Who Is Who in Shan History

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nK,wmif:arKqef.OkiftefuGK,pAef:ylef. tofvh;cSyf:cl:rK:wD;eguf;rldif:vl:ugef,? ref:
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bkrf,brfrkif;rgif:oK; zl;uwf.cSef,vduf;vhm:? qof;yhm:ykdef:pof:cof awtguf,q[yK:acK:qgh;

uefvAyf;pAef:clef.pKwSrf;tguf,rK: z[yAefz[e[:rldif:wh: xSif;wduf:wduf:bl,/
yAefpkdofauK;vD? tefvh;vlduf;tof z[yAefz[e[:rldif:wh: wSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;yAefyyf.

pAef:rK:eh.qrf. - rD:bldif:tmef:wgef;wK,P;ulef:ekrf,qkyf;OSef:pkef;r[,cof arKoh.
uK; ceferf.euf:? arKtofukif,rkef'efiof:zl;sewmif:zl;uwf.cSef,pof:uK;ugef,ylef.
eef.aO oh.yAef'mefpmif;wlofbmif,? ckuf:xlyf:vlbldif;? zkduf:zgef.vyf.'hmerf.uwf.
wlofuof, ihm:rldefcofqof;eef.bof./
ulef:ekrf,pkef;r[,pof:cof P;vh;cwf:q[yAefulef:vD rD:erf.q[? seerf.uwf.? yAef

erf.euf:? pAwf:erf.wgef: wK,zgef:vDqldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:aOurf:/
auKygifumefyyf.pAef:
cgrf,rwD,yhm:yef,nK,qkdif;wh:
6
uGmrf:erf:zl;wSrf;
e[:yyf.]]z[yAefz[ e[:rldif:wh:}} eh.wSrf;O[,oh.ykdef:ygwf:tgef,-

1. arKbKvlifckefbD;/
2. qof;pmefvlifoAif:Oldof qof;tgif,rBmwf;/
3. Nofimefvlif qof;qmrf,xkef:/
4. qof;vduf;vlif qof;aoK:vsc./
5. arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,/
6. qof;puf.vduf;vlif ckefcrf:cgif, qldof:eh.bof./
pAwf:Oifsv;vh;wSrf;ykdef:cof? vgif;cof`? ugyf;oK;umefcof tefcofpAwf:uGK,eef.? uGmrf:

coftefcofvmwf;uGK,eef.? wmif:ch;q[cof tefcofch;q[uGK,eef.? vgif;tAef:tmef:cof
tefcoftAef:tmef:uGK,qldof:eef.? ref:yAefykef;wK,ulef:rldif:wh:? qldof.cldof:wh: aw
vDaOtgefwgef:aOuof,rK:sv; qif,vh;wSrf;tguf,ykdef:cof vgif;cofoh.bof./
eif,pkdofpof:pK:Orf.ayK:awtrf,vkdrf:cofvh;eef. vlof,rD:oh.ykdef:cofbl,bof./ eif,pkdof

Orf.ayK:awvh;yAefwD;rhmwD;wgif:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.auK; vlof,rD:oh.ykdef:coftefoK;eef.
auK.wSrf;bkrf,brfqdlif.ehaO qif,wSrf;tguf,oh.bof./
cofwhmuGK,bof.auK; umeftefcofpAwf:uGK, vgif;tAef:tmef:tefcofoh.uGK,eef.? trf,

xkuf,vDvh;whmqgrf:cof? phmuGK,qgrf:cofeef.sv; pof:pK:vlof,rD:oh.yyf.ykdef:cofbl,bof./
uGmrf:wh:rD:oh.tefoK; - ]]yl,pAwf:rK: bK;pAwf:oh.}}eef. pof:pK:awbmrf;idef:bl,? ulnf:

uK;tefyl,pof:cofpAwf:rK:? bK;pof:cofpAwf:oh.? vmwf;oh.? seoh.qldof:eef.? ayK:trf,
wSrf;trf,rhmoh.qkdif-pof:pK:awpAwf:qldif.pkdofN.? rldof;vAofeh.ulef:xof;yl,rgef,pof:rldof;ugef,?
pAwf:Oifvmwf;Oif seOifoh.eef. ugyf;trf,rD:yyf.? trf,rD:zkdefoh.sv; pof:pK:Ol
coftrf,vh;N.sv; trf,vh;pefxlef;/
7
umefyhm:rldif:pof: umefrmuf;rD:vDyAefpof:? umefph;umefeK:pof: umefzK,OK, OK,OeK,

pof:? umefvduf;vhm:yhmurfpof:? umefOkduf:pof:? umefvgif;bl,vDudefomefpof:? bK;blwf:
bK;bKpof: trf,vh;pefyyf.ref:zkdefref:/
uGmrf:tefoK;-]]yl,pAef:rK: bK;pAwf:oh.}}tefoK;eef.rD:bl,aOwK.auK;? tefwSrf;

tefrhmoh.eef.trf,Ol;rD:? awoK;pof:trf,rDvduf;ehauK; pof:Orf.rD:bl,? pAwf:Oif pof:

Orf.trf,wSrf;trf,rhmoh.`? rAof:Oiftrf,rAof:OifauK; P;ayK:yAefwD;rhmwD;wgif: yAef
Omuf;aO,OK,xuK.vh;eef. pof:vlof,rD:yyf.rD:zkdefoh.bl,/ tefpof:trf,rD:rK:eef.
ugyf;Oif`? ugyf;pof:trf,rD:wmif:bmrf;(tuBmif.)wSrf;wSrf;rhmrhmeef.bof.? P;ayK:wSrf;ayK:
rhmauK; trf,arKyefpSif:uefsv; yyf.zkdefvduf;vhm:cldif;qmif;wmif:arK(yef,nK,)pof:
ul;vgif;vgif;qif,trf,rD:rK:bof.? wif;tofrldof;eh.uGK,oef:wKrldof:eK; bK,pAwf:qldif.eif,
yuf:uof,yldifuof,vK;? pof:pAwf:Oifch;q[OiftAef:tmef:Oifoh.wK,omef;rldif:qldof.cldof:auK;
pof:vlof,ruf:rhmoh.e[:yyf.e[:zdkefwduf:wduf:bof./
ayK:pof:awygh,vgif;N.wmif:pef zl;arKpof:phmvhmuGK,qgrf:cofqkdif? rldof:eK;pof:awtrf,arK

