I) Coffee is another beverage that tends to be
prepared and served differently in different A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
countries. (II) The continuing slump in the price
of raw coffee is causing hardship for growers on
a scale unseen for decades. (III) The suffering is 15. (I) When you find a good source of pastured
the worst in Central America, where the drop in meat, you will want to buy it in quantity and
coffee prices has coincided with drought. (IV) In store it for future use. (II) Animals are fed a high
Nicaragua, coffee farmers with malnourished energy diet of grain to make them grow quickly.
children are begging for food by the roadsides. (III) Deep freezers are surprisingly inexpensive
(V) In Peru, some families have abandoned their to buy and to operate, because they are not
land, while others have turned to growing drug opened nearly as often as the one in your
crops in their search for money. refrigerator. (IV) A freezer will also enable you to
buy produce in bulk at the height of its season,
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V when it will be most abundant and therefore
cheap. (V) Also, freezing does not significantly
diminish the nutritional value of the product.
11. (I) A soldier's job used to be to kill the enemy.
(II) Now, however, the global system is more A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
complex and modern troops are often deployed
in Operations other than war (OOTW). (III) For
the British Army recent OOTW have included 16. (I) Peer evaluation involves learners receiving
collecting weapons from ethnic Albanian feedback on their writing from each other. (II) It
guerillas and peacekeeping in former can be done in pairs or in a small group. (III)
Yugoslavia. (IV) These kinds of operations have Some learners may object to the idea of
become increasingly common since the end of obtaining feedback from people other than the
the Cold War, as the UN takes on international teacher. (IV) Each learner brings the written
policing missions. (V) If the marines had opened draft, the others read it, and then give helpful
fire on unarmed citizens, there would have been comments. (V) In order to make commenting
an international outcry. easier, the learners can be told to focus on a
few aspects of writing, such as organisation and
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V the use of headings and references.
17. (I) A series of excellent vintages in 1990–97 put 19. (I) There are several different versions of
Californian wines on the world map. (II) Just as feminism, but most share a number of features
the new vineyards started to produce viable in common. (II) Like Marxists, feminists tend to
grapes, the dollar rose making imported wines see society as divided into different social
cheaper. (III) The timing was exceedingly groups. (III) Unlike Marxists, however, feminists
fortunate. (IV) It was at this time that scientific see the major division as being between men
research began to highlight the hearth benefits and women. (IV) For example, feminists have
of wine. (V) While at the same time aging baby argued that men have most of the power in
boomers began drinking more of it. families, that they tend to be employed in better-
paid and higher-status jobs than women. (V)
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Marxist theory also has its roots in Hegel’s
dialectic worldview.
18. (I) The striking and kicking techniques of A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
modern karate originate from a traditional
fighting system, Okinawa-te, developed in
Okinawa during the early 17th century. (II) 20. (I) Most children, from time to time, show
Modern karate was founded by Gichin aggressive tendencies. (II) This is entirely
Funakoshi, who, in 1906, toured Okinawa giving normal, and should be regarded as so. (III) In
the first public demonstration of Okinawa-te. (III) fact, children should be encouraged to express
Contrary to popular belief, karate practitioners their aggression fully through creative activities
spend very little time smashing bricks and and exploration. (IV) For this, a safe, suitable
boards. (IV) Subsequently, a slightly refined background must be provided. (V) Actually more
version of this technique was included in the accidents occur indoors than they do outdoors.
physical education curriculum of Okinawa. (V)
During these formative years, Okinawa-te A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
became known as karate-jutsu (Chinese hand
art).
Reading Comprehension > Homework
The reasons for language death range from natural We all start out as readers, don't we? First, it is
disasters to different forms of cultural assimilation. picture books read to us by mum or dad. Then we
Small communities in isolated areas can easily be begin to recognise sounds, letters, and words, and to
wiped out by earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis and take the first steps towards becoming readers
other natural disasters. On 17th July 1998, a 7.1 ourselves. Many of us got the reading bug when we
magnitude earthquake off the coast of Papua New were young, and books read in childhood can stay
Guinea killed more than 2.200 people and displaced with us forever. Reading is often the first piece of
a further 10,000 people. Many villages were advice any aspiring writer is given. If you want to
destroyed; and some 30% of the villagers were killed. become a published author, it is a pretty good idea to
The people in these villages had been identified as take a look at what has been published so far - and to
being sufficiently different from each other in their see what is being published now. First, read the kind
speech to justify the recognition of four separate of stuff you yourself want to write. Whatever that is -
languages, but the numbers were very small. romance, crime, sci-fi, thrillers, memoirs, sagas,
Moreover, as the survivors moved away to care fantasy, non-fiction, it is sensible to see what is
centers and other locations, these communities and already out there. Secondly, take a look at what is
thus their languages could not survive the trauma of being written outside your own genre. The more
displacement. widely you read, the more you will learn. See how
others do it and find out what works for you - and
1. According to the passage, the what does not. Learn how successful authors keep
disappearance of a language ----. their readers turning the pages. Finally, do not ignore
the everyday stuff you cannot get away from:
A) can be brought about by the effects of newspapers and magazines, TV advertisements,
natural disasters websites, social media and so on. Ultimately, as a
B) rarely results from cultural assimilation writer, you need to use words effectively to make
C) results in the disappearance of local every word count.
communities
4. Which of the following is true about the
D) is a cultural process that cannot be
books people read in childhood according to
prevented
the passage?
E) seems to be unavoidable but regrettable
A) People form their reading habits thanks to
the pictures these books contain.
2. We learn from the passage that four of
the local languages used in Papua New B) Children's books are usually better than
Guinea were lost ----. picture books in helping become a published
writer.
A) because the death toll was unimaginably C) Such books are written for the purpose of
high teaching sounds and letters.
B) and these were the ones most widely spoken D) We often remember them throughout the
C) owing to the displacement of the people who course of our lives.
spoke these languages E) It may not be possible to become a good
D) owing to various forms of cultural writer without analysing them carefully.
assimilation
E) in spite of efforts to preserve them 5. Why is it important to read outside your
favourite genre?
3. It is pointed out in the passage that
A) To imitate the great writers who have written
the villagers living in a certain area of Papua
before you
New Guinea ----.
B) To learn about different styles and structures
A) chose to leave the area after an earthquake available
B) formed a close community in spite of C) To see which of the genres are making the
language differences biggest profits
C) shared a common, very primitive language D) To decide what genre is the best for your
D) did not speak a common language target group of readers
E) were the least affected by the 1998 E) To get inspired by the popular themes of the
earthquake great writers
6. Which of the following can replace the Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude
underlined verb 'count' in the passage? oil to finance industrial development.90% of Nigeria's
exports by value are crude oil. At current production
A) stimulate rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end
B) imply of the century. Industrialisation was boosted after
C) matter 1973 following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In
the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria lost important
D) occur
income. Oil production peaked in 1974 when output
E) necessitate reached 112 million tonnes
7. It is pointed out in the passage that the

sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 ----.
A) had less effect on Nigeria’s economy than
might have been expected
B) contributed greatly to industrial development
in Nigeria
C) coincided with a considerable fall in oil
production
D) provided Nigeria with a high revenue well
into the late 1980s
E) put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria’s oil
reserves
8. It is understood from the passage that only a

fraction of Nigeria exports ----.
A) are goods other than crude oil

B) would be needed to support industrial
development
C) were affected by the fall in oil prices in the
1980s
D) were oil-related
E) have benefited from price increases
9. According to the passage, so long as the

current rate of oil production is maintained --
--.
A) world oil prices are not expected to rise
significantly
B) Nigeria’s industrial development plans will
soon be fully realised
C) Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by
the year 2.000
D) Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues
E) the variety of goods exported from Nigeria
will increase
When large numbers of employees work on one site, Companies often link pay increases to a measure of
it is easy for unions to recruit and communicate with performance to motivate and retain the best
their members. It is easy to organize industrial action employees, which may also ensure the companies'
and this gives the union extra power. Similarly, if the long-term success. Among many forms of individual
production process is highly integrated so that a large performance-related pay, the most popular is merit-
number of people contribute in varied and specialized based pay. Under such a system, an employee's pay
ways, strike action by a very few people can disrupt increase is based on a supervisor's assessment of
production. For example, in the car industry, where performance over a previous time period, usually the
production involves many people contributing parts prior 12 months. The annual cycle of the pay scheme
for and working on an assembly line, quite small begins with the establishment of performance
groups of people can halt production. However, this objectives, either by the supervisor or jointly between
sort of union power is much reduced by the threat of the employee and the supervisor. Progress is
unemployment. monitored over the ensuing months, and the
supervisor rates the performance of an employee, on
10. According to the text, in workplaces where a a given scale, against these objectives. Each of these
lot of workers are employed ----. rating points is then associated with the amount of a
pay increase, expressed as a percentage, so the
A) most of the employees work on an assembly higher the rating, the higher the pay increase. The
line size of the pay increase can also vary depending on
B) the risk of the workers being unemployed is the position in the pay range. Typically, employees at
high the bottom of the pay range with high-performance
C) unions can easily find new members and ratings will get a larger increase than an employee
keep in touch with their existing members near the top of the pay range with a high-
performance rating. In some cases, the intention is to
D) labour relations between the employer and enable the employee to reach the top of the pay
the employees are usually good range at the same time as he or she is ready to be
E) union leaders don’t have to meet promoted. The difficulty is that this system is not
management supported by all employees. Research has
demonstrated that merit-based pay is attractive to
11. It is pointed out in the passage that unions some occupations, for example managers, and to
may become less powerful if ----. certain demographic groups, such as white-collar
workers, high-income earners, and younger
A) the rate of unemployment is low employees, but it might not be the best payment
B) they frequently organize strikes approach for all occupations and companies.
C) manufacturing costs are high
13. It is stated in the passage that companies ---
D) any given management becomes unpopular -.
E) there is a danger of unemployment
A) can contribute to their future prosperity by
motivating their employees with a pay
12. According to the text, an assembly line increase
production process can be advantageous
B) use various forms of payment depending on
when organizing strike action, because ----.
the importance of the position
A) a large number of products can be produced C) evaluate their employees' previous
in such conditions performance to lay out future performance
B) workers can communicate with each other criteria
easily D) increase the motivation of their employees by
C) the cost of blocking production is high setting attainable performance objectives
D) even a few workers are enough to block E) should use individual performance-related
production pay to motivate their non-efficient employees
E) workers can easily be moved from section to
section 14. It is understood from the passage that in the
merit-based pay system, ----.
A) supervisors' strict control over employees

may backfire as weak performance
B) employees are allowed to rate their own
performance
C) supervisors' rating points determine the
amount of the pay increase
D) an employee gets a pay increase when his or
her performance is higher than those of
others
E) employees may get a pay increase during
the supervision period
15. What can be concluded about a pay increase Afghanistan's terrain, climate and tradition
in the merit-based pay system? of gardening make it a good place for growing fruit.
In the 1970s, export of fruits and nuts provided
A) Younger employees may not get a high pay about 40 % of the country's foreign exchange. About
increase since they may not compete well 60 % of the world's dried fruit came from Afghanistan.
with experienced ones. In the 1990s, the Food and Agriculture Organization
B) Employees deserve a pay increase only if (FAO) helped to create over 300 fruit-tree nurseries
they have gained the qualifications required throughout the country to replace orchards destroyed
for a promotion. during a decade of occupation by the Soviet Union.
C) Companies try to keep the best employees at Further fighting ruined more of Afghan agriculture,
the top of the pay range by providing them including the vineyards of the Somali plain. But it was
with the highest pay increase. the lack of water and the lack of money that
devastated the country's orchards, most of which are
D) No matter how hard they try, employees in
now in a sorry state. Such fruits and vegetables that
the lowest position cannot get a pay increase
are being produced now are difficult to distribute or
as high as that of the ones who are at the top
export because many of the country's roads and
of the pay range.
bridges have been destroyed.
E) Industrious employees with a low income
may get a higher percentage of pay increase 16. It's clear from the passage that,
than those having a high income. several decades ago, Afghanistan ----.
A) began to build a network of roads across the
country
B) used to have a climate ideally suited to the
growing of fruit trees, but now it has changed
C) had some of the best vineyards in the world
D) used to meet more than half the world's need
for dried fruit.
E) suffered from an acute shortage of foreign
currency.
17. It is emphasized in the passage that

the destruction of Afghanistan's orchards ---
-.
A) was the result more of a lack of water than of
wars and occupations
B) was compensated for by the massive
financial aid of the FAO
C) did not seriously affect the economy of the
country
D) was intensified during the final months of the
Soviet occupation
E) gave the country the opportunity to introduce
more modern methods of gardening
18. It is clear from the passage that one

big problem currently facing the distribution
and export of Afghanistan's agricultural
produce ----.
A) is the lack of foreign exchange to finance

exports
B) is the disruption of the transport facilities in
the country
C) may be said to be the general state of
uncertainly in the country
D) is the huge debt the country owes to the FAO
E) is the poor quality of this produce owing to
climatic changes
The conventional photography industry is facing The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its
difficult times now that digital cameras have come to members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and
the fore in all parts of the world. People with digital values of that culture. These myths are of particular
cameras take more picture than do those with interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting
conventional cameras, but make fewer prints. They adventure stories, but in these myths we see
tend to share pictures over the internet and get any ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet
prints they do want from their computers, instead of with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths.
going to a photography shop for prints. Further, a As for heroes, they are the models of human
new threat has now appeared: camera-equipped behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by
mobile phones. These could change the nature of performing great deeds that help their community,
photography entirely, because they make the sharing and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are
of digital photographs far easier. In all probability they forced by circumstance to make critical choices
will soon be quite the most popular form of camera. where they must balance one set of values against
competing values. They achieve heroic stature in part
19. It is clear from the passage that people with from their accomplishments and in part because they
digital cameras ----. emerge from their trials as more sensitive and
thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the
A) do not need the services of the photography same throughout the world. They come from cultures
industry where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways.
B) regard themselves as professional This permits them to express their individuality.
photographers However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no
C) can’t take better photographs than people hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are
with conventional cameras often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their
imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with
D) take fewer photographs than one might them and to like them, since everyone has similar
expect psychological needs and conflicts.
E) are not interested in camera-equipped
mobile phones 22. It is suggested in the passage that the trials
that heroes undergo ----.
20. We understand from the passage that, with
A) are usually the outcome of conflicting values
the coming of digital cameras, ----.
in society and can therefore be most painful
A) photography has been made rather easy B) make up the contents of those myths and
B) the photography industry has been enjoying epics which have survived to our time
a period of prosperity C) can be described in a variety of ways,
C) no one ever bothers to print any photographs although they are mainly related to their
needs
D) more and more people have started to use
the internet D) have a positive impact on their character
whereby they attain a high moral status
E) people are taking more photographs than
before E) enable a society to become aware of its
weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them
21. According to the passage, it seems likely
that camera-equipped mobile phones ----. 23. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths
and epics ----.
A) will only enjoy a short period of popularity
A) can be understood from various angles since
B) are going to bring radical changes to the field
they are the products of different cultures
of photography
B) represent different attitudes that heroes
C) will soon be able to produce photographs of
adopt during the course of their adventures
higher quality
C) illustrate various sets of values that are
D) will always be a luxury item
always contrary to each other
E) will soon be replaced by a much smaller
D) essentially show why heroes‘ moral
camera
imperfections become the cause of their
downfall
E) are morally useful because one learns from
them how to conduct oneself properly
24. One understands from the passage that The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century
myths ----. England survived into the early 20th century, until
home life was seriously dislocated in 1914 by World
A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact War I, which was a war on the largest scale the world
describe heroes that, from a moral point of had ever known. But since the last decade of the
view, are absolutely perfect 19th century new developments and inventions had
B) appeal to very few people because they are been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing
mere fictions that contain nothing but only number of people. Town and country were knit more
adventures closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and
C) are a kind of mirror through which are efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle,
reflected not only our virtues but also our the development of the petrol engine and the cheap
shortcomings popular newspaper; such things as these helped to
break down social formalities and to place women
D) are so concerned with human weaknesses
again on a more equal footing with men.
that even ordinary people do not identify
themselves with mythical heroes
25. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a
E) represent only universal values and attitudes, result of a variety of changes in the way of
as they do not belong to a specific society or life in England at the turn of century, ----.
culture
A) travel by rail became the most popular form
of transport
B) living conditions in the country couldn't keep
up with those in the towns
C) the position of women in society improved
significantly
D) country people were for the first time able to
benefit from postal services
E) the urban people had the unique opportunity
26. According to the author, one of the

damaging effects in England of World War I,
was that ----.
A) more and more people began to leave urban
areas and move to the countryside
B) the manufacturing industry experienced a
severe recession
C) technological progress was adversely
affected
D) the traditionally close family life was badly
disrupted
E) everybody began to take an interest in
political and economic affairs
27. The author points out that World War I ----.

A) helped to bring town life and country life
closer together
B) showed people how important family life was
C) was a greater magnitude than any previous
war had been
D) was an important factor in the breakdown of
social formalities
E) had been expected as far back as the last
decade of the 19th century
Therapists have to be very careful before they make
a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many
complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a
patient is really being harassed at work, that her
husband is deceiving her, or that her business
partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be
careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap
known as the Martha Mitchell effect. Martha Mitchell
was the wife of former US attorney general John
Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused of having
ordered the break-in at the Democratic campaign
headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her
husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the
real culprit– President Richard M. The White House
spread disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she
had a drinking problem and implying that her
statements were delusional. When the scandal was
ultimately unravelled, Mrs Mitchell's statements were
proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane
and with no drinking problem.
28. The passage draws attention to the fact that

----.
A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on
several occasions
B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to
distinguish between fact and delusion
C) President Nixon had never trusted his
attorney general
D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to
delusions
E) complaints always have a foundation in fact
29. We understand from the passage that Mrs

Mitchell ----.
A) was often treated by therapists on account of
her delusions
B) did indeed have a drinking problem
C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread
by the White House
D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from
delusions
E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair
30. We learn from the passage that, in the

Watergate affair, US attorney general John
Mitchell ----.
A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the
Democratic campaign headquarters
B) was made to appear as the leading
wrongdoer
C) asked the press to interview his wife
D) advised President Nixon on the legal
procedure
E) was anxious that his wife should not get
involved with the press
1: Race is an indication of the heritage with which 5: If the unemployment rate should rise, then
you were born, regardless of location or learned demand for a product may fall because fewer
behaviour. consumers can now afford to buy it.
TR: TR:
2: It is widely said that 90% disputes occur due to

lack of proper communication. 6: Colombia has been a major exporter of coffee
TR: ever since the plant was introduced in the 19th
century.
TR:
3: Some cities are experiencing infrastructure

problems with their water mains as a result of poor
maintenance.
TR:
7: Cultural Anthropology is the study of
contemporary cultures in order to understand better
past human development.
TR:
4: It is the duty of a government to develop a policy

with regard to the conservation of the environment.
TR:
8: Education promotes good judgment, thus it is

considered an essential factor for good citizenship.
TR:
9: Electricity generation is a major concern for much 10: Research shows that it is not divorce that harms
of the world, since demand is rising with the children, but the continuing conflict between
growing human population. parents.
TR: TR:
When economists try to explain why the Internet is From 770 to 220 BC, China enjoyed an era of great
more popular in one country than another, they cultural development, and the philosophies that
usually point to factors such as the number of PCs, emerged at this time were known as the Hundred
telephone lines or average years of schooling.But Schools of Thought. By the 6th century BC, the Zhou
something less quantifiable may be more important: Dynasty was in decline – moving from the stability of
trust.This, at least, is the result of a recent study, the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States
which compared 17 countries.The Internet's Period – and it was during this time that Confucius
anonymity and vastness encourage was born. Like other philosophers of the age, such as
misrepresentation and fraud.Thus, people who are Thales, Pythagoras and Heraclitus of Greece,
normally suspicious (and there are a lot of them) tend Confucius sought constants in a world of change, and
to shun the medium, while more trusting ones for him, this meant a search for moral values that
embrace it. could enable rulers to govern justly. Unlike many of
the early Chinese philosophers, Confucius looked to
1. One important point made in the passage the past for his inspiration. He was conservative by
is that ----. nature, and had a great respect for ritual and
ancestor worship. A rigid social hierarchy existed in
A) without the Internet, to help education in China, but Confucius was part of a new class of
schools would be less efficient scholars who acted as advisors to the courts, and
B) the Internet could be used to prevent they achieved their status not through inheritance,
corruption and cheating but by merit.
C) an increasing number of people now do their
business through the Internet 4. It is stated in the passage that Confucius ----.
D) to be effective, the Internet needs to be more A) was born when Chinese philosophers had no
easily accessible influence on the society
E) many people feel no confidence in the B) was very different from the Greek
Internet philosophers of that time
C) rejected the teaching and moral values of the
2. We understand from the passage that past
the Internet ----. D) was interested in developing a moral code to
help rule the country
A) does not have the same appeal throughout
the world E) developed a group of philosophers known as
the Hundred Schools of Thought
B) has contributed enormously to the
improvement of the world economy
C) is being used more and more commonly in 5. According to the passage, during
schools around the world Confucius’s time, ----.
D) enjoys great popularity in 17 countries in the A) Chinese society had a very flexible hierarchy
world that encouraged freedom
E) has failed to attain the world-wide popularity B) the system of court advising had not yet
expected of it by economists been a long-established tradition in the
Chinese society
3. It is pointed out in the passage that trust ----. C) Chinese courts were advised by Greek
philosophers as well
A) in the Internet has been undermined by too
D) the Chinese rulers were losing respect for
many cases of fraud
the rituals of the past
B) is only of secondary importance for the
E) China was a place where philosophers were
popularity of the Internet
highly respected by the society
C) is of paramount importance for the spread of
the Internet
6. It is understood from the passage that
D) in the Internet cannot be restored in the near
Confucius ----.
future
E) in the Internet cannot exist so long as there A) looked to the Zhou Dynasty for inspiration
are so many naturally suspicious people B) based his philosophy on the works of the
early Chinese philosophers
C) earned his status in the court through his
skills
D) was in disagreement with the Greek
philosophers in terms of ruling
E) believed that philosophers should work
together to change the society
The growth of the importance of libraries in both the
social and the scientific spheres has led to a great
development in library science and in educational
training for the profession of librarianship. In
Germany and France requirements for admission to
the profession of librarian have been laid down by the
state; in other countries where there are library
schools and professional examinations, professional
qualifications are usually expected though they are
not necessary for admission to the profession. The
American Library Association, founded in 1876, was
the first such association to be established in the
world, and has been responsible in no small measure
for the advances in library techniques in America and
elsewhere. Library associations now exist in most
countries; the English Library Association, founded in
1878, holds national and local conferences,
maintains an excellent library and information bureau,
promotes facilities for professional education,
conducts examinations (elementary, intermediate and
final) and maintains a register of qualified librarians.
7. We understand from the passage that,

as libraries have grown in importance, ----.
A) the state has, in most countries, taken over
their administration
B) it has been necessary to find separate
facilities for scientific subjects
C) the need to train people in librarianship has
been recognized
D) professional qualifications are everywhere
essential for admission to the profession of
librarian even in a very junior capacity
E) library associations have been formed in
most countries to ensure that all libraries are
organized in the same manner

advances in library technique ----.
A) have slowed down and are now almost at a
standstill
B) have, to a large extent, been the work of the
American Library Association
C) comprise only a very small part of a
librarian's training
D) are still little known outside of America
E) are of interest only to the professional
librarian and do not affect the general public
9. It is clear from the passage that the English
Library Association ----.
A) plays a very active role in the training of
librarians
B) rarely makes any contact with the general
public
C) is almost an exact replica of the American
Library Association
D) is in many important respects very different
from its counterpart in the States
E) has been responsible for the rapid
development in library science throughout
the world
Set 2
• Vocabulary
• Preposition
• Main Verb
• Clauses
• Other Grammar
• Connectors
• Cloze Test
• Translation
Vocabulary > Homework
1. Over the last 60 years, Britain has 6. The original inhabitants of Burundi were the
experienced some significant political ----, Twa, a people who now ---- only 1% of the
but one state figure has remained the same: population.
the Queen.
A) set out
A) possessions B) stand by
B) abilities C) take on
C) acceptances D) come to
D) transformations E) make up
E) industries
7. Small children often become unsettled if

2. It didn’t happen all at once, but before long they are forced to spend long stretches of
the business really began to ----, and they time in a ---- space.
started to make a profit.
A) considerable
A) look back B) selected
B) take up C) restricted
C) point out D) potential
D) keep on E) rejected
E) try out
8. Knowing that consuming more will not ----

3. In order to study the past, it is not always ---- buy us more happiness suggests that it is
to know precisely how long ago in years a time to rethink the spending choices we
particular period or event occurred. make every day.
A) recurrent A) necessarily
B) annual B) accidentally
C) capable C) strictly
D) absolute D) externally
E) essential E) hazardously
4. The Gulf, the Indian Ocean and the South 9. Geologists have ---- that Africa was once
China Sea are increasingly seen as potential warmer and wetter than it is today.
trouble zones that could ---- energy supplies
from the Middle East to Asia. A) explored
B) discovered
A) increase
C) surveyed
B) disrupt
D) searched
C) consume
E) experimented
D) involve
E) expand
10. Although China has, in recent years, made
notable advances, particularly in
5. The prices of commodities such as tea and manufacturing, agriculture will long ----
coffee have benefited from the general boom fundamental to the economy.
in commodity prices ---- by increased
demand and fairly static supply. A) produce
B) differ
A) brought about
C) extend
B) kept on
D) remain
C) taken up
E) resist
D) pulled down
E) turned up
11. The chief of police finally agreed to release 16. Sometimes a seemingly modest business
news of the accident, but he did so ----. deal can change the whole ---- of an industry.
A) regularly A) expansion
B) extremely B) expression
C) terribly C) course
D) reasonably D) relapse
E) reluctantly E) vitality
12. Evidence of racial bias in sentencing helped 17. The accounting of the proceedings given by
to convince certain states in America to ---- their legal adviser was perfectly ---- but not
capital punishment in the late 1960s and at all complimentary.
early 1970s.
A) restrictive
A) keep down B) compulsive
B) rule against C) innocent
C) put out D) sensitive
D) point out E) accurate
E) break through
18. The ageing of population, also known as

13. In a network combining the entire world, no 'demographic ageing', is a term used to
one will be trustworthy enough, so describe ---- in the age distribution of a
connecting your computer to the Internet is - population from the young towards people
--- going to bring some risks. of older ages.
A) inadequately A) opportunities
B) incomparably B) regulations
C) inevitably C) shifts
D) inequally D) assumptions
E) ineffectively E) conflicts
14. Organized youth camps provide young 19. Questions of race, ethnicity, and religion
people with not only different forms of have been a ---- source of conflict in
outdoor ---- but also training in co-operation, American education.
initiative, and resourcefulness.
A) previous
A) sustenance B) perennial
B) irresponsibility C) vulnerable
C) permanence D) naughty
D) relevance E) casual
E) recreation
20. They reached their conclusion based ---- on

15. When the company’s production started to -- evidence found at the site of the murder.
-- the demands of the home market, the
director began to look for an overseas A) occasionally
market. B) constantly
C) primarily
A) exceed
D) gradually
B) replace
E) intentionally
C) avoid
D) supplement
E) undermine
Preposition > Homework
1. Though the most important factors in 6. We humans, like all warm-blooded animals,
pricing decisions are production costs and can keep our core body temperatures pretty
the level ---- demand, broader company constant regardless ---- the physical
objectives must also be taken ---- conditions in the world ---- us.
consideration.
A) to / through
A) in / out of B) with / for
B) of / into C) about / iniside
C) with / for D) on / over
D) between / by E) of / around
E) on / under
7. Deflation is a situation where the prices ----

2. Biology classifies living things ---- groups on goods in an economy are, ---- average,
the basis of specific shared characteristics, falling rather than rising.
and then these groups are arranged ---- a
hierarchical system. A) at / from
B) for / in
A) at / towards
C) in / within
B) into / within
D) of / on
C) onto / about
E) from / of
D) from / behind
E) for / over
8. The Houston Caribbean Festival brings a
feast ---- music and colour ---- the streets of
3. Most companies would prefer to concentrate downtown Houston each year.
---- domestic rather than foreign markets
because of their greater familiarity ---- their A) on / by
own environments. B) at / over
C) of / to
A) in / for
D) above / off
B) on / with
E) to / within
C) over / by
D) at / from
E) for / to 9. Economists take pride ---- the sophisticated
statistical techniques ---- which they rely to
analyse phenomena such as growth rates,
4. Many famous people, including Charles inflation, unemployment, trade and fiscal
Dickens and Marie Curie, had childhoods practices.
blighted ---- financial disasters ranging ----
debt to the collapse of family businesses. A) at / for
B) about / from
A) in / at
C) over / by
B) with / in
D) out of / through
C) by / from
E) in / on
D) for / through
E) through / of
10. Foreign policy is composed of the goals
sought, values set, decisions made and
5. ---- the terms of the forthcoming trade actions taken ---- states and the national
agreement, Japan wins parity ---- the United governments acting ---- their behalf.
States.
A) by / on
A) Through / above B) about / for
B) By / of C) at / from
C) From / from D) over / between
D) Under / with E) in / among
E) After / over
11. Niche figures, carved ---- stone, are a 16. For decades, presidents have been coming --
distinctly feature ---- a great many medieval -- plans to deal with the fact that one day the
churches. world will run ---- its key source of energy:
oil.
A) in / of
B) through / over A) up with / out of
C) into / for B) out of / up against
D) out of / onto C) down to / away from
E) with / for D) up for / through
E) over to / into
12. China’s middle class has developed ---- its

humble beginnings ---- where it is today. 17. ---- the 17th century, committed Anglicans
produced a steady flow of religious and
A) over / upon devotional literature that aimed to inspire
B) into / of holiness ---- readers.
C) through / within
A) By / about
D) out of / over
B) During / through
E) from / to
C) Throughout / among
D) From / against
13. Our brains are the most flexible when we are E) Across / over
young children, as it is ---- this time that we
learn the most ---- our environment.
18. Kefir is a fermented drink similar ---- yoghurt
A) before / for and is valued ---- its beneficial effects on
B) behind / without microbes in our gut.
C) between / across
A) in / as
D) during / about
B) with / about
E) against / from
C) around / of
D) to / for
14. Over 40 million people pass ---- Heathrow E) from / by
airport each year and at least 900 aircraft
land and take off every day.
19. ---- the world, there has been a growing
A) away sense of disillusionment with the United
B) in Nations and its policies.
C) before
A) For
D) through
B) Among
E) along
C) On
D) From
15. ---- its influential role that connects Europe, E) Throughout
the Arab world and Asia, Turkey is the
fastest growing ---- the OECD countries
despite the recent global crisis. 20. Rail passes that give you unlimited travel ----
fixed periods are useful in countries and
A) For / towards regions ---- extensive rail networks.
B) On / around
A) over / from
C) Through / into
B) at / off
D) About / off
C) to / by
E) With / among
D) on / in
E) for / with
Main Verb > Homework
1. Although book reviews ---- whether a given 6. Latin American and Caribbean nations ----
book ----, many works succeed commercially regional integration as a tool to enhance
despite negative reviews. democracy and ---- economic growth in the
region.
A) may determine / will be extensively sold
B) are determining / is extensively sold A) were embracing / have encouraged
C) determined / had extensively sold B) embraced / will have encouraged
D) will determine / would have been extensively C) had embraced / will encourage
sold D) have been embracing / had encouraged
E) have determined / has been extensively sold E) have embraced / encourage
2. Before he ---- in museums, he ---- law in 7. In 1972, two collective burials ---- under an
hopes of becoming a specialist in the legal overhanging rock at Qilakitsoq, a small Inuit
aspects of antiquities. settlement on the west coast of Greenland, --
-- to about AD 1475.
A) will work / has studied
B) works / would study A) are discovered / dated
C) worked / had studied B) were discovered / dating
D) had worked / was studying C) have been discovered / having dated
E) has worked / studied D) had been discovered / having been dated
E) were being discovered / having to be dated
3. ---- as the main shipping route between the

Indian and Pacific Oceans, Singapore ---- 8. According to art historians, the Japanese
traders from China, India, and Europe for visual arts ---- by three major factors:
years. Chinese visual arts, indigenous traditions,
and Buddhist iconography.
A) To be served / had attracted
B) Being served / would be attracting A) had influenced
C) To serve / will have been attracting B) are influencing
D) Serving / has been attracting C) were influencing
E) Served / was attracting D) have been influenced
E) have influenced
4. The US presidential election of 1800 ----

notorious on account of the unforeseen 9. Indeed, on both sides, it ---- that the decisive
constitutional problems it ----. battles ---- on the plains of Flanders and
Northeast France.
A) is / has presented
B) has been / presented A) has to be foreseen / has been fighting
C) would be / presents B) has been foreseen / has been fought
D) had been / would present C) could have been foreseen / will fight
E) was / presented D) had been foreseen / would be fought
E) will be foreseen / could be fought
5. French lorry-drivers ---- on strike and now

they ---- the roads, which is their usual way 10. If it ---- for the severe air pollution of 1952,
of showing their discontent. which was responsible for 4,000 deaths, the
UK Clean Air Act of 1956 ----.
A) went / had blocked
B) will go / would block A) weren't / hadn't been passed
C) have gone / are blocking B) was not / won't be passed
D) were going / block C) hadn't been / wouldn't have been passed
E) would go / are going to block D) wouldn't be / hadn't been passed
E) isn't / was not passed
11. The report presents a general overview of 16. Evidence that humans ---- to cultivate crops
the problems that ---- when a disaster ---- approximately 10,000 years ago ---- the
nation. presence of agricultural tools at
archaeological sites.
A) would have been encountered / will hit
B) are encountered / will hit A) have begun / will include
C) have been encountered / had hit B) might have begun / would have included
D) had been encountered / was being hit C) had begun / had included
E) will be encountered / hits D) were beginning / has included
E) began / includes
12. Following a noticeable improvement in the

general economic scene, unemployment too, 17. They hope that by surrounding city centres
seems ---- a turn for the better. and likely terrorist targets with "soft walls",
they ---- it impossible for hijacked planes ----
A) having taken anywhere near them.
B) to have taken
A) will make / to get
C) to be taken
B) make / having got
D) taking
C) make / to have got
E) to have been taken
D) have made / to be got
E) are making / getting
13. In November 1939, the Soviet troops ----
Finland after the Finns ---- to surrender a key
territory to Joseph Stalin. 18. The Pacific markets ---- extremely
competitive since the manufacturing
A) invaded / refused capacity of many Far Eastern countries ----
B) invade / are refusing to improve at the turn of the decade.
C) had to invade / refuse
A) are becoming / begins
D) were invading / have refused
B) had become / would begin
E) would invade / were refusing
C) became / has begun
D) were becoming / would have begun
14. Jane Tate will go far in the film world since E) have become / began
she has a remarkable talent for ---- even the
most conflicting emotions.
19. In southern California, half the regions water
A) depicting needs ---- by rainfall, but most of its rain ----
B) having depicted straight into the sea.
C) being depicted
A) are being met / would be channelled
D) depict
B) could be met / is channelled
E) having been depicted
C) could have been met / will be channelled
D) had been met / is being channelled
15. When they heard a gun fire across the E) were being met / will have been channelled
border, the relief workers in the camp knew
that another group of refugees ---- before
long. 20. Our sense of self ---- by the roles and
qualities that our peers and teachers ---- to
A) are arriving us.
B) had arrived
A) was formed / have assigned
C) will arrive
B) is formed / assign
D) would be arriving
C) is being formed / will be assigning
E) could have arrived
D) had been formed / assigned
E) will have been formed / would assign
1: English became the official language for 5: The ability of humans to cope with climate
business in spite of the fact that the population was change depends on such factors as wealth,
largely Chinese. technology and education.
TR: TR:
2: Glass is such a popular material in our homes 6: Estonia's currency was the Kroon until it joined
because it has all kinds of really useful properties. the Euro-zone and its currency became the Euro.
TR: TR:
3: Ancient Greeks were wearing crowns made of 7: It is believed that the Renaissance arose in 14th
leaves of aspen because they believed that aspen century Italy, as Europe was slowly emerging from
possesses magical properties. the Middle Ages.
TR: TR:
8: Before Bosnia-Herzegovina can become an EU

4: As for Russia, it is a great tradition to have dinner member state, it needs to introduce more political
at home with the family and go to the restaurant for and economic reforms.
big holidays. TR:
TR:
9: Thanks to the growth of technology, new 10: The district board will vote today on whether to
methods have been developed for processing go ahead with the plan.
everyday business activities easily. TR:
TR:
The Stone Age is, in fact, divided into various stages. 3. It is suggested in the passage that humans --
Dominating the period is the Palaeolithic Age, which --.
most anthropologists would extend down to roughly
11,000 B.C. Within the Stone Age in general, A) in the Stone Age were very skilled and far
however, scholars also speak of an Upper advanced in making tools for their farming
Palaeolithic Era, beginning around 40,000 B.C. They needs
draw attention to some significant changes in human B) seem to have first developed their religious
behaviour around this date, including the appearance ideas during the Upper Palaeolithic Era
of sophisticated cave paintings, and evidence of C) in the Upper Palaeolithic Era knew how to
religious ideas. Humans also began producing the defend themselves when they were attacked
most effective, finely crafted tools such as fishhooks, by hunter-gatherers
arrowheads, and sewing needles made from organic
D) in the Palaeolithic Age were skilled not only
materials, such as wood or animal bone. Yet, despite
in hunting but also in different kinds of cloth-
these important developments, the basic patterns of
making
human life changed little during this era. Virtually all
human societies before 11,000 B.C. consisted of E) in the Stone Age had no notion of religion
small bands of hunter-gatherers that moved and, therefore, did not know how to worship
incessantly in search of food. Because they could not
stay in any one location for long, these groups left no
continuous archaeological record whereby we might
trace the development of their culture. Our
knowledge of them is, therefore, very limited.
1. It is stressed in the passage that, during the