yhwmif:bof.? awtrf,ckdef;b[,r[,Okifbof./ rldof;vAofTzK:yAefqof;trf,rD:bof.? ulnf:uK;
OK,OeK,ref:qof;eef.rD:oh.sv; qif,vh;yAefykwf.xOK,OeK,aO vh;ykdif;tdif(uldof:
vD)TwK:ref:qof;oh.bl,/ ayK:bif:trf,rD:vduf;vhm:zkdeftdifyyf.vuf;TwK:qof;qkdifrldof;
vAofeh.pof:pK:OlcofawyAefulef:vldif:bl,bof./ qlof;pof:bif:wkduf.rD:bl,rldif:ulef:eh.aw
vh;N.vgif;ulef:vgif;rldif:/ eif,pkdofrldif:awckdef; ulef:awcdkef;eef. ulef:vliftefrD:
wmif:N.wmif:pefpAwf:uGK,eef. vlof,N.vlof,pefoh.bof./ wK,P;N.pefeef.awvh;rD:
yyf.ykdef:cofoh./ ugyf;ehsv;qif, vh;wSrf;oh.vgif;cofbof./
e[:wh:pof:eh.z[rD:wmif:N.b[, wmif:pefuGmif;auK;vlof,wSrf;rhmoh.? zl;wSrf;sw.bkrf,brf

qldif.ehaO qif,wSrf;tguf,yyf. ]]z[yAefz[e[:rldif:wh:}}rhmekdif;eh./ ayK:oK;awrD:zl;
yefpSif:uGK,qkdif zl;wSrf;awwSrf;tguf,uGK,xSif;wduf:wduf:/ wK,wSrf;tguf,rhmOgifauK;cyf:ckdif
oh.bof.? rD:pSif:ikdef:xSif;rldof;v[auK; awayK.tguf,xSif;rldof;eef./
zkdefvduf;tefawtguf,qldof:eh. awvh;yAefyyf.vDwD;bdyf:uSrf:ykef;wK,rldif:wh:pof:ul;
auK.tefoK;eef. bkrf,brfbl,? ayK:awbldef.q[vlwlnf:yyf.zkdefeh.qkdif? awvh;
N.pefrK:vgif;N.wmif:arK zl;pefuhcofsv; vgif;tAef:tmef:cofbl,? ulef:rD:e[:urf,zK,
8
eh. ulef:cldof:v[aOtrf,oK; trf,c[;P;vduf;ref:phm trf,cGf;P;cldof:ref:vl. trf,cfG;P;

omef;rldif:ref:wluf:wSrf,/
zl;puf.vduf; puf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:e[:wh:pof:ul;auK. rD:q[qldif.eefeif,uof,? rldof;cof

wkduf.rD:q[bl,eh. rD:wmif:bmyf,cmefq[xmef,pkdofauK: eif,tefygifyAefvh;eef.cwf:q[
pAwf:Omif;uGK,bl, tefoK;eef.awvh;pefbl,/ ugyf;ehsv;Olqof;vlwlnf:bof. zl;

pmef zl;imef zl;rD:wmif:N.wmif:pefcofvmwf;Oifoh. seOifoh.? cofqof;vh;cmrf,bmyf,
rK:qldif.pkdof vh;xlyf:cAefrK:qldif.pkdof? vh;vl.vh;Olrf:vh;whmuGK,qldif.pkoftefoK;eef. ayK:
trf,vlwlnf:vgif;cof awpAwf:pkdofN./ cofwhmugyf;Oif cofwhmuGK, cofwhmuGK,ykef;wK,qldof.
cldof:z[? ykef;wK,omef;rldif:z[ykef;wK,umefimef:z[ehqldof:eef. vlwlnf:yyf.eh.wK./
qgif,pof:arKeyf.brf vgif;wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;? wmif:imef? wmif:pmef? wmif:ch;q[cof

pK.`/ qgif,pof:arKeyf.brf vgif;wmif:q[puf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:cofpK.`? ayK:oK;pof:pK:
bif:trf,vkdrf:vgif;umefimef:cof tmif;tmef:cofeef.qkdif cofvh;whmuGK,eef.cofyAef
tefukdif,wmif:whmbof./
cofylwf:Ohmq[cofuGK, ykef;wK,pof:bof. ayK:pof:bif:trf,N.qgrf:qkdif pof:eh.rldof:eK;aw

yAefrKulnf:bof./
ayK:yAefulef:awvh;N.cldof:ulef:vgif;ulef: awvh;N.rkefiof:ulef:? ayK:trf,N.qldof:eh.

qkdif? Nrf;oK;yAefulef:auK; trf,q[;ulef:qSwf;ulef:qmif,? awvh;oK;yAefulef:Owf:
ulnf:bof./ ayK:yAefulef:Owf:qkdifawvh;yAefcK;q[.yldef;ulnf:bof./ rldof;vAofeh.pof:
pK:vlof,xmrfckdef:wlofz[q[ref:/ c[;yAefulef:sw.se,? c[;yAefulef:Owf:se,? ayK:
c[;yAefulef:Owf:auK;? vlof,bl,eif,ulef:Owf: trf,vlof,rD:wmif:N.wmif:pefOif? trf,
vlof,rD:vduf;vhm: trf,vlof,N.pefvduf;vhm:Oif? vgif;OifauK;trf,vlof,N.? bl,rldefeif,
Owf:eef.wK./
ayK:c[;yAefulef:qSwf;ulef:qmif, rAof:tefckdef;b[,r[,Okifckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymefeef.qkdif?
tgefuefpAwf:vduf;vhm:wh:vduf;vhm:ul;vgif;vgif;wK.? tgefuefwSrf;tguf,zkdefyyf.vduf;
wh:ul;vgif;vgif;tefawyefwmif:N.wmif:arKwh:eef.wK.? bK,ayvkdrf:umefimef:wmif:
vDtefcl:arKvlifwh:pof:cof pAwf:seoh.qldof:eef.wK.? OAef;wK;Ohmwmif:wmif:vDtef
9
cofwSrf;oh.yefeh. wh,qgrf:ckdifqgrf:? ygifqgrf:zAef;zAef;wK.? zl;wSrf;sw. c[;P;pof:

pK:N.pefxkdifrldefeif,tefvmwf;rK:qldof:eef.sv; qif,wSrf;tguf,rK:yyf. ]]z[yAefz[
e[:rldif:wh:}}eh.bof./
eif,pkdofawyAeftguf,rK: yyf.zkdefeh. vh;cwf:q[OgifyD<? uGK,uGK,yhyhwgif;wgif;xmrfxmrf

vlifuGK,aOqif,vh;N.rK: vgif;zl;arKzl;pmef zl;imefvlifpof:qldof:eef.bof./ ayK:oK;

yD;egif.wh:pof:vlwlnf:yyf.eh.aO ygif,q[rK:vgif;cofNuf:qof;eef.qkdif yAeftefukdif,
wif:zl;wSrf;vduf;vh;wSrf;tguf,rK:bl,bof./
eif,pkdofawyAefyyf.eh.tguf,rK:eef.yD;egif.ayK:eK.vkif:tmofcof tefqkdof;OAifyK:w[;
qldof:eh. vmwf;qKseaO qif,yAeftguf,rK:bof./ yAeftefcgyf;q[xkdifql:-
1. yK:emif:clif.? ar:emif:vkif:ckefbD;/
2. vkif:Omif,Omrf? twGmif:olef,(zgif:e[:)uof,/
3. vkif:ymef:vK.? ulef:vlifuof, zhm,yef,nK,rldif:wh:/
4. vkuf;vmif:vkif:ckefbD;/
5. arKbKemif:rlofNdif:(vkuf;vkif:yK.nmef,)
6. vkif:uBK,yl.(trmwf;uof,)/
7. ckefuBK,at:(zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;)/
8. emif:cdef,yl.(zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;)/
9. qhm:vK.az(zhm,vAif.Owf:)/
10. emif:nkef.nkef.at:(arKbK)/
11. vkuf;qof;'K.oAif:Odlof(wgif,uBD:)/
12. qof;rBK.odef:(vkrf:vlif wgif,uBD:)/
13. qhm:qmrf,rBK.(zhm,bAef,si; wgif,uBD:)
14. yK;emif:vK.(cl:Ogef rhmOD, wgif,uBD:)/
15. vkif:ckefxkef:(zl:seTwK:? wgif,uBD:)/
16. vkif:¨mef:rgif,(rBLof.ySif,]ckefzgif:oAif:}uof, bgifNnf;)/
17. qhm:xkef:tgif,(zhm,TwK: egifcAof)/
18. auK.aO;tefqgh;xSrfyefpSif: P;yAefyyf.tguf,rK:eef.ul;auK./
10
(u)wh:ul;auK. wh:ul;wD; P;N.arK vduf;wh:/

(c)wh:ul;auK. wh:ul;wD; P;N.ygif, ykdef:wh:/
(i)wh:ul;auK. wh:ul;wD; P;N.xkdif rldif:wh:/
yD;egif.wh:pof:coful;auK. ul;wD; P;rD:wmif:N.b[, wmif:pefuGmif;rK:aOurf:wK./

cGmefOSif
3.7.1971
oAif:wgif,uBD:
11
N.quf:wlofsv;
uK;eh;ch;tguf,uguf:zknf, uknf.vdrf,sO;aOK: acK;uGmrf:cmrf;vhm:uhm,ugefudrf:? Omrfbgrf,OD,
bkrf,qkrf:rl,yD;tduf,egif. ygif,wof;rK:qK.qldof:eh. rdwf:rSif,uefqdrf:vl.? cldof:vgif;ykdef:
rkdef.Odkef:uof, z[zl;v[vh;rD: vgif;wmif:uwf.pwf:uK;rK:pkdifeef.? urf:eh.pmif;pK:cGmef
OSifvSif:pef tefyAefulef:arKrldif:wh: uof;ph:rldof;ugef,ugef, cofqof;cyf:ckdif? qkdif

awK;vDbgif;tmrf:erf.uGmrf:vduf;vh:sv;wmif:bAef,yAefrK:/ eif,pkdofwh:qK,wd ildef;iof;
pof:eh.wuf:Ndof;Ndif: qkdef;yldif:r[,O[ul;oef:uK:? yK:N.cofqof;qldof:ylef.rdlof: rldof;ugef,
ugef, tgefP;pof:N.quf:puf.cldof:qldof.qmof:qmwf; wmif:vmwf;wmif:arK v[bof./
vduf;wh:'dif;wh: vgif;bAef,si; ayK:sr;pof: vh;uyf:Okdyf,uef vmwf;yefvgif;wmif:

N.vlbldif;qgrf:'dif;xkif:uof,tofcof;tguf:atK? arKqmif;ygifomef;rldif: Ndof;Ndif:ylef.rK:
xmef;ayK:qgwf,vkdrfwh:? qif,oK;z[bK,cmef.bl,ildof;qvldof;qvK; yK:N.pof:awK:vDvkuf.
yluf:wkdef,rkdef:qSif;wKoh:? wh:eh.ayK;oK;pof:eluf, wif;bl,oh.wluf,Oluf, ulofyldef;tof
qlduf;bmof:ouf.wmof:Ogwf, Ohmcl:vifySwf; ihm:thm;olof: awK.clof:Olif,yefyldef; rldif:w[;
rldif:eldofeef.bof./
bK,aypAwf:eif, rpdif,OK. uGhm:thm;xkduf: ildof;ekduf:eluf,eSef,eK, pKy[.q[:sq; e[:tldif,