Upper Palaeolithic Era, ----.
A) there were no settled human communities
but groups of wandering hunter-gatherers
B) humans practised different forms of art but
preferred to specialize in cave painting
C) hunter-gatherers had plenty of food whereby
they were able to feed themselves easily
D) bands of hunter-gatherers produced different
kinds of tools whereby the development of
culture can be traced
E) there appeared new and most developed
cultures, which have been brought to light
through archaeological excavations
2. According to the passage, the Stone Age ----.
A) was, according to archaeologists, the most

sophisticated and developed period of early
human history
B) and the cultures of the period have been fully
revealed by archaeologists
C) is generally known as the Upper Palaeolithic
Era, during which man learned how to
produce food
D) is not one continuous period but consists of
different eras
E) is generally dated to 11,000 B.C. and has
always been a serious academic concern
among anthropologists
Venice is famed for its architecture and for Many cultures regard dreams as having great
its paintings. Venetian architecture reflects significance for the dreamer, either by revealing
the Byzantine influence, though Gothic became something important about the dreamer’s present
the main style in the 14th century; and the circumstances or predicting his or her future. The
first Renaissance building dates from the second Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud analysed the
half of the 15th century. The Venetian school dreams of his patients to understand their
of painters did not come into prominence until unconscious needs and desires, and
the 15th century. The best known of this school psychotherapists still make use of this technique
are Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, Titian, Tintoretto today. Freud believed that the primary function of
and Veronese. The centre of Venetian life is St dreams was to wish fulfillment, or the idea that
Mark's square which is paved with marble. Round dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we
this and the adjoining Piazzetta are grouped must repress during the day. Although Freud focused
buildings of great beauty and interest. At the eastern on the meaning of dreams, other theories about the
end of the square is the basilica of St Mark, a causes of dreams are less concerned with their
fitting cathedral for the patriarch of Venice. content. One possibility is that we dream primarily to
help with consolidation, or the moving of information
4. The author points out that into long-term memory. Rauchs and Desgranges
Venetian architecture ----. found that rats that had been deprived of REM sleep,
the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs, after
A) makes use of marble as the main building learning a new task were less able to perform the
material task again than rats that had been allowed to dream,
B) is best represented by the basilica of St Mark and these differences were greater on tasks that
C) actually reflects two different architectural involved learning unusual information or developing
styles prior to the Renaissance new behaviours.
D) has remained almost unchanged since the
15th century
Freud believed that dreams ----.
E) has been an important source of inspiration
for Venetian painters A) could help one recall past memories with
more accuracy
5. We understand from the passage that prior B) contributed to the prediction of patients'
to the 15th century, Venice ----. wishes more than their desires
C) were about wishes people had to suppress
A) could show no examples of buildings in the while they were awake
Gothic style
D) that occurred during REM sleep were easily
B) was not influenced in any way by Byzantine interpreted
architecture
E) should be examined for the reasons behind
C) was already famous for its great painters and them rather than for their content
architects
D) was already proud of her Renaissance
8. What can be concluded from Rauchs and
buildings
Desgranges’s studies?
E) hardly produced any painters of importance
A) They focused their studies more on the use
of information in dreams of rats.
6. It is stressed in the passage that St
Mark's square in Venice ----. B) They found that rats were only able to learn a
new task during REM sleep.
A) stands next to the Piazzetta which C) They discovered that when rats learned a
architecturally has been neglected new task, dreaming helped them
B) is dominated by buildings in the Gothic style successfully recall the new task later on.
C) was frequently painted by the Venetian D) They showed the differences between rats
school of painters that learned common information and those
D) is both the cultural and the social centre of that learned unusual information.
the city E) They found that dreaming resulted in poor
E) is surrounded by buildings which house the performance in different tasks in rats.
works of Titian and other great Venetian
painters
9. The main purpose of this passage is to ----.
A) inform readers about the effects of dreaming

B) encourage readers to analyse their dreams
C) explain the Freudian approach to dream
analysis
D) give information about different theories of
dreams
E) refute critical theories about the functions of
dreaming
Clauses > Homework
1. The number of frauds in the US ---- the 6. The two countries have come to an
criminal uses someone else’s credit card agreement ---- they will share the revenues
number doubled to 162,000 cases in 2002. from oil discovered in the disputed territory.
A) in which A) why
B) by whom B) how
C) of which C) whose
D) which D) whether
E) with whom E) whereby
2. The problem with statistics is that they can 7. The people living in the desert know ---- to
often be manipulated in such a way as to find hidden, underground sources of water.
support ---- argument one wants.
A) in case
A) whoever B) what
B) wherever C) whom
C) whomever D) where
D) whenever E) why
E) whatever
8. It is becoming increasingly evident that the

3. The central focus of the study of consumer disposition and the behaviour of the
buying behaviour is determining ---- people individual are shaped by the cultural groups
make some purchases and not others. ---- he belongs.
A) why A) as
B) who B) to which
C) what C) in case
D) whether D) of whom
E) how E) as if
4. David Dickinson’s new play is a fairy-tale 9. The evil eye is a superstitious belief ----
romance, ---- a pregnant woman searches for some people can cause harm to others by
the father of her child during a torrential looking at them in a certain way.
rainstorm.
A) that
A) who B) why
B) by whom C) where
C) that D) how
D) in which E) what
E) whose
10. Management must learn to determine market

5. Egyptologists are confident ---- remains conditions in the countries ---- it is doing
found in a humble tomb in the Valley of the business.
Kings are those of Hatshepsut, one of the
most famous queens to rule ancient Egypt. A) where
B) what
A) why
C) as for
B) whose
D) of which
C) that
E) so that
D) by whom
E) what
11. Industry spokesmen are complaining ---- it is 16. A civil war has been raging in Congo since
impossible to comply with the new anti- the middle of the 1990s, ---- hundreds of
pollution regulations. thousands of Rwandans fled their country.
A) who A) along which
B) which B) which
C) whom C) what
D) that D) that
E) when E) when
12. The social sciences are a range of 17. Companies can use a variety of measures to
disciplines within the arts and humanities ---- assess productivity and determine ---- they
principal concerns are the study of various are incurring losses.
aspects of society.
A) what
A) what B) which
B) whose C) when
C) that D) whose
D) how E) whom
E) when
18. Have you seen the display of the books

13. Personality testing covers ---- a person acts written by the visiting professor ---- is going
in the workplace in relation to different to talk this afternoon on the future of the
personality types. European Community?
A) whose A) whose
B) how B) whom
C) where C) who
D) whom D) which
E) what E) what
14. The Orkney Islands are situated in the path 19. Before investing in setting up oil wells or
of the warm Gulf Stream, ---- continuously exploring for materials like precious stones
washes nutrients ashore and keeps the and metals, companies want to know ---- the
winters relatively mild. site will be productive.
A) which A) if
B) where B) whenever
C) when C) what
D) how D) where
E) what E) that
15. Prior to embarking on international sales, a 20. Except for the Ptolemaic dynasty, ---- ruled
company will want to determine ---- there is a Egypt for almost 300 years, most of these
demand for their product in other regions. dynasties petered out after 150-200 years.
A) as A) which
B) what B) whose
C) whether C) where
D) which D) when
E) such E) how
Other Grammar > Homework
1. Henry VII's foreign policy was unheroic and 6. Of the company's three accountants, only
unspectacular, ---- did he go to war and that one is useful; ---- deserve to be sent away.
was when he invaded France.
A) they both
A) this once B) all the others
B) never before C) both the others
C) once again D) each one
D) only once E) each of them
E) once more
7. Unions in their traditional role were pro-

2. Relations between China and Tibet just worker ---- anti-consumer: they wanted high
may be on the improve, but little has yet prices because they could extort a share of
been said about it by ---- side. the profits.
A) neither A) as
B) either B) still
C) each C) or
D) both D) but
E) some E) even
3. In the past, Guatemala claimed ---- half of its 8. ---- Windsor Castle, occupying ---- area of
neighbour Belize’s territory. 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful
royal residences in Europe.
A) more than
B) as well as A) The / an
C) just as B) This / such an
D) but also C) An / the
E) the same as D) The most / such
E) That / some
4. John has told me that one of ---- articles and

two of ---- have been accepted for 9. Local authorities have always given ----
publication in the journal. importance to the improvement of
recreational facilities.
A) theirs / her
B) mine / their A) any
C) your / my B) some
D) his / yours C) too
E) hers / ours D) quite
E) many
5. Some of the board members are convinced

that the price quoted is ---- high to be 10. The answer to the question ---- great art can
accepted. exist independently of religion will ----
depend on society’s moral and aesthetic
A) more values.
B) so
A) what / in the same way
C) little
B) even if / in due course
D) too
C) whether / to a large extent
E) as
D) so that / in short
E) since / now and again
11. Apparently ---- leader has the courage, to 16. The Deputy Prime Minister announced that it
risk even short-term unpopularity by was ---- early to propose amendments in the
embarking on a program that will ensure legislation concerning industrial relations.
economic revival.
A) as well as
A) some B) just so
B) either C) just as
C) neither D) as soon as
D) both E) as yet too
E) any
17. ---- ancient Greeks were ---- first people to

12. Clifford Goertz, probably ---- famous use mosaics on a large scale in their
anthropologist in the world today, has palaces.
revolutionised the way anthropology is
taught on campuses. A) All / all
B) The / the
A) more
C) Many / almost
B) most
D) Various / quite
C) the most
E) Most / each
D) the more
E) a
18. In the end, we had to sell most of the goods
at a price well below ---- we had hoped for.
13. Several people made some very
relevant suggestions but ---- of Dr Fairbanks A) the other
met with ---- approval. B) another
C) the one
A) some / all
D) those
B) those / everyone’s
E) the rest
C) any / his
D) most / ours
E) which / nobody’s 19. Until the eighteenth century, comparative
linguistic studies did not progress ----
beyond the stage where ancient Greek and
14. Even in classical times there were people Roman grammarians had left them.
with a ---- ethical approach to education than
one can find in our time. A) so much as
B) too much
A) few
C) either
B) most
D) very much
C) more
E) just in case
D) little
E) much
20. This particular company, rightly or wrongly,
regards ---- as Europe's largest manufacturer
15. If the company could install ---- computers, it of black-lead and coloured pencils.
would need ---- office workers.
A) itself
A) less / more B) each other
B) few / less C) the others
C) little / most D) themselves
D) fewer / least E) one another
E) more / fewer
Connectors > Homework
1. Structural unemployment has often 6. ---- many individual cases of malicious data
been associated with technological leaks online that have caught the public eye,
unemployment, ----, unemployment resulting there has been very little research examining
from the increased use of labour-saving the scale of the problem.
machines.
A) Similar to
A) So as B) Due to
B) so far C) As a result of
C) that is D) In accordance with
D) what's more E) Despite
E) even so
7. An important task of childhood is learning

2. It seems, from the Chinese experience, that how to bring emotions under reasonable
an authoritarian state can open its economy control ---- children who cannot manage
to international forces ---- either collapsing their emotions are likely to experience
or becoming more democratic. problems with other people.
A) without A) once
B) including B) since
C) so as C) even if
D) therefore D) in case
E) whether E) unless
3. The ancient Egyptians' fascination with 8. They are some of the oldest monuments in
science and new technology resulted in the world, ---- much about Egypt's pyramids
inventions ---- the calendar and door lock, remains a mystery.
which are still used today.
A) but
A) in contrast with B) otherwise
B) in spite of C) as
C) such as D) supposed that
D) regardless of E) once
E) in terms of
9. ---- an individual grows to maturity, he

4. ---- a rather lazy, traditional, seaside holiday, acquires a personal structure conditioned by
a considerable number of people are going the position he occupies in the social
on rougher, more exciting 'adventure system.
holidays'.
A) Unless
A) According to B) Although
B) Just as C) Before
C) In spite of D) Whether
D) Instead of E) As
E) In case of
10. In ancient Rome, pearls were ---- rare and

5. Standard Mail Transfer Protocol employs an expensive ---- they were reserved almost
elaborate letter-and-number code that tells exclusively for the noble and affluent.
each computer station what it must do with a
message ---- it can reach its destination. A) whether / or
B) as / as
A) as though
C) so / that
B) in case
D) either / or
C) so that
E) such / that
D) even if
E) now that
11. Though they had ---- government backing ---- 16. Some anthropologists think that man today
a potential home market, the company is ---- honest ---- he was hundreds and
poured billions of dollars into the project thousands of years ago.
and lost everything.
A) much / as
A) with / less B) the less / than
B) neither / nor C) the least / of
C) some / any D) little / as
D) no / without E) less / than
E) few / more
17. When a young child says 'mouses' instead

12. ---- Charles Dickens himself had a very hard of 'mice,' this is good evidence that the child
childhood, he found it possible to write is learning the regular forms of the language
novels which contain humour and have and knows how to make plurals ---- he or she
happy endings. has not yet learned the irregular forms.
A) If A) once
B) Before B) whether
C) when C) even if
D) Although D) just as
E) Unless E) as if
13. Presumably they will find the terms 18. Black market activity has grown as an
acceptable but ---- they raise any objections, alternative source of goods and services, ----
we need to listen to them. it is ultimately dependent in various ways on
legal economic activity.
A) in case
B) as if A) though
C) until B) despite
D) while C) even
E) since D) now that
E) once
14. Scientists have grown more aware of the

social implications of their work ---- people 19. ---- far reaching the benefits of the new
have become more conscious of the ways in policy may be, the country quite simply
which science and technology affect their cannot afford it.
lives.
A) Whatever
A) but B) However
B) in case C) Whatsoever
C) just as D) Wherever
D) only if E) Whenever
E) unless
20. On the night we went to the opera, Domingo

15. Psychology emerged as a field of study ---- was not singing, but ---- we enjoyed
the late 19th century, when Wilhelm Wundt ourselves enormously.
founded the first laboratory to conduct
psychological research. A) in case
B) on the contrary
A) while
C) moreover
B) during
D) whatever
C) since
E) nevertheless
D) between
E) for
1: Besides the inherited constitution of personality, 5: Bankruptcy is a status that a person or business
one's development is determined by events in early claims when they are unable to pay back debts.
childhood. TR:
TR:
6: The Bronze Age was important to mankind

because it allowed us to create more durable tools
and artefacts for productive use.
2: It is highly likely that new forms of electronic art TR:
will continue to be invented.
TR:
3: Arabic and English are both official languages of

Sudan, although over a hundred dialects are
spoken throughout the territory. 7: It is a scientific fact that leaders and successful
TR: people set goals and commit to reaching those
goals.
TR:
4: Culture is a way of life adopted by a certain 8: The number of people migrating to the UK has
group of people of a particular society at a specific been greater than the number emigrating since
time and place. 1994.
TR: TR:
9: One of the most visible effects of globalization is 10: By communicating with other people we often
the improved quality of products owing to global transmit our ideas to them, even if they don’t agree
competition. with them.
TR: TR:
To fully understand unemployment, one must 3. It is clear from the passage that government
consider the causes of recorded long-term assistance programs add to the
unemployment, that is, the government assistance unemployment rates by ----.
programs. For one thing, government assistance
increases the measure of unemployment by A) decreasing the time a person stays off the
prompting people who are not working to claim that job
they are looking for work even when they are not. B) helping people with the work registration
The work registration requirement for welfare procedures
recipients, for example, compels people who C) encouraging the unemployed not to look for a
otherwise would not be considered part of the labour job
force to register as if they were a part of it. This
D) prompting welfare recipients to look for a job
requirement effectively increases the measure of
unemployment in the labour force even though these E) inducing many people to drop out of the
people are better described 'no employed'– that is, labour force
not actively looking for work. Similarly, unemployment
insurance induces people to say they are job hunting
in order to collect benefit. These programs also
contribute to long-term unemployment by providing
an incentive, and the means, not to work. Each
unemployed person has a 'reservation wage' –the
minimum wage he or she insists on getting before
accepting a job. Unemployment insurance and other
social assistance programs increase the wage,
causing an unemployed person to remain
unemployed longer.
1. One point made in the passage is that

government assistance programs also result
in long-term unemployment because ----.
A) current rates of long-term unemployment are
often measured improperly
B) unemployed people have a reservation wage
they demand before accepting a job
C) most unemployed people are devoted to
looking for a job until they find one
D) they cannot find out exactly how long a
person stays off the job
E) most unemployed people fail to carry out the
work registration requirement
2. It can be clearly understood that the major

focus of this passage is on the ----.
A) global increase in recorded unemployment
B) benefits of government assistance programs
C) work registration requirement to find a job
D) causes of long-term unemployment
E) cost of welfare payments and unemployment
insurance
Recent research suggests that not only can children 6. Kovács and Mehler’s research reveals that
differentiate between two languages at an early age, both monolingual and bilingual infants ----.
but also show cognitive benefits from being exposed
to a second language starting as early as infancy. In A) predict how modified sequences of speech-
a study in 2009 of ‘crib bilinguals’, cognitive like sounds match with moved objects
psychologists Agnes Kovács and Jacques Mehler B) fail to associate the sound sequence with the
used a visual test to measure cognitive flexibility in location of the object on the screen
preverbal seven-month-olds. Kovács and Mehler C) confirm the hypothesis that the brain is
wanted to see how quickly the infants could adapt to preset for only one language
changing rules. They taught the infants a pattern
D) guess the appearance of the puppet in a
consisting of speech-like sounds. At the end of the
given location upon a particular sound
sequence, a visual reward in the form of a puppet
pattern
would appear in one part of a computer screen. The
infants were expected to learn that a given sound E) have equally sophisticated modes of thinking
pattern predicated the appearance of the puppet in in the preverbal stage of language
that location. Both bilingual and monolingual infants acquisition
showed that they associated the sound sequence
with the puppet’s location equally well by looking in
the right place for the puppet to appear. But when
Kovács and Mehler modified the sequence – and
moved the puppet – the bilingual infants adjusted,
switching their anticipatory gaze to the new location.
The monolingual infants, however, continued to look
for the puppet in the original location.
4. One can conclude from the passage that

bilingual children ----.
A) are likely to make more verbal mistakes and
delay the full acquisition process because of
interference between two languages
B) can differentiate between two languages they
are exposed to at an early age, but their
cognitive abilities remain indistinguishable
from monolinguals
C) not only develop the same patterns of
cognitive flexibility as monolinguals do, but
they also respond to verbal stimuli equally
well
D) innately show more creativity than their
monolingual peers do, indicating a superior
ability to grasp abstract concepts
E) are capable of both distinguishing between
two languages and developing cognitive
flexibility at an early age
5. It is obvious from the passage that Kovács

and Mehler wanted to ----.
A) demonstrate the role of visual and non-visual

rewards in children’s language development
B) prove monolingual infants complete their
cognitive development later than bilinguals
C) find out whether bilingual and monolingual
infants differ in their cognitive abilities
D) show the role of computers in the acquisition
of distinct sound patterns in bilinguals
E) explore the sound-learning strategies of the
monolingual infants
The collection of foreign intelligence, which is the
pursuit of a special kind of information, is an
indispensable service for any government having
even the most elementary international associations.
Nations must devise a strategy to provide for both
their security and wellbeing. History teaches us that
responsibility cannot be met without knowledge of the
political, economic and military capabilities and
intentions of other nations. Indeed advance
knowledge of these matters, or its absence, could
well settle the fate of a great nation especially in an
era when a single nation or consortium of nations is
capable of smashing another society in a single
stroke or of controlling it under the threat of poised
catastrophe. The well-being of any great nation will
depend on decisions taken by others, which must be
foreseen, correctly analysed and countered.
7. As is clear from the passage a nation for its

own well-being even survival ----.
A) needs to know what is going on in other
countries and what is being planned
B) must have a good standing army to defend
itself
C) should be on good terms with several other
countries as a safeguard
D) must be prepared to counteract any internal
revolt
E) should not put much faith in foreign
intelligence to maintain its security
8. The writer points out that, in our time, it is ---

-.
A) a major concern in foreign intelligence to
study the political and economic
developments in neighbour states
B) usual for governments to rely more on
military strength than on foreign intelligence
C) possible for one nation to be completely
wiped out by another or others
D) almost possible to get reliable intelligence
about other nations
E) scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from
consortium of nations
9. In the passage foreign intelligence is

regarded as ----.
A) the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the
military potential of another nation
B) essential only for the economic well-being of
a country
C) clandestine interference in the affairs of
another nation
D) the acquirement of a particular type of
information
E) a series of strategies devised to counter any
military threat
Cloze Test > Homework
In Britain, firemen have been on partial strike for Music educators give us many good reasons for
months, demanding a huge pay increase (1) ---- playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and (6) ----
bitterly resisting changes to their working conditions. our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of
Tony Blair's labour government has watched with (2) - daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-
--- alarm as a series of elections has put militant expression, (7) ---- the linear passage of time seems
leaders (3) ---- the top jobs at some of the biggest to vanish. Of course, the roots of British musicianship
unions. In April, Kevin Curran (4) ---- the more go far deeper than a list of healthy lifestyle tips.
moderate John Edmonds as leader of the GMB, Britain’s history has shaped a great diversity of
Britain's fourth-largest union; and in May a left-winger musical traditions, many of which (8) ---- flourish. The
defeated the (5) ---- favoured by the Labour Party for patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the
the leadership of the powerful T&G union. myths of a rural created (9) ---- rapid urbanization,
the close relationship with America and the
1. immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and
Africa — all (10) ---- to the wealth of music literature
A) when and recordings.
B) while
C) for 6.
D) as A) raise
E) whether B) appreciate
C) afflict
2. D) represent
A) some E) provoke
B) any
C) such 7.
D) an A) wherever
E) as B) which
C) where
3. D) how
A) over E) whom
B) up
C) past 8.
D) into A) then
E) by B) still
C) thus
4. D) almost
A) succeeding E) too
B) has succeeded
C) would succeed 9.
D) having succeeded A) of
E) succeeded B) in
C) at
5. D) with
A) candidate E) by
B) applicant
C) nominee 10.
D) client A) have contributed
E) participant B) would contribute
C) had contributed
D) will contribute
E) to have contributed
The rising price of fertilisers and chemicals has The poet Robert Browning was lucky in his parents.
forced Sri Lankan farmers to return to traditional His father, who (16) ---- in a bank, was a man (17) ----
farming methods. (11) ---- the country’s Green genuine intelligence, who owned a library of six
Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s was taking place, thousand volumes and seems (18) ---- them all. His
farmers had already started moving towards (12) ---- mother, (19) ---- was a devoutly religious woman,
these products, all of which promised increased crop gave Browning a tenderness and optimism he would
yields and enhanced productivity. Now, the British need (20) ---- in life.
non-governmental organization War on Want is
collaborating with local farmers to promote (13) ---- 16.
agriculture and self-sufficiency by encouraging
organic farming. The projects (14) ---- new forms of A) having been employed
mixed-cropping, composting, seed cultivation and B) has been employed
other inexpensive farming practises. All surplus C) has employed
produce is sold at local markets, providing many
families with much needed money (15) ---- education D) was employed
and health care. E) will be employed
11. 17.
A) When A) from
B) How B) about
C) Which C) for
D) Whereas D) in
E) After E) of
12. 18.
A) to be used A) reading
B) used B) to read
C) to use C) to have read
D) being used D) to be reading
E) using E) have read
13. 19.
A) agreeable A) which
B) sustainable B) who
C) replicable C) whose
D) available D) that
E) describable E) whom
14. 20.
A) used to encourage A) never
B) would encourage B) hardly
C) were to encourage C) scarcely
D) had encouraged D) frequently
E) encourage E) fairly
15.
A) for
B) in
C) over
D) from
E) to
1. ----, the nations of Europe raced to colonise 5. If too many sharks are fished or killed by
the continent. pollution, ----.
A) Given that almost all European interaction A) sharks play a critical role in marine
with Africa took place along the coasts until environments because they are at the top of
the 18th century food chain
B) Because African responses to the challenge B) all species further down the food chain are
of European imperialism were complex affected, with some populations swelling and
C) Even if colonial administrations enticed or others declining
coerced Africans into producing goods for C) they generally eat fish and other small
export animals, but the largest sharks also hunt sea
D) When technological advances made Africa's turtles and mammals, such as seals
interior readily accessible in the late 19th D) most sharks have a lateral line system, which
century detects movement in water
E) Despite several factors that drove the E) they are also sensitive to sound waves
European scramble for Africa in the 18th travelling through water
century
6. ----, but he always avoided Italy on principle.

2. Life is boring without fresh experience, ----.
A) Eugène Delacroix, the famous French
A) but they also need new experiences to enrich painter, was born in 1798
it B) In his early life, the French painter Delacroix
B) so without such shocks to the system, they seemed to be interested in diplomacy
would become boring C) Delacroix, the nineteenth-century French
C) because new experience brings new painter, travelled a good deal
information and forces us to learn D) The work of the French painter Delacroix
D) that’s why most people avoid trying new strongly influenced the Impressionist painters
things E) Delacroix was one of the most prolific of
E) even though what we call 'life' moves as painters
slowly as a snail
7. Owing to the increasing numbers of

3. After Muhammed Ali had won a gold medal individuals and families who could no longer
in the Olympics, ----. afford to purchase housing, ----.
A) he turned professional A) the American nation's supply of low-cost

B) the newspapers are not aware of it rental housing was shrinking
C) there will be other fights in Europe B) an ample boom was observed in the
investment of housing shrinking
D) he'd claim to be the best in the world
C) after the mid-1970s, the poor became more
E) he is still well-know
numerous and they got poorer
D) homelessness became so visible in the early
4. ---- until they are considered ready to switch 1980s in the US
to English. E) there was a lack of federal commitment to
the production of public housing
A) Around 2.6 million school-aged children
throughout the US do not speak English at all
B) It is difficult for bilingual teachers to help their
students improve their native language skills
in some subjects
C) In transitional bilingual education, students
are taught academic subjects in their native
languages
D) The language rights of ethnic minorities in
the US have been a source of public
controversy for decades
E) Most people who are opposed to bilingualism
are part of the English-only movement
8. English and German are widely spoken in 11. Many people take it for granted ----.
Denmark, ----.
A) whether they realised just how serious the
A) so visitors should have few problems in drug problem had become
making themselves understood B) that the new interest policy has contributed to
B) whereas it is best known for its 20th century the greater degree of stability in prices at this
design and craftsmanship period
C) as Danish is similar to Norwegian and C) why no survivors were found
Swedish D) how all receipts and papers concerning the
D) just as there are some differences in transaction mysteriously disappeared
meaning and pronunciation E) why the other passengers had absolutely no
E) although in 1972, Denmark became the first comment to make at all about the accident
Scandinavian country to join the European
Community
12. In societies where most people can earn a
living only by working for others, ----.
9. ----, one of the most 'normal' elements of
many developing countries' cultures is A) air pollution is also recognized as an
reliance on children in the later phases of environmental problem in Europe
life. B) being unable to find a job is a serious
problem
A) Provided that autonomy means independent
C) of the 6,000 people hoping to get jobs, 135
and effective functioning in a variety of life
were hired
domains ranging from basic activities of daily
living to complex decision processes D) statistics for local areas are based partly on
the same survey
B) Although developmental researchers have
primarily examined the dynamics between E) export is becoming the major national
dependency and autonomy from childhood to income resource
adolescence
C) Because dependency means the ongoing 13. Because we are frequently exposed to the
need for external support in order to fulfil work of psychologists in our everyday lives,
individual or societal expectations regarding ----.
what a 'normal' life
D) Even if one of the interpretations of A) successful work in the field of psychology
dependency encompasses human needs for often requires an advanced university degree
affiliation, attachment, and bonding to B) there are hundreds of thousands of
significant others psychologists who work in other places
E) While the developmental goal of maintaining C) everyone has an idea about what psychology
autonomy in a wide variety of life domains is and what psychologists do
over the life span is one of the highest values D) psychologists also work in forensic fields,
in most Western cultures and they do provide counselling and therapy
E) the word 'psychology' comes from the Greek
10. Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ----. words 'psyche' (life) and 'logos' (explanation)
A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa

B) that focuses on business and investment in
Africa
C) though it covers everything from economic
reform to rewarding investment opportunities
D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone
E) as it is brought to you by the world‘s leading
business channel
14. Unless learners are encouraged to recognise 17. ----, water has been a dominant factor in
their own cognitive abilities, ----. determining the location and distribution of
human settlement in Afghanistan.
A) self-discipline and self-motivation are among
the factors that play a key role in addressing A) Although many of the historically important
particular cognitive and linguistic difficulties towns are located near rivers and streams
B) motivation shapes the development of B) Since much of the country is covered by
metacognitive thinking processes or what deserts and receives lithe rain
teachers can do to help learners in this C) Whereas the country's capital lies on the
regard well-watered plains of a river
C) they cannot exercise control over their D) Despite the fact that 80 percent of the
thinking, including being able to step outside country s population is rural utilising water
the boundaries of their own constructed sources on a large scale
thoughts
E) Even if humid air from the Persian Gulf
D) scholars suggest that development of produces summer showers in the southwest
competence and autonomy greatly helps
learners overcome challenges they face
during the learning process 18. ----; for example, a person must have it to
E) self-determination will stimulate them to take practise medicine and law.
a greater share in small-group tasks as the
teacher fades the interactive support A) Modern civil law systems were originally
developed in Western European countries
B) Licenses may not be assigned to or inherited
15. ---- so long as you pay attention and stick to by a third party in the l
the rules. C) The term 'license' is always applied in
property law, international law and tax law
A) There is a huge number of fascinating
wrecks around Britain D) Consumption taxes raise the prices of certain
products for consumers
B) Wrecks under the sea can contain hazardous
materials like oil and muttons E) A license issued by a government agency is
required for certain professions
C) Scuba diving is very safe
D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was
perfected over the years 19. In order to stimulate economic development,
E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure many developing countries have established
from exploring wrecks free trade zones ----.
A) so that the governments can provide better
16. Serious measures were taken by the living standards
government ----. B) whose benefits have led to serious violations
of human rights in custody
A) because most of the developed countries
C) where investors are given special benefits
have no economic problems
such as low or no
B) that they were highly appreciated by the
D) if developed countries would compete for
public
jobs by holding down wages
C) though there had been a shortage of money
E) taxes that they will most probably eliminate
in the budget
discrimination in employment
D) after many people were seriously injured in
car accidents
E) when business administration is successful 20. Individuals with social phobia fear being
in applying new rules humiliated while doing something in public, -
---.
A) because those who receive treatment can

completely overcome their fears in social life
B) and therefore they will avoid any situation in
which such participation may be required
C) as one of the most common manifestations
of social phobia involves public speaking
D) although they have intense fears of social
interactions, such as meeting others and
dating
E) whereas it generally develops after puberty
and peaks after the age of 30
1. When designing a workplace, it is important 3. Uluslararası Müzik Yarışması adıyla 1939'da

to take into consideration how the space will başlayan Cenevre Yarışması, şu anda
affect both the employees and clients. dünyanın, en eski ve en saygın müzik
yarışmalarından birisidir.
A) Bir işyeri tasarlarken, mekânın çalışanları ve
müşterileri nasıl etkileyeceğini göz önünde A) The Geneva Competition grew out of the
bulundurmak önemlidir. International Music Competition which dates
B) Bir işyeri tasarlarken düşünülmesi gereken back to 1939 and is now one of the oldest
en önemli unsurlardan birisi de mekânın and most prominent of the world's music
çalışanlar ve müşteriler üzerinde yaratacağı contests.
etkidir. B) The Geneva Competition, which started in
C) Mekânın müşteriler üzerinde ne tür etkiler 1939 under the name of the International
yaratacağı, bir işyeri tasarlarken düşünülmesi Music Competition, is now one of the world's
gereken bir unsurdur. oldest and most prestigious music contests.
D) Bir işyeri tasarlarken önemli konuların C) The International Music Competition,
başında mekânın, çalışanlar ve müşteriler originally known as the Geneva Competition,
üzerinde yaratacağı etki gelmelidir. started in 1939 and is still one of the world's
oldest and most renowned music contests.
E) Yeni bir işyeri tasarlarken, hesaba katılması
gereken unsurlardan biri de mekânın D) The Geneva Competition, which dates back
çalışanları ve müşterileri nasıl etkileyeceğidir. to 1939 when it was generally known as the
International Music Competition, is now
regarded as the world's oldest and most
2. UNICEF, working alongside national reputable musical contest.
governments, manages matters pertaining to E) After 1939, the International Music
the health, education, and security of Competition merged with the Geneva
children all around the world. Competition to become one of the world's
oldest and most acclaimed musical contests.
A) UNICEF’in temel amacı; sağlık, eğitim ve
güvenlik konularında dünyanın her
tarafındaki çocuklarla ilgili sorunları ulusal 4. If the experiments do not support the
hükümetleri yanına alarak idare etmektir. scientific explanation, then alternative
B) UNICEF’in kuruluş amacı; sağlık, eğitim ve explanations must be proposed and tested.
güvenlik alanlarındaki çocuklarla ilgili
konuları dünyanın her tarafındaki ulusal A) Bilimsel veriler ileri sürülen açıklamayı
hükümetlerle birlikte takip etmektir. desteklemezse, bu açıklama bilimsel olarak
geçersiz sayılabilir.
C) UNICEF; asıl olarak sağlık, eğitim ve
güvenlik konularında dünyanın çeşitli B) Deneyler önerilen açıklamayla uyuşmazsa, o
bölgelerindeki çocuklarla ilgili sorunları ulusal zaman söz konusu açıklama tekrar gözden
hükümetlerle beraber denetlemek amacıyla geçirilebilir.
ortaya çıkmıştır. C) İleri sürülen açıklamalar farklı deneylerle
D) UNICEF; çocukların sağlığı, eğitimi ve desteklenmediği zaman, alternatif bilimsel
güvenliğiyle ilgili konuları ulusal hükümetlerle çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.
dünyanın her bölgesinde birlikte yönetmek D) Bilimsel deneyler açıklamayı desteklemezse,
niyetiyle oluşturulmuştur. alternatif deneyler yapılmalı ve açıklama
E) UNICEF; dünyanın her tarafındaki çocukların gözden geçirilmelidir.
sağlığı, eğitimi ve güvenliğiyle ilgili konuları E) Deneyler bilimsel açıklamayı desteklemezse,
ulusal hükümetlerle birlikte çalışarak yönetir. o zaman alternatif açıklamalar önerilmeli ve
test edilmelidir.
5. Önemli olan, siyasi liderlerin uygun 7. Aslında toplantıdaki sosyal hizmetler
gördükleri gibi harcama yapmada özgür olup uzmanlarının çoğu, ülkenin gençleri arasında
olmadıkları değil, yetkilerine ilişkin sınırların alkol sorununun giderek artmakta olduğu
var olup olmadığıdır. görüşünde.
A) The important thing is whether political A) According to the social workers at the
leaders have freedom to spend as they wish, meeting, it is the drink problem of the young
not whether their powers are limited. that is on increase.
B) Important political leaders are free to spend B) Actually the growing drink problem among
as they think fit, but there are limits to their the young people of the country was the
powers. main reason for the meeting of the social
C) It is whether political leaders have limited workers.
powers, not whether they are able to spend C) Obviously, most social workers at the
money on their own projects, that is meeting believe that if the country’s young
important. people go on drinking, this will create a
D) What is important is not whether political problem.
leaders are free to spend as they see fit, but D) The fact that there is a drink problem among
whether limits exist on their powers. country’s young people was in the eyes of
E) Whether political leaders are important or not the social workers the real reason for the
and whether they are free or not to spend as meeting.
they see fit, they must be subject to E) In fact, most of the social workers at the
limitations regarding their powers. meeting are of the opinion that the drink
problem among the country’s young people
is on the increase.
6. Bal, şeker ithalatı başlayana kadar en iyi
tatlandırıcı olduğu için arıcılık Orta Çağ
Avrupası'nda oldukça önemli bir işti. 8. Birçok farklı türde çalışma, çocuğun
eğitimine anne-babanın katılımının, çocuğun
A) Because honey was the best sweetener until okuldaki öğrenme ve başarma becerisini
sugar import began, beekeeping was a very artırdığını göstermiştir.
important task in Europe's Middle Ages.
B) Before sugar import started, honey was the A) Many studies have shown the importance of
best sweetener, thus beekeeping was a very parental involvement in a child’s academic
important task in Europe's Middle Ages. success at school and beyond.
C) Until sugar import began, beekeeping B) That strict parental control of a child’s
remained a very important task in Europe's education enhances a child’s ability to learn
Middle Ages thanks to honey, which was and succeed at school has been shown by
then the best sweetener. many studies.
D) The reason why beekeeping was such an C) Many different types of studies have shown
important task in Europe's Middle Ages was that parental involvement in a child’s
that honey was the best sweetener until education increases a child’s ability to learn
sugar started to be imported. and succeed at school
E) Because honey continued to be the best D) The importance of parental involvement in
sweetener until sugar began to be imported, enhancing a child’s ability to learn at school
beekeeping was such an important task in has been shown in many different types of
Europe's Middle Ages. studies on education.
E) Many different types of studies have shown
that a child’s ability to learn and succeed at
school is unaffected by parental involvement
in a child’s education.
9. Zaman Virginia Woolf’un eserlerinde sadece 11. Asur İmparatorluğu'nun MÖ 900 ve 600
kaybetmenin bir sembolü olarak ortaya arasında altın çağını yaşarken dünyanın o
çıkmaz, aynı zamanda farklı şekillerde de güne dek gördüğü en büyük ve en karmaşık
kendisini gösterir. siyasi oluşum olduğu ileri sürülebilir.
A) Time in Virginia Woolf’s works mostly A) The Assyrian Empire's heyday was between
appears as a symbol of loss, but it reveals 900 and 600 BCE, when it had become the
itself in various forms as well. largest and most complex political formation
B) Time appears in Virginia Woolf’s works as a the world had ever experienced.
symbol of loss, as well as in various other B) While it was having its heyday between
forms. about 900 and 600 BCE, it can be claimed
C) In Virginia Woolf’s works, time is not only a that the Assyrian Empire was the largest and
symbol of loss but also of various other most complex political formation the world
things. had yet seen.
D) In Virginia Woolf’s works, time appears as C) The Assyrian Empire was the largest and
various forms, not only as a symbol of loss. most complex political formation the world
had ever seen until the period between 900
E) In Virginia Woolf’s works, time not only
and 600 BCE, which was its heyday.
appears as a symbol of loss, but it also
reveals itself in various forms. D) It is possible to claim that the period between
900 and 600 BCE was the heyday of the
Assyrian Empire, the largest and most
10. Every child has an individual learning style, complex political formation the world had yet
and they learn information best when it is seen.
delivered in a mode suited to their style. E) It has been suggested that the Assyrian
Empire was the largest and most complex
A) Her çocuk kendine özgü bir öğrenme şekline political formation the world had ever seen
sahiptir ve çocuklar bilgiyi en iyi kendi between 900 and 600 BCE, which was its
tarzlarına uygun bir biçimde verildiğinde heyday.
öğrenir.
B) Kendine özgü öğrenme şekliyle her çocuk,
bilgiyi en iyi kendi tarzına uygun biçimde 12. Eski Yunan ve Mısır sanatı geçmişe ait
verildiğinde öğrenir. değildir; bugün, dün olduğundan daha çok
C) Kendine özgü bir öğrenme şekli olan her canlıdır.
çocuk, öğrenme tarzına uygun verildiği
A) Ancient Greek and Egyptian art do not
takdirde bilgiyi en iyi şekilde öğrenir.
belong to the past; they are even more alive
D) Her çocuk kendine özgü bir öğrenme şekline today than they were yesterday.
sahip olduğu için bilgiyi en iyi kendi tarzına
B) Though ancient Greek and Egyptian art
uygun bir biçimde verildiğinde öğrenir.
belong to the past, they are just as alive
E) Her çocuk kendine özgü bir öğrenme şekline today as they were then.
sahiptir ve onlar için bilgiyi öğrenmenin en iyi
C) The ancient arts of Greece and Egypt
yolu, kendi tarzlarına uygun olanıdır.
continue to live now just as vitally as they did
then.
D) In ancient times the Greeks and the
Egyptians produced works of art that have
never been surpassed in liveliness.
E) Ancient Greek and Egyptian works of art are
now admired more for their vitality than they
were in the past.
13. To improve the lot of these countries, 15. Shortly before his death around 400 B.C., the
Landes maintains economists must take into Buddha is said to have advised his disciples
account factors that cannot be measured. to regularly visit the four holy sites.
A) Landes, bu ülkelerin geleceğini değiştirmek A) M.Ö. yaklaşık 400’de ölen Buda, ölmeden
için, ekonomistlerin ölçülemez faktörleri de önce havarilerine, dört kutsal mekanı düzenli
hesaba katmalarının zorunlu olduğunu ziyaret etmeleri tavsiyesinde bulunmuştur.
vurguluyor. B) M.Ö. yaklaşık 400’deki ölümünden kısa süre
B) Landes’e göre bu ülkelerin çoğunun önce, Buda’nın, havarilerine, dört kutsal
gelişmesi, ekonomistlerin ölçülmez faktörleri mekanı düzenli olarak ziyaret etmelerini
en aza indirgemelerine bağlı. tavsiye ettiği söylenir.
C) Landes, bu ülkelerin gelişmesinin büyük C) M.Ö. yaklaşık 400’deki ölümünden hemen
ölçüde sayılamaz faktörlerin ekonomistlerce sonra, Buda’nın havarileri, onun dört kutsal
hesaba katılmasına bağlı olduğunu belirtiyor. mekanı düzenli olarak ziyaret etmeleri
D) Landes’in belirttiği gibi, bu ülkelerin çoğunda tavsiyesine uydular.
gelişme sağlanması için, sayılmaz faktörlerin D) Buda, M.Ö. yaklaşık 400’deki ölümünden
ekonomistlerce dikkate alınması zorunlu. hemen önce, havarilerine, dört kutsal mekanı
E) Landes, bu ülkelerin kaderlerini düzeltmek sürekli ziyaret etmeleri gerektiğini söylemiştir.
için ekonomistlerin ölçülemez faktörleri E) Buda, M.Ö. yaklaşık 400’deki ölümünden
hesaba katmaları gerektiğini savunuyor. hemen önce, havarilerine, ölümünden sonra
dört kutsal mekanı ziyaret etmelerini tavsiye
etmiştir.
14. 1970'ten bu yana ülkenin hava ve su
kirlenmesini azaltmakta kaydettiği ilerleme
tartışılmaz. 16. The last issue of the journal contains all the
arguments one could think of against
A) One has to admit that the country has globalization.
worked hard since 1970 to check the
pollution of air and water. A) Derginin son sayısı, küreselleşmeye karşı
B) During 1970s there was doubtless a great düşünülebilecek tüm görüşleri içermektedir.
reduction in the pollution level of air and B) Küreselleşme için düşünülüp geliştirilebilecek
water in the country. öneriler, derginin son sayısında yer
C) The country has certainly managed to bring almaktadır.
down the pollution levels in air and water C) Küreselleşme konusunda düşünülebilecek
from what they were in 1970. her türlü ayrıntı, derginin son sayısında ele
D) The country has been remarkably successful alınmaktadır.
in its efforts to bring down the pollution levels D) Derginin son sayısındaki yorum ve görüşler,
from what they were in 1970. küreselleşmeye karşı olanlara aittir.
E) The progress the country has made in E) Derginin son sayısında, küreselleşmeye
reducing air and water pollution since 1970 is karşı olan herkesin görüş ve düşüncelerine
indisputable. yer verilmektedir.
17. Population growth in both China and India in 19. Old Istanbul, enclosed within the still
the next five years is expected by the World impressive walls, largely retains the air of an
Bank to be under two per cent. ancient city, with clusters of picturesque old
houses, historical monuments and
A) Hem Çin'de hem de Hindistan'da gelecek the splendour of the Ottoman period.
beş yıldaki nüfus artışının yüzde iki
dolayında olması Dünya Bankası'nın bir A) Pek çok renkli, eski evleri ve tarihi anıtlarıyla
beklentisidir. Osmanlı döneminin ihtişamını büyük ölçüde
B) Dünya Bankası, Çin ve Hindistan'daki nüfus korumakta olan eski İstanbul, hala etkileyici
artışının gelecek beş yıl içinde yüzde ikinin surların içinde eski bir kent havasını
altına düşürülmesini istemektedir. taşımaktadır.
C) Dünya Bankası'nca gelecek beş yıl içinde B) Sıra sıra renkli eski evleri, tarihi anıtları ve
hem Çin'de hem de Hindistan'da yüzde iki Osmanlı döneminin ihtişamıyla eski bir kent
dolayında nüfus artışı olması havasını büyük ölçüde korumakta olan eski
öngörülmektedir. İstanbul, her zaman etkileyici görünümdeki
surlarla çevrilidir.
D) Dünya Bankası, Çin ve Hindistan'ın gelecek
beş yıldaki nüfus artışının yüzde ikinin C) Halen eski bir kent havasını taşıyan eski
altında olacağını tahmin etmektedir. İstanbul, etkileyici muazzam surları, yer yer
renkli eski evleri ve tarihi anıtlarıyla Osmanlı
E) Dünya Bankası'nca, gerek Çin gerek
döneminin ihtişamını büyük ölçüde
Hindistan'daki nüfus artışının gelecek beş
korumaktadır.
yılda yüzde ikinin altında olması
beklenmektedir. D) Hala etkileyici surların içine kapanmış olan
eski İstanbul, küme küme renkli eski evleri,
tarihi anıtları ve Osmanlı döneminin
18. Her yabancı yazarın Çin‘e bakış açısı, içinde ihtişamıyla büyük ölçüde eski bir kent
büyüdüğü ülke ile biçimlenir. havasını korumaktadır.
E) Etkileyici muazzam surlarla çevrili eski
A) For a foreign writer, in order to have an İstanbul, yer yer renkli eski evleri ve tarihi
opinion of China, he should first know his anıtlarıyla Osmanlı döneminin ihtişamını
own country where he has grown up. anımsatan eski bir kent havasını büyük
B) A foreign writer‘s attitude towards the ölçüde sürdürmektedir.
Chinese is essentially inspired by the country
in which he has grown up.
C) How a foreign writer understands China 20. The earliest records of our civilisation
depends a great deal on the country he clearly show an interest in both science and
originally comes from. travel, but it is not until Classical Antiquity
that we have evidence of the two coming
D) Every foreign writer‘s perspective on China is
together.
shaped by the country, in which he grew up.
E) Before a foreign writer can understand A) Her ne kadar medeniyetimizin en eski
China, he ought to focus in the first place on kayıtları sadece bilime değil seyahate de bir
his own country in which he was born. ilgi olduğunu gösterse de ikisinin bir araya
geldiğine dair kanıt ancak Klasik Antik Çağ
dönemindedir.
B) Bilim ve seyahatin Klasik Antik Çağ
dönemine kadar bir araya geldiğine dair
herhangi bir kanıtımız yoktur fakat her ikisine
açıkça bir ilgi duyulduğu medeniyetimizin en
eski kayıtlarında görülmektedir.
C) Medeniyetimizin en eski kayıtları hem bilime
hem de seyahate duyulan bir ilgiyi açıkça
göstermektedir fakat ikisinin bir araya
gelmesine dair kanıtımız ancak Klasik Antik
Çağ dönemindedir.
D) Hem bilime hem de seyahate açıkça bir ilgi
duyulduğunu gösteren medeniyetimizin en
eski kayıtlarına göre, bu ikisi ancak Klasik
Antik Çağ döneminde bir araya gelmiştir.
E) Elimizdeki kanıtlara göre, bilim ve seyahatin
açıkça bir araya gelmesi ancak Klasik Antik
Çağ döneminde olmuştur, fakat
medeniyetimizin eski kayıtlarında her ikisine
de ilgi duyulduğu görülmektedir.
1: Language is the means by which people 6: Dams provide a way of regulating water
communicate with others. collection and flow so that the supply remains
TR: constant.
TR:
2: The unemployment rate in Turkey has a

tendency to escalate owing to the global financial
meltdown.
TR:
7: It is a scientific fact that the intensive working and
production and time pressures on workers cause
stress, exhaustion, and burnout.
TR:
3: As the world is turning into a smaller place,

diversity of culture becomes an integral part of
today's society.
TR:
8: Most cultures throughout human history have

myths and ideas about how life and culture came
into existence.
TR:
4: In the event of fire, the first thing to do is to

evacuate the building immediately.
TR:
9: It is of vital importance for a company to

continually monitor and control its cash flow.
TR:
5: The refugees are short of food. Furthermore,

they desperately need medical assistance.
TR:
10: Carl Sandburg, known as the 'Chicago Poet',
spent most of his life in Illinois, where he had been
born, though he travelled extensively around the
country.
TR:
BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a From the mid-fifteenth century on, most of Europe
character of its own. From the start it aimed to be a had enjoyed steady economic growth, and the
place to think, and it was always designed as discovery of the New World seemed the basis of
something that the commercial market would never greater prosperity to come. By the middle of the
do, says Roly Keating, its controller and formerly sixteenth century, however, the situation changed.
head of arts at the BBC. Its first week‘s schedule Nothing like the upward price trend that affected
indeed verged on a parody of non-commercial TV, Western Europe in the second half of the sixteenth
with township opera from South Africa and a century had ever happened before. Since Europe’s
performance by a Senegalese singer in a London population began to grow vastly and the food supply
church hall. A top-rated show will typically draw some remained constant, food prices were driven sharply
50,000 viewers almost negligible in television terms. higher by the increased demand. At the same time,
Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model of what wages stagnated or even declined. On the other
a publicly financed broadcaster ought to do. It has hand, the enormous influx of silver from Spanish-
roamed into territory where its ratings-driven sister America into Europe, where much of it was minted
channel, BBC1, seldom dares to tread. Despite a tiny into coins, caused a dramatic increase in the volume
35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time talk of money in circulation. This, of course, fuelled the
show and a world news programme so internationally spiral of rising prices.
minded that its London provenance is barely visible.
BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too heavily at times, 4. The main aim of the passage is to present ---
but it supplies a variety and thoughtfulness -.
unavailable on prime time BBC1. The more the other
BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that A) the excitement that was caused by the arrival
BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them, the more the of large amounts of silver from Spanish
channel looks like a model for what BBC television America
could look like. B) a picture of the steady economic growth of
Europe over the centuries
1. It is clear from the passage that, since BBC4 C) how an increase in the food supply in Europe
is publicly financed, it ----. was achieved
A) has to give viewers the kind of programmes D) the reasons for the rapid growth in the
they want population of Europe
B) has a large budget with which to work E) the basic reasons for the economic
turbulence Europe had to face in the
C) is under no pressure to attract large numbers
sixteenth century
of viewers
D) is under an obligation to offer a great variety
of programme 5. It is understood from the passage that ----.
E) is often severely criticized for the subjectivity A) the political instability that Europe suffered
of its news programmes from in the mid-sixteenth century was largely
caused by the food shortage
2. In the passage, BBC1 is described as being B) the discovery of the New World brought great
“ratings-driven”; this means ----. welfare to Europe in the mid-sixteenth
century
A) it is obliged to put on popular programmes
C) Europeans were better off in the second half
B) its appeal is a very narrow one of the fifteenth century
C) it sees BBC4 as its greatest rival D) people benefited greatly from the influx of
D) it feels very secure and can take risks silver into Europe
E) it never experiments or tries out a new type E) very little is known about the history of
of programme Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries
3. Before he took over the running of BBC4,
Roly Keating ----.
A) was involved in commercial TV enterprises

B) was criticized because his programmes were
too intellectual and too serious
C) was a severe critic of the BBC1 channel
D) had taken a firm stand against the trend to let
ratings dictate programming
E) was arts director at the BBC
6. Upon reading the passage, one can say that The great expansion in energy demand over recent
---- years has been met to a large extent by petroleum
oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still
A) the discovery of the New World was uncertain since large parts of world are still not fully
generally greeted with dismay prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise
B) an increase in the volume of money in in the price of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973
circulation causes a rise in prices Arab-Israel war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis.
C) the worst problem a country ever has to face The result has been that Britain has increased its
is a serious food shortage north sea oil production and has become the fifth
largest oil producing country in the world.
D) the discovery of the New World brought more
problems to Europe than benefits
7. It is pointed out in the passage that to meet
E) after the sixteenth century Europe was never its increasing energy needs, the world ----.
again faced with such a spiral of rising prices
A) will have to develop new sources of energy
B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis
C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on
petroleum oil
D) is in search of new oil sites
E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of
energy sources
8. One can understand from the passage that

further oil explorations ----.
A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices
B) are likely to produce many positive results
C) should be carried out both in the Middle East
and in the North Sea
D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East
E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of
petroleum as yet untapped
9. According to the passage, one result of the

oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israel war has
been that ----.
A) the world has learned to reduce its energy

consumption
B) Britain has become one of the leading oil
producers
C) many new oil fields throughout the world
have been prospected and brought into
production
D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter
of petroleum oil in the world
E) consumer countries have had to redefine
their economic priorities
1. One important mechanism that shapes a 3. The world has struggled with how to deal
child's behaviour is imitation. All people, with aggressive behaviour for centuries. The
particularly children, have a strong tendency crucial problem is to get people to not
to imitate others. ---- A child observes other respond to others’ aggression with their own
people being angry or controlling their anger aggression, because more likely than not,
and copies them. Thus, the child's own doing so will simply intensify conflict. ----
aggressive behaviour is shaped and Only when we act in a calm manner, adopt a
determined by what he or she observes tolerant attitude toward others and promote
others doing. friendship and warmth can we achieve the
kind of peaceful society that we desire.
A) When children are rewarded, they are more Establishing supportive and caring
likely to repeat that behaviour. interpersonal relations requires that people
B) This imitation extends to virtually every kind have skills for dealing with others’
of behaviour, including aggression. aggressive behaviour without escalating it.
C) One of the most common sources of anger is
A) At the same time, some of us can be more
an attack or intrusion by another person.
aggressive than others because of our age,
D) Imitating others does not mean that the child gender, and personal experiences.
will behave aggressively.
B) In fact, aggressive behaviour is an inherent
E) Children imitate some people more than part of human nature, and we are
others. programmed at birth to act in that way.
C) Instead, we need to cultivate forbearance,
2. For decades, China has been content to let forgiveness, and patience as fundamental
the invisible hand of the market work its features of our culture to combat aggression.
magic on the country‘s economy. But there‘s D) Thus, the victims of aggression often have
one area where the government wants to less power or are disadvantaged: the very
reassert state control: healthcare. ---- Today, young, the old, the sick and etc.
nearly 40 per cent of the population can‘t E) On the other hand, aggression can be
afford to see a doctor. The average hospital learned – exposure to aggressive individuals
stay for a Chinese citizen costs nearly as may lead us to imitate them.
much as an individual‘s annual per capita
income in the country. Healthcare
grievances have been at the heart of 4. With few exceptions, the Austronesian
thousands of organized protests languages are closely interrelated. In spite of
countrywide in recent years. their very large number and the enormous
expanse of the territories occupied by them,
A) Some hospitals have had to hire security it is very easy to recognize their genetic
personnel to protect medical staff from angry interrelationship. ---- As a result of this, the
mobs. total number of Austronesian languages is a
B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per contentious issue. Taking this into account,
cent of their medical spending out of pocket. the approximate number of Austronesian
C) So the government has recently developed a languages of given areas, and the number of
strategy to provide affordable medical their speakers in these areas could be
insurance to 90 per cent of its population by detected only if a wide-scale scientific study
2010. is conducted.
D) In fact, the free market reforms in China were A) Because of their great similarity to each
first initiated in the late 1970s and early other, it is often difficult to establish whether
1980s. certain varieties are different languages, or
E) The Chinese government has already met dialects of one language.
many of its economic goals and is now B) Phonologically, Austronesian languages are,
beginning to address scientific and with a few exceptions, fairly simple.
technological development.
C) Like other language groups, the
Austronesian languages are thought to have
originated thousands of years ago.
D) The recognition of the genetic
interrelationship and initial classification of
Austronesian languages had its beginnings
in the nineteenth century.
E) There are four types of indigenous
languages in the Australasia and the Pacific
area.
5. It has been suggested that different kinds of 7. Capturing your attention and holding it is the
singing may have developed for practical prime motive of most television
reasons. For instance, among coal miners programming, and this enhances its role as
singing is popular because it is a good way a profitable advertising vehicle. ---- So the
to get the coal dust out of their lungs. ---- surest way to get audiences focused on a
Male choirs were thus formed and these programme is to provide them with constant
have become a tradition. stimulation through variety, novelty, action
and movement.
A) Heavy smoking also has an adverse effect
upon the voice and makes it lower. A) It is difficult to escape the influence of
B) In the mining areas in Wales and Yorkshire, television.
this became a communal activity. B) The advertisements are often more
C) It has been established that better singing is entertaining than the actual programmes.
in almost all cases the result of training, not C) The only things Americans do more than
of any physical condition. watch television are work and sleep.
D) There are musical families because children D) Programmers live in constant fear of losing
are brought up in a musical environment. the attention of their audiences.
E) Another view is that some people have a E) By the age of 20 an average person will have
natural ability to sing well been exposed to at least 20,000 hours of
television.
6. The biggest problems affecting the IMF, the

World Bank, and other instruments of 8. Ice climbing and rock climbing share some
globalization concern governance. At both important features. Both use ropes,
the IMF and the World Bank, voting rights harnesses, and other specialized equipment
are allocated not according to population but for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ---- A
according to economic power, and the rock climber follows the natural cracks or
various countries‘ representatives are weaknesses in the rock whereas, with ice
typically finance ministers or members of tools in each hand, an ice climber has more
central banks, not officials with broader freedom to blaze a path up and is limited
outlooks and concerns. ---- Therefore, the only by the ice conditions and the
voices of those most affected by technology of the tools.
globalization are barely audible in
discussions about what policies these A) Most ice climbing trips require an arduous
international bodies should follow. trek into the mountains and possibly several
nights out in the cold.
A) It is within these same small, elite circles that B) But, the method of climbing in each case is
most of the debate about reforming the different.
international economic architecture occurs.
C) However, climbing itself has always been
B) IMF policies have always had a lasting considered to be very dangerous.
impact on the economies of developing
D) There are many tragic stories of climbing
countries.
accidents.
C) Yet well managed globalization has
E) But once you find your footing, ice climbing
enormous potential for improving the lives of
can become addictive.
people in poor countries.
D) Traditionally, the World Bank has been
reluctant to lend money unless the IMF
certifies that the country in question has a
solid macro economic framework.
E) If we continue with globalization as it has
been managed in the past, the future will not
be bright.
9. Logistics as a business concept began to 11. Sensing the emotional states of others is an
gain ground in the 1950s, particularly in the important part of social interaction. If you do
US. This was because, as businesses not do this well, you may end up
expanded and reached out both to far-flung unintentionally annoying or offending those
markets and sources of materials, the need in your social circle. ---- You can strengthen
for expert logisticians became imperative. friendships by recognizing when a person is
Logisticians applied their own ingenuity to sad and looking for appropriate comfort, for
create companies that aimed to deliver the example. To succeed in business, you also
right item in the right quantity at the right need to accurately detect the emotions of
time in the right place for the right price. ---- other people when proposing a new idea or
Indeed, with increasing globalization and deciding when to ask for promotion.
ever longer and more complex supply
chains, logistics companies have become A) You cannot help but communicate your mood
ever more sophisticated and adaptable. to colleagues and neighbours through subtle
cues.
A) The US has led the way in the development B) Some people find it virtually impossible to
of efficient logistical systems. detect other people’s feelings and have
B) No region in the world requires efficient difficulty relating to others.
logistics more urgently than Africa does. C) In the past, scientists focused largely on a
C) Logistics is considered one of the most region of the brain responsible for detecting
important aspects of military campaigns. emotional hints.
D) The problems of the logistics industry have D) Researchers have found that cues such as
not been clearly identified yet. posture and tone of voice are critical to
E) These aims have not changed, but the world nonverbal communication.
has. E) Detecting emotional hints is critical to
success in many domains such as
friendships and business.
10. The principal source of revenue in
Afghanistan traditionally came from the
agriculture sector. For a long time, the 12. The terrorist threat to maritime traffic, oil and
country was capable of producing not only gas tankers in particular, is the most
enough food to feed its entire population but immediate problem. ---- The suicide attacks
surplus food to export abroad. ---- Given that have heightened concern about the
the country could grow crops only to live on, vulnerability of maritime traffic to terrorist
not to sell, the decline in income levels attacks. The scourge of piracy in Southeast
increased poverty, dramatically causing Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea has
various economic difficulties at the same demonstrated how easy it is to hijack ships
time. at sea.
A) Moreover, the private sector played a major A) Destroying or paralyzing refineries and
role in the country’s traditional economic loading terminals would be far more effective
activities in 2000. in disrupting energy supplies.
B) Besides, the country had many economic B) The high seas, many fear, could become the
relations with the former Soviet Union in the new battleground in the war on terror.
past. C) The Red Sea connects the Mediterranean
C) However, it was in 2001 that the country was Sea and the Middle East with the Indian
no longer able to produce enough food. Ocean.
D) Similarly, the agricultural sector has never D) Another danger zone is the Strait of Hormuz,
produced at full capacity for decades in the only way in and out of the Gulf.
Pakistan. E) During the 1980-88 War between Iran and
E) In addition, the telecommunications Iraq, both sides attacked shipping in the Gulf
infrastructure has improved vastly since in an effort to cut off the other's oil exports.
1999.
13. Shinto is the name for the religious beliefs 15. The firm Carter was founded by Louis Fran
and practices that are believed to have ois Carter in 1847 in Paris, but until the end
developed in Japan prior to the importation of the century, it remained quite a small
of foreign religious traditions from the Asian concern. ds ---- Within ten years there were
continent, beginning in the sixth century CE. also branches in London and New York, and
With rare historical exceptions, the Japanese each of the branches was run by a grandson
have not attempted to spread Shinto outside of the founder.
of Japan, believing that it was the foundation
of their cultural heritage and identity. ---- A) No one guessed then how these Carter
Shinto deeply influenced Japan's creations would soon capture the popular
interactions with other cultures. Moreover, it imagination.
continues to serve as one of the major B) A move to new and more spacious premises
religious and cultural institutions in the in 1899 opened the way to expansion.
world. C) Many of Carter’s craftsmen drew on original
antique artifacts for their inspiration.
A) The practices of Shinto were confined mostly
to the social and political elites of the clans. D) For many years the designs were to remain
largely Renaissance-inspired.
B) One might conclude that the impact of Shinto
in world history has been minor, but this is E) More exotic work followed, based on
not the case. Persian, Indian and finally on Russian styles.
C) According to historians, the institutional and
doctrinal character of Shinto during the early 16. Andy Stern runs the largest and fastest
period lacked coherence. growing labour union in the US. ---- But
D) Between 1600 to 1870 scholars who wanted today you probably do not. For his activities
to purge Shinto of all foreign influences receive almost no coverage in the press.
created a new field of Shinto scholarship.
E) A characteristic feature of Shinto is ‘kami’, A) Actually, only 8.2 per cent of the private-
beings that dwell in heaven or reside on sector workforce is still enrolled in unions.
earth as sacred forces within nature. B) If this were 25 or 50 or 100 years ago, you
would surely know of a labour leader like
Stern.
14. As recently as 2007, Spain was a vigorous C) Unless organized labour's constitution is
creator of growth and jobs. ---- However, overhauled the movement will keep on
those days are now over, and in recent years withering.
Spain has witnessed 20 per cent
D) Low-wage hospital and clerical workers really
unemployment and a huge trade deficit. In
do need a union.
the year 2010, as other European economies
grew again, Spain’s economy shrank. In E) More innovative labour proposals include a
2011, its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) global minimum wage.
expanded by less than 1 per cent. The
world’s ninth-biggest economy in 2009 will
soon be twelfth, overtaken by Russia, India
and Canada. Recent reforms are a change in
the right direction, but not enough to stop
Spain from falling behind.
A) It was notable at the time for its massive
investments in these sectors of the economy.
B) Economists wonder when it will turn to
meaningful growth, a highly demanded
economic measure.
C) The Prime Minister of Spain, José Luis
Rodríguez Zapatero, is a reluctant reformer.
D) Spain refuses to admit that many of its
financial problems are caused internationally.
E) Spanish Prime Minister, Zapatero, was slow
to recognize market impatience with Spain’s
deficit.
17. Today, the applications of research findings 19. Most of us feel that too much money is being
in the field of first language acquisition are spent on advertising. We see advertisements
widespread. In language arts education, for as we walk down the street, we see them in
example, teacher trainees are required to newspapers and magazines and on
study first language acquisition, particularly television. ---- Perhaps it would, but
acquisition after age 5, in order to improve manufacturers know that it is vital to keep
their understanding of the task of teaching the name of a product fresh in the public
language skills to native speakers. ---- The eye; otherwise, sales fall.
reasons behind these developments are very
clear. We have all observed children A) Advertising costs a lot, so we wonder if it
acquiring their first language easily and well, wouldn’t be better to spend this money in
yet individuals learning a second language, other ways.
particularly in educational settings, can meet B) Some advertisements are quite amusing and
with great difficulty and sometimes failure. really please us.
We should therefore be able to learn C) Personally, I find a lot of advertisements
something from a systematic study of that really annoying.
first language learning experience.
D) Advertising has become an art, and a lot of
A) The first step in investigating age and money is to be made in the field of
acquisition might be to dispel some myths advertising.
about the relationship between first and E) Children are often greatly influenced by the
second language acquisition. advertisements they see on television.
B) In foreign language education, most standard
texts and curricula now include some
introductory material on first language 20. To open a newspaper today is to be
acquisition. confronted by an avalanche of ever
worsening crises. ---- In fact, the list is
C) One of the most promising areas of inquiry in endless.
age and acquisition research has been the
study of the function of the brain in the A) Unfortunately, the larger institutions that
process of acquisition. cannot easily be called to account, are taking
D) A small child listens and speaks, and no one precedence over their smaller, more
would dream of making him or her read and ecological-based competitors.
write, because reading and writing are B) The task of overcoming them seems so
advanced stages of language development. utterly overwhelming that most of us simply
E) First language acquisition starts in very early try to ignore them.
childhood, but second language acquisition C) At the heart of our problems is an economic
can happen in childhood, early or late, as system that alienates people from nature.
well as in adulthood. D) These range from global warming to the
extinction of a whole species, and from the
destruction of cultures to rising job insecurity.
18. ---- More than ninety per cent of the
inhabitants were primarily engaged in E) The need to provide our children with a
agriculture. The remainder were fur traders, sense of security and identity is therefore
fishermen, craftsmen, merchants and gaining importance.
professional people. The last three groups
were also likely to be farmers.
A) The early settlers in America were raced with
a hostile environment and, hence, security
was of primary importance.
B) The scarcity of large areas of good farmland
and the lack of a large market for their
agricultural products forced the early settlers
in America to turn to the sea.
C) The economic life of the early colonists in
America was essentially based on the land.
D) The great period of colonial migration to
America was in the 18th rather than the 17th
century.
E) Although African slaves were imported early
into Virginia, it was not until the 18th century
that their number increased dramatically.
1. (I) Humans communicate their inner thoughts 5. (I) The church in the village of Sampford Bretf,
via language. (II) But some linguists think that in England, has a carving of a sixteenth-century
this is not a strict, one-way case of cause and woman, Florence Wyndham, who was buried
effect; the language we speak may determine alive at St Decuman's Church. (II) Florence fell
the thoughts that we try to express. (III) If into a trance, which her parents mistook for
language influences our thoughts, could it also death. (III) Preparation of the body for burial has
affect the way we look at the world? (IV) In the traditionally included washing the body and
early 20th century, Edward Safirand Benjamin dressing it in special garments. (IV) A thief
Whorf first supported the theory that language opened her coffin to steal her rings, and finding
affects the way humans interact with the world. them difficult to remove, was about to cut off her
(V) In the late 1950s, Chomsky came up with fingers, when she awoke. (V) She lived for many
the idea that language is a natural ability with a more years after her 'death'.
deep, unified structure.
6. (I) Whisky began to be marketed commercially

2. (I) Smoking has become unfashionable in most in the middle of the nineteenth century. (II) By
Western countries over the past decade or enlarging and modernizing its distilleries,
more. (II) Yet many people in these countries Scotland was able to dominate the market in
still smoke. (III) The campaign clearly Europe and America. (III) Up until then,
highlighted the benefits of a smoke-free work production had been divided between a few
place. (IV) Even laws against smoking in shared official distilleries and many much smaller,
work spaces and on public transport have had illicit ones, whose produce was almost
limited success in reducing the number of exclusively for local consumption. (IV) The
smokers. (V) In these countries, the highest development of reliable transport systems
rates of smoking tend to be found especially particularly trains - during the Industrial
among people in the 20-29 age group, teenage Revolution meant whisky could travel further
women and the working class. afield. (V) And a few Scottish-and Irish
traders seized the opportunity to begin exporting
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V their output.
3. (I) If you travel across America, you will see
some of the great sights of the natural world. (II)
Between Alaska's forests and Florida's 7. (I) Shipping has long been a crucial part of the
swamps you will cross the Rocky Mountains, the Egyptian economy. (II) With coastlines on the
deserts of Arizona, the Mississippi and much Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the world
else. (III) Vast areas of the world's largest famous Suez Canal, it could hardly be
temperate rainforest have been cut down. (IV) otherwise. (III) But the government has put a lot
You will be struck by the magnificence of what of effort into transforming the sector from a mere
you see. (V) You will be struck, too, by the means of transporting goods into and out of the
battering that nature has taken. country into a much more central part of the
economy. (IV) The country has enjoyed good
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V tourism revenues in recent years despite earlier
security problems and terrorism scares. (V) It is
now attempting to use the country’s
4. (I) Modern Bergama is a sleepy agricultural geographical position to turn it into one of the
market town in the midst of a well-watered plain. leading transhipment centres in the world.
(II) There has been a town here since Trojan
times. (III) Of Bergama‘s four main tourist A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
attractions, only the museum is in the centre of
the town. (IV) However, it was during the period
between Alexander the Great and the Roman 8. (I) Obviously different people like to spend their
domination that Bergama, then called holidays in different ways. (II) Some are only
Pergamum, enjoyed its greatest prosperity. (V) really happy by the sea. (III) In fact everyone
At that time, it became one of the Middle East‘s loves to go swimming in the summer. (IV)
richest and most powerful small kingdoms. Others like to take their holidays in winter and
go skiing. (V) Still others think the best holidays
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V are those spent exploring new places.
9. (I) When the Turkish Republic was founded, 13. (I) Forests come under increasing pressure as
Istanbul University was the only institution of the population increases as so many people use
higher education. (II) That is the reason why it is firewood for cooking. (II) On the average, one
the feeder of all the universities existing in person burns about a metric ton of firewood a
Turkey today, and the academics educated here year. (III) Another result of deforestation is
have initiated the establishment of the other accelerated soil erosion. (IV) Because of this
institutions. (III) Thus, Istanbul University has fuel need, forests surrounding communities
always been instrumental in the training of our have been slowly cut down. (V) As nearby trees
country’s scientific cadres. (IV) The university are used up for fire wood, people travel farther
functions as a reflection of Turkey’s history of to obtain wood and the size of the deforested
independence. (V) In addition to its scientific area expands.
impact, it has also been a leader in the
movement towards enlightenment and A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
modernization by acting as a bridge between
science and life.
14. (I) Abstract Expressionism in US painting was
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V the dominant force in the country's art in the late
1940s and 1950s. (II) It was characterized by
the sensuous use of paint, often on very large
10. (I) Art therapy, sometimes called expressive art canvases, to convey powerful emotions. (III)
or art psychology, encourages self-discovery Ornamental art without figurative representation
and emotional growth. (II) Personal fulfillment occurs in most cultures. (IV) Some of the artists
comes from both creative and analytical involved painting pure abstract pictures, but
components of the process. (III) It is a two-part others often used figures in their work. (V) Most
process, involving both the creation of art and of the leading Abstract Expressionists were
the discovery of its meaning. (IV) Rooted in based in New York during the height of the
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung’s theories of the movement, and their critical and financial
subconscious and unconscious, art therapy is success helped New York to replace Paris as
based on the premise that visual symbols and the world's leading centre of contemporary art.
images are the most accessible and natural
form of communication to the human A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
experience. (V) Patients are encouraged to
visualize, and then create, the thoughts and
emotions that they can’t express verbally. 15. (I) In November 1859, British biologist Charles R
Darwin published one of the most important and
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V controversial books ever written. (II) Entitled On
the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, Darwin’s book was an immediate
11. (I) She is one of India’s most admired actresses. bestseller. (III) Darwin’s second point was to
(II) She has won numerous awards in India and propose a mechanism for evolution. (IV) This
has succeeded in Hollywood as well. (III) She is book soon made his name almost synonymous
intent on playing an active role in real life, too. with the concept of evolution. (V) For this
(IV) Actually, India’s film Industry has reason, Darwin stands out in history with people
progressed considerably in recent years. (V) like Newton and Einstein, scientists who
She has, for instance, worked hard to improve synthesized ideas with great explanatory power.
the conditions of refugees and earthquake
victims and given generously to them. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
16. (I) Building a boat that cannot be sunk may
sound like a worthwhile goal, but put enough
12. (I) Burning herbs for purification, grounding and holes in a ship and it will always sink. (II) The
to drive away negative energies is common in only reliable way to stay afloat is to avoid hitting
many cultures. (II) Ancient Egyptians and anything by navigating safely, and ensure that
Greeks burned herbs as an offering to the gods. nothing catches fire. (III) In some waters, for
(III) In China, also, the Naxi people have a example, pirates are an ever‐present danger.
custom that involves burning incense made from (IV) The SOLAS (Safety of Life At Sea)
sacred plants and herbs. (IV) To deepen this regulations that followed the Titanic disaster
historical practice, one can grow his/her own have grown to cover a ship’s smallest details.
herbs such as wild ones in the forests. (V) They (V) From a requirement for double hulls on oil
do not do it to make a room fragrant or to tankers to the design of buckles on lifejackets,
meditate, but the effort of creating the incense there is a regulation to ensure all components
makes its burning an important ritual for the are up to the job.
Chinese; a way of giving back.
17. (I) In the last decade, improvements in the 19. (I) The founding of cities depends on several
effectiveness of organ transplants have factors but none is more important than an
increased the demand for used human organs. abundant supply of food and water. (II) For this
(II) Each year, thousands of Americans will die reason, in the ancient world it was common for
waiting for replacement kidneys, hearts and cities to be located near rivers and coasts like
lungs. (III) Because the supply has not the cities of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in
increased along with demand, however, there Mesopotamia. (III) Many cities in Europe were
are shortages of transplantable organs. (IV) In a destroyed during World War II and had to be
normal market, the price would rise to eliminate rebuilt. (IV) Other factors can also explain the
the shortage, but because it is illegal to buy and location of a city, such as its geographical
sell human organs, there is no pricing position. (V) For example, Constantinople
mechanism to close the gap between the became a thriving city without either good local
quantity supplied and the quantity demanded. farmland or freshwater because of its strategic
(V) This gap in the organ-transplant system has location.
led Nobel-winning economist Gary Becker to
suggest monetary incentives for organ donors. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
20. (I) It is true that the Arabs carefully studied
Greek thought, and translated into Arabic many
18. (I) The human race is facing a sort of problem it outstanding Greek writings on medicine, science
has never been up against before. (II) Not only and philosophy. (II) Europe, even when at war
are the implications of climate change with them, eagerly learned from their scholars.
enormous, but the general public also seems (III) Many European students attend Arab
unwilling to look the problem in the eye. (III) universities in Spain, and returned home as
Drastic action is going to have to be taken at admirers of Arab learning. (IV) Indeed, the
some point in the future, but without public Western impact on the Arab world has been
support, governments will have a hard time enormous. (V) Hence, medieval Europe was
being able to do anything significant. (IV) Rich greatly indebted to the Arabs.
countries are both responsible for the warming
caused by climate change and in far better A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
position to cope with it due to strong economies
and comfortable lifestyles. (V) It is a whole lot
easier to take action if everyone agrees there is
actually something to take action about.
Studies reveal that even subtle, artificial or seemingly 3. According to the passage, exclusion ----.
unimportant exclusion can lead to strong emotional
reactions. A strong reaction makes sense when you A) can be productive if it generates self-
are rejected or ignored by your family or close reflection and an improvement in behaviour
friends, because they are important to you. It is more B) is a very real threat to our psychological
remarkable that intense feelings of rejection can welfare
emerge even when people close to us are not C) is the result of lack of control over our
involved. We can feel awful even after people we behaviour in social situations
have never met simply look the other way. This
D) makes us more physically aggressive,
reaction serves an important function. It warns us that
leading to further isolation
something is wrong, that there exists a serious threat
to our social and psychological well-being. E) is the most effective way for humans to deal
Psychologists argue that belonging, self-esteem, a with problems in their lives
sense of control over your life and a belief that
existence is meaningful constitute four fundamental
psychological needs that we must meet to function as
social individuals. Exclusion threatens all these
needs. Even in a verbal or physical dispute,
individuals are still connected. Total exclusion,
however, cuts all bonds. Worse than this, the
imposed silence forces us to think about the event in
detail, generating self-critical thoughts in our search
for an explanation. This forced isolation also makes
us feel helpless: You can fight back, but no one will
respond. Finally, exclusion makes our very existence
feel less meaningful because this type of rejection
makes us feel isolated and unimportant.
1. The author of the passage thinks the results