tkifeof;egef:cldof? vldofOrf.ydifugyf;qgrf:yArf. pdrf:cmif;wAuf:vkwf,udefvldwf;vSifykef:?
ayK:trf,ckdifuBmrf, xmrf:pmyf,umefbmyf, bkuf.rSuf,Nrf;qlrf:zgrf.uef ul;auK.ul;ulef: xof;
sv;ekrf, ukduf:vlnf;qkrf:qK.pKrkef:? vkef:eh.wh:P;ayK:vh;yAef qmwf;wh:uGK,rldof:eK;
rK:yhmeef.? qif,oK;vDtgefuefcyf:ckdifekdifpKoh:oh: vduf;wh: cldof:wh: rldif:wh:eh. wkdef:
oh.yAefwD;wh:vh;vDrlef;vlef:ayBK, arKzgrf.ueful;oef:Oh/ yhmvK;rK:auK; ayK:oK;wh:
zgrf.uefeh. wh:qif,awNdof;awNdif:? qArfrldof;pkdifvgef, rldof;ugef,OD,pAifeD< yD<ylef.
rK:oK;wkdef:ildef;wh:eh. rD:vduf;vhm:ckduf.chm:vh;yAefqof;zgif:yldif, udefomef;udefrldif:? Ndif:
xmef;ayK:wlof;e[:vkuf;urf,zK, pKauK.rldefvgwf;pmrf: yldef;tmrf:bgif;abK: xmef;ayK:
cghbof./
vkuf.tofeh.uGK,eK; ayK:oK;wh:puf.uef bldif;tefrkdef.Odkef: N.wkdef:qif,awckdef;

r[,qkdef;e[:qkdif;rldif:vgh? ughbK.vyf:ySwf; az:rh;az:rdkef,OSefwmif:? bK,ayegef:eluf,
yluf:bmyf,vkuf.wkdef,vK; uK;qkdof;wh:eh.awvh;tofykef;zgef: wgef;z[wgef;ref: ul;
12
qkrf:rl,ckefemif:wmif:zgrf.uefeh. yAefiof;ikef:ykef;pof: bK,uof:vdwf;vlwf: bK.ylwf:

qSuf,szvldwf;uefoK;ygwf:w[;ygwf:eldofeK;/
urf:eh.pmif;pof:cGmefOSif bdyf:zSifyhmurf? qD:wrfwSif:qluf:yluf:uef rkdef:wKwlnf:qmrf:

vl: wlef:uGmrf:cmrf;vhm: chm.vlyf: wif;Nyf:bof. tofbkdef;yefyD;avK:egif. ayK:vh;
qdrf:zdwf.qdrf:udlof? qldof:rSef;q[auK; ayK:vh;tofcof;pAwf: bK;bKuwf.pwf:uK;yK:Mh;qgrf:

qgrf,xlifxgif:? vldwf;Ol, bK;bKbrf trf,erfauK; ac:uwf. ywf.wlnf:sv;ayK:oK;
ref:rSef;vlrf:bl, Olqof;qldof:y[.vgrfrgif:? zgif:rldof;ohm:eh. ayK:uh.xlyf:nK:awK,uefauK;
bgef:sv;? bgef:sv; pof:Orf.wuf:yefxSif;uGK;/
* auK;bK,?
auK;bof.?
wK.wldif:sr;ref:vK;?
tefoK;eheh. z[bK,ayvmwf;vK:vK:/
yK:N.Olqof; pof:cK;qldof:eh. wh:eif,uef awK;vDN.quf:uefbof./
13
Nofpmefvlif oAif:Oldof
qArfrldof;umyf;tef vdif:zlduf,rldofrlduf, cyf.vmyf,ylduf; Odluf;Mwf;rK: uvK:auK,bK,elwf,
clefbkif;umif:rhg? wkduf:bAyf,bK.wofcof;udef cGmuf;vdefcGmuf;rldif: rlduf;vldif:eK, vldofylef.
Okwf:ugh? Oghcof;rK:bK.wkduf: ql.Okduf:ckdef; xkdifMwf;rldif:rmef;? Omef;Odef;ayK:qgwf,
vkdrfwh:yK:qArfrRuf;vmef, ulif:yef, vkuf;rmuf,avK.xdyf,ayK. ckef,zmif; ckdifpmif; tof

ugif;rgif:Ogif.bmrf:xdyf,yAef'h:? ohm:sw.ayK:cIK,yof, cofySyf.rSyf:wAwf, wlofavK;bkdof:
qmuf;rkdof:zl,zkuf:zlif. wmif:w[;wmif:eldofbof./
ulnf:uK; tefyAefulef:imefwh:pof: Oof:e[:qkdif;wldif: qkdof;rldif:oK:oAif:Oldof? vldofsw.

ref:qof;rD:vgif;wmif:uwf. pwf:vkdyf;vrf:ySwf; qldof:thm;umif:elwf,clefuBmrf:? yldef;tof
rRuf;vef,bkdof:O[, ugif;b[,vhm,zlof, xlof:wmyf,bkuf.wlyf,emuf; trf,wldof.? qldof:qK.cof
uvK:xmef;ayK:rlyf,wlofbgif;abK:bmrf:? bmrf:eef. ref:qof;tofrmuf;vSof: vkdyf;vrf:
wD,NofuvK: Nif;vlif:zlif.zhm: ap;phm:rldofoh.bof.? qof;eh.pAuf;qkdof; ckeftgif,rBmwf;vmwf;
vlnf;rldif:wD;bl,uof, yAefqof;yldif,erf. irf:eif;oAif:Oldof? vldofsw. Nifeef;cmif:
xmef;ayK:qgwf,aq:qlof;ymefpof:/ uK;yAefylof,yK, auK,bK,uvK: eK;umif:pmif;vdif:rlef,
cofauK; ayK:ckyf.ugrf:rlyf, uldif:ulrf;brfiof:? pof:vh;rD:Olduf;ykdef: rdkef.Odkef: qlof;uof,
uof, aOsv;sr:wSrf;qyf:yyf. ukduf:umyf; ukduf:ukefbof./
wkif:xgrf, qgrf:eif, vduf;rguf,vmwf; ekrf,pmwf;phm:zl;bdif:zl;qhm:tgef,cofauK; vDvh;

vlbldif;vlbh:? wh:eh. wkdef:uwf.pwf:uK;rK:bl,uof,uof, pof:eh. yAefildef;cldof:ckefsw.
tldof;/
14
qof;qmrf,xkef:
ulef:pwf:pmef rldof;ugef,? trf,Mef,Okwf: wmif:vif/