of studies on exclusion are surprising in that
----.
A) negative feelings of exclusion occur only
after rejection by close friends or family
members
B) people who have been excluded are usually
those who consider relationships unimportant
C) even people who do not matter to us
personally can hurt us by ignoring us or
keeping us out
D) most people experience no negative feelings
after being rejected by social groups
E) a person with a wide network of social
connections will experience less rejection
2. We can understand from the passage that

human beings ----.
A) are social beings who require membership in

a group to function properly
B) exclude individuals for valid reasons that
must be resolved by the individual
C) are essentially sensitive beings who exclude
others only by accident
D) are different from all other living organisms in
the extent of their need for social ties
E) rarely experience very strong feelings of
rejection
Charlie Chaplin, who was born in Britain but spent The economic realm of human activity, looked at from
most of his life in the United States, is one of the the perspective of the entire human experience, can
pivotal figures in film history. He is especially best be seen not simply as a progressive
remembered for his work in the silent movies. development of freedom, but rather as a series of
Chaplin knew that a successful scene was not simply phases in which new freedoms are made possible
about the starring actor, but about everything else. only by determining new limits and new
The only way to achieve that unity was to get responsibilities. So long as humankind respects
personally involved in every stage of the film; from those new lines of authority, freedom prospers.
starring in his films to producing, directing, editing Without those limits, on the other hand, freedom dies.
them, and even to composing the music for them. It Legislative bodies around the world that fail to pass
was not uncommon for him to decide half-way environmental laws in the name of freedom have an
through a film that an actor wasn’t suitable for a understanding of freedom that is ultimately self-
certain role, and start over with someone new. This destructive. We must learn, before it is too late, that
constant attention to detail ran many features the gift of freedom does not mean tearing down walls
overtime and over-budget, but the public reaction but relocating them. Just as a line is defined by the
assured him and the studios that what he was doing empty space that surrounds it, so is freedom defined
worked. Chaplin typically improvised his story in front by the boundaries around its edges. If we fail to
of the camera with only a basic framework of a script. appreciate this basic law of nature, if we continue to
But on consideration, his art turned out to be firmly demand – on the level of the nation-state – freedom
rooted, and could be seen, for example, to draw without limits and responsibility, we risk punishing our
much of its strength from his successful fusion of children or our children’s children.
English and American cultures and traditions.
7. In the passage, the author points out ----.
4. As is pointed out in the passage the success
of Chaplin’s films was largely due to ----. A) how freedom is supplemented by economic
growth
A) his own remarkable acting abilities B) the need to change the traditional
B) the control he exercised on every aspect of a understanding of freedom
film C) the costs of constructive economic pursuits
C) the detailed scripts prepared for each film D) the positive environmental implications of
D) the professional skills of the studios that excessive freedom
made them E) who benefits the most from absolute freedom
E) the fact that Chaplin liked to improvise new
scenes in front of the cameras
8. The author mentions legislative bodies
around the world in order to ----.
5. The passage makes it quite clear that Charlie
Chaplin ----. A) strongly criticize the limitations of freedom
B) reject the responsibilities that freedom
A) began his career as an actor but soon turned imposes on us
to directing films instead
C) show how the concept of freedom can be
B) much preferred America and American abused
culture to Britain and British culture
D) strengthen the parliaments’ perception of
C) is a major figure in the history of film-making freedom
D) was eager to please those he worked with E) explain how our children can have more
E) appealed more to American audiences than freedom than we do
to British ones
9. The author emphasizes that freedom is
6. It is clear from the passage that the film gained by ----.
studios ----.
A) understanding that it has to have limits
A) were taken in by Chaplin’s charm and let him B) tearing down any obstacles in its way
have his own way all the time
C) educating our children’s children
B) played a leading role in the making of
D) appreciating that it is hard to achieve
Chaplin’s films
E) allowing other people to share it
C) liked to work with Chaplin because he never
interfered with what they were doing
D) had to work on a very tight budget
E) were content to work with Chaplin as they felt
success was guaranteed
It is thought that sails were invented by the Egyptians 12. According to the passage, the invention
around 3400 BC. Harnessing wind power for sea of sails in Egypt ----.
transport was a crucial factor in the development of
civilisation, enabling Egyptian sailors to carry the A) enabled ships to travel long distances more
timber they needed from the thickly forested coasts of safely
Lebanon, and later taking them to Cyprus where B) rapidly had an adverse effect on the maritime
there were plentiful deposits of copper and to the activities of neighbouring countries
coasts of Anatolia. Trade began to flourish in the C) resulted from the need to carry copper from
eastern Mediterranean, but of the thousands of ships Cyprus
which came and went from Anatolian harbours, some
D) made her the leading maritime power in the
were inevitably wrecked in storms. The ships and
eastern Mediterranean
cargoes which sank to the seabed over the centuries
are today providing illuminating evidence about E) made it possible for the Egyptians to engage
maritime and commercial history. Since the first in overseas trade
underwater excavations were carried out in Turkish
coastal waters in 1960, much has been discovered
about shipbuilding technology in antiquity and the
commodities the ships were carrying. Undoubtedly,
the most important wreck excavated so far is the
Uluburun Wreck, which is the earliest of all, dating
from the late Bronze Age. This ship sank 3300 years
ago and is accounted one of the most important ten
archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. The
gold seal of Queen Nefertiti and a two-leaf wooden
book, the oldest book in the world, are among the
hundreds of remarkable finds.
10. It is pointed out in the passage

that underwater archaeology along the
coasts of Turkey ----.
A) has only recently begun to gain recognition in
the world
B) goes back for over four decades
C) has, apart from the Uluburun Wreck, proved
disappointing
D) has just about exhausted all possible sites of
wrecks
E) has so far only been concerned with the
Bronze Age wrecks
11. According to the passage, the Uluburun

Wreck ----.
A) has provided much evidence about the

relationship between Anatolia and the
eastern Mediterranean
B) was the first one ever to be discovered in
Turkish coastal waters
C) has shed light on the kind of goods
transported by ships in ancient times
D) has yielded some extremely precious
artifacts
E) was richer in treasures than any other
discovered in the Mediterranean
During the Ottoman period, a small but increasing 15. It is pointed out in the passage that, despite
number of European travellers began to explore and extensive excavations and restorations, ----.
study the sites of ancient cities in Western Turkey. In
this regard, the first systematic exploration was made A) an extensive number of the ancient sites,
in 1811 by Captain Beaufort of the British Royal including Troy, in Western Turkey, have not
Navy, who mapped the Mediterranean coast of yet been unearthed
Turkey and identified some of the ancient sites there. B) a very large part of Troy still needs to be
This was followed by a number of other further explored and unearthed
archaeological expeditions, including Charles C) many of Lycia’s ancient cities are still buried
Fellows’ s explorations, from 1838 to 1844, of the under the ground and await digging out
south western part of the country, called “Lycia” in
D) the ancient glory of such popularly known
antiquity. But the most exciting find was Heinrich
cities as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and
Schliemann’s rediscovery of Troy in excavations that
Aphrodisias has only been partially revealed
began in 1870. Since then, most of the ancient cities
of Western Turkey have probably been unearthed E) the cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus,
and studied, at least to some extent. The more Sardis and Aphrodisias are far from arousing
famous of them, such as Pergamum, Ephesus, a lasting interest in the public
Sardis and Aphrodisias, are now the subjects of
large-scale excavations and restorations that have
recreated a fragmentary image of their former
splendour.
13. It is implied in the passage that the

European explorations and studies of
Western Turkey’s ancient sites made prior to
the early nineteenth century ----.
A) had not been carried out according to a plan

B) provided archaeologists with a great deal of
information indispensable for their
excavations
C) mainly focused on the historically most
important ones such as Pergamum,
Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias
D) were in fact essentially concerned with the
search for the actual site of Troy
E) had a secret military purpose and, therefore,
lacked any historical interest
14. One understands from the passage that,

although many explorations of ancient ruins
were made in Western Turkey in the
nineteenth century, ----.
A) exploration and excavation there has not
continued into the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries
B) Ephesus and Sardis, especially, have
provided an extensive amount of data about
life and society in antiquity
C) it was Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations of
Troy that created the most interest
D) Lycia, as a region, has always attracted a
great deal of attention from many travellers
and archaeologists
E) only Pergamum and Aphrodisias give us a
full picture of their magnificence in the past
John Steinbeck was born in California in 1902. He Almost 50 years ago, the scientist and novelist
studied literature and writing at Stanford University Charles Percy Snow delivered a lecture at the
for six years but, for financial reasons had to leave. University of Cambridge in which he described a
He then moved to New York City where he worked as problematic situation that he termed "the two
a labourer and journalist for five years. From there he cultures". According to C. P. Snow, as he came to be
moved back to California. In 1935, with the most commonly known, it was the circumstances of
publication of Tortilla Flat, a collection of humorous his involvement in both the physics and the writing
stories, Steinbeck finally achieved popular success communities, mostly in Britain, that gave him an
and financial security. He then moved on to write unusually diverse perspective on intellectual life at
more serious fiction. Steinbeck's novels can all be mid-century. Although he noted that members of the
classified as social novels dealing with the economic two groups that he moved among had similar social
problems of rural labour. In 1939 he published what is origins, possessed comparable intelligence and
considered his best work, The Grapes of Wrath, the earned about the same amount of money, they barely
story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who, unable to communicated with each other. Snow observed that
earn a living from the land, moved to California where their intellectual, moral and psychological climates
they became migratory workers. had so little in common that they may as well have
come from different parts of the world. He feared that
16. It is clear from the passage that, as a young the intellectual life of the whole of western society
man, Steinbeck, ----. was increasingly being split into two polar groups
characterized by “physical scientists” and "literary
A) led a hard life before becoming a well-known intellectuals".
writer
B) showed no interest at all in writing 19. According to the passage, C.P. Snow, in
C) hoped to make a career for himself in a a lecture at Cambridge, ----.
university
A) presented a comprehensive survey of
D) had no financial worries at all scientific and literary studies
E) constantly moved around the country in order B) dwelt upon the social origins of physical
to get as much experience of life as possible scientists and literary intellectuals
C) emphasized that scientists and literature
17. We understand from the passage that Tortilla people had, as regards their interests, almost
Flat ----. nothing in common
D) stressed the different psychological climates
A) was so successful that Steinbeck could
that produced scientists and literature people
finally move back to California
E) impressed his audience with the diversity of
B) was the first in a line of humorous works of
his interests
fiction
C) is generally regarded as Steinbeck's best
collections of short stories 20. It is clear from the passage that C.P.
Snow's position was such that it ----.
D) was Steinbeck's first real success in his
career as a writer A) allowed him to bridge the gap between
E) would always be the book that Steinbeck Western society and the rest of the world
himself liked best B) gave him the chance to meet people from all
walks of life
18. It is pointed out in the passage that C) provided him with a deep understanding of
Steinbeck's novels ----. western society
D) made him very much aware of a wide range
A) all reflect Steinbeck's strong sense of
of 20 th century problems
humour
E) enabled him to be involved with both
B) have a serious tone and deal with social
scientists and literature people
issues
C) never achieved the popularity of his short
stories 21. According to the passage, C.P. Snow ----.
D) are now only of academic interest A) was better known as a scientist than as a
E) are about all classes of society novelist
B) regarded the gap between the scientific and
literary worlds as a serious problem
C) was particularly interested in the
backgrounds of the people he wrote about
D) reflected the moral and psychological
problems of his age in his novels
E) was a popular personality and was often
asked to deliver lectures
Edmund Hillary and the porter, Tenzing Norgay, got
the glory for conquering Everest, but it was John
Hunt who made their success possible. John Hunt
was an excellent manager and paid great attention to
detail. For instance, he specified that each box of
rations contained 29 tins of sardines. His strategy,
which was soon to become standard in
mountaineering, called for an army of climbers,
especially porters who would methodically move up
the mountain, carrying supplies to ever higher camps.
Hunt gave the human element systematic attention
as well. Everest demands an “unusual degree of
selflessness and patience”, he later wrote. “Failure,
whether moral or physical, by even one or two people
would add immensely to its difficulties. “The desire to
reach the top, he added, “must be both individual and
collective. ” That last point was important: the goal of
this huge effort was to deliver just two climbers to the
summit.
22. It is clear from the passage that John Hunt --

--.
A) regarded the conquest of Everest as a team
success
B) was a good mountaineer, but not a good
organizer
C) wanted to get to the top of Everest himself
D) was involved in several disputes with various
team members
E) was largely concerned with the training of the
porters
23. As we understand from the passage, the

success of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing
Norgay ----.
A) aroused a great deal of envy among the
other team members
B) gave rise to a lot of talk about how selfish
they both were and how undeserving of the
fame they achieved
C) added to the fame that Hunt already enjoyed
D) depended, to a very large extent, on the
preparations planned and carried out by
John Hunt
E) turned mountaineering into a fashionable
sport worldwide
24. As it is pointed out in the passage, in the

opinion of John Hunt, ----.
A) the use of porters would contribute very little
to the success of the expedition
B) the food for the climbers was only of minor
importance
C) climbing Everest requires not only physical
strength but also certain moral qualities
D) Hillary and Tenzing did not deserve the fame
they had
E) in mountaineering, the height of a mountain
is of little importance
Was Jane Austen a shy, gentle country girl, happy to Not only the eyes and face but also the head, hands,
write her romantic novels in the peace and quiet of legs and feet communicate information. Ray
the family house, or was she an independent Birdwhistell has embarked on an ambitious attempt to
business woman determined to achieve fame? This construct an entire linguistics of body communication,
question has provoked much debate over the past called ‘kinesics’. From extensive observation mainly
decades and will no doubt continue to resurface. in the United States, he identified sixty to seventy
Frustratingly, little is known about Austen, who died basic units of body movement and described rules of
tragically young, at the age of 41. Much of the combination that produce meaningful units of body
evidence we have of her life is in the form of the communication. While some scholars feel that this
many letters she wrote to family and friends, which may be somewhat ambiguous, there is a general
offer a unique insight into the daily life of the novelist, agreement on some other issues. For example,
but little about her thoughts and feelings. Paula emblems which can be defined as gestures that
Byrne, who has written two books on Austen, has replace or stand in for spoken language are widely
never been a subscriber to the cosy cliché of Austen understood across cultures, but many are culture-
scribbling her novels in the safety of her cottage. specific as put forward by almost all of the scholars.
Instead, she wants people to see her as she really Therefore, the same thing can be indicated by
was; an independent woman in Georgian England different gestures in different cultures, or, the same
who was well-travelled, socially adept and far more in gestures can mean different things in different
touch with her world than has previously been cultures. For instance, most people refer to ‘self’ by
assumed. Austen died in 1817 leaving what may pointing at their chest, while in Japan they put a
have been her finest novel unfinished. No matter how finger to the nose.
one views Jane Austen, there is no doubt she had so
much more to offer the world. 28. According to the passage, Birdwhistell ----.
25. According to the author, many people have A) carried out his observations particularly in the
questioned ----. US
B) was one of the pioneers in the field of
A) why so little is known about Austen even linguistics
today
C) found that body communication does not
B) why Austen wished to be famous in her have to involve meaningful combinations
lifetime
D) failed to effectively convey his ideas about
C) what kind of a person Austen really was body communication to other scholars
D) why Austen's books trigger debate in literary E) could not come up with a reasonable
circles definition of body movements
E) what genre Austen's books fall into
29. According to the passage, considering
26. Paula Byrne describes Austen as someone Birdwhistell’s observations, some scholars -
who ----. ---.
A) was typical of English writers at the time A) were inspired by his findings and used them
B) was aware of the importance of social skills as a basis for different studies
C) was reluctant to express her feelings in B) were extremely surprised and shocked by his
letters findings
D) avoided literary clichés as much as possible C) rejected the whole idea of linguistics of body
communication
E) was sophisticated and aware of the world
outisde D) thought that findings of his observations were
completely unreliable
E) found some of them a bit complicated but
27. Which of the following is implied by the
agreed on others
underlined sentence in the passage?
A) Jane Austen's role in Georgian England
B) Jane Austen's well-known novels
C) The private life of Jane Austen
D) The early death of Jane Austen
E) Jane Austen's frustrations in life
30. One can understand from the passage that
gestures ----.
A) have been defined differently by scholars
from various sociocultural background
B) are given much more importance in Japan
than in any other countries
C) can have different variations and meanings
depending on the culture in which they are
used
D) are universal characteristics, and cultures
interpret them in the same way
E) may not communicate information as good
as the eyes and face do
1: About 30 countries can expect serious problems 6: Unlike many other African nations, most of
next year unless they reduce population growth. Algeria’s population shares an ethnic and cultural
TR: heritage.
TR:
2: Without good communication skills, it is

impossible to become a good leader.
TR: 7: Sugar is considered a luxury in Burma, where the
majority of workers have to put in at least thirteen
hours work before they can earn one kilogram of it.
TR:
3: An archaeologist is a type of social scientist who

works to learn about past civilizations, including
how they lived, worked, and socialized.
TR:
8: It is extremely important for both employers and

employees to have full knowledge of rules and
regulations.
TR:
4: As well as organisational change, technology has

played a central role in the evolution of warfare.
TR:
9: Shanghai, like many of the largest cities in the

world, has an extensive public transport system
made up of buses, subways, light railways, and
taxis.
TR:
5: Various cultures settled throughout Indiana's
region until the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s.
TR:
10: Angel Falls is one of the major tourist attractions
in Venezuela, despite its location and difficulty to
reach.
TR:
Radical changes in the life of western society were The term “capital” is often used to refer to money that
brought about by the new technical inventions of the is available for investment or, indeed, any asset that
181 and 19th centuries which resulted in a gradual can be readily turned into money for it. Thus, a
but complete reorganisation of the productive person’s house is often described as his or her
process. This is generally known as the "Industrial capital, because it can be turned into capital either by
Revolution". The outstanding feature of this industrial selling it or by borrowing on the strength of it. Many
revolution was the increasing specialisation of labour small businesses are indeed set up in this way. It is,
and, with it, the removal of more and more industries however, only possible to turn property into capital if
from the home to the factory. At the same time, a its ownership is clearly established, its value can be
growing number of activities such as baking, soap measured, its title can be transferred, and a market
making and dressmaking were taken over by exists for it. A characteristic feature of the
industry. These changes profoundly affected the lives development of capitalist societies is the emergence
of women. Many of them worked in the new factories of institutions that enable the conversion of assets of
for very low wages and for excessively long hours; all kinds into capital. It is the absence of these
others worked at home for manufacturers. institutions and, above all, functioning systems of
property law that frustrates the emergence of local
1. According to the passage, the 18 and capitalisms in the Third World.
19th centuries in the West ----.
4. The text is mainly about ----.
A) were a time when working conditions were
greatly improved A) the different ways to establish small
B) domestic industry developed alongside the businesses
reorganisation of industry B) the definition of capital and its convertibility
C) experienced a great economic and industrial C) the evolution of capitalism in the West
decline D) what capital means to small businesses
D) saw great technical advances which led to E) how capital changed hands in the modern
radical changes in the production process world
E) gave priority to domestic industries
5. According to the text, ----.
2. It is pointed out in the passage that one of
the most important changes introduced by A) one has to own a property in order to start a
the Industrial Revolution was ----. small business
B) the terms investment and capital have
A) the development of such domestic skills as nothing in common
baking and soap making
C) there is greater capital accumulation in
B) the improvement of the position of women in Eastern countries than Western countries
society
D) the laws regulating capital exchange need to
C) the gradual rise of specialised labour be improved
D) the reorganization of working conditions for E) there are well-defined conditions for turning
women property into capital
E) an unprecedented increase in wages
6. It is clear from the text that Third World
3. The writer makes the point that the countries ----.
Industrial Revolution ----.
A) lack the institutions necessary for capitalism
A) had a totally destructive effect upon the to flourish
social structure B) inherited their capitalist institutions from the
B) had a great effect on the way of life in the East
West C) have redefined their financial systems and
C) encouraged domestic activities, in particular flourished
dressmaking D) are hardly in need of productive
D) led to the building of very many factories just businessmen for economic development
for women workers E) have standardized the laws regulating their
E) had little effect on traditional production economies in recent years
methods
Narva is a quiet north-eastern Estonian town bathed 9. As one learns from the passage, it was
in sea breezes. Though small, with a population of before 1721 that ----.
just over 72,000, it occupies a large place in Russian
history. It was here in 1700 that, by attacking the A) the Russians re-captured Riga from the
Swedes, who were then in control of much of the Swedes and made it the capital of Latvia
Baltic coast, Russia launched its final campaign in a B) Russia reached an agreement with Austria
centuries-long quest to become a European power. and Prussia for the partition of the whole
The battle ended in defeat for the Russians, but the Baltic region
war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered the Baltic C) Russia became a major European power
territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital of which completely dominated the Baltics
present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital, Saint
D) the Swedes and the Russians agreed on
Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland. Later in that
their respective control of the Baltic territories
century, Russia, through a partition agreement with
Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the E) the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by
Baltics, and would retain them until the fall of the the Russians on the Gulf of Finland
Soviet Union in 1991.
7. According to the passage, the Russian

conquest of the Baltics ----.
A) forced both Austria and Prussia to give up
their centuries-old claims on the Baltic
territories and sign a treaty
B) was finalized in the eighteenth century partly
through war and partly through a multi-lateral
treaty
C) included only the region between Narva in
north-eastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg
on the Gulf of Finland
D) was several times resisted by the Swedes,
whom the Russians were unable to defeat
and drive out of the region
E) involved a very long war with the Swedes on
the one hand, and with Austria and Prussia
on the other
8. As can be understood from the passage, the

writer ----.
A) points out that Narva is an attractive and
well-known centre for tourism in Estonia
B) describes the hardships which the Baltic
countries endured under the Russians in the
eighteenth century
C) stresses how the Russian expansion in the
Baltics in the 1720s was prevented by
Austria and Prussia
D) draws a contrast between the present-day
romantic appearance of Narva and its
historic significance
E) compares Riga with Narva and concludes
that the Latvian capital is historically more
important
Set 3
• Vocabulary & Grammar
• Translation
Vocabulary & Grammar > Homework
1. In many countries training for industry has 6. Seoul is busy reinventing itself and
always been considered to be ---- the practically rebuilding the city with an eye to
concern of industry itself, not of the state. improving ---- the aesthetic value ---- the
commercial value of the city.
A) socially
B) primarily A) such / as
C) suitably B) so / that
D) firmly C) not only / but also
E) reputedly D) less / than
E) neither / nor
2. Prized ---- their sweet edible fruits,

blueberries grow only ---- highly acidic and 7. Today, a company's own website ---- the
well-drained but moist soils. centre of its online marketing, and so ---- by
search engine or e-mail marketing as well as
A) with / at social media marketing.
B) for / in
A) is considered / should be promoted
C) through / around
B) used to be considered / is being promoted
D) amongst / under
C) was being considered / had to be promoted
E) from / on
D) would be considered / was promoted
E) was considered / could be promoted
3. ---- psychologists use live subjects in their
studies; they need to be sensitive to ethic
issues that can arise in the conduct of their 8. The search for, and discovery of, fossils can
research. be a personally exciting adventure ---- a
technically fascinating process.
A) Whether
B) Just as A) because of
C) Even if B) similar to
D) Yet C) as a result of
E) Since D) as well as
E) as opposed to
4. In order to reduce crowds and costs, foreign

productions often decide to film in spring 9. Although alcohol consumption per capita ----
and autumn, ---- helps extend the season. a peak in the United States during the first
three decades of the 19th century, now it ----
A) thus down in all age groups.
B) which
A) reached / is going
C) nor
B) has reached / goes
D) too
C) will reach / will go
E) so
D) was reaching / went
E) would reach / has gone
5. The ---- between exports of goods and
services and imports of goods and services
is known as the current account balance. 10. ---- most people can find benefits in cross-
cultural living or learning, some experience
A) identity psychological blocks and other inhibiting
B) favour effects due to culture shock.
C) difference
A) Because
D) deficiency
B) Only when
E) privacy
C) While
D) Unless
E) Provided that
11. Economic efficiency refers to a situation 16. About 60 million people had to leave Europe
where each good is produced ---- the before World War II, which caused an ----
minimum cost and where individual people migration to the US.
and firms get the maximum benefit ---- their
resources. A) indifferent
B) explanatory
A) by / over
C) intuitive
B) at / from
D) ambiguous
C) with / on
E) immense
D) for / to
E) in / across
17. There was a similar case in May of a man, ----
in Paris, who ---- his shoes with drugs.
12. The new ceramics, which have little in
common with the chinaware we use in our A) to board / would pack
kitchens every day, are being used ---- in B) having boarded / has packed
engines and electronics. C) to have boarded / would have packed
A) depressingly D) boarding / had packed
B) seemingly E) to be boarded / packed
C) increasingly
D) discouragingly 18. ---- schools encourage children to read
E) obligingly printed books more often, the library, in its
traditional form, will eventually disappear.
13. Renaissance art evolved from a common set A) Whenever

of principles, ---- it took many directions and B) Whereas
changed considerably in the following C) since
centuries.
D) however
A) instead E) Unless
B) provided that
C) but 19. People seem to forget that an e-mail says so
D) for much about them, but it can even ----
E) so personality characteristics.
A) receive
14. Researchers have listed a number of myths - B) eliminate
--- the nature and cause of happiness, and C) overcome
the most striking one is that children add
D) convey
significantly ---- the happiness of married
couples. E) abandon
A) on / towards
B) about / to 20. Most of the world’s trade today is in
manufactured goods and services ----
C) at / through agricultural goods and natural resources.
D) in / from
E) of / by A) rather than
B) such as
C) just as
15. Floods occur when heavy rain falls, ---- so
D) except for
much water that it cannot seep into the soil
or flow away into rivers and lakes or run into E) so much as
drains.
A) coping with
B) putting off
C) resulting in
D) emerging from
E) switching to
The first true city in Mesoamerica was Monte Alban, Education is both a consumption and an investment
founded by the Zapotecs in 500 BCE. (21) ---- the good. The (26) ---- of knowledge by reading a book
Olmec people who had come up with a script of can give pleasure and benefits to an individual
glyphs (signs), the Zapotec also devised an early equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a
writing system to name sacrificed enemies portrayed film at the cinema. But education can also help
on stone stelae. Later monuments name enemy advance in a chosen career (27) ---- success is
places in and around the south Mexican Oaxaca achieved in specific examinations. If a financial gain
Valley that the kings of Monte Alban defeated, to is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the
create an empire that (22) ---- until 700 CE. The educational process (28) ---- seen as an investment.
biggest city in Mesoamerica was Teotihuacán, which By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced
was founded (23) ---- 100 BCE and survived until the skills add to your potential earning power in the
7th and 8th century CE. The ceremonial objects labour market; your qualifications should help you to
unearthed in the area indicate that the city (24) ---- as compete that much better against those (29) ----
a sacred centre. A cave beneath its Pyramid of the qualified for a particular job. As far as an employer is
Sun was regarded as the place (25) ---- humanity concerned, your educational qualification is a means
emerged into the world and as the entrance to the (30) ---- filtering where there is keen competition for a
underworld. post.
21. 26.
A) Instead of A) contribution
B) According to B) exclusion
C) Due to C) obscurity
D) On behalf of D) acquisition
E) Similar to E) continuation
22. 27.
A) occurred A) even so
B) deteriorated B) since
C) lasted C) if
D) recovered D) as if
E) appeared E) unless
23. 28.
A) with A) might have been
B) around B) would be
C) from C) was
D) throughout D) had been
E) over E) can be
24. 29.
A) used to begin A) as much
B) might begin B) less
C) would have begun C) least
D) should have begun D) the same
E) may have begun E) fewer
25. 30.
A) why A) of
B) which B) by
C) how C) over
D) where D) with
E) when E) through
1. If they are striving to do their work ethically, 5. ---- that need to be solved.
----.
A) More detailed information would have
A) history teachers will need to discuss the enabled us to find solutions to the problems
moral implications of events with their B) Some managers are in favour of routine
students reports on progress being made
B) no one can effectively teach children how C) He should have been able to identify such
people should behave in a conflict problems in the early stages of development
C) citizens’ worldviews are often related to the D) The first stage in decision-making is the
realities of their daily lives identification of problems
D) there will be aspects of human rights that E) Once a problem has been perceived
underpin society
E) how processes are described in a society is
very important 6. ---- the end result was extremely
disappointing.
2. ---- that New York City is being badly run A) Although much energy and time had gone
and desperately needs to be reorganized. into the production of the play
B) Even if the government has approved the
A) None of them had admitted new scheme
B) Everybody acknowledges C) Working only a few hours a day
C) Many Americans were asking the authorities D) Owing to the qualified employees
D) Letters of protest had been written to the E) What made the staff feel disappointed
Mayor's Office
E) Many journalists would recommend
7. The building of the Toshka canal in Egypt
was carefully planned ----.
3. ---- as long as the economy was good and
the US remained strong abroad. A) if the inlet starts at a point 8 km north of
Toshka bay
A) The American people seem to have ignored B) as the mistakes made in earlier canals had
Clinton’s weaknesses in character during his proved costly
presidency
C) as if the desert could become green
B) Clinton became the second president in
D) until the amount of water required was
American history to be impeached
agreed on
C) Clinton made history by becoming the first
E) that wealthy investors could easily be found
US president to testify in front of a grand jury
D) In the second year of his presidency, Clinton
faced persistent troubles on the domestic 8. Environmentalists are criticizing the patent
front office for delaying its decision on some new
E) Clinton’s overall popularity among Americans measuring instruments ----.
remained high
A) while the guidelines have been consistently
ignored
4. ---- the judge would almost certainly have B) if applications for patents on plants are on
been more lenient towards him. the increase
C) before objections were filed against patents
A) Despite the fact that he forged the title
on a herbicide resistant plant
indeed
D) since they believe that these are urgently
B) If only we could bribe one of the witnesses
needed to detect certain problems
C) Had he admitted his part in the affair from the
E) as if the controversy had actually died down
start
D) While our lawyer was negotiating the terms
of settlement with their lawyer
E) Because the legal procedures make this
unavoidable
9. ----, you can work on extinguishing any 13. ----, it is also a leader in many
undesirable behaviours. other manufacturing and processing lines,
including prepared cereals, machine tools,
A) Unless you proceed to the interviewer’s hardware and furniture.
office for your interview
B) Although previous work experience is sought A) While Michigan ranks first among the States
by almost all employers nowadays in the production of motor vehicles and parts
C) Once you are able to see yourself interacting B) Because Michigan is rich in natural
with others resources
D) Whereas there is much to be learned about C) Even if Michigan produces important
human nature in general amounts of iron, copper and other minerals
E) Just as any communicative event requires at D) Since Michigan is a prime area for both
least one person to be around commercial and sport fishing
E) Just as Michigan's forests contribute
significantly to the State's economy
10. ---- we review our recruitment procedures.
A) As long as the problem received adequate 14. ----, but it is easy to see proof of major
recognition market failures there as well.
B) Such a problem can not be ignored
A) It is possible for trade policy to ignore
C) Even though it was becoming increasingly
national welfare altogether
obvious
B) Domestic market failure calls for domestic
D) What I would recommend is that
policy changes based on cost-benefit
E) In case they were disappointed with the new analysis
manager's performance
C) Most deviations from free trade result in
market failure
11. ---- unless the costs are drastically reduced. D) We need to realize that economic theory
does not provide a dogmatic defence of free
A) The Olympic Committee did not approve of trade
such extravagant schemes E) The evidence that markets perform poorly is
B) London plans an inexpensive system for the a little less obvious in advanced countries
2012 Olympics
C) Paris and Madrid were both eager to host the
Olympics 15. ----, because it is driven uniquely by its
financial returns.
D) The continents of South America and Africa
have never held the Olympic Games A) Conventional tourism management lacks
E) Poorer cities will never be able to serve as adequate market assessment
hosts in the Olympics B) Tourism is, after all, a social activity that
many people enjoy
12. ----, the current flows steadily in one C) A tourism development plan is important for
direction, and this is called directed current. a city to manage visitors
D) The implementation stage in tourism
A) When a battery is connected to a circuit development includes plan objectives and
B) Though the electric plugs have still to be public concerns
checked E) Tourism planning usually fails to take
C) As electrical energy can easily be environmental and social impacts into
transformed into other forms of energy account
D) Whenever the supply of electricity to homes
and factories is cut off
E) Because the electric wiring has been
specially designed to carry heavy loads
16. While some argue that the Elgin Marbles, ----, 19. Aristophanes, who is a popular ancient
are more carefully preserved there, the Greek comic playwright, is believed to have
Greek government does not accept the written thirty plays, ----.
legality of the sale that took place in 1816
and believes they belong in Athens. A) though his work is still very influential in the
development of Western comedy
A) after they were acquired from the Ottoman B) but only less than half of them survive, of
authorities of the time which Lysistrata, written in 411 BC, is the
B) since they are also called the Parthenon most famous
Marbles C) given that his plays generally deal with an
C) so they are very famous indeed antiwar theme
D) which are kept in the British Museum in D) even though many of his plays took their
London name from different themes
E) as if they were sold to the British nation E) because comic authors in general do not
have a high status in society
17. Though demand greater than supply

pushes up profits in a business, ----. 20. Thanks to the popularity of nature
documentaries on TV, ----.
A) it produces misery in a welfare state
B) the employees also responded well A) many observers have noted high biological
productivity around seamounts and islands
C) they were offered a poor quality of service
B) biologists know much less about the
D) this determines the amount of profit
migration of marine species
E) the issue of mutual esteem and respect
C) the healthy populations of pelagic fish are in
should be overlooked
a worldwide decline because of over-
harvesting
18. Once we have acknowledged the painful D) there has been an increase of environmental
memories of the past, ----. awareness among people from all walks of
life
A) trying to remember the distant past can be E) in Africa every year, hundreds of thousands
difficult of wildebeests and zebras leave their
B) we can begin to come to terms with them traditional habitats to avoid the dry season
C) you can start by trying to remember them
D) remind yourself of the choices you have
made
E) remembering them makes you feel hopeless
1: Urban life in Africa creates many challenges for 5: It is actually the rich that the politicians serve, not
people who have been raised in traditional, village the poor.
cultures. TR:
TR:
6: Poor communication in a business organization

can lead to major sources of conflict, including
professional misunderstandings and loss of trust.
TR:
2: Portugal has been described as a gentle country,

both in terms of its climate, and the mood of its
people.
TR:
7: The mountains of the Balkan Peninsula made

travel over land difficult. As a result, the nation of
3: In communism, it is the community that holds the Greece never united under one central government.
major resources and production. TR:
TR:
4: In today's modern-day economy, gas and oil

have actually ended up being such important
aspects that it would be safe to say that we depend
on them.
TR:
8: The government decided to start a food
programme while many people in the rural areas of
the country were starving due to several years of
drought.
TR:
9: Pronunciation is an integral part of foreign 10: Given that many of the plays were written
language learning, since it directly affects learners' around the same time period, they can have similar
communicative competence. themes and styles.
TR: TR:
Trade unions, that is, workers' unions, are usually The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of
concerned to some extent with mutual benefit Wellington.He is not simply the famous British
activities as well as with collective bargaining and the general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.For
endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions. example, the writer dwells on Wellington's vanity and
The mutual benefit activities have been greatest his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the
among the skilled manual workers, whose craft credit for his victories.This is a splendid book.Never
unions have in most cases maintained high rates of less than interesting, but always trenchant.It
contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute redefines Wellington without diminishing his
benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and achievements and ends by reminding us that it was
often superannuation benefits. The less-skilled Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that
workers have not been able to afford the high there should be 'a European code of laws, a
contributions necessary for such benefits - European judiciary ... one people in Europe'.The
particularly superannuation - and have usually ogre's dream is coming true.
provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit
and of course dispute benefit), though some have 4. From this passage, we get the impression
provided optional benefits in return for higher that the book being reviewed ----.
contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits,
most trade unions provide free legal assistance to A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington
their members in cases arising out of their B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a
employment, and fight important cases affecting their great general
several trades in the courts of law. C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to
Wellington
1. We clearly understand from the passage that
D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington
one of the main aims of trade unions ----.
E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture
A) has always been to oppose management of Wellington
B) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual
workers enjoy the same benefits 5. In the book under review, Wellington
C) is to keep rates of pay and working is criticized for ----.
conditions equitable
A) not recognizing the role played by others in
D) is no longer to fight for full employment
his victories
E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum
B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo
C) trying to buy people's affection and support
2. We understand from the passage that skilled
D) underestimating Napoleon's strength
/ manual workers enjoy more benefits than
unskilled ones ----. E) failing to consult his subordinates
A) though their contribution rates are about the