yAefOifrK:auK; wmyf,? bmyf,wmef,v[auK; wldif:/
puf.omef;rldif: vldofq[? z[ awrldefref:vh;/
ch;qArfrldof; ykef.ugef,? thm;vSifcgef, rK:udef/
pdrftof vdefpof:bl,? vmuf;tof ul,pof:egef:/
'ef:Mef: rh.Ouf:xdlef,? bK.vghuldef,ckwf:ikdef:/
arK,OSifukdef:auK; zAof;? xkuf,rSef;cAof; cofvD/
Nuf:Odyf:eD< wArfyD<? pof:cmrf,cD yAefcK;?
qif,oK; pof:wluf:zmef? xkdifymef qof;qmrf,xkef:/
ohm:vkef:Okduf:urf,zK,? qof;IK,qK, rldif:ygef/
qif,rK:tgef ckdifOmif;? uBmrf,tmif; Nrf;yAefOAif/
trf,xAif vgif;wmif:bmyf,? pmyf,tof ykef;zgef:wh:/
vkuf.cefoh: trf,umwf;? rguf,vmwf; cmif sv; cBmif:/
qlof:tofbmif:avK:rmef;? Nrf;wmef; vgif;ugef:acK/
tofwmif:arKyef,nK,? trf,vh;uGK, 'ef:wkduf:/
q[.Okduf:yhmurfvSrf? vrf:pSrfuvK:zlduf,/
yhm;rldofrlduf, OlefOmef? erf.wKzmef rhm,uSrf;/
cSef;wSrf;vlif:vhm:rkdof:? ygif,tkdof:tkdof: ohm,yguf;/
ckdef:rkif;iguf;eldofNdof:? zmwf,bmefrldof: yhm;Okdof;aObof./
15
arKbKvlif ckefbD;
urf:eh. ch;tguf,rguf,sexSif; cldof:qK.qldof: zhm,arKbK;bKuwf. cdkwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymef/
yef,nK,TOK,qD,ouK. wmef,bldif;trf,yldif; wmif:uwf.wmif:uBmif, sevgif;imef:umef?
ymefrldof;ref:qof; tofykef;zgef: wgef;e[:tldif,vkdrfwh:? uK;yAefumefzK, bK.xSuf,
wgif.ygif,Oh; qluf:vdwf;xluf:tguf, sr:Okuf;O[oh:? aOsv; tofbK;bKbAwf;OGmif:qif,

sr:bAyf.uyf:qmyf;qyf:yefbof./ qK.qldof:yD;tduf,egif.ygif,wof; qof;cK; uK:Mwf;rK:Ol,
xkdifNyf.xlyf:uef? tefvgif;wmif:qK. wmif:rh; wmif:ch;aIK:uK, vhmOSef:? trf,oK;eK;
vAuf.eK;b[,r[,uof,xof;ekrf, qkrf:bl,omef;eguf;omef;e[:auK; ref:qof;rD:aq,weK,
bKP;qAof:cSef:qldof:yldef;udef:eef. ref:uGK,pKy[.bK Mwf;Ndef:Mwf;ab:sw. bif:
trf,tofuK;yefbK;bKsv;Orf:cArfbof./
uK;yAefulef:tefcKvef wdefpuf:rkdof:aiK: acK:uSef: thcrf rh.wrf wluf:vghwluf:uK: rK:

ql:ul;wDul;wmif: xmef;ayK:wArf? qArfwD;emofch;rof: cof;avK:acK.qAyf:b[, z[auK;vhrK:
aIK:uK,b[,eK, wmef,whmauK; phmqkdef;ckdef: Orf.wkdef:vh;bl,rlef;vlef:OK, yD<eD<
oef:uK:? yK:N.re:qof; tofbK;vDbK;imrf: vmwf;uGmrf:acK;Olyf: ymuf,omefcof;Nyldef;
ulef:zkifbof.? rl,vK.rl,sv, wD;tef'ifsp,Nuf.qK,wd bl,Omif;rldif:erf.crf: Orf.
ckdef:chm.vmof:qgwf,xkdifMwf;ygwf:wgef; OD,ayK.tkif:ygif,wgif,uBD:sv; uAif:wkif? Okifsw.
wmif:vgif;rD:aq,weK,bKyldef;oef:ckdef:? uK;yAefwh:bl,rl,qkrf:'K.? pof:wK.vDzgrf.uef
bldif;ref:qof; toferf.q[puf.wh:b[,su:xlef; erfudkef:? wkdef:oK;pof:eh. rD:ykef;
zgef: wgef;z[wgef;ref: ul;oef:ul;ckdef: xkuf,vDqgh;wh:P;ayK:bl,vDqkdef;uwf:q[
bof./
wh:qK,wdrl,vK.sw,iof; tofvgif;wmif:puf.uefeh. yAefiof;wkdef:b[,vlifpof:? Oof:

Omif;e[:qkdif;wldif: xkif.rldif:tldif,v[auK; ayK:oK;wh:vkuf.oh:zAif,uef N.pefildef;cldof:bK,
uldof:y[.rgif:vgif;vhm:zhm,umefyldef; rldif:v[wK./
16
arKvduf;vlif qof;aoK:vsc.
qof;tefuwf.uBmif, wif:zhm,avK:ukwf.TwK,? odqfK,nmef,b[, O[,qdkof; qaI:vlifaoK:
vsc.? wD;sw.xK.el. wD;bl,Oof:Omif;? omef;uGmif;wmif:r[,? O[,qkdof; rldif:vlifzKOgif:
erf.zgif:auK;OK,? wmif:uGK,auK;ihm;? ulef:zhm;trf,xmwf,? chmcmwf,Okdof.xkuf,? zkuf,Oif
auK;ugef;wD;tefbmif:cgef; wh:vldif,? vkdrftldif,eK:cof;? qof;eh.ckdef;yAefrBLof.tkyf.