6. It is clear from the passage that the
same
book under review differs from
B) because they can afford higher contributions traditional biographies of Wellington ----.
C) since there are so many more of them
A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more
D) but they have not won as many law suits
than his share of praise
E) which gives rise to the bad relations that
B) as it questions his skills as a leader
exist between the two groups
C) because it shows up his human weaknesses
D) in attitude, but not in content
3. As it is pointed out in the passage, most
trade union members are entitled to ----. E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on
his virtues
A) free legal assistance in law cases in any way
pertaining to their work
B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of
their contribution rates
C) take part in collective bargaining activities
D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit
E) invest in state insurance schemes and
usually do so
Egypt's Old Kingdom flourished on the flood-enriched
banks of the River Nile. It was an era of prosperity,
relative stability, and strong centralized rule. During
this period, the pyramids were built and Egyptian
society worshipped their mighty kings, or pharaohs,
as 'gods on Earth’. Old Kingdom society was tightly
controlled by the powerful pharaoh. Central to life,
politics, and religion, which were all closely
combined, was the idea that the pharaoh was a semi-
divine figure who acted as mediator between the
gods and his people. The pharaoh not only oversaw
elaborate religious rituals but also headed a vast,
highly organized political and administrative
bureaucracy. Pharaohs were believed to be earthly
representations of the gods and were the upholders
of a justice system that aimed to reflect the cosmic
order. A pharaoh was also the figure who worked with
the gods to ensure that the Nile brought silt-rich
annual floods each year, maintaining the Nile valley
fertile enough to support the country. Though
Egyptians did seem to realize he was a flesh-and-
blood human, they stood in awe of the sacred power
of the pharaoh.
7. According to the passage, Egypt's Old

Kingdom ----.
A) deemed that prosperity and strong
centralization were more important than
stability
B) fell long before the era when the pyramids
were built
C) ruled during a period when people were free
to worship their own gods
D) effectively separated religious affairs from
political ones
E) was a wealthy state with centralized
governance headed by pharaohs
8. It is clearly stated in the passage that

pharaohs ----.
A) had to choose between being a political and

religious leader
B) were believed to be the representatives of
heavenly gods
C) were thought to come from another world to
rule their kingdom
D) were far from making use of the fertile Nile
valley
E) held their religious ceremonies along the
banks of the River Nile
9. The underlined word ‘upholders' in the

passage is closest in meaning to ----.
A) admirers
B) speakers
C) keepers
D) finders
E) punishers
1. Choosing one thing inevitably requires 3. We are proud to be part of a programme that
giving up something else, which means that gives these often overlooked but extremely
another opportunity has been missed. talented athletes long-overdue recognition.
A) Bir şeyi seçmek, kaçınılmaz olarak başka bir A) Son derece yetenekli olsalar da bugüne
şeyden vazgeçmeyi gerektirir ki bu, başka bir kadar ihmal edilmiş olan bu atletlere hak
fırsatın kaçırıldığı anlamına gelir. ettikleri itibar, katılmaktan bizim de kıvanç
B) Bir şeyin yerine başka bir şeyin seçilmesi, duyduğumuz bu programla sağlanmaktadır.
çoğu zaman büyük fırsatların kaçırıldığı B) Bizim de gururla dahil olduğumuz program,
anlamına gelmektedir. bugüne kadar unutulmuş, ancak üstün
C) Bir fırsatın kaçırılması, tercihlerimizle ilgili yeteneklere sahip tüm bu atletlere hak
yaptığımız değişikliklerden ettikleri itibarı sağlamaktadır.
kaynaklanmaktadır ve bu da kaçınılmaz C) Biz hepimiz, çoğu kez önemsenmemiş,
olarak diğer tercihlerimizde dikkatli olmayı ancak üstün yetenekleri olan tüm bu atletlere
gerektirir. hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programda
D) İki şey arasında bir seçim yapmak, yer almaktan son derece kıvançlıyız.
kaçınılmaz olarak başka fırsatların D) İçinde yer almaktan son derece kıvanç
kaçırılmasına neden olur ve bu da bizi duyduğumuz bu programla, bugüne kadar
fırsatları yeniden gözden geçirmeye zorlar. önemsenmeyen, ancak yetenekleri en üstün
E) Herhangi bir şeyi seçmek, kaçınılmaz olarak olan bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibar
başka şeylerden vazgeçmek anlamına gelir sağlanmaktadır.
ki bu, başka fırsatların kaçırılmasına neden E) Biz, çoğu kez önem verilmemiş, ancak son
olur. derece yetenekli bu atletlere çoktan hak
ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programın parçası
olmaktan gurur duyuyoruz.
2. Most of us realize the impact that our
families have on our development.
4. Ulusal koşullar ne kadar uygun olursa olsun,
A) Çoğumuz, gelişimimiz üzerinde ailemizin her şirket için başarı garantisi yoktur.
etkili olduğunu biliyoruz.
B) Pek çoğumuz, ailemizin gelişimimiz üzerinde A) However favourable the national
sahip olduğu etkinin farkındayızdır. circumstances, success for every company is
not ensured.
C) Gelişimimiz üzerinde ailemizin ne denli etkili
olduğunu çoğumuz fark etmektedir. B) Even if the national circumstances had been
favourable, that company would hardly have
D) Ailemizin gelişimimiz üzerindeki etkilerini
been successful.
hepimiz çok iyi anlıyoruz.
C) For any given company to be successful, the
E) Hepimiz, ailemizin gelişimimiz üzerindeki
national circumstances have to be suitable.
etkisini yeterince biliyoruz.
D) There is no guarantee of success for any
company unless the national situation is
ideal.
E) If the national situation had only been
conductive to success, such a company
would have been successful.
5. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başında Romanya 8. In the 1970s in Britain, it seemed that union
tarafsızlığını ilân etti; ancak, daha sonra power had grown to the point where union
Almanya ve müttefiklerine karşı savaşa leaders were amongst the most influential
katıldı. political figures in the country.
A) Although Romania was neutral at the time A) 1970‘li yıllarda İngiltere‘de sendika gücü,
World War I broke out, it soon decided to sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal
declare war on Germany and her allies. kişilermiş gibi görünmesine yol açacak bir
B) When World War I started, Romania was noktaya gelmişti.
determined to remain neutral but, soon after, B) 1970‘lerin İngiltere‘sinde sendika gücü o
it declared war on Germany and her allies. kadar artmıştı ki sendika liderleri ülkenin en
C) At the start of World War I, Romania etkili siyasal kişileri gibi algılanıyordu.
proclaimed its neutrality, but later joined the C) 1970‘li yıllarda İngiltere‘de, sendika
war against Germany and her allies. liderlerinin ülkedeki en etkili siyasal kişilermiş
D) Romania’s neutrality was declared at the gibi görünmesinin nedeni, sendika gücünün
start of World War I, but this did not last long aşırı bir noktaya gelmiş olmasıydı.
since it later declared war on both Germany D) Sendika gücü 1970‘ler İngiltere‘sinde öyle bir
and her allies. noktaya gelmişti ki sendika liderleri, ülkenin
E) Romania’s declaration of war on Germany as en etkili siyasal kişilerinden sayılıyordu.
well as her allies came later, since at the E) 1970‘lerde İngiltere‘de sendika gücü, sendika
start of World War I it had decided to remain liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişiler
neutral. arasında olma noktasına ulaşmış gibi
görünüyordu.
6. Polis, yangının sabah saat 04:00 dolayında,

herkesin uykuda olduğu sırada çıktığına 9. İlk insanlar, ateşi keşfedip pişirmeyi
inanıyor. öğreninceye kadar, beslenme ihtiyaçlarını
sebze ve meyve gibi gıdaları tüketerek
A) The police believe that everyone was asleep karşılamışlardır.
by about 4 am when the fire broke out.
B) The police believe that the fire broke out at A) Early human beings met their nutritional
about 4 am when everybody was asleep. needs by eating vegetables and fruits before
they discovered fire and learned cooking.
C) The police think that the fire started around 4
am as everyone was fast asleep. B) Early human beings satisfied their hunger by
consuming vegetables and fruits, at least
D) The police believe everyone was asleep
until the discovery of fire and the learning of
when the fire started about 4 am
cooking.
E) In the opinion of the police, the fire was
C) Vegetables and fruits were regarded to be
started around 4 am when everyone was
the first food of early human beings until they
asleep.
discovered fire and learned cooking.
D) Early human beings ate food consisting
7. In the post-war period higher education mainly of vegetables and fruits before the
became one of the policy priorities for discovery of fire and the learning of cooking.
western governments. E) Early human beings met their dietary needs
by consuming foods such as vegetables and
A) Yükseköğretim, batılı hükümet'ler için ancak fruits until the time they discovered fire and
savaştan sonra siyasi özelliği olan bir konu learned cooking.
oldu.
B) Yükseköğretim, ancak savaştan sonra batılı
hükümet'lerin üzerine öncelikle eğildikleri bir
konu oldu.
C) Savaş sonrası dönemde, yükseköğretim
batılı hükümet'ler için siyasi önceliklerden biri
oldu.
D) Batılı hükümet'lerin savaş sonrası
siyasetlerinde yükseköğretim konusu önemli
bir yer tutmaktadır.
E) Savaş sonrası dönemde, yükseköğretim,
batılı ülkelerin en çok önem verdikleri
konulardan biriydi.
10. 1996‘da bir Güney Kore araştırma gemisi, 12. Recently, it is estimated that about 20% of
Güney Korelilerin Dokdo, Japonların ise the school age population in the United
Takeshima dedikleri bir grup adaya yakın States speaks a language other than English
ihtilâflı sulara girerek Japonya‘nın öfkesine at home.
yol açtı.
A) Son zamanlarda evde İngilizceden başka bir
A) In 1996, a South Korean research vessel dil konuşanların, Birleşik Devletler’deki okul
aroused Japanese anger by entering çağı nüfusunun %20’sini oluşturduğu tahmin
disputed waters near a group of islands that ediliyor.
the South Koreans call Dokdo‖ and the B) Son zamanlardaki tahminlere göre Birleşik
Japanese Takeshima. Devletler’de okul çağındaki nüfusun yaklaşık
B) It was in 1996 that, when a South Korean %20’si evde İngilizceden başka bir dil
research vessel entered disputed waters konuşuyor.
around a group of islands called Dokdo by C) Son zamanlarda Birleşik Devletler’de okul
the South Koreans and Takeshima by the çağındaki nüfusun yaklaşık %20’sinin evde
Japanese, the Japanese people got İngilizceden başka bir dil konuştuğu tahmin
exceedingly angry. ediliyor.
C) Upon the entry of a South Korean research D) Birleşik Devletler’de son zamanlarda evde
vessel in 1996 into disputed waters İngilizceden başka bir dil konuşan nüfusun
surrounding a group of islands which the yaklaşık %20’sinin okul çağında olduğu
South Koreans call Dokdo and the Japanese tahmin ediliyor.
Takeshima, a great deal of anger was
E) Son zamanlarda evde İngilizceden başka bir
aroused among the Japanese people.
dil konuşan okul çağındaki nüfusun yaklaşık
D) In 1996, the Japanese people were angered %20’sinin Birleşik Devletler’de olduğu tahmin
since a South Korean research vessel had ediliyor.
entered disputed waters near a group of
islands called Dokdo by the South Koreans,
and Takeshima by the Japanese. 13. Zimbabve‘den, insanların açlıktan ölmeye
E) In 1996, disputed waters surrounding a başladıklarına ilişkin yürek parçalayıcı
group of islands, which the South Koreans haberler sızmaktadır.
call Dokdo and the Japanese Takeshima,
were entered by a South Korean research A) Heart-rending news has been filtering out
vessel, causing much anger in Japan from Zimbabwe that the people are starting
to die of starvation.
B) One gets heart-rending news out of
11. Etkileşimcilik, bir bütün olarak toplum yerine Zimbabwe that the people there are dying of
küçük ölçekli etkileşim üzerinde starvation.
yoğunlaşması bakımından işlevselcilik, C) The news out of Zimbabwe that people are
Marksizm ve birçok feminist teoriden about to die of starvation is heart-rending.
farklıdır.
D) The heart-rending news that has been
A) What makes interactionism different from leaked out of Zimbabwe is that people have
functionalism, Marxism and most feminist been dying of starvation.
theories is that it centres around small-scale E) The news that the people in Zimbabwe have
interaction instead of society as a whole. been dying of starvation is extremely
B) The main difference of interactionism from heartrending.
functionalism, Marxism and most feminist
theories is that it focuses more on small-
scale interaction than society as a whole. 14. The sudden increase in the number of books
in the library is directly related to the new
C) Interactionism differs from functionalism, director.
Marxism and most feminist theories in that it
focuses on small-scale interaction rather A) Kütüphanedeki kitapların sayısındaki ani
than society as a whole. artış, doğrudan doğruya yeni müdürle ilgilidir.
D) If interactionism centred around society as a B) Yeni müdürün gelmesi ile kütüphanedeki
whole instead of small-scale interaction, it kitap sayısının aniden artması, aynı zamana
would be different from functionalism, rastlamıştır.
Marxism and most feminist theories. C) Kütüphanedeki kitapların sayısındaki hızlı
E) Functionalism, Marxism and most feminist artış, yeni bir müdürün atanmasına
theories are different from interactionism as bağlanıyor.
they study society as a whole rather than D) Yeni müdür geldikten sonra kütüphanedeki
small-scale interaction. kitapların sayısında ani bir artış oldu.
E) Kütüphanedeki kitap sayısı, yeni müdürün
isteği doğrultusunda hızla arttırıldı.
15. As coffee spread from its native Africa to the 17. Toplam nüfus ve yaş dağılımındaki
Middle East, then to Europe and other parts değişiklikler hem mallara ve hizmetlere olan
of the world, it was transformed from the toplam talebi hem de bu talebin yapısını
drink of a select few to a product consumed açıkça etkileyecektir.
by the masses.
A) Changes in the size and distribution of a
A) Kahve, ana vatanı Afrika’dan Orta Doğu’ya, population are automatically reflected in the
oradan da Avrupa ve dünyanın diğer total demand for goods and services, and the
bölgelerine yayıldıkça seçkin bir azınlığın nature of that demand.
içeceğinden kitlelerin tükettiği bir ürüne B) The total demand for goods and services and
dönüşmüştür. the nature of that demand will naturally
B) Ana vatanı Afrika’dan Orta Doğu’ya, oradan change as the population grows and the age
da Avrupa ve dünyanın diğer bölgelerine distribution changes.
yayılan kahve, önceleri seçkin bir azınlığın C) Changes in the population and the age
içeceğiyken kitlelerin tükettiği bir ürün hâline distribution in particular will have a noticeable
gelmiştir. effect on the total demand for goods and the
C) Kahve, ana vatanı Afrika’da seçkin bir nature of that demand.
azınlığın içeceğiyken Orta Doğu’ya, oradan D) Changes in the total population and age
da Avrupa ve dünyanın diğer bölgelerine distribution will obviously affect both the total
yayıldıkça kitlelerin tükettiği bir ürüne demand for goods and services and the
dönüşmüştür. nature of that demand.
D) Kahveyi seçkin bir azınlığın içeceği olmaktan E) The total demand for goods and services and
çıkarıp kitlelerin tükettiği bir ürüne the nature of that demand really depends on
dönüştüren şey, ana vatanı Afrika’dan Orta the size of the population and the age
Doğu’ya, oradan da Avrupa ve dünyanın distribution.
diğer bölgelerine yayılması olmuştur.
E) İlk zamanlarında seçkin bir azınlığın içeceği
olarak bilinen kahve, ana vatanı Afrika’dan 18. Children may not understand that other
Orta Doğu’ya, oradan da Avrupa ve people have feelings different from their
dünyanın diğer bölgelerine yayılması own.
sonucunda kitlelerin tükettiği bir ürüne
dönüşmüştür. A) Diğer insanların farklı duyguları olup
olmadığını çocuklar anlayamazlar.
B) Çocuklar, diğer insanların farklı duygular
16. The committee unanimously rejected a taşıdığını kavrayamazlar.
proposal to divide the city into two zones C) Çocuklar, diğer insanların, kendilerininkinden
and stressed the need to consider the whole farklı duygulara sahip olduğunu
city as a unit. anlamayabilirler.
A) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmayı amaçlayan D) Çocukların kavrayamadığı, diğer insanların
öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün farklı duygularla hareket edip etmediğidir.
olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. E) Çocuklar, diğer insanların kendilerinden farklı
B) Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi duygular taşıdığını hiç anlayamazlar.
derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün
olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı.
C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırma önerisini
oybirliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bir bütün
olarak düşünülmesi gerektiğini vurguladı.
D) Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi
gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı
bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz
reddetti.
E) Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören
öneriyi oy çokluğuyla reddeden kurul, tüm
kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği
üzerinde ısrarla durdu.
19. Benim tavsiyemi göz ardı edip, kendi 20. William Butler Yeats, yazmaya adanmış sakin
sezgilerine güvenerek, tüm kazancını çok iyi bir yaşam sürdüren Thomas Hardy’nin
tanınmayan şirketlerin hisse senetlerine tersine, değişik türlerdeki etkinliklerle
yatırdı. başarılı bir şekilde meşgul olmuş ve bunların
hepsini sanatıyla bütünleştirmiştir.
A) She behaved impulsively and, contrary to my
advice, invested all her winnings in the A) William Butler Yeats engaged successfully in
shares of some little-known companies. different kinds of activities and integrated all
B) Instead of disregarding my advice and of them into his art, unlike Thomas Hardy,
trusting her intuition she would have invested who lived a quiet life dedicated to writing.
her earnings in these little known companies. B) Although Thomas Hardy lived a quiet life
C) My advice was in line with her intuition, so dedicated to writing, William Butler Yeats
she invested her winnings in the shares of was successful in many different activities,
some well-known companies. and integrated them all into his art.
D) I advise her to invest her earnings in the C) William Butler Yeats, unlike Thomas Hardy,
shares of some well-known companies but did not lead a quiet life dedicated to writing,
she was against this. but participated in different kinds of activities,
all of which he included in his art.
E) Disregarding my advice but trusting her
intuition, she invested all her earnings in the D) While Thomas Hardy preferred to live a quiet
shares of companies that are not very well life, dedicated to writing, William Butler Yeats
known. wanted nothing of the sort, and therefore
engaged in different kinds of activities,
integrating them successfully into his art.
E) Engaging successfully in different kinds of
activities, William Butler Yeats was able to
integrate them into his art, whereas Thomas
Hardy preferred to live a solitary life
dedicated to writing.
1. People strive for success, which motivates 3. Many of the novels of H.G. Wells fall into the
them to continuously strive for greater category of science fiction. Wells was very
achievements. However, the strength of this interested in the scientific advances of his
motivation can vary greatly from person to age and looked ahead to imagine what the
person. ---- People lacking self confidence results might be in the future. ---- Even so he
tend to give up on a task much sooner than was conscious of the possible dangers, and
people with a strong belief in their own many of his novels present a struggle
abilities. People’s levels of motivation are between two ways of life, the human and the
also connected to their beliefs concerning non human.
the causes of events.
A) These writers have tried to describe the
A) Among other things, it depends on the value world as it is about to end, almost completely
an individual places on his or her own destroyed.
performance. B) The stories of science fiction are based on
B) While some sources of motivation are developments in science or technology.
biological and directly promote survival, C) Many of these stories carry the threat that if
others are learned. technological developments go further they
C) Because emotions can both trigger and may bring about the destruction of man.
maintain behaviour, they are motivators of D) The film industry soon realized that the
human actions. subject matter of science fiction was ideal for
D) External incentives also act as a motivator films.
for a certain type of behaviour or action. E) On the whole, he was interested in the
E) The concept of motivation explains why possibilities for good, not in the
people strive to achieve particular goals. disadvantages.
2. A teacher’s expectancy of a child’s ability 4. In Britain, surnames were uncommon before

can often determine the child’s actual the 13th century. They were originally
performance at school. If a group of children descriptive in character, and used to
is divided into two groups of equal aptitude distinguish persons of the same name,
but their teachers are told that the children especially for real-estate matters. ---- These
in group 1 have high IQs and are expected to often indicated appearance (Black, Short),
do well, whereas in group 2 the children are the occupation of the person (Baker, Tailor)
academically poor. ---- This has been borne or the father’s name (McDonald, Robertson).
out by numerous studies in many fields not
only in education. A) People may use names other than given or
inherited names for professional purposes.
A) The children in group 1 will do much better B) Surnames crept northwards from Germany
than those in group 2. through Denmark and into Norway in the
B) The performance of each group is likely to be 15th and 16th centuries.
similar. C) Thus, the earliest surnames appeared
C) The quality of the teaching could account for among the urban, rich classes with property.
the difference. D) In some US families, there is a tradition of
D) The children felt discouraged by the results. using a surname as a first name or a middle
E) The children in group 2 soon realized what name.
was happening and complained accordingly. E) In Britain, the use of two surnames is usually
regarded as snobbish.
5. Four hundred years after he was born, the 7. Let me begin with the question: “Who is a
17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi true book owner?” Actually, there are three
is making along-overdue international kinds of book owners. The first has all the
comeback. Explorer, peace broker, tax standard sets and bestsellers, unread and
collector, war chronicler and mystic, Evliya untouched. The second has a great many
spent 40 years travelling in the Middle East. books, but few of them have been read, and
His 10-volume Seyahatname is an epic most are as clean and shiny as the day they
travelogue that provides a fascinating were bought, The third may have few books
account of everyday life in the 17th century. - or many books, but every one of them is
--- UNESCO decreed him Man of the Year in worn, marked and written in all the way
2011 and the recent publication of An throug. ----
Ottoman Traveller allows English-language
readers to discover his masterpiece. A) There are two ways in which one can own a
book.
A) Though previously little known outside of B) This last person really owns his books.
Turkey, Evliya is finally going global.
C) Most of the world’s great books are available
B) You can still feel the joy of Evliya’s journey at reasonable prices.
across Turkey’s vast and unspoiled
D) Reading a book used to be a conversation
countryside.
between the reader and the author.
C) This work was also appreciated by
E) It takes more time and effort to read a great
foreigners, particularly English speakers.
book than it does a newspaper.
D) Evliya loved eating and wrote in detail of the
regional specialties he sampled.
E) One can trace the early stages of Evliya’s 8. During World War II, the Allies had started to
journey from Istanbul to Mecca. think of ways in which a new world order
could replace the failed League of Nations.
Even before it joined the war against
6. ---- To the north lies the great Sahara, the Germany and its allies, the US had agreed on
largest desert in the world, yet the central an Atlantic Charter with Britain. The basis of
equatorial area is covered by dense tropical this new charter was US President
rainforests. To the east is the Great Rift Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms: freedom of
Valley, which contains several huge lakes. speech, freedom of worship, freedom from
Some of the world’s longest rivers drain the fear, and freedom from want. At the end of
continent, including Nile, Congo and the war, the victorious Allies created the
Zambezi. United Nations, which expressed the ideas
of the Atlantic Charter. ----
A) It has long been known that there are some
species unique to the Sahara. A) In the early 1960s, Britain was increasingly
B) Thousands of years ago, the Sahara had a interested in joining the newly-formed
moist climate. European Community.
C) Africa has an amazing variety of wildlife, B) In 1948, the Soviet Union tried to capture
including zebras and long-necked giraffes. West Berlin by stopping all road and rail
traffic to it.
D) Many of today’s national boundaries in Africa
were created in the 19th century by colonial C) Thus, they hoped that the success of the
rulers. wartime alliance could be carried into
peacetime.
E) Africa, the second largest continent, is a land
of contrasts. D) All these military and scientific developments
drew Britain more closely to the US.
E) During the post-war period, Britain was
seriously concerned about the danger from
the Soviet Union.
9. Turkey's best and greatest architect 11. Although there is no universally accepted
was Mimar Sinan, who perfected the design form of feminism that represents all of its
of the classic Ottoman mosque. Typically, a advocates, its representatives share certain
Sinan mosque has a large forecourt with characteristics. To begin with, feminists
central ablutions fountain and domed question basic assumptions about gender
arcades on three sides. ---- The main prayer and sexuality, including the understanding
hall is covered by a large central dome of what it means to be a woman. ---- Last but
rising considerably higher than the two- not least, they address the issue of
storey facade and surrounded by smaller oppression by men as an issue of power,
domes and semi-domes. dominion, and hierarchy. They believe this
oppression exists in relation to the identity
A) The mosque design developed during the of women and the challenges they have to
reign of Süleyman the Magnificent proved so face in local and global contexts.
durable that it is still being used today for
mosques in modem Turkey. A) Since the late 1970’s, feminist cultural
B) The Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul is studies established gender as an important
perhaps the most famous work of Sinan. criteria of analysis within broader cultural
studies.
C) Before Ottoman times, the most common
form of mosque in Islam was a large square B) Secondly, feminist scholars and activists
or rectangular space sheltered by a series of seek clarity about feminine consciousness,
small domes resting on pillars. the identity of women, their values and
ambitions.
D) On the forth side stands the mosque, with a
two-storey porch. C) Then, not all people were comfortable with
the Second Wave Feminism’s new issues
E) Mosques by Sinan survive in many towns
and styles of protest.
today, but the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne has
always been regarded as his masterpiece. D) Many women in the industrialized world
demanded new rights, and liberation from
stereotypical female roles.
10. ---- Colonialism, the harsh environment and E) By the mid-twentieth century, the feminist
the impact of the Cold War have all been movement had brought about positive
cited. But these fail to adequately explain transformation and advances for women.
why other developing regions have made far
more progress when they have had to deal
with many of the same problems. So, what is 12. Though half the world's Muslims live in
it about that particular region's inability to electoral democracies, only eight of the
move forward? forty-six Muslim majority countries are
electoral democracies. This has made some
A) Colonialism was the inevitable consequence political scientists wonder if Islam is
of the Cold War politics, which at the time antithetical to democracy. ---- They needn't
determined the fate of many nations. have worried. In 1974 more than seventy
B) Many foreign companies had a false picture percent of states that had catholic majorities
of this African region and so did not realize were not electoral democracies, but today
the opportunities. about eighty percent of such states are.
C) Many explanations have been given for
A) In fact, from 1989 to 1996 forty-nine nations
subSaharan Africa's failure as a region to
were added to the tally of electoral
take off economically.
democracies - the largest such growth over
D) The lack of basic infrastructure in many any comparable period in history.
African countries is widely credited with
B) Many of the regimes that have become
being the biggest single factor inhibiting
electoral democracies over the past fifteen
development.
years cannot property be called liberal
E) The cause of this failure is a lack of finance, democracies.
expertise, enthusiasm and government
C) Even after the great strides towards freedom
support in the region.
of the 1980s and 1990s, fifty-six percent of
the world\'s population still lives in partly free
or nonfree countries.
D) The Soviet collapse increased the number of
democratic countries, but since most of those
states were small, it did not substantially
increase the number of free people.
E) Experts wondered the same thing about
Catholicism in the early 1970s.
13. The African Union is well aware that, 15. Global urbanisation is one of the biggest
although Africa has enormous agricultural social transformations in human history.
potential, it still remains a major food With more than half of the world’s population
importer. The majority of Africans live in already living in cities, and 90 percent of
rural areas and depend on agriculture for population growth by 2050 projected to be
their livelihood; but the performance of the added to them, cities are at the forefront of
agricultural sector has been dismal. In the battle for sustainability. They pose major
addition to internal and structural problems challenges for city planners and
that each African country faces, external policymakers, such as land use, resource
setbacks such as climate change and global demand, and air and water pollution. This
economic instability have made the being so, however, it is expected that more
conditions worse for growth and urban areas will be built in the next 30 years
development in all sectors, including than ever before. ---- If cities continue to
agriculture. ---- expand at this rate, the projected
urbanisation alone will exceed the limit set
A) The vision of the African Union is to achieve by the 2015 Paris climate agreement.
an integrated, prosperous, well-governed,
and peaceful United States of Africa. A) Cities already account for about 75 percent
B) These are some of the most serious issues of global energy use and contribute an
that the African Union is determined to equivalent share of greenhouse gas
address as efficiently as possible. emissions.
C) Africa seeks to promote existing and agreed B) Only a much closer collaboration between
upon shared values across the continent at scientists and urban policymakers can lead
individual, national, regional, and to a more efficient transportation system.
international levels. C) Cities are complex, adaptive and evolving
D) All the African countries wish to eliminate systems that interact and influence each
ongoing conflicts and prevent the occurrence other in complex ways.
of new ones in order to achieve development D) Even though Australia is already a highly
and integration. urbanised country, it is still experiencing
E) Some of the values cherished and upheld by rapid urban expansion.
each African nation are good governance, E) As a result, there has been an increase in
democracy, respect for human rights, the rate of agricultural production.
accountability, and transparency.
14. The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense;

they beautify, adorn and decorate everything
they touch. ---- It is cut into anartistic shape
and given a colour scheme with carefully
placed pieces of tomato and herbs.
A) Presumably they get a great deal of

satisfaction out of such elegant displays.
B) The art of flower arrangement is particularly
well developed in Japan.
C) Many of these arrangements consist of
merely two or three flowers and a spring of
green.
D) Naturally this is especially true of the women
of that country .
E) A sandwich in Japan is not a sandwich, It is a
work of art, designed to appeal not just to the
palate but also to the eye.
16. People often say that language teaching is 17. Heavily armoured and trained to advance as
an art. If all they mean when they say this is one giant machine, Roman legionary troops
that it is a highly skilled activity which is would cut to pieces any enemy not wise
learnt by careful observation and patient enough to flee. They were unstoppable in
practice, then it is a harmless platitude. ---- open ground even if greatly outnumbered,
We call a particular practical activity an art and no cavalry charge could break their
when it cannot be carried out successfully unbroken wall of shields. ---- This was
by following a set of rules of thumb, when because the tactics of these enemies were
our knowledge of all the factors involved is the tactics of the guerrilla, for they knew that
incomplete and when, consequently, many to confront the Roman legions head-on
of the decisions on how to proceed must be could only lead to defeat.
left to the private knowledge and experience
of the practitioner. Language teaching is an A) War has always been asymmetrical
activity of this sort. It involves many whenever there has been a power with clear
different considerations, or, in technical superiority.
language, variables, the relative importance, B) However, even in the best days of the
or value of which, even if we are aware of empire, the Roman legions suffered defeats
them all, cannot yet readily be assessed or at the hands of much less accomplished
quantified. enemies.
C) The Romans had had the advantages of
A) However, there is a considerable body of
superior organization, doctrine, training and
knowledge available about the nature of
equipment for centuries.
human language, about how it is learned and
what part it plays in the community. D) The Romans tended to fight symmetrical
battles only in the first encounter with each
B) There are, for example, many factors to be
new enemy.
taken into account in any teaching task: the
aptitude and personality of pupils, their E) As they had to fight ordinary wars from time
intellectual capacities, or motivation towards to time with the Parthians and Persians, the
learning. Romans knew both kinds of war.
C) But what often lies behind the assertion is
that science and art are mutually exclusive 18. Conflict is a struggle between opposing
and that therefore science can play no part in sides or forces. In a play, the characters act
language teaching. out the conflict, and ultimately their actions
D) Nevertheless, if we interpret language result in a resolution, or outcome. External
teaching in the very broadest sense, to conflict is a struggle between a character
include all the planning and decision-making, and an outside force, such as another
then there may be an element of applied person, nature, or fate. ---- A character can
linguistics. express internal conflict as well as external
E) As often said, the study of a language is conflict through actions, facial expressions,
beset by the difficulty that it deals with and dialogue.
something utterly familiar, like the study of
any other characteristic of man. A) Thus, external or internal, conflicts arouse
interest among viewers.
B) Also, plays often point to cues as to when an
internal conflict is likely to occur.
C) Likewise, dialogues contain a variety of both
internal and external conflicts.
D) Furthermore, a character’s conflict is often
obvious from his or her facial expressions.
E) However, internal conflict is a struggle within
the character’s own mind.
19. According to a study in Usenge, Kenya, near 20. As you may have seen in a museum, men
the town of Kisimu, most families in the and women have grown taller and heavier in
village do not value formal Western the last 300 years. ---- Body weights are also
schooling. There is no reason they should, substantially higher today. The average
as their children will for the most part spend weight of English males in their thirties was
their lives farming or engaged in other about 60 kg in 1790 20% below today’s
occupations that make little or no use of average.
Western schooling. These families
emphasise teaching their children the A) Not only did lower food supplies lead to
indigenous, informal knowledge that will smaller physical stature, but they also led to
lead to successful adaptation in the a higher incidence of chronic disease.
environments in which they will really live. --- B) A typical Frenchman in his thirties at that
- They hope that their children may be able time weighed only 50 kg.
to leave the village and to go to a university. C) As an example, an average male adult today
These families tend to emphasise the value is at approximately 1,75 m tall, which is
of Western education and to devalue nearly 12 cm taller than the typical
indigenous informal knowledge. Thus, the Englisman in the late eighteenth century.
families typically value and emphasise one
D) Robert Fogel from the University of Chicago
or the other kind of knowledge, but not both.
estimated that the chronic malnutrition
A) At the same time, there are some, perhaps caused by limited food supplies at those
not many, families in the village that have times limited labour productivity.
different expectations for their children. E) Economic growth increased food supplies,
B) They believe that investing a lot of time in the enabling workers to become more productive
development of academic skills needed for and increase gross domestic product even
school success is a poor investment. more.
C) Furthermore, they see the learning of
informal knowledge as relevant to their
everyday adaptation as a better use of their
time.
D) Some wealthy and educated parents living in
the village share the same opinion with such
families and do not favour formal Western
schooling.
E) In formal Western schooling, however,
children typically study a variety of subjects,
including maths, foreign languages, etc.,
from an early age.
1: It is believed that the diamond was first 4: Uluru has been an important place for native
mentioned more than 5000 years ago in a Sanskrit Aboriginals for many generations, and modern
script. explorers have discovered tribal artifacts in the
TR: region that date back more than 10,000 years.
TR:
2: Although slavery had been abolished 100 years

before, African-Americans were still being treated
unequally and were not truly free.
TR:
5: Child soldiers in Africa are an example of forced

labor, as are sugar cane cutters in South America.
TR:
3: When a country’s economy becomes unstable, it

will experience a large reduction in international
investments and spending.
TR:
6: Governments tax their citizens in order to fund

government projects and to redistribute wealth in
order to best suit the needs of all affected
individuals.
TR:
7: The first farmers appeared 10,000 years ago

when people learned how to grow crops.
TR:
8: Sculpting is an ancient form of art which has 10: We may not have as much conscious control
been in existence from the time of old world over our actions and behaviour as we think.
civilizations. TR:
TR:
9: It is true that consumers in the developed world