Ogif,se, ulof,qsv,rldif:bmif:vSifOmrfyguf;? rRuf;ckdef;xkdifqArf TwK:Ol,uBD:tIK,? pK,tof
aw,OeK, xrf,roK,qeK.vif,uK, sr:yAefuyBK,qmyf:oh. pAwf:uh.trf,bl,? eif,pkdofqkrf:
rl, yD;tduf,egif.ekrf,xof; qof;cK;ayK:vh;pefqSif;vSif: OazK:OzK,oK.at,tef,?
xSif;yefnmef,qgrf:vduf;ymif:TwK:rl,? wof;vhmOl,? z[auK;ayK:bgif;tmrf: acK;uGmrf:vduf;
vhm: zl;bdif:zl;qhm:wgef;qlrf:Olif/
TwK:xrf:qof; zkdeftefarKvduf;vlif aoK:vsc. wSrf;tguf,rguf,vmwf;seoh.eh.qrf.

pAuf;qkdof;uBmrf:edyf.ymef,sewmif:? ckefcmif:wif:vhm cldof:Ohmwh:pof:? Oof:e[:rldif:v[ z[
auK;ayK:vh;rK:pefrK:idef:? vdef:xrf:TwK: yK:N.wuf:ygh:vSif:q[? O[rldefiof:vldefiof:
oef: z[ref:vlrf:vldof rldif:eldofrldif:qmef:? rSef;wD;pof:tmef:bldif:ckdif qArfpkdifw[:rgif:?
Ol:wgif:bgef:tof? Oluofpof:pK: TwK:OazK:? seapK:vSif:ulif? qif,oK;ulef:Olifuef
pK? rD:wKarKvl rD:NarKwkif:? xkif:vDtgeftof? xkif:rofomif:aO? qif,awqmif;vD?
wmrfvDuyf:rK:? ugyf;yldof;TwK:rgef:xrf:? Ogef:brf:bKyef? pKpefiof:vSif:? yAefpSif:
wmif:vD? sr:ODNofq[? O[cmofaOK:ayK:? apK:qgrf:wmif:rldof:? oAif:Oldof:edyf.ymef: xwf:
tmef:umwf;umif: vgif;wmif:rh;'h:vkuf.az:taI:Imef,wif:vlifsv;? rlnf.rgwf,xgwf,
tguf,cguf,vdefzaoK:? wdwf.axK: todwf.aqK: vgif;avK:z awK:O coftrf,qgrf:
vh;? qif,oK;ukOvb[,eK, avK:ukwf.TwK,tuBKof: Mif.qlof: yD;avK:egif.cofqof; bmef
zmuf;umif: vgif;wmif:bmyf,cDrh;? OefwdOkc trwK. edyf.ymef, Imef,ughrlnf.rlwf:OAif;
blwf: vgif;az:xof;az:uldwf, az:acK.az:ch;v[bof;/
17
arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,
tkif:ygif,OD,ayK.trf,acBK. wD;tefwh:bl, qkrf:rl, yD;tduf,egif.ayBK,rkdwf;tgif:xif/
qArfrldof;uK:ugef, tgefuof, ul;zof,ylef.rK: yK;wmif:vif? wkdef:oK;yAefqkdif;wh: uof;ph:
wif:apKpmef.xD:vgwf,ckdwf:ckdwf;wKoef:? cof;yAefrldif:rlef;rldif:ayBK, rldif:aeK,ikdef:tguf,
rldif:rguf,crf:ylif, rldif:vlif,OSifaqK, rldif:arK,ikdef:arK,crf:vgrf.OD,zhm, rldif:erf.vdefcdkef;

rD:ref:? wef:zgrf.qgrf:ildef;cldof: qK.qldof:vuf;wh:vh;rD: yef,nK,nmef, ymefqlof;
bmrf:eefbof./ xmef;ayK:vkdof:qgwf,Mwf;zAif, OD,qAif,ySwf,wmif: eef;cmif:cmof,
vifNef;tkif:uef? tefoK;wguf,wldof,yK.nmef,eh. yAefqmwf;wh:puf.wh:xlef;wgef;eK,
vldofpSif:/ qArfrldof;bif:vAuf.bif:tgef, trf,Mef,wgef.bl,oh.qvldof;qvK; pKvgif;vhm:
qgh;pAwf:P;wh: vh;rD:rmuf,wKvSif: oSif:zgrf.qlof:auK.tlnf:uof,cofNrf;pAwf:rkuf.qkrf:auK
bof./
zgrf.uefOgefqArf vhm:Muf,vhm:vmyf, vhm:wmyf,cgef.wgh,emuf; ugifNef;arK: Nrf;avK:

eluf.wlof:tgef, v[auK;bif:arK? ukduf:vlnf; vhm:cSef.cl:sr;qldif: Ndif;uldif:xdyf,irfzSwf:/
eif,pkdofwh:qK,wD.sw,iof; pof:yD;avK:egif. qldof:rkuf.qkrf:ekrf, awuwf.awvSwf:?
ref:qof;tofykef;zgef: wgef;wmif:ul;zhm,zhm, pKMif.rK:xK;qlrf:Nrf;Mrf: zgrf.oSif:wgrf
bof./ wuf:oK;wmif:'hm,wguf,wldof,rldefeif,TOK,qD,ouK. yK:N.ref:qof;ayK:tgif,xkdifwD;
xD:bgwf;qduf:qgrf? Mrfql.tofyD;egif.ildef;wh: vh;sr:wif;yluf:sw, yAefrkuf.yAefqkrf:/
ckdef;yAefTOK, bKrSif,yldef;trf,cmef. imef:acK.wlif:b[, emofch;qAyf:auK; phmqkdef;vkrf:
vkrf:? qkrf:qK.cofqof; tofbK;bK bkdef;omif:ul;wmif:wlif,vdefwgef;wh:vlifbof./
Orf.oK;vkuf;tgef,rldof;eh. uh.yAefulef:vlifrldof;zkuf; vkuf;ayK;sw.sr;oK; rD:uK;cefuwf.