are becoming increasingly informed about global
poverty.
TR:
We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote his 3. We understand from the passage that we
plays. He may have had his own writing season have no evidence ----.
perhaps in the quieter winter months, but he never
stopped acting, probably taking two or three minor A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare played
parts instead of a major one. He seems to have B) to suggest that Shakespeare was popular in
chosen for himself the more static and undemanding his day
roles in his plays, such as old Adam in As You Like It C) as to whether or not Shakespeare actually
and the Ghost in Hamlet. His audiences included did rent out his property
many habitual playgoers and many must have known
D) about when Shakespeare was writing his
Shakespeare and he must have known them. We can
plays
imagine, as a recent biographer has said, that there
might have been a complex, subtle communicative E) that the destruction of the Globe had any
exchange when he appeared in one of his own plays. serious impact on Shakespeare's life
In spring 1613, he purchased his first property in
London. He was renting it out by 1616, but may
originally have entertained other intentions for the
property. It would certainly have been a handy place
to stay, being near the Globe, which was his theatre.
Perhaps the destruction of the Globe in 1613, which
probably prompted him to sell his share in the theatre
company, altered his plans for it He may not have
given up acting, but his writing career was over by
the end of that year. In 1614, he returned to his
hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, and died there in
1616.
1. It is suggested in the passage that,

when Shakespeare acted, ----.
A) he was always assigned the most crucial
parts
B) the audiences were thrilled by his acting
C) the Globe Theatre was always crowded
D) he could spare very little time for his writing
E) the parts he played were mostly easy,
unimportant ones
2. It is pointed out in the passage that,

although Shakespeare had stopped writing
plays by the end of 1813, ----.
A) it seems likely that he continued to act a little
longer
B) he sometimes revised some of his earlier
plays
C) he wanted to keep his company intact
D) his company put pressure on him to continue
writing
E) he started again on his return to Stratford-
upon-Avon
Every few years, decisions on how European funds 6. The primary purpose of the author is to ----.
for agriculture will be distributed to farmers are made,
and they have massive implications for much of A) draw attention to the low number of AE
England’s wildlife. The way we farm has huge schemes available to farmers
impacts on our birds, bees and butterflies. Currently, B) emphasize the importance of AE schemes to
roughly 70 percent of England is farmed, and of that, protect wildlife successfully
about 70 percent is under some kind of program C) show that decisions on the distribution of
whereby the land manager receives a payment for European funds should be made by
conserving wildlife – so-called agri-environment (AE) conservationists not the governments
schemes. But birds and insects are disappearing at a
D) give information about the 'Entry Level'
disturbing rate – since 1970, the number of birds on
scheme, which is the most effective AE
our farms has been decreasing. It was hoped that the
scheme
launch of AE schemes would reverse these losses in
ten years. In fact, all that has been achieved is that E) reveal that farmers in England cannot
the decline is occurring more slowly. Some receive adequate support from the
conservationists say that among the schemes government to conserve wildlife
available to farmers, the ‘Entry Level’ scheme that
most farmers sign up to is not sufficiently targeted.
Farmers choose the easy options, and few gains are
made. However, it can be much better if a range of
measures that benefit a species over its life cycle are
used.
4. According to the passage, the current

situation of AE schemes indicates that ----.
A) the harmful effects of farming on wildlife have
been handled effectively
B) the losses in wildlife have been compensated
for over the last ten years
C) farmers should be paid more to conserve
wildlife on their lands
D) they should be redesigned because there
has still been a decrease in the number of
some species
E) they have been successful in their attempts
to make governments take important actions
to conserve wildlife

conservationists ----.
A) want the government to initiate schemes that
protect species all through their lives
B) are in search of easier options that can be
provided to the farmers
C) are trying to design a scheme to which most
farmers can sign up
D) would like to see more farmers choosing the
‘Entry Level’ scheme
E) need considerable government support to
help farmers protect the environment
Video games are likely to affect the way we behave in 9. Which of the following questions cannot be
a number of ways. For instance, there is concern answered according to the passage?
about whether violence in games makes young
people more violent. This is controversial even within A) Is there a way to avoid the risk of addiction to
the scientific community. Numerous studies about the video games?
effects of games on the brain have come up with B) Is there any research on the effects of video
conflicting results. A team of scientists gathered all games on the brain?
scientific articles to date and compared results. In C) Can video games help people socialise with
total they found 116 experiments, the first from the others?
1980s. Many compared regular video game players
D) Can video games better brain functioning?
with people who had never played. Changes in the
brain were measured using techniques which detect E) Are there any disadvantages associated with
brain regions increase or reduce in size and these video games?
changes affect the brain’s activity. The study found
that the clearest negative impact is the risk of
addiction, which could affect other brain functions.
Games that heavily rely on online multiplayer modes
are the most associated with addiction, due to social
interactions being more rewarding than just playing
against the computer. However, since video games
usually display increasing levels of difficulty, they are
continually challenging our skills, making the brain
perform at 100% of its capacity, resulting in effective
cognitive training. Video games also contribute to the
proper functioning of the brain, and can even improve
it.
7. There is a controversy about video games

even among scientists because ----.
A) not many scientists have developed the

suitable research design to investigate the
issue
B) video games affect our brains in a number of
ways
C) scientists are still waiting for convincing
findings from clinical testing
D) different studies have produced contradictory
findings
E) there are not many changes in the brains of
video game players
8. Why do online multiplayer games tend to be

more addictive than others?
A) They display more violence than other
games.
B) They lead to more conflicting behaviours.
C) They help some regions of the brain get
bigger.
D) They involve communication between
players.
E) They contribute more to the functioning of
the brain.
1. (I) The name Daphne comes from the Greek, 5. (I) Many historians were sceptical that King
“laurel bay tree”, which is a small evergreen tree Arthur was a historical figure. (II) The mystique
with shiny leaves. (II) In Greek mythology, of Camelot, Arthur‘s Palace, endures, from
Daphne is the goddess of music and poetry. (III) Disney films to Broadway musicals to the
According to the legend, she was approached Kennedy White House. (III) Then, in 1998,
by Apollo, but she refused to respond to his scientists unearthed a broken stone at Tintagel
love. (IV) As she fled from his embrace, she was Castle on Britain's Cornish coast, long said to
saved by the earth goddesses who transformed be Arthur s stronghold. (IV) The stone bore the
her into a tree. (V) Therefore, the name has Latin inscription Pater Coliavificit Artognou,
been common only in this century. which translates as "Artognou, father of a
descendant of Coll, has had this built". (V)
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Artognou is pronounced "Arthnou", lending
credence to theories that the legendary king
was real.
2. (I) Aesthetics, the philosophy of beauty, comes
from the Greek word aisthetikos, which means A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
'perceptive', especially with regards to feeling.
(II) For example, there are still differences in its
implications, one of the most significant being 6. (I) Taste-testing high-quality chocolates may
the status given to the body. (III) In philosophy, sound like a pleasant job but it is a thankless
the word was first used in 1750 by A. G. one because the flavour differences are subtle.
Baumgarten to mean 'the science of sensuous (II) "Like those who grow grapes and make
knowledge', whose object is beauty. (IV) Kant wine, chocolatiers have their own terminology,"
rejected this use of the word 'aesthetics', and says Mark Pennington, a gourmet sales
redefined it as the 'a priori principles of sensible manager for western Canada. (III) Chocolate
experience'. (V) Hegel, in turn, redefined it as traceable to a specific region or plantation is
the philosophy of the fine arts and this definition known as 'single origin'. (IV) Common
is the one presently used. descriptors are fruity, earthy, nutty, and roasted.
(V) A chocolate might be fruity with notes of red
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V fruit like dried cherries, or earthy with hints of
grass or moss.
3. (I) For years, the scale of Colombia's tangled A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
conflicts has dwarfed those of most of the
world's better known trouble spots. (II) The
money from drugs and other forms of crime and 7. (I) Character traits are the qualities that make up
plunder have allowed three irregular armies to a character’s personality. (II) For example, a
flourish. (III) Colombia stands at the strategic character may be honest, generous, stubborn,
heart of a very fragile Andean region. (IV) The or scheming. (III) You can discover these
result has been a heavy toll in murders and character traits through a character’s actions
kidnappings. (V) Moreover, some two million and words and through the writer’s description
Colombians have been driven from their homes of the character. (IV) Some characters may
and farms. show only one major character trait, while
others, like real people, show a number of
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V different traits. (V) Thus, the setting of a story
affects what happens to the characters and
what they learn about life.
4. (I) Be sure to go to the new exhibition at the
Naval Museum. (II) Personally, I've never been A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
very interested in the sea and ships. (III) The
exhibits range from primitive rafts to a
submarine from World War II. (IV) There are lots 8. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed
of paintings of boats and ships, many of which to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both
are very old. (V) There are also beautifully made directly and indirectly the media have a
models of some of the most famous historic profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we
ships. eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we
think is influenced by the media. (IV) Yet, the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V question is whether what the media provides us
with can always be good and revealing. (V)
According to one study, 64 % of the American
public turns on television for most of its news.
9. (I) San Francisco was founded by the Spanish 13. (I) It used to be assumed that all women would
in 1776, but only a handful of historic buildings marry and have children. (II) The more mothers
survived the catastrophic fire of 1906. (II) It feel isolated and undervalued, the more they
broke out following the most violent earthquake insist on the importance of friendship. (III) But
in the history of Northern California. (III) Thus, today, the UK office of National Statistics
the city’s oldest building is the Mission Dolores, estimates that a quarter of all women born in
which was built in the late 18th century. (IV) This 1973 will not have children – some by choice,
is also the name of one of the city’s most others because it did not work out. (IV)
bohemian neighbourhoods. (V) Every Meanwhile, mothers increasingly feel that
neighbourhood in San Francisco has its own parenthood has lost its urgency. (V) Now it is an
distinctive features. “individual choice” – nobody’s business but the
parents’.
10. (I) The government of the US work upon a

written constitution. (II) The constitution was 14. (I) Terrorism is the deliberate and cold-blooded
framed when the US came into existence as a exaltation of violence over all forms of political
republic out of the federation of thirteen states. activity. (II) The modern terrorist employs
(III) It was adopted in 1789. (IV) The USA violence not as a necessary evil, but as a
government has always followed a policy of desirable form of action. (III) There is, indeed, a
peaceful coexistence in the world. (V) Its definite intellectual background to the present
strength has been well tested and is now the wave of terrorism. (IV) It is worth noting that the
foundation of a federation which comprises fifty countries that finance and maintain the
states. international infrastructure of terrorism are,
without exception, despotic states. (V) It springs
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V not only from early 20th century justifications of
violence but also from the postwar philosophy of
violence derived from Neitzsche through
11. (I) Morality has, to a considerable degree, Heidegger, and widely popularised by Sartre, his
become secularised. (II) Morals are no longer colleagues and disciples.
regarded as absolute, final or unchangeable.
(III) This is not to minimise institutional religion A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
or discount the value of individual belief. (IV)
Rather, they are seen as man-made and as
such as variable from community to community, 15. (I) The collapse of the economies of southeast
and from group to group. (V) The real test of Asia in the early years of the decade was later
morality has come to be whether or not it followed by that of Korea, the classic tiger
contributes to the social good. economy. (II) What happens next in a region
that is now strewn with the wrecks of so-called
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V economic miracles? (III) This leaves Europe and
United States as significant mass markets. (IV)
The assumption that recession will spread in the
12. (I) Fish farming, which is practiced in many region owing to capital flight and belt-tightening
countries, has developed into an industry in is most plausible. (V) This will deepen as foreign
recent years. (II) This has made scientific investors increasingly reduce their profile in
research into fish biology of vital importance. southeast Asia.
(III) Hence, advances in disease control and in
fish nutrition are likely to be impressive in the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
years ahead. (IV) Fish farming has succeeded
only where it can compete with other forms of
food production in terms of costs. (V) Moreover,
for most fish species, genetic improvements
through breeding have already been achieved to
make the industry profitable.
16. (I) Groups in conflict can try to improve 18. (I) By about 3500 BC, there had developed in
intergroup relations by communicating directly Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced
about the conflict and attempting to resolve it, social and economic life. (II) Copper and bronze
and this can be done through several strategies. were being used, although on a limited scale,
(II) For example, to break the deadlock, a third and trading contacts with other countries had
party can be brought in for mediation between been established. (III) It is the opinion of most
the groups. (III) To be effective, mediators archaeologists that civilisation first developed in
should have power and must be seen by both the Middle East. (IV) Many of these contacts
groups to be impartial, and the groups should were with Syria, which, lying between Egypt and
already be fairly close in their positions. (IV) Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date
Although mediators have no power to impose a in the general advance of material and cultural
settlement, they can help in several important development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed
ways. (V) Biased mediators are ineffective with a number of resources that were lacking in
because they are not trusted, and weak Egypt and Mesopotamia.
mediators are ineffective because they exert
little pressure on intransigent groups to be A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
reasonable.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 19. (I) In general, the term "abstract art" is used to
describe new movements and techniques in
plastic arts in the 20th century. (II) The
17. (I) Archeological evidence has shown that the underlying principle of this art is that it is not the
earliest libraries were built by the Sumerians. (II) subject at all but form and colour which really
All libraries are classified to facilitate reference, possess aesthetic value. (III) Obviously, we
and the favourite system is the Dewey Decimal cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art
System, which divides the whole field of throughout history is closely bound up with
knowledge into ten main classes. (III) These are some form of religion. (IV) Most art historians
General Works, Philosophy, Religion, Sociology, suggest that the Impressionists, especially
Philology, Natural Science, Useful Arts, Cezanne, can be considered to be the pioneers
Literature, and History. (IV) Each of these main of this art. (V) Also, there are some who strongly
classes is again subdivided into ten main argue that the origins of abstract art are to be
divisions. (V) Then, each division is marked by sought in the designs of primitive people as well
decimals within itself. as folk art.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
20. (I) Boston High School is America’s oldest and

one of its finest public schools. (II) Indeed
Boston is a city with large black population. (III)
Sarah Wessman, who is 14, wants to go there.
(IV) She applied last autumn and was rejected.
(V) That might have been the end of the story
except that Sarah found she was one of ten
white candidates rejected by Boston High
School while ten black candidates with lower
scores were admitted.
Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy Relatively few people enjoy the opportunity to travel
standards to any significant degree, but instead rely to other countries. By far the most common form of
principally on high taxes to reduce gas consumption. travel is that by residents of a country within that
Their average tax is more than 2 per gallon, while in country. International travel, although given high
the US federal gas taxes are only 18 Euro per gallon priority by segments of the populations of
and average state taxes 22 Euro per gallon. Higher industrialized nations, is still a minority activity. As a
prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes very rough guide, we estimate that expenditure
increase consumer demand for cars with better fuel worldwide on domestic tourism may be worth up to
economy. They also encourage consumers to reduce ten times that amount on international tourism.
their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on Ironically, there are relatively few countries that
gasoline would have to increase by a bit less than 50 collect domestic travel and tourism statistics, while
euro per gallon to cut gasoline consumption in the much more information is available on international
US. Although a 50 Euro increase is a lot compared tourism. Why is this? First of all, international travel
with the present average total tax of 40 Euro, it would involves, by definition, the crossing of a frontier. It is
raise retail gas prices to only a little more than 2 per therefore easier to observe and monitor. Domestic
gallon, tax included. This is far below prices in tourism involves movement internally and is therefore
Europe and Japan. Even if federal taxes on gas were more difficult to research. Countries that only make
doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much use of registration forms at hotels miss out on all
below those in other developed nations. aspects of domestic tourism that involve staying in
other accommodation establishments or with friends
1. According to the passage, efforts have or relatives. A number of countries do not even try to
been made ----. measure domestic tourism due to its very nature. For
example, in many developing countries, very little
A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as domestic movement involves staying in paid
well as fuel prices in Europe accommodation, and so it does not compete with
B) to assess what price increases would lead to demand from international visitors.
a significant reduction in fuel consumption in
the US 4. It is directly stated in the passage that ----.
C) to give more appeal to public transport
A) according to statistics, people spend much of
D) to establish what vehicle types consume less their income on international tourism
fuel
B) spending on international tourism is about
E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in one tenth of the amount spent on domestic
the US tourism
C) the measurement of domestic tourism
2. It is clear from the passage that Japan\\'s demand covers similar areas to that of
strategy to keep fuel consumption down ----. international demand
D) domestic and national travel surveys are
A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel
based on knowledge of the resident
B) has been greatly criticized by the public population
C) has not been as effective as was originally E) many countries promote themselves strongly
envisaged to their own residents as holiday destinations
D) has set an example that Europe is now
adopting
5. According to the passage, the primary
E) has had no effect upon the country's challenge of measuring domestic tourism is
carproduction technologies that ----.
A) there is competition among countries to

3. According to the passage, the combined
attract tourists
federal and state taxes on gas in the US ----.
B) most people travelling within their own
A) have exceeded those currently in use in countries cannot afford to stay in hotels
Europe C) people do not necessarily stay in hotels
B) are so high that they have forced Japanese when travelling in their own countries
car manufacturers to change their production D) the numbers involved are insignificant to
strategies track accurately
C) have become a major public concern E) expenditure statistics are very difficult to
D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise collect from suppliers of tourism services
sharply
E) amount to much less than the tax paid in
Japan
6. It can be inferred from the passage that ----. The tension between financial growth and social
instability in 19th-century Victorian England
A) international tourism statistics are not always influenced its literature. Prosperity brought a great
based on reliable data number of new readers, with money to spend on
B) if there were no border crossings, books and periodicals. In this period, when few
international tourism statistics would be less people went to the theatre or concerts, literature
comprehensive functioned as a primary source of entertainment.
C) surveys given to foreign tourists are a useful Writers had available an audience eager to read and
way of collecting information on international willing to pay. In addition, writers were respected
tourism more than at any time in English literary history. The
masses knew and loved the works of the most
D) domestic tourism in developing countries will
famous, while the wealthy sought their friendship.
continue to increase
Major Victorian writers had the attention of political
E) developing countries are beginning to place and social leaders, and when they spoke, they were
more importance on domestic tourism listened to.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that, in

Victorian England, ----.
A) it was the masses, rather than the wealthy,
who were hit hard by the economic decline
B) theatres were popular places of
entertainment and attracted large audiences
C) politicians virtually ignored the opinions
expressed by the writers of the period
D) reading was a popular pastime for everyone
E) there was a remarkable degree of social
harmony between the classes
8. It is clear from the passage that, in the

Victorian age, leading writers ----.
A) mainly concerned themselves with the

problems of the masses
B) were much respected by politicians and
could influence them
C) often made a career for themselves in
politics as they grew older
D) aimed to entertain rather than to instruct and
guide
E) were eager to make theatre-going more
popular
9. We understand from the passage that

Victorian literature ----.
A) was affected by the economic and social
issues of the age
B) was primarily written about and for the
wealthy
C) deliberately avoided political and social
issues
D) is not generally regarded as a significant part
of English literary history
E) has never been of much interest to the
masses
Though Italy's national boundaries have altered 12. It is clear from the passage that local
relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national administrations in Italy today ----.
identity is qualified by sharp internal differentiation.
Economic and occupational structures, standards of A) are hardly at all concerned about the
living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even preservation of national unity
language vary substantially between parts of the B) are trying hard to get rid of the local
country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a differences of the country
comprehensive system of regional government with C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the
financial and legislative authority. However, the central government for financial and other
division of powers between central and regional support
governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter
D) are far stronger and better organized that
depend on substantial resources from the former. In
they were in the 1860s
the absence of clear and effective rules, relations
between the regions and the central government are E) change whenever there is a change in the
determined by a process of political bargaining. In central government
this process, political alliances and personal linkages
play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian system
may be defined as a kind of federalism.
10. It is clear from the passage that in Italy,

during the past 25 years or so, regional
government ----.
A) has slowly become more powerful while

central government has grown le
B) has enjoyed considerable power though this
is not very specific in nature
C) has frequently been on bad terms with
central government
D) has become financially independent of
central government
E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the
central government to bring uniformity to the
country
11. The passage puts considerable emphasis on

the fact that ----.
A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually

every respect, among the regions of Italy
B) the vast regional differences in Italy threaten
the political unity of the country
C) the traditional cultural, economic and
linguistic differences in Italy have now almost
disappeared
D) federalism is a system of government that is
unsuitable to Italy
E) the central government exercises excessive
authority on the affairs of local
administrations
Great literature does not touch a reader only on one Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked
or two sides of his nature, but causes him to respond as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little
with his whole being. It has an effect on his senses, about his first years in London, For a few years
imagination, emotion, and intellect. It attempts not between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears
only to entertain the reader but to bring him fresh or altogether from the public records, and the most likely
renewed understanding of his own self as well as his reason for this is that, for at least some of this time,
experience of life and people. Thus, it gives him a he was working for one of the city's acting
broader and deeper understanding not only of himself companies; as a junior member he would not be
but also of life and of his fellow men. The kind of listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late
perspective great literature gives cannot be summed 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely
up as a simple “lesson” or “moral”. It is knowledge – concentrated in Shoreditch and Southwark, districts
knowledge of the complexities of human nature, and of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere,
knowledge of the tragedies and sufferings, the but Shoreditch, which would have been cheap and
excitements and joys, that characterize the human convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In
experience. his early career Shakespeare may have moved from
troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the
13. According to the passage, the perspectives case, working conditions must have been similar.
a reader gains from great literature ----. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a
company would perform a different play each
A) are usually connected with the tragedies and afternoon of the week, though some plays would be
sufferings of human life repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to
B) are normally related to his emotions rather keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading
than to his intellect player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in
C) only concern him and do not relate to the mind nearly 5,000 lines a week.
experiences of others
16. According to the passage, in Shakespeare\'s
D) can be described accurately
time, ----.
E) cannot easily be defined as a simple lesson
of right and wrong A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a
great many roles each week
14. The writer suggests that, when a reader is B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in
exposed to great literature, ----. England except for London
C) leading actors would only agree to appear in
A) he becomes more and more concerned with certain roles
his own self
D) an acting company usually staged a new
B) his perception of the self and of others play each week
becomes much stronger and deeper
E) acting was regarded as an immoral
C) his view of life and people undergoes a occupation
thorough change for the worse
D) his experience of life and people is rarely
17. We learn from the passage that, in
broadened or deepened
Shakespeare\'s London, theatres ----.
E) his interest in other people’s lives begins to
decline gradually A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or
Burbage in their troupe
15. As we understand from the passage, B) were normally open to the public six
through great literature, a reader ----. afternoons a week
C) provided actors with a comfortable and
A) can only gain a partial and limited profitable way of life
understanding of people
D) were rather like drama schools and they
B) will have difficulty in understanding new trained actors
perspectives
E) all had their own leading players
C) is made familiar with different aspects of life
D) cannot gain fresh or renewed perspectives
E) rarely focuses on the complexities of human
nature
18. It is clear from the passage that Today’s symphony orchestra has its roots in 17th
Shakespeare, during his early years in century bands. The earliest orchestras, usually
London, ----. attached to a church, or a theatre, varied in structure
from place to place. They were often directed from
A) gained experience as an actor by appearing the keyboard or by the principal violinist. During the
in a huge variety of parts 18th century, as popular works such as those by
B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and Haydn and Mozart began to be played all over
Burbage Europe, some standardization of the orchestra
C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of became necessary. A string section comprising
plays violins, violas, cellos, and double basses was usually
joined by two horns, two flutes, two trumpets, and
D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch
timpani. The clarinet became a standard member of
E) was little known as an actor though he was the orchestra only at the end of the 18th century. The
probably acting 19th century saw the rise of public concerts in large
halls, which necessitated louder instruments and
larger orchestras. As a result, instruments changed.
They were redesigned and adapted to enable them to
project further. Larger and smaller versions of some
instruments, such as the piccolo, cor anglais, and
bass clarinet, were featured more frequently. Some
new instruments were also added, with trombones
and later, tubas becoming standard members of the
orchestra.
19. According to the passage, the first

orchestras ----.
A) did not all have a consistent structure

B) were able to perform only in churches and
theatres
C) had almost the same structural system with
each other
D) used the same instruments as modern
orchestras do today
E) reached their audiences with louder
instruments in larger halls

orchestras in the 19th century ----.
A) changed a lot due to the different religious
and cultural demands of the leaders at that
time
B) were only led by keyboards and principal
violinists
C) required more members and instruments
modified to project sound further
D) wanted to redesign their instruments so as to
use them in small churches and theatres
E) added trombones and tubas because the
variety of instruments in orchestras was
limited
21. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A) To show how orchestras have changed over

the years in terms of their structure and
instruments
B) To inform readers about the differences
between the 17th and 19th century
orchestras
C) To explain how classical music got to be so
popular in today’s modern world
D) To inspire and encourage people to start
listening to classical music
E) To give examples of the types of instruments
which were changed or modified after the
19th century
1: The use of mobile phones while driving a car has 6: After the fall of the Roman Empire, progress in
become a safety concern over the last few years. European bridge building slowed considerably until
TR: the Renaissance.
TR:
2: It is extremely difficult to manage natural

resources without the cooperation and support of
the public.
TR: 7: Advanced economies are facing challenges in
terms of public debt reduction and government
budget deficits.
TR:
3: As the Earth's population has grown, coastal

building has boomed.
TR:
8: The birth of poetry can be traced back to
prehistoric times, when people passed down their
history in the form of narrative poems and songs.
TR:
4: In order to prevent a further drop of the Japanese

currency, the Bank of Japan intervened in the
market to support it.
TR:
9: Communication skills’ importance is growing

rapidly due to the rising complexities as a result of
technological inventions.
TR:
5: Forgery is a crime in which someone falsifies
something with the intent to deceive.
TR:
10: Business ethics do not allow a company to do
whatever is necessary to make money.
TR:
When Toy Story I was released in 1995, it became an The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries
international sensation. It was the first feature film to about a quarter of the world's running water and is
be entirely constructed from computer animation and the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown,
its considerable technical achievements were the brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging
result of four years of hard work by a large team of from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches
computer animators. The results have been greatly of prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can
appreciated. The question now is: will Toy Story II take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40
continue to impress? Judging by the enthusiastic metres in less than a kilometre. Furthermore, it runs
reception at a recent press screening from an through deep canyons and steep gorges that have
audience made up largely of adults, the answer is a been carved out by its turbulent waters.
definite "yes". "The movies that I'm most affected by
are the ones that make me laugh hysterically but also 4. We learn from the passage that, though the
have an effect on my emotions", says the film's Amazon has the largest volume of water of
director John Lasseter. Toy Story II does just that. any river in the world, ----.
1. We learn from the passage that Toy Story I -- A) it is not the longest
--. B) it is in no parts particularly wide
C) there is very little topographical variety in its
A) was so amusing that many people wanted to
course
see it again and again
D) it is seldom used for the transportation of
B) appealed more to adults than it did to
goods
children
E) it is in most parts congested with mud and
C) received poor reviews from the press when it
slime, hence slow-moving
was first screened for journalists
D) has been surpassed by Toy Story II in every
respect 5. It is pointed out in the passage that the
waters of the Amazon ----.
E) was greatly admired throughout the world
when it first came out A) shelter many species of exotic fish
B) are in parts muddy and not fresh
2. We understand from the passage that the C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls
kind of films that please John Lasseter most
D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha
----.
E) flow calmly throughout its course
A) are the ones that are the result of the joint
efforts of many people working under
6. The passage largely deals with ----.
pressure
B) are the ones with a large proportion of A) the differences and the similarities between
computer animation the Amazon and the Nile
C) are the ones that are both extremely funny B) the varying problems of navigation along the
and also appeal to the feelings Amazon
D) deal with sad events that leave people C) the geological formation of the course of the
feeling upset Amazon
E) are films about children and for children D) the number and the size of the Amazon's
many tributaries
3. It is clear from the passage that the making E) the size of the Amazon and its topographical
of Toy Story I ----. end aquatic features
A) brought great fame to director John Lasseter,

though he didn't actually deserve it
B) involved a great many people and called for
a lot of effort and collaboration
C) was a costly production, and this upset the
director
D) included both computer animation and live
acting
E) was so tiring that Lasseter was reluctant to
start work on Toy Story II
For many years praise was awarded to the US 9. Why did the arrival of Ralph Plaisted and his
explorer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached companions at the North Pole in 1968 cause
the North Pole on 6 April 1909. Yet even at the time surprise?
his claim was disputed. Dr Frederick Cook, a rival
American explorer, insisted he had reached the pole A) They succeeded in arriving at the North Pole
almost a year earlier. But neither of them could using snowmobiles.
provide definitive proof of their supposed triumph. B) No one was expecting that a group of people
Cook's own evidence was rejected by an could walk as far as the North Pole.
independent commission, while Peary refused to C) At that time, their expedition was the only
hand over any details at all. In 1989, the US National one that was recognised to be true.
Geographic Society announced that an analysis of
D) Herbert was claimed to have arrived at the
photographs taken by Peary, together with his
North Pole before them on foot.
records of ocean depths and other data, were
consistent with his expedition getting within eight E) They provided more accurate data than
kilometres of the true pole. Cook's claim, meanwhile, earlier airborne and submarine expeditions
has always been followed by suspicions of fraud. In did.
the years that followed, the North Pole was reached
many times by airborne and submarine expeditions.
Surprisingly, the first undisputed expedition to reach
the North Pole over the surface did not achieve its
goal until 1968, when the American Ralph Plaisted
and three companions arrived on snowmobiles. On 6
April the following year, the British explorer Wally
Herbert became the first to reach the North Pole the
traditional way, on foot.
7. It is stated in the passage that Robert Peary -

---.
A) was worried that people would learn he was
not the the first explorer to reach the North
Pole
B) had been accepted for years as the first
person to reach the North Pole although he
did not offer conclusive evidence about his
expedition
C) did not want to present the details of his
expedition to the independent commission
after he learned that Dr Cook was rejected
D) requested the US National Geographic
Society to analyse the photographs and data
he gathered during his expedition to prove
his claim
E) was not viewed as the first person to reach
the North Pole since Dr Cook was thought to
have arrived there earlier
8. Which of the following was declared by the

US National Geographic Society in 1989?
A) Dr Cook's expedition was proven to have
taken place a year before Peary's journey.
B) Peary’s photographs and records were as
controversial and unconvincing as those of
Dr Cook.
C) Dr Cook’s claim was suspicious since he did
not reveal clear evidence relating to his travel
to the North Pole.
D) The North Pole was discovered several times
by airborne and submarine expeditions
before Peary’s and Dr Cook's expeditions.
E) The information collected by Peary could
describe the real characteristics of the North
Pole.
Set 4
• Vocabulary & Grammar
• Translation
Vocabulary & Grammar > Homework
1. As the new field-worker will be working in 6. Physically speaking, the Pacific Basin
close ---- with several others, make sure you includes not only all those countries
select someone with an agreeable bordering on the Pacific coast but also the
personality. Pacific island nations ---- across the ocean.
A) uniformity A) adopted
B) suspicion B) based
C) collaboration C) grafted
D) discretion D) scattered
E) productivity E) expanded
2. ---- the growth in e-mail and fax 7. To help secure the Union’s frontiers against
transmissions, many communications are illegal immigrants, the European Union ----
still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to- ideas for a 21st century integrated border
voice contact. management system that ---- heavily on
advanced technology.
A) Contrary to
B) In spite of A) considered / has been relying
C) By means of B) is considering / will rely
D) Since C) had considered / relies
E) As regards D) would consider / had relied
E) will be considering / relied
3. Wellington's abandonment of an attempt to

make a Tory government was not ---- due to 8. Many individuals think creative people are
threats of civil war ---- to Peel's refusal to more self-sufficient; ----, there is no scientific
join a Tory government. study to support this idea.
A) so far / as if A) for instance

B) as / as B) consequently
C) as much / than C) likewise
D) so much / as D) however
E) even / more E) in other words
4. ---- recent months Latin America has 9. The world's first complex societies arose in
witnessed a growing popular revolt ---- the Near East ---- the fertile area, known as
globalization and the free market. Mesopotamia, ---- the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers.
A) Through / towards
B) In / against A) around / to
C) Over / for B) within / between
D) Within / on C) about / with
E) Along / of D) for / along
E) at / among
5. Recent findings have suggested that, in

ancient times too, man was capable ---- 10. In child development, play and exploration
causing rapid and decisive changes ---- the are similar ---- they are both intrinsically
genetic make-up of staple crops. motivated behaviours and not directed by
external goals.
A) in / for
B) to / of A) on the other hand
C) of / in B) whereas
D) from / over C) otherwise
E) with / into D) after
E) since
11. Much has been written about the outbreak of 16. Positive reinforcement is a procedure ---- a
war in 1914, but the question of who was ---- stimulus or positive reinforcer is delivered,
is still being debated. given, shown, or presented, immediately.
A) desirable A) why
B) responsible B) that
C) compulsive C) which
D) peaceful D) whether
E) adequate E) by which
12. Although the game of baseball as it is known 17. Early in 1940, when Europe was already at
today is uniquely American, it ---- the war, Hitler ---- the sale of uranium from the
popular English children’s bat-and-ball game Czech mines he ---- over.
called rounders.
A) has banned / has taken
A) gets along B) had banned / took
B) derives from C) banned / had taken
C) accounts for D) bans / was taking
D) goes through E) was banning / had been taking
E) brings about
18. ---- its notoriety as a naval weapon, the first

13. After ---- victorious from, World War I, modern torpedo was developed in
structural problems and massive debt landlocked Austria, or rather in what was
plunged Great Britain into an economic then the Austrian Empire stretching down to
crisis that ---- into the middle of the 1930s. the Adriatic.
A) to emerge / was lasting A) Along with

B) having been emerged / has lasted B) In terms of
C) having emerged / would have lasted C) Despite
D) emerging / lasted D) Due to
E) being emerged / had lasted E) Instead of
14. ---- some countries possess nuclear 19. His scheme, with all its shortcomings, will
weapons and others do not, there will be inevitably be pushed through ---- we can
chronic global insecurity. produce one, by Tuesday, which is obviously
much more feasible.
A) Thanks to
B) In case of A) how
C) So long as B) so that
D) Just as C) unless
E) As if D) moreover
E) in case
15. Originating in China and voyaging the first in

trading caravans and then along maritime 20. The most powerful ---- to parachuting is fear,
routes, tea ---- conquered Western tastes. but one should also take its high cost into
account, as a total outfit for parachuting can
A) accurately be extremely expensive.
B) similarly
A) resemblance
C) presently
B) adjustment
D) adversely
C) deterrent
E) gradually
D) submission
E) adherence
Pedagogy is typically defined as the art and science (26) ---- there are dozens of indigenous languages
of teaching. Teaching young children is a dynamic spoken throughout South America, this is, with the
process that demands not only that a teacher should (27) ---- of Portuguese-speaking Brazil, a Spanish-
have a fully realised vision of the goals and content speaking continent. However, the Spanish one hears
present in a curriculum but also a theoretical in South America does not always conform (28) ----
understanding of how best (21) ---- students to learn. what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a
(22) ----, teachers must develop and become expert cassette, and even competent Spanish-speakers find
at using a repertoire of strategies. With this it takes a bit of getting used to. (29) ---- the odd
repertoire, they can respond (23) ---- to both an differences in pronunciation, words from native
individual student's learning and the class as a whole. languages as well as various European languages
In other words, pedagogy is a teacher's toolkit that (30) ---- the different dialects of South American
encompasses his or her professional philosophy Spanish, giving them each their own unique
about teaching and the purposes of early education character.
(24) ---- a range of methods for putting views into
action. This toolkit can be developed (25) ---- 26.
professional preparation opportunities and teachers'
individual experiences of schooling. A) If
B) Although
21. C) When
A) to assist D) Whereas
B) assisting E) Just as
C) to be assisted
D) being assisted 27.
E) having assisted A) exception
B) contribution
22. C) involvement
A) Otherwise D) partition
B) By comparison E) convention
C) In addition
D) Instead 28.
E) On the contrary A) up
B) at
23. C) by
A) effectively D) in
B) reluctantly E) to
C) harshly
D) instinctively 29.
E) adversely A) In case of
B) So far as
24. C) In addition to
A) in case of D) By means of
B) as well as E) In accordance with
C) with the exception of
D) regardless of 30.
E) as opposed to A) would infiltrate
B) had infiltrated
25. C) infiltrated
A) beyond D) have infiltrated
B) over E) were infiltrating
C) below
D) at
E) through
1. English is important in Hong Kong for 5. ----, just as his sister represented female
written and printed communication, ----. excellence.
A) whereas it was an English colony in East A) Homer‘s epic The Iliad, in which the
Asia until 1997 Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to
B) but it is not widely used as a spoken medium Apollo as the god who sends disease with
his arrows
C) which became one of Asia’s major
commercial, financial and industrial centres B) Apollo was one of the twelve gods of
Olympus and, during the Trojan War, he
D) just as, of 40 daily newspapers, only two are
supported the Trojans against the Greeks
in English
C) In mythology, Apollo, who was the twin
E) so Hong Kong English includes words and
brother of Artemis, known also as Diana, was
phrases from Chinese
considered to represent masculine physical
perfection
2. As economic uncertainty threatens D) Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was
business and personnel affairs alike, ----. worshipped not only as the god of poetic and
musical inspiration but also as the god of the
A) the consumers were' even more conscious of sun
a need for government support E) In antiquity, Apollo‘s temple at Delphi was
B) exposure to risk has continued to increase often visited by large crowds because it was
with the increase in the number of cars a major centre for prophesies
C) there is an increasing need for the protection
offered by insurance
6. Whereas fantasy deals with the impossible, -
D) insurance depends heavily on expert
---.
statistical studies
E) long-term investments were to prove A) social and political arguments in science
problematic due to the instability in the fiction have been emphasised even more
economy since the 1900s
B) the beginnings of science fiction go back to
prehistoric myths and tales of fantastic
3. ---- that they will be made redundant once voyages and adventures
the office has been computerised.
C) science fiction stories may be set in the
A) They called off the strike future as well as in the past or even n the
B) The board of directors discussed the matter present day
fully D) science fiction describes events that could
C) The management adopted new marketing actually occur according to accepted theories
policies E) science fiction is thought to have reached its
D) The prospect for the company looks rather most characteristic modern form by the late
gloomy 1800s
E) Most of the staff are certain
7. ---- which is the media of the national
culture.
4. The Victorian father was very much the
autocrat in his home, ----. A) A majority of these people are probably of
non-Welsh origin
A) though his wife was supreme in her own
domain B) Welsh people are deeply attached to their
native tongue
B) that has been the subject of many films of
the age C) The Welsh system of education closely
resembles that of England
C) even if his children have behaved as they
liked elsewhere D) The Welsh are a people of quick intelligence
D) even if there is a queen on the throne E) In 1955 Cardiff was recognised as the capital
of Wales
E) so daughters in particular know what is
permissible and what is not
8. Even before the Walt Disney Company 12. If the cost of health benefits for working
signed an agreement with the French people in a country rises, ----.
government to open Euro Disney, ----.
A) soaring health costs are one of the big
A) the park would employ thousands of people factors that have crippled the economy
and attract a large number of tourists B) usually employers cut wages or pass on the
B) Disneyland Paris has more than twice as costs as higher prices to customers
many visitors as the Louvre C) firms should, in fact, be indifferent to whether
C) certain attractions are introduced to cater to they pay employees cash wages or benefits
French tastes D) those costs have nearly doubled this decade
D) critics began to refer to it as a cultural alone in many industrialized countries
disaster E) the current economic difficulties have forced
E) the French are the largest European politicians to focus on health reform
consumers of Disney products such as comic
books
13. ---- because of his musical gifts as a pianist
and as a composer.
9. Even though the effects of climate change
on some rivers will be limited, ----. A) The Marriage of Figaro, a piece composed
by Mozart, was first performed that year
A) water pollution harms a river's ecology by B) Mozart’s works were catalogued
killing off organisms chronologically by Ludwig von Köchel
B) today's methods for controlling rivers are C) During the last years of his life, Mozart had
remarkably different from those employed in difficulties handling financial issues
the past
D) Many composers like Mozart were
C) unique climatic and geographic conditions dissatisfied with the low pay
determine a river's annual discharge regime
E) As a child prodigy, Mozart became widely
D) rivers contain only a minuscule portion of the regarded as a miracle of nature
total water on earth
E) they will pose serious threats to most of the
rivers in the world 14. Half of the increase in EU Aid for Trade is
specifically targeted toward the African,
Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP), ----.
10. ---- such a restrictive policy is likely to cause
a lot of damage. A) unless the European Commission set up this
programme to promote investment and
A) As soon as the new managing director took technology flow in these countries
up his position B) although the EU has used trade to advance
B) Should the monetary situation have its development cooperation objectives in the
deteriorated ACP nations for decades
C) In case the receipts turned out to be C) with which the EU is negotiating regional
forgeries Economic Partnership Agreements designed
D) Just as the world economy was picking up to remove all tariff and quota barriers to the
EU market
E) As far as the long-term interests of the
company are concerned D) which could have enabled the least-
developed countries to use trade more
effectively to achieve their development
11. ----, governments may or may not establish a goals
dedicated ministry for tourism policies. E) because the European Commission
allocated billions of dollars for cooperation
A) While spreading the benefits of tourism fairly with non-ACP countries
among all the stakeholders
B) Depending upon the extent of tourism’s
economic and political significance
C) If they had maximized the potential of
tourism as a source of income
D) Providing public goods, such as street
lighting, and merit goods, like art galleries
E) Unless they get the statistics required to
monitor economic activity
15. After securing political and economic 18. ----, food shortages will be inevitable, leading
stability and overcoming severe flooding, --- to mass starvation and unrest.
-.
A) Because many governments are committed
A) about half of Thailand’s workforce is to avoiding a reduction in farming subsidies
employed in the agriculture sector and financial speculation nowadays
B) the Thai economy depends mainly on B) Unless a solution to the dramatic increase in
automotive and electronics manufacturing world population and the demand for food is
C) Thailand is now becoming attractive to found
foreign investors with its ability to recover C) While the growing population in some parts
D) the majority of the population in Thailand are of the world increasingly demand a more
ethnic Thais besides a large ethnic Chinese varied diet
minority D) Since the increase in oil prices has appeared
E) Thailand also exports processed foods like in many developing nations in the last
frozen shrimp and canned pineapple several decades
E) If worldwide drought, which affects wide
territories, is seen as the consequence of
16. Parts of Antarctica are claimed by seven climate change
nations; Argentina, Australia, Chile, France,
New Zealand, Norway, and the United
Kingdom, ----. 19. ----, the traditionally tolerant emirate of Dubai
plans to restrict their activities.
A) given that Antarctica is generally described
as having two parts, West Antarctica and A) If it hadn’t been blessed with such a legacy
East Antarctica of oil and gas wealth
B) but Antarctica is located in the far south, and B) As millions of foreigners have recently heard
is extremely cold, even during the summer about its marvellous beaches
C) therefore, it ranks fifth in size among the C) Suddenly concerned that its approximately
world’s continents, being larger than one million foreign residents are changing its
Australia or Europe identity
D) for example, about 98 percent of the land D) Although the United Arab Emirates includes
area is permanently covered with ice other small members on the Persian Gulf
E) however, their territories are not recognized E) When vast oil deposits were originally
by the international community discovered there in the 20th century
17. Clearly a successful ascent of the south-w 20. Despite being the best thing he had written
est face of Everest could only be achieved --- up to that time, when Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
-. wrote the first Sherlock Holmes story, ----.
A) until a leader willing and able to shoulder full A) it soon became a best-seller
responsibility could be found B) much was known about the main character
B) whether extra oxygen alone might have C) he immediately earned a great amount of
resulted in success money
C) if climbing techniques and technical aids D) the plot of the story was loved by the public
alike were absolutely faultless
E) very few publishers were interested
D) though the organization of such a project
would take a heavy toll of any leader
E) that technically it was one of the hardest
climbs ever to be achieved "alpine style"
1: War stimulates the production of war materials, 5: There is a considerable amount of debate
yet it also helps to increase the number of young amongst economists as to what the main causes of
widows. unemployment are.
TR: TR:
2: Since internet has become the commonest 6: Food, shelter, and clothing are all considered
medium for doing searches for any product, service basic necessities that do not change regardless of
or information, its potential to help in promotion is income status.
highly valued. TR:
TR:
7: Human beings first built enduring buildings not to

live in but to worship their gods in.
TR:
3: Poverty reduction is not so simple as formulating

a 5-year plan to see drastic improvements.
TR:
8: Despite being foremost among the world's

largest islands, Greenland is largely uninhabited,
with a population of just 60,000.
TR:
4: In 2007, around 20% of all corn grown in the

United States was used in the ethanol production
process.
TR:
9: As members of the human race, we do have a 10: Education cannot be well developed as a result
responsibility to each other in order to live in a world of frequent droughts, famines and disease
not ruled by chaos. spreading.
TR: TR:
During the fifteenth century, a few English clerics and The early morning streets of Sultan Ahmet seemed
government officials had journeyed to Italy and had perfect for the task I had set for myself, which was to
seen something of the extraordinary cultural and travel alone and collect the sights and the sounds of
intellectual movement flourishing in the city-states Istanbul in my notebooks. The first mistake on any
there. That movement, generally known as the journey, of course, is to make plans. I strolled a few
Renaissance, involved a rebirth of letters and arts hundred metres up to the Blue Mosque. Everything in
stimulated by the recovery and study of texts from Sultan Ahmet ‒ which is to say almost all the obvious
classical antiquity and the development of new attractions of Istanbul ‒ is within a short walk, and
aesthetic norms based on classical models. It also you can’t miss the Blue Mosque. Its great dome sits
unleashed new ideas and new social, political, and at the highest point of Sultan Ahmet. Istanbul was
economic forces that displaced the other worldly and built on seven hills, and each hilltop has been given
communal values of the Middle Ages, emphasizing over to a mosque. A big tour bus moved slowly along
instead the dignity and potential of the individual and the street, pulling up outside a hotel near the
the worth of life in the world. These Renaissance mosque. The hotel was painted blue and benefits
ideas were variously reflected in the Poetry of from the name of the Blue Mosque. Ironically, the
Petrarch, the philosophy of Pico della Mirandola, the mosque itself isn’t blue, at least not on the outside. It
art of Leonardo da Vinci, and the statescraft of gets its name from the blue Iznik tiles which cover the
Lorenzo de’Medici. But it was not until Henry VII’s interior of its dome. A group of old Australians got out
reign brought some measure of political stability to of the bus. I smiled at them, happy not to be part of
England that the Renaissance could take root there, the regular tourist crowd and kept on walking.
and it was not until the accession of Henry VIII that it
began to flower. 4. It is stated in the passage that ----.
1. The passage is mainly about ----. A) it is not easy to locate the Blue Mosque
unless you know the city well
A) the Renaissance and its birth in England B) tourists prefer visiting the Blue Mosque in the
B) the contribution of English clerics to the early morning
Renaissance C) the author’s notebooks are full of his
C) Italy’s contribution to the Renaissance in observations about the city
Europe D) careful planning can make a vacation more
D) the differences between English and Italian satisfying
Renaissance E) nearly all of the tourist sites in Sultan Ahmet
E) the influence of Italian thought on English are located close to each other
politics
5. We can infer from the passage that the
2. According to the passage, an important author ----.
aspect of the Renaissance was ----.
A) enjoys travelling as part of a large group
A) a reaction against new aesthetic norms B) finds the establishment of Sultan Ahmet
B) a reaction to classical models region strange
C) underestimating the worth of the individual C) was having a pleasant time exploring Sultan
D) the glorification of Medieval ideas Ahmet
E) the recovery and study of ancient texts D) has negative feelings towards historical sites
in Turkey
E) believes Sultan Ahmet is symbolic of other
3. According to the passage, the Renaissance
historical places
began to flourish in England ----.
A) on the accession of Henry VIII to the English 6. It is understood from the passage that ----.
throne
B) when English clerics and government A) the hotel’s name comes from its location
officials went to Italy near the Blue Mosque
C) when Henry VII’s reign brought political B) tour companies often force their customers to
stability to England stay in the same hote
D) when government officials observed the C) the name of the Blue Mosque is
cultural movement in Europe representative of its outward appearance
E) when Medieval ideas were reflected in D) most tourists visiting Sultan Ahmet come
Petrarch’s poetry from Australia
E) Iznik tiles can frequently be found in most
Turkish mosques
Angola’s emergence as a serious player in the global 9. It is pointed out in the passage that the
oil sector has been underlined by the publication of Angolan government ----.
its latest production figures. After several years of
slow output growth, the fruits of the multi-billion dollar A) is working on multi-billion dollar deep water
deep water investment programme are finally feeding investment programmes to be implemented
through. Thus, production reached 1.3 million barrels in 2008
a day during the final quarter of 2005. With the new B) feels that its 2008 oil production target may
deep water fields now coming into production, the not be realized due to the high costs of deep
government’s target of producing 2 million barrels a water investments
day by 2008 now seems eminently within reach. In C) is resolved to challenge only Libya for oil
the meantime, official Angolan government figures leadership in Africa
indicate that oil production averaged 1.25 million
D) has invested huge sums for the production of
barrels a day during the course of 2005, a steep jump
oil from its deep water fields
on the year before. In addition, the government’s
estimate of proven oil reserves has finally been E) announced that it has published its oil figures
increased from 5.4 billion barrels to 12.4 billion in order to prove to the world that it is a
barrels. This shows that, as sub-Saharan Africa’s serious player in the global oil sector
second biggest oil producer after Nigeria, Angola is in
an excellent position to overtake countries such as
Libya and Algeria in the table of oil powers on the
continent as a whole.
7. It is suggested in the passage that, with its

rich oil reserves and rapidly increasing oil
production, Angola ----.
A) has become one of the major oil powers in
Africa
B) has already completely left behind such
major oil producers as Nigeria, Libya and
Algeria
C) has emerged as a threat in sub-Saharan
Africa as well as the global oil sector
D) can be regarded as a long-time constructive
player in the African oil league
E) has always been in fierce competition with
Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African
countries
8. One understands from the passage that

Angola’s previously poor oil output ----.
A) can only be improved through the
exploitation of its deep water reserves
B) has improved dramatically and reached a
record level in 2005
C) is related to Nigeria’s dominant position in
the sub-Saharan oil sector
D) prevents it from competing efficiently with
other oil producing countries
E) does not make it a current major player in the
global oil sector
1. The term 'urbanisation' is used to define the 3. Birleşmiş Milletler’in amaçlarından biri,
economic and social changes that insan haklarının önemini ve uluslararası
accompany population concentration in hukuka duyulan saygıyı vurgulamaktır.
urban areas and the growth of cities.
A) The United Nations highlights the importance
A) 'Kentleşme' terimi, ekonomik ve sosyal of human rights in order to increase respect
değişimlere bağlı olarak kentlerin for international law.
büyümesiyle meydana gelen nüfus B) One of the objectives of the United Nations is
yoğunluğunu tanımlamak için kullanılır. to highlight the importance of human rights
B) Kentsel alanlardaki ekonomik ve sosyal as well as international law.
değişimlerin yan sıra nüfus yoğunluğu ve C) The United Nations aims to highlight the
kentlerin büyümesini tanımlamak için de importance of human rights and promote
'kentleşme' terimi kullanılır. respect for international law.
C) 'Kentleşme' terimi, kentsel alanlardaki nüfus D) One of the objectives of the United Nations is
yoğunluğu ile kentlerin büyümesinin yol to highlight the importance of human rights
açtığı ekonomik ve sosyal değişimleri and respect for international law.
tanımlamak için kullanılır.
E) The main aim of the United Nations is to
D) Kentsel olarak nüfus yoğunluğu ile kentlerin highlight the importance of human rights and
büyümesiyle birlikte oluşan ekonomik ve respect for international law.
sosyal değişimler, 'kentleşme' terimi
kullanılarak tanımlanır.
E) 'Kentleşme' terimi, kentsel alanlardaki nüfus 4. For years, self-publishing has given talented
yoğunluğuna ve kentlerin büyümesine eşlik authors the mans to share their works with
eden ekonomik ve sosyal değişimleri audiences that would otherwise never read
tanımlamak için kullanılır. them.
A) Kendi yayıncılığını yapmak, yıllarca yetenekli

2. As mentioned in the introductory part of the yazarlara çalışmalarına başka türlü asla
report, New Caledonia, annexed by France in okumayacak olan kitlelerle paylaşma aracı
1853, comprises New Caledonia itself and sağlamıştır.
various other Islands in the South Pacific. B) Yetenekli yazarlar yıllarca bireysel yayıncılığı
araç olarak kullanarak, çalışmalarını başka
A) Raporun giriş bölümünden de anlayacağınız türlü asla okumayacak olan okuyuculara
gibi, Güney Pasifik'teki çeşitli adalardan ulaştırmışlardır.
oluşan yeni Kaledonya, 1853 yılında Fransa
C) Kendi yayıncılığını yapmak, yetenekli
tarafından ilhak edilmiştir.
yazarların yıllarca çalışmalarını başka türlü
B) Yeni Kaledonya'nın Fransa tarafından ilhak asla okumayacak kitlelerle paylaşmak için
edildiği ve Güney Pasifik'teki pek çok adadan kullandıkları bir yöntem olmuştur.
oluştuğu,1853'te yazılmış bir raporun giriş
D) Bireysel yayıncılık yaparak kitlelere ulaşan
bölümünde belirtilmiştir.
yetenekli yazarlar bu yöntemi yıllarca
C) Yeni Kaledonya ve Güney Pasifik'teki diğer kullanarak eserlerini başka türlü okumayacak
bazı adaların 1853’te ilhak edildiği, olan okuyuculara ulaştırmışlardır.
Fransızlara ait bir raporun giriş bölümünde
E) Kendi yayıncılığını yapmak, yıllarca yetenekli
vurgulanmıştır.
yazarların normalde çalışmalarını asla
D) Raporun giriş bölümünde belirtildiği gibi, okumayacak kitlelere ulaşmasının aracı
1853'te Fransa tarafından ilhak edilen Yeni olmuştur.
Kaledonya, Yeni Kaledonya'nın kendisinden
ve Güney Pasifik 'teki çeşitli diğer adalardan
oluşur.
E) 1853’te ilhak edilen Yeni Kaledonya'nın
Güney Pasifik'teki irili ufaklı pek çok adadan
ve Yeni Kaledonya'nın kendisinden oluştuğu
ilk olarak bu raporda açıklanmıştır.
5. Rönesans’ın temelini teşkil eden yeni 7. Despite advances in understanding of the
teknolojiler esas işlevi un üretmek olan yel anatomy and physiology of pain and the
değirmenleri ve su değirmenlerini de development of treatments based on
içermekteydi. sophisticated technology, chronic pain
continues to be a prevalent and costly
A) Were it not for the new technologies such as problem.
windmills and watermills which mainly
function to produce flour, the foundations for A) Ağrının anatomisinin ve fizyolojisinin
the Renaissance may not have been laid. anlaşılmasındaki ilerlemelere ve üst düzey
B) The foundations for the Renaissance were teknolojiye dayalı tedavilerin geliştirilmesine
laid by such new technologies as windmills rağmen, kronik ağrı yaygın ve maliyetli bir
and watermills, whose main function to make sorun olmaya devam etmektedir.
flour. B) Ağrının anatomisi ve fizyolojisi konusunda
C) Windmills and watermills, despite having a ilerlemeler kaydedilmiş ve üst düzey
primary function of producing flour, were teknolojiye bağlı tedaviler geliştirilmiştir,
among the new technologies that laid the ancak kronik ağrı yaygın ve maliyetli bir
foundations for the Renaissance sorun olmaya hâlâ devam etmektedir.
D) The new technologies that laid the C) Kronik ağrı, anatomisinin ve fizyolojisinin
foundations for the Renaissance included anlaşılmasındaki ilerlemelere ve üst düzey
windmills and watermills, whose primary teknolojik tedavilerin geliştirilmesine rağmen,
function was to make flour. yaygın bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir
ve tedavisi maliyetlidir.
E) Among the new technologies that laid the
foundation for the Renaissance were D) Hâlâ yaygın ve maliyetli bir sorun olan kronik
primarily windmills and watermills, which ağrıya karşı üst düzey teknolojik tedavilerin
were used to make flour. geliştirilmesi, ağrının anatomisinin ve
fizyolojisinin anlaşılmasındaki ilerlemeler
sayesinde olmuştur.
6. Kayak, yaygın bir spor olmadan çok önce, E) Ağrının anatomisinin ve fizyolojisinin
yabancı ziyaretçiler İsviçre Alplerine harika anlaşılmasındaki ilerlemeler sayesinde üst
manzaralar ve temiz havayla dolu dinlendirici düzey teknolojiye dayalı tedaviler geliştirilmiş
tatiller için gelirlerdi. olsa bile kronik ağrı yaygın ve maliyetli bir
sorun olmaya devam etmektedir.
A) Long before skiing became a widespread
sport, foreign visitors used to come to the
Swiss Alps for relaxing holidays, full of 8. Avrasya’da ve Afrika’nın Nil bölgesinde ilk
wonderful views and fresh air. şehirlerin ortaya çıkması, insan hayatında
B) For many years before skiing became hâlâ etkileri süren birçok değişikliğe sebep
popular, foreign visitors would come to the olmuştur.
Swiss Alps in order to experience relaxing
holidays with wonderful views and fresh air. A) The rise of the earliest cities in Eurasia and
the Nile area of Africa is known to have
C) Even though skiing was not a widespread
introduced lots of changes in human life, the
sport at the time, foreign visitors used to
effects of which we still experience.
come to the Swiss Alps for relaxing holidays,
full of spectacular views and fresh air. B) The rise of the earliest cities in Eurasia and
the Nile area of Africa led to many changes
D) Since they wanted relaxing holidays with
that still have effects on human life.
spectacular views and fresh air, foreign
visitors had come to the Swiss Alps long C) The earliest cities emerged in Eurasia and
before skiing became popular. the Nile area of Africa resulting in a number
of changes that still continue to affect human
E) The Swiss Alps had been popular with
life.
foreign visitors for relaxing holidays, full of
wonderful views and fresh air, for many years D) Several changes that took place due to the
before skiing became popular. rise of the earliest cities in Eurasia and the
Nile area of Africa have continued to be
experienced in human life today.
E) Upon the emergence of the earliest cities in
Eurasia and the Nile area of Africa, a number
of changes were introduced into the lives of
humans and their effects still continue today.
9. İlk insanlar ve onların ataları her ne kadar 11. At the height of their power, the Aztecs
birçok doğa kanununu anlamış ve işe controlled a region stretching from the Gulf
yarayan aletler yapmış olsa da, tek bir kişi ilk of Mexico to Guatemala.
bilim insanı olarak tanımlanamaz.
A) Güçlerinin zirvesindeyken Aztekler, Meksika
A) Early humans and their ancestors were able Körfezi’nden Guatemala’ya uzanan bölgeyi
to understand many natural laws and create tamamen kontrol edebiliyorlardı.
important tools, which makes it impossible to B) Aztekler, güçlü oldukları zamanlarda,
describe just one person as the first scientist. Meksika ile Guatemala arasında kalan
B) Having understood many natural laws, early bölgeyi kontrol ediyorlardı.
humans and their ancestors produced handy C) Güçlü oldukları zamanlarda Aztekler,
tools; however, not just one person can be Meksika Körfezi ve Guatemala gibi bölgeleri
described as the first scientist. kontrol edebilmişlerdir.
C) While it is true that early humans and their D) Meksika Körfezi’nden Guatemala’ya uzanan
ancestors understood many natural laws to bir bölgeyi kontrol eden Aztekler, güçlerinin
make practical tools, describing one person zirvesine bu dönemde ulaşmıştır.
as the first scientist is impossible.
E) Güçlerinin zirvesindeyken, Aztekler Meksika
D) Although early humans and their ancestors Körfezi’nden Guatemala’ya kadar uzanan bir
understood many natural laws and made bölgeyi kontrol etmişlerdir.
useful tools, no one person could be
described as the first scientist.
E) The reason why no one person can be 12. Olimpiyat Oyunları, başlangıçta bir gün
described as the first scientist is that early süren çeşitli spor etkinliklerinden
humans and their ancestors understood oluşuyordu, ancak günümüzde haftalarca
many natural laws and made effective tools. süren dünya çapında bir spor olayı olmuştur.
A) Although the Olympic Games were initially
10. Afrika’nın hızlı ekonomik büyümesinin ve different sporting activities which lasted for
nüfus artışının sonucu olarak, yerleşik one day, today they have turned into a
Afrikalı halkın üçte birinden fazlası şu anda worldwide sports event and take several
şehirlerde yaşamaktadır. weeks.
B) At the beginning, the Olympic Games
A) Due to the fast economic growth and consisted of various sporting activities,
population expansion of Africa, up to a third lasting for one day, but in our time, they have
of African inhabitants prefer to live in cities become a worldwide sports event, lasting for
now. weeks.
B) As a result of Africa’s rapid economic growth C) Originally, the Olympic Games took place on
and population expansion, over a third of one day and included different kinds of
African inhabitants currently live in cities. sports, but today they have developed into a
C) The ongoing economic growth and major sports event in the world, lasting for
population expansion of Africa have resulted many weeks.
in the immigration of over a third of African D) Once the Olympic Games lasted only for one
inhabitants to cities. day and consisted of many different sporting
D) Over a third of African inhabitants prefer to activities, but today they have become one of
live in cities, despite the fast economic the major sports events in the world, which
growth and population expansion of Africa. last several weeks.
E) Africa has experienced a rapid economic E) Today the Olympic Games are a major sports
growth and population expansion and as a event in the world, and last many weeks,
result, about a third of African inhabitants even though at the beginning they were only
have left the cities now. a one day sports event.
13. Öteki Avrupalılara kıyasla, Almanların daha 15. Başka bir ülkede mutlu bir şekilde yaşamak
uzun yıllık tatilleri olduğu ve yurt dışı istiyorsanız, farklılıkları kabullenebilen ve
gezilere daha çok para harcadıkları bir uyum sağlayabilen türden bir insan olmanız
gerçektir. gerekir.
A) It is true that, compared with other A) If you want to live happily in another country,
Europeans, the Germans have longer annual you need to be the type of person who can
holidays and spend more money on foreign accept differences and adapt.
travel. B) To be able to live happily in another country,
B) It is admitted that, comparatively, the you must be the type of person who can
Germans enjoy longer annual holidays than accept differences and adapt.
other Europeans and save a lot of money for C) If you want to live happily in another country,
their foreign travels. it is necessary that you be a carefree person
C) The fact that, unlike other Europeans, the and accept differences and adapt.
Germans are entitled to longer holidays each D) If you want to live happily in another country,
year and put aside more money for their you will have to accept differences and adapt
travels abroad is undeniable. well.
D) Truly, contrary to other Europeans, the E) You had better be the type of person who
German people tend to have longer annual can accept differences and adapt if you want
holidays and are prepared to spend more to live happily in another country.
money on their travels abroad.
E) When the Germans are compared with other
Europeans, it is clear that their annual 16. Akdeniz ülkelerindeki uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı
holidays are longer and the money they ile ilgili raporunuzu sundunuz mu ?
spend for their travels abroad is much more.
A) Isn’t your report concerning the drug
trafficking across the Mediterranean due in
14. Things would be better if people took an yet?
interest in local politics, but unfortunately B) Have you submitted your report concerning
few do. the drug trafficking in the Mediterranean
countries yet?
A) İnsanlar yerel siyasetle ilgilendikleri takdirde,
C) Has your report on drug traffic to be
işler daha iyi yürüyecektir, ancak çok az kişi
submitted for consideration to the
bunu yapabiliyor.
Mediterranean countries?
B) Eğer insanlar yerel siyasete ilgi göstermiş
D) Haven’t you been asked yet by the
olsalardı, işler çok daha iyi giderdi, ancak çok
Mediterranean countries to submit a report
az kişi bunun farkındadır.
on drug traffic?
C) İnsanlar yerel siyasetle ilgi duysa her şey
E) Hasn’t the subject of drug traffic in the
daha iyi olur, ancak ne yazık ki çok az kişi
Mediterranean countries been included in
bunu yapıyor.
your report?
D) Maalesef bir kaç kişi bunu yapabiliyor olsa da
insanlar yerel siyasetle ilgilendikleri sürece
her şey yolunda gidecektir. 17. There has been much discussion about why
E) Eğer insanlar yerel siyasete ilgi duyarlarsa, ancient Athenian culture encouraged
işler yolunda gider, ancak yazık ki bunu philosophy.
yapan kişi sayısı çok fazla değil.
A) Eski Atina kültürünün felsefeyi neden teşvik
ettiği hususunda çok tartışma olmuştur.
B) Eski Atina kültürünün felsefeyi neden
özendirdiği önemli tartışmalara yol açmıştır.
C) Felsefenin Eski Atina kültüründen nasıl
beslendiği konusu çok tartışılmıştır.
D) Eski Atina kültürünün felsefeye nasıl
kaynaklık ettiği hep tartışılmıştır.
E) Eski Atina kültürünün felsefeyi niçin
desteklediği daima tartışılmıştır.
18. When works of art are criticized for being too 20. Most of the developing countries, with
impersonal, this criticism can be traced back rapidly growing populations in Asia, Africa
to the assumption that the expression theory and Latin America, find it difficult to invest
of art is correct. enough in education.
A) Bazıları sanat eserlerini kişisellikten aşırı A) Nüfusu hızla artmakta olan Asya, Afrika ve
uzak olmakla eleştirse de bu eleştiri, sanatın Latin Amerika'da, gelişmekte olan çok sayıda
dışavurum kuramıyla ilişkili değildir. ülke eğitime yeterli kaynak ayırmakta
B) Sanat eserlerinin kişisellikten aşırı uzak zorlanıyor.
olduğunun ileri sürülmesinin temelinde, B) Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika'da nüfusu hızla
sanatın dışavurum kuramının doğru olduğu artan gelişmekte olan ülkelerin çoğu, eğitime
varsayımına dayanan eleştiri yatmaktadır. yeterli yatırım yapmakta güçlük çekiyor.
C) Sanatın dışavurum kuramının doğru olduğu C) Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika'daki hızlı nüfus
varsayılırsa, sanat eserleri kişisellikten aşırı artışı, gelişmekte olan ülkeleri eğitime daha
uzak olmakla eleştirilebilir. fazla yatırım yapmaya zorluyor.
D) Sanat eserleri kişisellikten aşırı uzak olmakla D) Nüfustaki hızlı artış nedeniyle, Asya, Afrika
eleştirildiğinde, bu eleştiri, sanatın dışavurum Latin Amerika'daki gelişmekte olan ülkelerin
kuramının doğru olduğu varsayımına çoğunun eğitime yeterli yatırım yapması
dayandırılabilir. giderek zorlaşıyor.
E) Sanat eserlerini kişisellikten aşırı uzak E) Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika'da eğitime
olmakla eleştirenler, bu eleştiriyi, sanatın yeterli yatırım yapmakta güçlük çeken ve
dışavurum kuramının doğru olduğu nüfusu hızla artan birçok gelişmekte olan
varsayımına dayandırmaktadır. ülke vardır.
19. Historically, geographically, and

economically, Finland is a bridge between
East and West, linking Western Europe and
the former states of the Soviet Union.
A) Hem Batı Avrupa hem de eski Sovyetler

Birliği devletleri ile bağları olan Finlandiya,
Doğu ve Batı arasında tarihi, coğrafi ve
ekonomik bir köprü görevi görmektedir.
B) Batı ve Doğu arasında tarihi, coğrafi ve
ekonomik bir köprü görevi gören Finlandiya,
Batı Avrupa ve eski Sovyetler Birliği devletleri
arasında bağlar kurulmasına yardımcı olur.
C) Finlandiya Doğu ve Batı arasında tarihi,
coğrafi ve ekonomik bir köprü görevi
gördüğünden Batı Avrupa ve eski Sovyetler
Birliği devletleri ile güçlü bağları vardır.
D) Batı Avrupa’nın yanı sıra eski Sovyetler
Birliği devletleri ile bağları olan Finlandiya’nın
Doğu ve Batı arasında tarihi, coğrafi ve
ekonomik bir köprü görevi görmesi
kaçınılmazdır.
E) Tarihi, coğrafi ve ekonomik olarak Finlandiya,
Doğu ve Batı arasında bir köprü olup, Batı
Avrupa ve eski Sovyetler Birliği devletlerini
birbirine bağlar.
1. Near-death experiences are relatively 3. ---- In some of them, the pictures were
stereotyped in format. ---- They often arranged according to schools or artistic
describe sensations like“floating” or circles. Other collections were arranged
“flying”. These experiences can also cause thematically. One wall of the entrance hall of
fear or a feeling of detachment, but they are the Galleria Uffizi in Florence, for example,
usually described as intensely “real” not at has been densely filled with portraits since
all like a dream or a hallucination. 1753. In some cases, paintings were simply
organized according to the size of the
A) People who have had such experiences say canvas or hung where space was available
that they seemed to be no longer in their own when they were acquired by the museum.
body but outside it, looking down on
themselves from two or three metres above. A) Many important works of Western literature
B) Survivors of these experiences may, weeks aim to reflect the daily lives of their time and
later, experience a surge of emotionality, as if the way people were educated.
emotions of every sort were being stimulated B) There were different organizational models
or released. for the presentation of pictures in the art
C) Sometimes, near-death experiences are galleries of the 19th century.
followed by a sudden onset of musical or C) Today, pictures exhibited in many European
artistic interest. art galleries often date back to as early as
D) Tony Cicoria reported seeing a bluish-white the first and second centuries.
light that surrounded him and having a sense D) The last two centuries have seen an ongoing
of ecstacy. revolution in imaging technologies, from
E) Similar near-death experiences have often lithography to the Internet.
been described by people who have been, or E) A picture is a two-dimensional surface that
believed themselves to be, in great danger. depicts a scene by virtue of the way its
surface is marked and coloured.
2. When tourists eventually start arriving

in space they will need somewhere to stay. -- 4. As a singer, Johnny Cash took on a very
-- A three-day stay at these hotels will great variety of roles. ---- He could be a
cost roughly £40, 000, but they are confident respectable family man or a condemned
the public will be prepared to pay. criminal. He felt sympathy for them all and
made them all credible.
A) They are hoping to produce a reusable
rocket large enough to carry three people A) Sometimes, he was a cowboy, sometimes he
100 km into space and back. was a white outcast who rode with Indians.
B) Scientists and researchers worldwide were B) Sometimes he has been likened to John
consequently trying to make space tourism Wayne, but the resemblance is superficial
affordable. only.
C) Orbiting space hotels have already been C) It is generally agreed that his anti-war songs
designed by a Japanese construction giant are not among his best numbers.
and a group of international hotel architects. D) On the whole, deep voices like his are not
D) A notable reduction in prices finally opened valued as much as they deserve to be.
up the aviation industry to the general public. E) Sadly, people seem to forget that he was
E) The problem is not simply to launch people also a great folk singer.
into space but to see that they remain
comfortable throughout the flight.
5. Between Greenland and Norway, the Gulf 7. Unlike wine, whisky does not change after it
Stream waters begin a journey into the has been bottled. ---- The first rule to respect
depths. Along the way, the water is sharply is to keep whisky bottles upright so that the
cooled by frigid winds from the North Pole, alcohol is not in contact with the cork. It
and its salt content increases due to the should also be kept away from all sources of
formation of sea ice. Both factors raise the heat in order to avoid drying out the cork,
water’s density as well as its weight. ---- which would allow air to get into the bottle.
There, it flows at great depths toward the
southern end of the Atlantic. A) Keeping a young whisky in a bottle and
putting an old whisky in a decanter combines
A) After its long journey, through the depths, aesthetic pleasure with the joy of tasting.
water rises to the surface again. B) One question which is often asked, and over
B) The heavier water sinks through layers of which whisky lovers are divided, concerns
lighter water in the polar zone until it reaches whether or not to use a decanter.
the seafloor. C) However, it is advisable to take some
C) Surface currents in the oceans are driven by precautions to assure its longevity.
the prevailing winds. D) The Classic Malts Collection owes its
D) Cold ocean currents near the shore lead to considerable success since its launch in
the development of coastal deserts. 1988 as much to the quality of the whisky as
E) The Gulf Stream splits into smaller circulating to the excellent design of the six bottles that
currents on its way across the Atlantic. make up the range.
E) Marketing and design have revolutionized
the whisky industry, especially the
6. Putting on a Broadway show is one of the manufacture of containers.
bigger gambles in Americas entertainment
industry, with investments running into
millions of dollars. ---- Since only one out of 8. When the US Census Bureau compiles its
five shows manages even that, there is no census data, it asks residents what language
financial security. they speak. At the United Nations, most
countries are represented, and their
A) It can take at least two years for a successful ambassadors must know which languages
show to pay back its original investment. are spoken in their home countries. With all
B) Indeed a musical can cost around $10 million that information, it could seem easy to
to put on. answer this question: How many languages
C) Consequently, producers are becoming more are there in the world? ---- It is not always
creative with their fund-raising schemes. clear whether to regard two language
varieties as dialects of the same language or
D) The New York stage is now looking to
as different languages. In addition,
advertising as a means of funding its
languages previously unknown to scholars
productions.
are sometimes discovered in the Amazon,
E) Sponsorship would seem to be another Papua New Guinea, and other remote parts
obvious solution to the problem. of the world. Languages also die when their
last speaker dies, and that happens more
often than you might think.
A) In the course of a century, some languages
die and others are born, but some that die
may later be revived.
B) A given language may have different names,
as with Hebrew and Ivrit or with Irish, Erse,
and Gaeilge.
C) Actually, enumerating them is not a
straightforward task due to several reasons.
D) Most sign languages are like spoken
languages and have the challenge of how to
be identified.
E) Linguists estimate that there are between
6,000 and 7,000 languages in use across the
world.
9. Infants can recognise the emotions of 11. Ballet dancers work within a tradition.
others, and use this information when They have generations of knowledge and
reacting to novel situations and people. As experience behind them. ---- For theirs is a
infants explore their world, they generally hard world, but at least they have the
rely on the emotional expressions of their example of the past to turn to when they
mothers or caregivers to determine the need it.
safety or appropriateness of a particular
endeavour. ---- Are infants simply imitating A) It originated in the French court.
their mother’s emotional responses, or do B) Originality can be overrated.
they actually experience a change in mood C) It is this that supports them.
purely from the expressive visual cues of the
D) Art should appear effortless.
mother? What is known, however, is that as
infants explore their environment, their E) It is possible to improve one\'s sense of
emotional responses to what they encounter rhythm.
are based on cues portrayed by their mother
or primary caregiver.
12. In most of the world, AIDS lands to affect
A) During the second year, infants express fairly discrete groups, usually prostitutes,
emotions of shame or embarrassment and homosexuals and drug addicts. ---- But
pride, which are greatly developed with the if AIDS is not contained among the groups
help of adults. that harbour it, it can spread rapidly into
B) Parents, however, are one of the primary the general population, as it has in Africa.
sources that socialise children to There, it affects every section of the
communicate emotional experience in population sophisticated, peasant and
culturally specific ways. professional.
C) Some scientists claim that infants may fail to A) The human and economic cost is huge.
react to a threat in an appropriate way B) By the end of this year 3 million poor people
because it is usually difficult for them to infected with HIV are supposed to be
appreciate inputs. receiving treatment.
D) Although this process has been established C) The world is not winning the war against
by several studies, there is some debate AIDS.
about how infants do it.
D) In most societies these people remain rather
E) Most infants, on the other hand, pay close isolated.
attention to the events that take place in their
environment, particularly after the first month. E) India may have more infected people than
any other country.
10. The purpose of a library, whether paper or