pwf:yef,nK,nmef, z[auK;qlrf:Olif? blif:bK.tof vldwf;pwf:uwf.wh: xmef;ayK:
Omef;yef:wSuf,vhmwmif:/ eif,pkdofqldof.wh:wuf:b[, vduf;r[,wuf:tguf, serguf,yD;tduf,
egif. ygif,vSif:vSif:qkdef;aq:zAif, qkrf:ul;ckefemif:? omif:oh.q[oh.acK: P;ayK:r[,Okif
ckdef;ckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymefbof./ eif,pkdofvduf;r[,uGmrf:r[, wuf:b[,bkuf.wmif,ckdef; wkdef:oK;
ref:uh.wgef:rldof;udefrldof;egef: awK:trf,bl, tofoh.yAefvgif;imef:umef? tmef:tmif;
tof vduf;wh:vh;bdyf:q[. e[:qkdif;xkif.rldif: qgwf,aq:ul;vkdrfwh:? qif,oK;wguf,wldof,yK.
nmef,pefrmef,rkif;vSif: qgh;pSif:vgif;umef omef;rldif:P;ayK:r[,Okifckdef;oh:oh: wh:sw.wh:
qSwf;wh:qmif, wmif:uwf.pwf:auK;pof:awK;vDbldif; cofqof;oef:eefbof./
18
ulofeK, iSofeK, sv; bK,zlrf; bK,ugh; zldof,eef. zldof,wK.

uGmrf:qK.qldof:eh.-
z[,bK,ayvmwf;vK:vK: yK:N.wh:uldwf,yAefvkuf;wh: N.quf:vgif;wh: rkef;ch:trf,ulofyldef;
rdlefpmif;ihm:uef vliftldnf./
19
ckefcrf:cgif,
wmif:zhm,yef,nK, ykef;wK, avK:uD, tK,qK,eD, arKvduf;vhm: auK.qh: uBmrf,ygifqhg;wh:
vh;rdkef:wK uK;yAefvduf;r[,vduf;uof, qof;tSof,(sv,)Oguf;qgwf, Mwf;uGK,wD;rldif:oK.? rldif:
sc,? cmif? rmef; bmif: ul;wmif:zhm,v[auK;qgyf,ch;qgrf:pK Mrfoh.tofcofe[:yyf.qyf:Mh;
qgh:qgrf,xlifxgif:? qArftefvduf;ekvduf;ekrf, tykrf,bgh;bSrf: cSrf.wgef: vgef.rgef:

acK;uGmrf:vmwf;rD:qgwf,aq:wD;vDwgif:? zgif:rldof;bmrf:eif,eefeef. ref:qof;tof
vduf;ILof:rK.rK:wSrf;yAefvduf;wh:auK;bif:yAefbof./ qArftefyBOeK, ykwf.OK,avK:uD,
rD:ukrf,oh.eif,oK; uK;qkdof;rAof:wlef;rmuf, rguf,tguf,umif su;ugif: pK.pkduf:Nnf;zlnf;uAef?
yAefbK;bKpmuf;Nofsv;cldof:Nrf;qldof:OAif eluf. el rlif;rSif:auK; rD:qgwf,wArfaq:/ qArf
wD;ykdef:uof,iof;sw, aq<rldif:Ndof;Ndif: r[,Okifqkdif;wh: sv;wmif:vgif;Oof:bl,apKpmif;
Ndef:ab:? v[auK;ayK:wSrf;rD:wD;e[:yyf. crf:cgif,wArfxlef;aq:vDbof./
eh.auK;qif,oK;ulef:uK;cefb[, z[bK,vkdrf:ukif, zkif:pkif,awK,qK, yef,nK,vgif;wmif:

uwf.cofqof;oef:yD<? rD:wD;vDvh;wgif: vgif;uGmrf:vduf;vhm: auK.qhm:wSrf;pAwf:tguf,yAef
rK:? eif,pkdofvduf;r[, wuf:b[,ckdef;Okifykif;pSif:xSif;wmif:N. wh:tldif,rldif:Nwf;vhgvK:? yK:
N.cofqof;qgrf:qgh;abK:bkuf.yluf:wkdef, ckdef:P;wh:vh;vSif:qSif;qgrf:uefbof./ pof:qif,
wSrf;tguf,rguf,seoh.ykdwf,su; ayK;sr;qldof:qK.bif:yh, yldifN.quf:qkdof;cofqof;oef:eef?
tefeh.ehauK;blofqmif;sc:rD:? qgrf:eif,vif,uK, zK,OK,wh:bl,rl,vkrf;'K. xgrf,rkdwf;
ckdwf:umyf;udif:zl;bdif:zl;qhm:qgh;uefpuf.qldof.puf.cldof: awK,rldof:eK:pkdofpD:? rD:OazK: yD.
abK: rAwf.wK,b[,O[qkdef;zlif:phm;vlif:zmof,ykdefwlof; e[:qlof;rldif:vgheh./
z[bK,sO.Orf,rkuf; vkuf;sr:wh:eif,uefN.pef zl;v[vh;vDauK; pof:awK;qgefvh;

qlrf:b[,erfpSif:? ySif:puf.ueful;auK. ul;ulef: rlef;vlef:OK, pKNrf;pSif:xSif;wmif:N.
uef yldef;pefP;ayK:cghsv;/
20
21
arKbKvlif ckefbD;
qkdof;tl;- rBLof.qK:vlif ckefymef:/
qkdof;sr;- emif:Mif/
oef:uldwf,- 27.11.1908 vldefqArfr[, 5 crf;oef:Okuf:(Oguf.uBK,)1270 eD</
qkkdof;ar:- 1. emif:OBLnf,pmef,? 2. emif:clif./

qkdof;vkuf;- 1. ckefnkef.? 2. qhm:rBLof:rBdef.? 3. qhm:rBLof:wdef,? 4. qhm:rBLof:
cBdwf.? 5. emif:bD,bD,rBdef.? 6. emif:bD,bD,ax:/
ulef:wh:qkdof;trf,phmtefoK;eef. ygif,qldif.pkdof`/ e[:rldif:wh:pof: rldof;ylef.rK:eef.rD:

ulef:qkdof;b[,OAifvliferfsw.sw. Nrf;oK;vyf:wKvkdrf:rldif:uGK,aObof.ehauK;? qkdof;OAif
cofqof;eh. trf,phmaOtrf,uK:? thmMrfref:eef. rldefeif,rguf,MrfNnf:bof.? Mrfbl,
wK,aO? pAwf:Oifsv; ulef:qldof:eef. wlofwhmaO qkdof;cofOrf.trf,phm ayK:oK;eh
qkdif ugyf;yldof;umeftefcofpAwf:oh.eef. trf,yefqkdof;cofphmvhmsv;wlofcofwhmuGK,aO
bof.auK; qkdof;cofeh.ukdwf:qyf:oh.bl,e[:ykdef:wh:pof:eef.bof./
cofay.pAwf:umefOifoh.sv; pof:ayK:trf,vkdrf:cofvh;ehqkdif umeftefcofpAwf:rK:eef.