digital, is to facilitate communication across 13. Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most
space and time by selecting, preserving, important figures in Western music. ---- For
organising, and making accessible example, he had hearing problems from a
documents of all kinds. ---- For example, very early age. While still a boy, he
technological methods of information supported his family as a travelling
retrieval make it possible to index books at performer. At the age of 17, he impressed
the level of chapters, or even at the level of Mozart in Vienna, Austria, and moved there
sections and paragraphs. However, just as a to study with Haydn. He amazed many
paper library can provide too many books, people in high social circles with his piano
digital libraries can provide an even greater playing. The musical visions expressed in
overabundance of documents, chapters, and his many works were often far ahead of their
passages. time.
A) Some digital library collections contain A) He composed some of the most astonishing
images created with human effort. music ever written, but had a troubled life.
B) Like all professions, librarianship offers B) There is evidence that Beethoven lived in
specialties and subspecialties. more than 60 different places during his 25
years in Vienna.
C) Digital libraries provide many opportunities to
improve upon paper libraries. C) During his early years, Beethoven was
always exploring new directions to transform
D) A library must have a collection of materials music.
that carry information.
D) Among his most famous early works are two
E) People tend to associate the word ‘librarian’ piano sonatas: the Pathétique and Moonlight
with anyone who works in a paper library. sonatas.
E) His work marked the crossover between the
Classical and romantic periods in the history
of music.
14. Zambia's people have a literacy rate of 78%, 16. The British people are great readers of
which is high compared with many poor newspapers. There are few homes to which
African countries. However, it has only one one newspaper is not delivered every
library, one university and no television morning. ---- One newspaper may be
stations. Its economy is very limited, with delivered at the house, a member of the
copper mining accounting for over 80% of family may buy one at the station bookstall
the country's foreign currency intake. ---- to read on the train as he goes to town, and
someone else in the family may buy an
A) Even so, in 2001, its president, Chiluba, evening newspaper later in the day.
contemplated changing the constitution to
allow him to run for another presidential term. A) Actually, daily papers are those that are
B) In fact, it has an annual industrial growth rate published daily from Monday to Saturday.
of only 1 per cent. B) Many households have two, or even three
C) Early humans inhabited present-day Zambia newspapers every day.
two million years ago. C) As in other countries newspapers in Britain
D) In 1972, Kenneth Kaunda, the first president vary greatly in their ways of presenting the
of the country, outlawed all opposition news.
political parties. D) There are popular newspapers for those who
E) In 1924, the British government took over the prefer entertainment to information.
administration of the region. E) There are serious papers for those who want
to know more about important happenings at
home and abroad.
15. In the Romanian village of Bran, about 15
miles southwest of Brasov in the Carpathian
Mountains, lies Bran Castle. ---- This is 17. Like language, music is a uniquely human
because it was once a residence of Prince activity. Although music is often spoken of
Vlad Tepes, son of Vlad Dracul (Dracul as a kind of language, it is certainly not
meaning ‘Devil’), who was a knight of the within the same space of possibilities as
Dragon Order. Vlad used to sign his name natural human languages. Music
‘Draculea’ or ‘Draculya’ or ‘The Devil’s Son’. communicates something, perhaps
He is now best-known as the historical basis emotional states. It is sometimes symbolic;
for Bram Stoker’s Dracula. According to his for instance, when the Wedding March is
legend, he was a ruthless military leader played to symbolize weddings. ---- Therefore,
against any who stood against him. it seems appropriate to treat music as a form
of communication, but not as a language in
A) Bran Castle may still be home to some of the the technical sense.
many tortured souls who died at Vlad
Tepes’s hand. A) That is why composers aim at aesthetic
B) Many believe Vlad Tepes himself still passes pleasure while they compose their music.
through the castle although he lived in the B) The right hemisphere of the brain is involved
castle for a very short time. in musical perception and in experienced
C) Built in 1377 to protect the city of Brasov musicians the left hemisphere is also
from invasion, today the castle is more involved.
commonly referred to as Dracula’s Castle. C) Yet it shares few of the grammatical and
D) Between 1456 and 1462, Vlad Tepes, a strict expressive possibilities found in all standard
ruler of Wallachia, lived in the castle and languages.
increased trade and the strength of his army. D) In the opera, for instance, music and
E) Today, the castle offers tours six days a week language combine.
for those who want to walk where Vlad Tepes E) This shows that musical ability is largely
once stood. based on auditory and rhythmic processing.
18. During the 1960s, although Tanzania had 20. Although the European Parliament (EP) can‘t
adopted Swahili as its national and official initiate legislation, it has been granted
language, it was the medium of instruction increased powers under successive
only until high school, where it was replaced European Union (EU) treaties. ---- Germany
by English. ---- Since then, Swahili has has recently proposed strengthening the
gradually been replacing English as the EP‘s hand in budgetary matters. Moreover,
medium of instruction throughout all levels corporations and citizens‘ groups have been
of the education system. quick to recognize the parliament‘s
increased powers, especially in
A) British colonial education policies, like those environmental and consumer protection, and
of the Germans before them, were seen to are dispatching more and more lobbyists to
be grounded in linguistic imperialism. it.
B) Swahili also serves a symbolic function for
the country, namely one of nationalism and A) In 1997, France successfully petitioned the
unification. European Court of Justice to block efforts by
the Parliament to meet eleven rather than
C) This situation lasted until an official change in
twelve times annually in Strasbourg.
policy was written into the country’s Third
Five-Year Plan in 1976. B) In 1952, Strasbourg was designated the
meeting place of the EP‘s forerunner, known
D) However, the role of English was central to
as the Common Assembly of the European
the shaping of Tanzanians’ cultural identities
Coal and Steel Community.
in colonial times.
C) On the other hand, the EP holds at least
E) During the postcolonial 1950s and 1960s,
twelve of its sessions in Strasbourg and the
many Third World societies concentrated on
rest in Brussels, which is the headquarters of
their socio-economic needs.
the EU.
D) Last year, the US mission to the EU was
19. ---- Size alone has clearly nothing to do with enlarged, and the American monitoring of the
the distinction, there are some huge colleges EP‘s activities has since increased
and some small universities. Is the noticeably.
difference to be found in breadth or scope of E) Thus, it can now approve, amend, or veto
instructional offerings? Not according to the eighty per cent of the economic and social
late Hastings Renewal, whose three-volume regulations generated by the European
'Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages' is Commission.
a classic in the field.
A) Public institutions are in a different situation.
B) The content and the structure of general
education need to be improved.
C) First, let us clarify the terms “college” and
“university”.
D) In most countries college has come to mean
a label for a higher institution of limited or
special scope.
E) A number of colleges and universities have
experimented with curricular structures.
1: Many nations provide safety drills for children to 5: The economy in China is booming; that's why,
familiarize them with how to safely use a zebra many foreign investors are planning to enter
crossing. China's market.
TR: TR:
2: Company profits are rising and it looks as though 6: Drivers between the ages of 18 and 34 are less
this is going to be a record-breaking year. likely to use seat belts than drivers in their 40s.
TR: TR:
3: Medieval times are frequently referred to as the 7: On account of widespread flooding and
Dark Ages; on the contrary, the Renaissance is landslides, the death toll continued to rise.
commonly described as an enlightenment. TR:
TR:
8: Despite the disappearances in the Bermuda

Triangle, airplanes and ships continue to fly or sail
through the region frequently.
TR:
4: In Paris, it is prohibited to build very tall buildings

in the centre of the city, as this would spoil the
overall appearance of the skyline.
TR:
9: The US dollar, which is widely accepted as a
strong and stable currency, is actually much less
stable than the Japanese yen.
TR:
10: Around the mid-17th century, the Albanian

population of Kosovo began to increase
substantially, likely as a result of a small number of
large migrations from what is now Albania.
TR:
The printing press was invented by Gutenberg in the The seventeenth century was a period of joyful
city of Mainz, in Germany. He built and operated the activity, of experiment in politics, in religion and in the
printing press with movable metal letters. In fact, natural sciences. With the help of the telescope the
simple printing methods had existed for centuries, but skies were examined; with the aid of the microscope
they had to be done by hand and took a long time. doctors learned more about the human body.
What made Gutenberg’s press so different was that Inventors were busy on a variety of things ranging
the individual letters themselves could quickly and from more reliable watches to more destructive guns
easily be moved to create different pages. This made and explosives. For the first time, travellers went to
it possible to print entire books more cheaply and more and more distant places; and traders followed
more quickly than ever before. their example. In fact, everyone was doing something
new.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that the basic
new feature of Gutenberg’s printing press --- 4. According to the passage, it was in the
-. seventeenth century that people ----.
A) made it possible to print boks without any A) began to take an interest in trade
error at all B) first set out on journeys to far–away
B) was that all the pages of a book were printed countries
at the same time C) learned how to use watches to tell the time
C) was that the printing of books was less costly D) suddenly became aware of the importance of
although it took a long time to do trade
D) was that it could easily be operated by E) finally began to recognize the advantages of
unskilled workman scientific studies
E) was the use of metal letters that could be
moved into different positions
5. The writer points out that, in the seventeenth
century ----.
2. One understands from the passage that
actually, the history of printing ----. A) the world enjoyed a great deal of economic
prosperity
A) first begins with Gutenberg’s invention B) there was little change in political thinking
B) can be traced back well before the time of C) religion was almost never the subject of
Gutenberg serious debate
C) runs parallel to the history of books D) no important progress was made in the
D) gives less importance to Gutenberg’s sciences
invention than it deserves E) many useful inventions were made in various
E) as always been associated with Germany fields
3. It is clear from the passage that the printing 6. The writer seems to suggest that some of
technique introduced by Gutenberg ----. the inventions of the seventeenth century ---
-.
A) made printing more complicated and time
consuming A) were obviously ineffective and even useless
B) was not used outside Germany for a long B) could be used for harmful purposes such as
time war
C) adopted the metal letters system of earlier C) were specially designed to help travellers
printing methods and traders
D) speeded up the printing of books D) would lead to the discovery of the telescope
E) was not as important as it has often been E) soon went completely out of use
thought
To some people, branding is about the art of
lying successfully and creating value out of nothing.
A good brand inspires trust, but the
relationship between the brand and the reality of the
product offered is frequently elastic. Branding is
therefore an art and the people who do it best are in
great demand. In many business segments entry
is easy as barriers are low and there is scarcely
any means of differentiating your product from that
of the competitor. Branding is all there is left to
make a difference. Mobile phone companies are
a classic lease, in which one company can copy
the competitor's contracts. Each company
offers virtually the same handsets. Apart from
network coverage, brand is everything. Another
classic example is airlines. Anyone can charter the
same Boeing 737and run an airline as long as it
can secure slots. The difference is finally down
to service and marketing.
7. The main point made in the passage is that --

--.
A) mobile phone companies are more
enterprising than others
B) charter airlines are not to be trusted
C) branding is often more important than the
product itself
D) service and marketing are given far too much
importance in business
E) businesses need not be honest about the
quality of their products

some people regard ----.
A) mobile phone companies as possessing
identical network coverage
B) charter airlines as failing miserably in the
provision of services
C) branding as just another production expense
D) branding as an ingenious way of hiding the
truth about a product
E) the relationship between the brand and the
product as rigid
9. We understand from the passage that

what counts most in business ----.
A) is very often the brand name, products
generally being indistinguishable
B) is the spirit of the people responsible for
marketing the brands
C) is a company's competitive spirit to outdo its
rivals
D) is short-term profitability
E) is not customer-confidence but business
expansion
1. (I) After the arrival of road and rail links, the 5. (I) Plot is the sequence of incidents or events
commercial importance of Amsterdam’s 75 km of which a story is composed. (II) Most short
of canals declined, although barges still play the stories will hardly have room for more than one
waters of the Amstel River. (II) Canals do, or two developed characters. (III) When
however, play a crucial role in the city’s tourist recounted by itself, it bears about the same
industry, as well as providing Amsterdammers relationship to a story that a map does to a
with transport routes and a place to live. (III) In journey. (IV) Just as a map may be drawn on a
1994, the city council passed laws aimed at finer or grosser scale, a plot may be recounted
reducing pleasure-boat traffic and imposing with lesser or greater detail. (V) It may include
stricter rules on house boats. (IV) A rapid what a character says or thinks, as well as what
increase in population in the latter half of the he does.
century caused a demand for housing in the city.
(V) In spite of this, the canals can get very A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
clogged in summer, and there are still around
2,500 houseboats officially moored within the
city’s boundaries. 6. (I) The term ‘graphics’ is often taken for granted
and used in a generic sense. (II) Graphic
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V designers are professionals who may even
coordinate the production of a printed material.
(III) In fact, graphics are a powerful way to
2. (I) The 26,2-mile foot race known as the Last communicate in today’s visually oriented
Marathon takes place every other February on society. (IV) Most publications need strong,
King George Island, about 2,000 miles from the dominant visual elements to make them more
South Pole. (II) Some 600 scientists and support interesting to the reader. (V) They are extremely
workers live here in the summer conducting useful to help attract attention, unify a look,
meteorological and wildlife studies. (III) The race convey special meaning, and add impact.
was founded in 1955 by Thom Gilligan, a
marathoner from Boston. (IV) The participants, A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
ranging in age from 18 to 71 years old and
hailing from 15 countries, are competitive
runners as well as casual joggers. (V) All the 7. (I) Man has always taken a keen interest in
participants, however, possess the “three D’s” oceanographic studies. (II) Apart from fish and
some runners jokingly say are necessary to coral, with their colours and lifestyles, seashells
complete a marathon: desire, discipline and are like jewels in the multi-coloured world
dementia. beneath the waves. (III) Besides the familiar
ones, there are thousands more or less known
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V shells whose beauty would astound us. (IV) Out
of over 100,000 shell varieties, some were used
as currency in former times because of their
3. (I) Global inequality is not just about income. (II) pleasing colours and elegance. (V) Nowadays
It is also about education for children, access to they are mostly used as decoration in our
world markets, control of technology and so on. homes.
(III) Nevertheless, the extremes of global
inequality are exemplified in a striking fashion in A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
income distribution. (IV) Cheap labour has
undoubtedly aided economic development in
many of the developing countries. (V) The 8. (I) Modern exploration began in the second half
richest 5% of the world's people have incomes of the 15th century with the voyages of the great
114 times those of the poorest 5%. Portuguese and Spanish discoverers. (II) They
were followed by sailors of other European
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V nations. (III) In less than one hundred years the
coast-lines of much of America, Africa and
South-west Asia had been revealed and the
4. (I) Money is perhaps the most basic building- globe circumnavigated. (IV) The motives of
block in economies, and it has several functions. these early explorers were mixed, varying from
(II) It is a medium of exchange and easily traded adventure and trade to plunder and national
for goods and services. (III) In addition, people power. (V) Further, all these problems were so
save and use it for consumption in the future, so interrelated that they were only solved several
it is a store of value. (IV) Also, it is a unit of centuries later.
account, a useful measuring stick. (V)
Throughout history, a variety of items like tea, A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
salt and cattle have been used as a unit of
account.
9. (I) Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women at the 13. (I) The research paper is generally based on a
request of her publisher, Mr Niles. (II) Niles combination of primary research and secondary
himself was not impressed by the story she research. (II) Primary research is the study of a
wrote. (III) However, his niece and some other subject through first-hand investigation, such as
young girls were. (IV) So, with some doubt in his analyzing a literary or historical text, a film, or a
mind, he decided to publish it, and it was an performance; conducting a survey or interview;
immediate best seller. (V) However, Little or carrying out a laboratory experiment. (III) The
Women is a children's book about real life; it is sorts of activities that constitute a research
not a fairy tale. paper are at the centre of the educational
experience. (IV) Secondary research is the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V examination of studies that other researchers
have made of a subject. (V) Examples of
secondary sources are articles and books about
10. (I) For most of the world, 'Slumdog Millionaire' is political issues, historical events, scientific
this year’s winning film. (II) But in India, where it debates, or literary works.
was filmed, it is viewed in a very different light.
(III) There it is being harshly criticized for the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
way it presents Mumbai’s urban poor. (IV) The
director of the film was determined to catch
some of the spirit of Mumbai in his film because 14. (I) Ideas or statements that may be false or
he found it such an exhilarating place to live. (V) exaggerated and that are used in order to gain
Moreover, the use of 'dog' in the title is a further support for a political leader, party, etc are
cause for offence. referred to as 'propaganda'. (II) Propagandists
emphasize the elements of information that
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V support their position and de-emphasize or
exclude those that do not. (III) In Germany, the
Nazis censored information in the 1930s and
11. (I) Some countries either do not want incited hatred against the non-Nazis. (IV)
immigrants or are selective about whom they Misleading statements and even lies may be
will admit. (II) Immigrants who can speak the used to create the desired effect in the public.
language of their new country find it much (V) Lobbying, advertising, and missionary
easier to adjust than those who cannot. (III) activity are all forms of propaganda, but the term
Whatever language they speak, however, new is most commonly used in the political arena.
comers usually seek homes where their
countrymen have already settled. (IV) The A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
reason for this is that they believe they'll face
the fewest personal adjustments there. (V)
Some immigrant groups, by choice or necessity, 15. (I) Egyptology as a discipline did not fully
even form their own small communities and do develop until Jean-François Champollion’s
not mix with the other residents. decipherment of ancient Egyptian in 1822. (II)
Since then, it has dealt with all aspects of
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ancient Egypt, including language and literature,
architecture, archaeology, art, and overall
historical developments. (III) Major finds, such
12. (I) Modern Trabzon is built on a mountain side. as the tomb of Tutankhamun, the workmen’s
(II) It is a bright, busy town with caf s and village at Giza, and, more recently, the origins of
bookshops and restaurants. (III) Most visitors, the alphabet have fuelled public interest in
however, go there in order to see the dramatic Egyptology and the field as a whole. (IV)
Byzantine monastery at Sumela. (IV) Trabzon is Ancient Egyptian civilisation lasted from
the largest port along Eastern Turkey's Black approximately 3000 BC until the date of the last
Sea coast. (V) This has been carved out of a known hieroglyphic inscription in 395 AD. (V)
steep rock cliff and is well-worth a visit. With archaeologists and historians making great
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V discoveries every year, the perceptions of key
issues in ancient Egyptian civilisation continue
to change.
16. (I) One reason why the detective story is so 19. (I) Almost every town and village in Turkey
popular is that the reader puts himself in the enjoys an annual festival. (II) The yearly
place of the detective. (II) Space fiction has also celebration may involve competitions and
become more popular in recent years. (III) Like animal shows, or simply a festival where
the detective he tries to analyse the psychology farmers can show off their new tractors. (III)
of the characters. (IV) Like the detective, he Some of these events resemble ancient
looks for clues in the environment. (V) And like seasonal rituals. (IV) Although most of these
him again he wants to solve the mystery. activities are aimed at locals, you are sure to be
welcomed. (V) Even so, the main event is the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V festival at Kırkpınar, near Edirne.
17. (I) Man’s chief purpose is the creation and
preservation of values. (II) That is what gives
meaning to our civilisation and, ultimately, to the 20. (I) Labour unions arose in the late 1800s and
individual human life. (III) Western civilisation early 1900s largely in response to the awful
attaches great importance to democracy and working conditions in factories. (II) Unions try to
human rights. (IV) It is only when values are increase the wages of their members in three
fostered through art, religion, science and love ways. (III) In garment factories, iron plants and
that men can really use well their powers to textile mills, labourers worked about 14 hours
tame nature and secure human existence from per day, seven days a week. (IV) The long
the worst outrages and accidents that forever workweek was not new to those who had
threaten it. (V) Civilisation, our very capacity to worked on farms, but the working conditions
be human, rests on that perpetual effort. were. (V) Men, women and children as young as
5 operated clattering machinery so dangerous
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V that many workers lost their sight, hearing and
limbs.
18. (I) The big divide among economists is no A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
longer over whether there will be a recession in
America. (II) A steeper drop in demand will now
make overcapacity worse. (III) The debate is
now over how deep it will be. (IV) Optimists say
there will be a swift recovery. (V) If this does
happen, it will be due to lower interest rates and
a looser fiscal policy.
On July 1, 2009, the US state of California began 3. The passage informs us that menu-labelling
enforcing a new menu-labelling law that requires laws ----.
chain restaurants to post on their menus the calories
contained in their food items. Three other states– A) were passed in the other US states after
Oregon, Maine, and Massachusetts – have already California enforced its version of the law
passed similar regulations, as have 11 city and B) will all be cancelled when the US Congress
county governments. The trend has gathered passes a national requirement
strength quickly, mostly because of concern about C) are a sign of the reaction to Americans’
the nation’s expanding waistlines. The next step is to getting fatter and fatter
deploy the practice nationally, and the Congress is
D) will result in the disappearance of obese
about to debate such a law. Pressure for this type of
Americans in the future
move is coming from the obese, who represent more
than a third of American adults, and their defenders. E) forbid fat people to eat too much in chain
Overweight people often struggle to estimate the restaurants
number of calories they consume when eating out
and make mistakes when calculating how much food
they should order. Proponents of menu labelling hope
that knowing what is in their food may direct people
to healthier items. In Los Angeles, for example,
officials optimistically predict that menu labelling
could prevent nearly 40% of the annual weight gain
there. However, the effect of menu labelling on
dietary choices remains unclear, and the regulations
are too new to produce much evidence. Furthermore,
some critics of the trend believe the public-health
benefits of the new legislation are irrelevant. For
them, the new regulations are welcome as part of a
consumer’s wide-ranging right to know.
1. The passage indicates that the new menu

labelling law in California has the potential to
----.
A) force chain restaurants there to offer less
food to the public
B) encourage the habit of overeating in the
population at large
C) persuade other states to consider passing
similar laws affecting chain restaurants
D) help people become more health-conscious
E) reduce the population in that state by nearly
half
2. We can infer from the passage that obese

people in the US ----.
A) want to control the number of calories they
are ingesting in chain restaurants
B) are under attack by other Americans
C) eat most of their meals at chain restaurants
D) have difficulty making mathematical
calculations
E) have their own special representatives in the
US Congress
For the present, NASA appears to be committed to In the history of archaeology, the sites of Pompeii and
maintaining its human spaceflight program, whatever Herculaneum, lying at the foot of Mount Vesuvius in
the cost. However, in the next decade, it may Italy, hold a very special place. Even today, when so
discover that it does not need human characters to many major sites have been systematically
tell compelling stories. Instead of gazing at posters of excavated, it is an emotional experience to visit these
astronauts, children are now playing with toy models wonderfully preserved Roman cities. Pompeii’s fate
of Mars rovers. The next generation of space was sealed on the momentous day in August AD 79
adventurers is growing up with the knowledge that when Vesuvius erupted, an unfortunate event
one can visit another planet without boarding a described by the Roman writer, the younger Pliny.
spacecraft. Decades from now, when those children The city was buried under several meters of volcanic
are grown-ups, some of them will lead the next great ash, which resulted in deaths of many inhabitants
explorations of the solar system. Sitting in quiet due to lack of air. Herculaneum nearby was covered
control rooms, they will send instructions to far-away with volcanic mud. There the cities lay, known only
probes already launched and make the final from occasional chance discoveries, until the advent
adjustment that points us towards the stars. of early archaeology in the early 18th century. In
1710, the prince of Elboeuf had the good luck to
4. One can understand from the passage that -- discover the ancient theatre of Herculaneum. Yet, he
--. was mainly interested in works of art for his collection
and removed these without any record of their
A) the future will witness radical advances in the location. Such acts continued for over 100 years, and
techniques of space exploration it was not until the late 19th century that well-
B) NASA’s expensive investments in human recorded archaeological excavations began.
spaceflight programs will pay back in the
future 7. It can be understood from the passage that
C) children of the next generation will enjoy a the author ----.
variety of developed space games
A) has visited Pompeii and Herculaneum
D) NASA has finally succeeded in making man several times since the excavations there
a redundant component of spaceflight were finished
programs
B) has been regarded as an influential
E) today’s children are getting less interested in archaeologist in Italy
space programs
C) is of the opinion that Italy is still not
successful at saving its archaeological sites
5. The writer of the passage predicts that for D) thinks that the sites around Mount Vesuvius
the next generation ----. are important places in archaeological
aspects
A) there will be great obstacles to space
exploration E) considers Pompeii to be more interesting
than Herculaneum
B) space exploration will be just part of popular
fiction
C) exploring other planets will no longer be a 8. According to the passage, the eruption of
maintained practice Vesuvius in AD 79 ----.
D) what seems to be part of fiction today will A) caused Pompeii and Herculaneum to remain
become part of reality undiscovered until the 18th century
E) telling stories about space travel will be even B) paved the way for a major archaeological
more compelling investigation
C) postponed the development of archaeology
6. From the passage, one can expect that the to the 18thcentury
future technology of space exploration will -- D) has been described in detail by the
--. remarkable historians of the time
A) have no need for earth-control centers E) was not as deadly as the eruptions of the
other volcanoes in Italy
B) bring an end to NASA’s mission
C) eliminate the risks put on the lives of
astronauts
D) add exciting details to the toy models
children play with
E) save human beings from extinction
9. It can be inferred from the passage that ----. For most people, being a member of a large family is
sometimes hard. Usually there isn’t enough money,
A) Pliny’s descriptions led to well-planned so everyone has to do without various things. There
excavations in the site of Herculaneum are, however, certain advantages; in fact, there are
B) the prince of Elboeuf had little interest in probably more advantages than disadvantages. The
preserving the ancient past other day I saw a family setting off on a day out. The
C) archaeology, as we know it today, started in parents, who looked remarkably young themselves,
1710 were carrying various bags. The biggest child, who
was perhaps fifteen, carried a football. His sister,
D) Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times in
perhaps two years younger, carried what looked like
the course of history
the family lunch. The four smaller children also had
E) volcanic ash was the only material emitted things to carry. The youngest of them carried a toy
from Mount Vesuvius bear that was almost as big as herself. The family
were catching a bus and looked so contented. I
wished I could have gone with them wherever they
were going.
10. It is clear from the passage that the family

described here ----.
A) isn’t used to going out for the day like this
B) very rarely has a day out together
C) seldom takes a bus at weekends
D) is clearly a very rich one
E) knows how to share its duties
11. We understand from the passage that,

although these parents have six children, ---
-.
A) they spend very little time with them
B) they don’t really seem to care about them
C) they are reluctant to spend much money on
them
D) it seems that life has not aged them
E) it is the four smaller ones that they are most
fond of
12. From the passage we can conclude that the

narrator ----.
A) himself comes from a large family
B) is very critical of large families
C) is more interested in the parents than in the
children
D) feels sorry because the children have all got
things to carry
E) seems to favour large families
The higher the tax rates, the more people are Built by the disconsolate Emperor Shah Jahanin
tempted to cheat, but there is a substantial “black” or memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has
“underground” economy nearly everywhere. In Italy, survived the rise and fall of many empires and it
for example, self-employed people, whose income is attracted looters, too; over the years they carried
more difficult to confirm than that of company away the silver doors from its gates, the precious
employees, account for more than half of the national stones from its marble wall: and the gold from its
income. Lots of people also have undeclared, graves. But those were small threats compared with
parttime evening jobs with small and medium-sized the modern danger of pollution. Emissions from the
family firms, on which no one pays any tax or national coal-fired steel foundries thermal power stations, cars
insurance. At the end of 1986, the Director of the and an oil refinery in the industrial belt around Agra
Italian National Institute of Statistics calculated the are corroding and yellowing the Taj Mahal's white
size of the underground economy, and added 16.7% marble.
to Italy’s gross national product figure, and then
claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to become 16. According to the passage, the Taj Mahal
the world’s fifth largest economy. mausoleum ----.
13. As it is pointed out in the passage, the A) is no longer richly decorated as it once used
incomes of self-employed people ----. to be
B) is not in need of any extensive restoration
A) are not as easy to confirm as those of
C) has, on several occasions, been almost
company employees
completely destroyed
B) may, in some countries, account for a
D) was built to be the tomb of the Emperor
considerable proportion of the national
Shah, Jahan
income but not in Italy
E) was deliberately sited in an industrial area
C) are never declared unless tax rates are low
D) are low in all countries compared with the
employees of the larger corporations 17. At present, the main threat to the survival of
the Taj Mahal is ----.
E) can not be expected to equal half of the
national income A) the lack of interest in the building
B) small scale robbery
14. According to the passage, when tax levels C) on-going looting
are high ----.
D) industrial pollution
A) it is the self-employed people who suffer E) damaging effects of the climate in Agra
most
B) no one is tempted to take on part-time 18. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.
evening work
C) national insurance levels can be expected to A) the restoration work planned for the Taj
fall Mahal
D) the “underground” economy tends to grow B) the steadily worsening condition of the Taj
Mahal mausoleum
E) medium-sized family firms find it hard to pay
their employees C) measures taken to prevent robbery in the
past
D) the various kinds of industries in the Taj
15. According to the passage, in 1986, Italy ----.
Mahal area
A) saw the beginning of a substantial decline in E) historic importance and value of the Taj
her economy Mahal mausoleum
B) again was internationally recognized as the
world’s fifth largest economy
C) still had an economy well below that of
Britain
D) took strong measures against those who
avoided paying income tax
E) had quite a significant underground economy
Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts,
that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature,
which seeks to give expression to the artist’s feelings
about his subject rather than to be concerned with
form and reality. The romantic view is that art is
nature seen through a temperament; the realist view,
on the other hand, is that art is a slice of life. In
painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist
par excellence with his uncontrolled expression of the
passions and love of the exotic. In literature the
Romantic movement reached its finest form in the
works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the poetry of
Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Blake; and in
the writings of Victor Hugo. Since Romanticism is
partly a matter of temperament in the artist just as
Classicism is, it may be found at all times and places,
although whether or not it becomes predominant
depends on contemporary taste.
19. The writer explains that the most distinctive

characteristic of Romanticism is ----.
A) an accurate description of the natural world
B) its dedicated concern with the issues of
actual life
C) the expression of individual’s emotions
D) the importance it attaches to form rather than
to content
E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic
20. It is suggested in the passage that as an

approach to life, the Romantic view ----.
A) is constantly recurrent in the human

temperament
B) has often been subordinate to Classicism
C) is out of favour in the contemporary world
D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms
of art
E) came into being as a reaction against
Realism
21. The passage quite simply describes ----.
A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon

Romanticism in literature
B) the romantic quality of Delacroix’s painting
and its counterpart in literature
C) the similarities and differences between
Romanticism and other literary movements
D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic
temperament in the contemporary world
E) what Romanticism is and who its major
exponents have been
1: The difference between what a country exports 5: By the time the war broke out, France had gained
and what it imports is called the balance of trade. control of most of eastern Canada.
TR: TR:
6: Even though total energy consumption has

2: The number of illegal immigrants trying to enter increased since 1987, progress has been made in
Europe decreased in 2009 by 33 percent. using energy more efficiently.
TR: TR:
3: Moral codes are the set of rules and conventions,

particularly with respect to their relationships with
other humans they know as well as the rest of the
human population. 7: Poverty is widespread; furthermore, several
TR: communities in the world still suffer from starvation.
TR:
8: Unlike most of the Caribbean, Aruba never

played a large role in the slave trade or plantation
economies.
TR:
4: While most of the world is trying to diminish child

labour, Bolivia has become the first nation to
legalise it from age 10.
TR:
9: Language has enabled human beings to develop

culture, which consists of ways of behaving and
thinking.
TR:
10: Seals carry more weight than individual
signatures, as they represent the company as a
whole, rather than an agent acting on behalf of the
company.
TR:
For centuries, when one country disapproved of

another country's behaviour, political leaders sought
ways to communicate their displeasure short of going
to war. That is the idea behind economic sanctions.
Sanctions allow countries to punish another
government without having to resort to violence. At
least, that was the idea. But a recent study reveals
that sanctions actually make it far more likely that two
states will eventually meet on the battlefield. The
researchers examined more than two hundred cases
of sanctions and found that, when sanctions are
added to the mix, military conflict is extremely likely to
occur between two countries than if sanctions had
not been imposed at all. Because countries generally
prefer to enact sanctions that are not especially
costly to themselves, target countries often interpret
the action as a lack of resolve. This interpretation
may lead the country being sanctioned to become
provocative in its actions, which may in turn pave the
way for a military confrontation.
1. The main idea in the passage is that ----.
A) military conflicts can usually be avoided

when sanctions are imposed
B) sanctions allow countries to examine their
differences with a view to finding a peaceful
outcome
C) there is hardly any country that has not
imposed sanctions on another
D) two countries are more likely to fight when
sanctions are imposed
E) economic sanctions are more effective than
military ones
2. As it is stated in the passage, for a long time

political leaders ----.
A) rejected the idea that an economic embargo
is more effective than waging a war
B) thought that economic sanctions would work
C) disapproved of other countries' economic
policies
D) believed a short war is as effective as
economic sanctions
E) preferred to punish other governments with
violence
3. It is pointed out in the passage that research

findings ----.
A) have endorsed earlier beliefs on the
effectiveness of sanctions
B) reveal that war is inevitable regardless of
whether sanctions are imposed or not
C) are based on the examination of fewer than
200 cases of sanctions
D) have come up with a guideline to impose
sanctions
E) show that military conflict is a likely outcome
of the imposition of sanctions
Work is central in British culture. When someone All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is infinite
asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean ‘What variety in the nature and circumstances of these two
work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you events themselves and in what happens to our
work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a paid job?’. bodies and our minds in between. Some individuals,
Yet many people without a paid job work at other for example, are born without difficulty and grow
kinds of productive activities. Women, notably, uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence,
perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and
housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They
‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far age gradually until, in extreme old age, they die
too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work, peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an
some of which can take more time and energy than idealised picture of how we would like things to be,
we put into our paid employment from the voluntary rather than the reality that most people experience.
working in the garden to repairs to the house or the Death comes to many of us, not when we are old, but
car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued as during or before birth, in infancy, in adolescence, in
this; some people value leisure more, and work only early adulthood or in middle age.
as much as they need in order to provide basic
necessities. 7. One point made by the author in this
passage is that we, as human beings, ----.
4. The writer suggests that people tend to
regard the word ‘work’ as ----. A) must face the fact that accidents in old age
are inevitable
A) referring only to paid employment B) have all similar opportunities but use them
B) being limited only to voluntary work differently
C) relating only to physical effort C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy
D) interchangeable with 'leisure' adolescence
E) an activity with an end-product D) ought to take certain measures to avoid
infections diseases in childhood
E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life
5. The writer points out that, unlike the case in
and death
Britain, in some cultures ----.
A) work in any form is highly respected 8. The writer points out that, though most
B) unpaid activities such as housework make up people expect life to be free of care and
virtually the whole of a woman’s day death easy, ----.
C) voluntary work is held in high respect.
A) this is not likely to happen either in
D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary adolescence or in adulthood
importance
B) they have to strive hard to attain this
E) people are unwilling to work to meet even idealised condition
their basic necessities
C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case
D) for many people a worthwhile life has more
6. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ----. to it than this
A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid E) this is seldom the case except in old age
ones
B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones 9. In this passage the writer points out the
C) are always assigned to women rather than to disparity between ----.
men
A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority
D) are not readily available in Britain and the tragic experience of a small minority
E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to B) what everyone expects of life and what he
work actually achieves in life
C) the early happy years of our lives, and the
later tragic ones
D) the near ideal life experience of the few and
the actual life experience of the majority
E) the happier middle years of a person’s life
and the more trying later years

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of ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri

of (all) … arasında, ...içinde

the fall of the Berlin Wall

the result of the experiment

of all the cities I have visited

Health is of vital importance.

a tumour in the brain

the information in the book

researchers in 19th century

the number of countries in World War II

They are equal in weight.

I threw him in the pool.

a new play at the theatre

at a depth of 350 metres

The plane will take off at 3 am.

Don't shout at the children!

broken glass on the ground

on 29th October, 1923

a debate on education system

an attack on personal liberty

on retiring from politics

The will visit us upon their return from Belgium.

He was arrested for murder.

very difficult for researchers

for almost 500 years

for the past three decades

Walk for 200 metres and it is on your right.

by + Ving …erek, …arak

examined by an experienced physician

an invasion by the Normans

by the end of the week

to decide by flipping a coin

cheated by copying from the girl in front

He has a house by the harbour.

to + V1 …mek, …mek için

She is transferred to a new hospital.

to move to another city

to achieve his goal

essential to liver function

I want to go to Thailand to visit James Bond

from …den, …dan

zaman veya mesafe aralığı

Bir şeyin başlangıç noktasını belirtir.

suffer from a chronic disease

inherit money from his uncle

threats from his competitors

from August to December

from Italy to Greece

from birth until/till death

from 18th century onwards

optimistic about the future

knowledge about the side effect of plastic

They must be taken at about the same time

They are about the same weight.

I think they are about to arrive.

with …ile, ...ile birlikte

with …sı olan, …ya sahip, …lı, …li

the border with Greece

She likes to travel with her friends.

to dig a hole with his hands

to fix with a strong glue