trf,q[;oK; ref:yAefumefawK,arK;uguf:uSuf:trf,qkdof;? yAefumefqvldof;qvK;trf,q[;
(trf,qkdof;)? ugyf;yldof;ref:yAefumefrldif:tldof;? ref:yAefumeftefwh:pof:vh;vDvh;yAef
ugyf;ref:? ref:yAefumeftefyD;egif.wh:Nygif,wKvSif:? bl,vDudefomef? ckdef;b[,r[,Okif?
ref:yAefumeftefyefzgef:vDqldof.cldof:wh:eef.bof./ ayK:pAwf:qldof:eh.rK:qkdif Nrf;
oK;wlofphmauK;qkdof;OAiftrf,whmvh;aOyguf;/
qof;uof,xmrfwlnf:ckdef: wlofqof;uof,? umeftefvmwf;rK:qldof:eef. qof;uof,pAwf:

umefOifrK:bof.`? pAwf:rK:rldof;v[`? pAwf:rK:tD;Oif`? pAwf:rK:uK;pkdof`? ch;q[wlnf:wK.?
ayK:yh,vh;pAwf:auK; pKckdifpAwf:wK.? qlof;clyf,(tK,bk)qof;uof,rD:uK;pkdofbof.`? qof;uof,
bl,vh;rK:pkdifuK;pkdofbof.`? bK,ayySwf;rkdof.ySwf;oef:bl,? bK,bl,yAefb[,eluf.uof.xof;rl
rKbl,? bK,ayudefcof;aOeuf:erf.euf:vdefbl,? qof;uof,y[.xK;yldef;vh;aOwK.auK;
yldef;trf,y[.xK;qof;uof,vh;? bK,ayvdkrf:wlofbl,? vkuf.pAwf:umeftefyAefzgef:vDwK,
qldof.cldof:qof;uof,? qof;uof,arKOifauK;pAwf:eef.? pAwf:vh;uK;pkdofauK;pAwf:uK;eef.wK.?
trf,pAwf:sw. bK,aybl,? pAwf:yefOifauK;awuGK,ukrf.uGK,xSrf ykef;wK,qldof.cldof:qof;
22
uof,trf,umwf;? qof;uof,whmauK; qkdof;qof;uof,trf,phmvh;bof./
yAefz[sv; wlofwhmuGK,aO qkdof;trf,phm/ yAefarKbKvlifckefbD;bof./ ref:ay.pAwf:

umefOifsv;qkdof;ref:ay.b[,xmef,eh.`? ref:pAwf:umefblwf:bKulef:/ ref:pAwf:
umeftefOkdyf,qlof;clyf,(Ohmq[)ulef:? ref:pAwf:umefbKwmif:yAefwh:? ref:pAwf:umef
tefOkdyf,qlof;clyf,wh:pof:? ugyf;ref:sv; wh:tefxkuf,whmaO trf,whmeef.rD:

bl, awK,rldof;vAof/ ugyf;ref:pAwf:yefumefvDykef;wK,omef;rldif:? ykef;wK,qldof.cldof:rK:
qlof.eef.sv; Nrf;oK;ref:whmuGK,aOwK.auK; z[trf,vkdrf:ref:vh;/ z[auK;puf.ref:
vmwf; cldof:ref:? ckuf:q[vh;ref:/
rldof;ref:whmeef. ymifqK.ref:bif:ukdef:aO ymifqK.qof;'K.? ymifqK.qof;? ymifqK.

ckef? ugyf;ref:pAwf:umefyefulef:rldef:sv; ulef:rdlif:auK;yAeftefpuf.ref:sw.sw.?
rldof;ref:wheef.ulef:zmefulef:uSef:cof tgefuefph;sw.sw./ ugyf;Oifehqkdif arK
bKvlifckefbD;eh. puf.ulef:zmefulef:uSef:sw.sw.sv; ayK:oK;vlof,bKulef:zmef
ulef:uSef:eh ref:wef:bl,wK,aO,bof.? rldof;ref:whmeef.ulef:qldof:eh.auK;-]]zldof,
arKbKvlifckefbD;whm? wK.pof:whmvK;}}ehbof./ ]]P;arKbKvlifqldif.eif,ckefbD;eh. rD:
rK:xSif; e[:rldif:wh:aOurf:}} tefoK;eef. ulef:zmefulef:uSef: tefrK:OlifymifqK.
ckefbD;eef.umof,bgef:rkif;rgif:qldif.eefbof./
qif.oK;vgif;ckefbD;eh. wh:pof:vDN.vDwgif:rhmoh.ul;auK.? vDbldif;qgrf:vguf:vhm:tefref:

pAwf:umefyef ykef;wK,wh:pof:sw.sw. arKbKvlifrldif:wh:pof: tefrD:bl,rldof;vAofeh.
auK; cSef:awK;cwf:q[P;rldefarKbKvlifckefbD; aOurf:wK./
ckefbD;eh.yAefwh:rmof: wh:erf.crf:? yAefvkuf;qhm:irf:oAif:(rAof.qK:)ckefymef:sv;

emif:Mifbof./ ckefbD;eh.rD:yD;thm;auK.j> Mif.ckefzlof:vK. rD:bl,wD;erf.crf:? awK,
oef:rldof;vAofbof./ ckefbD;eh.uldwf,rldof; auK:qK, 1270 eD<? vldefqAifr[, 5 crf;?
oef:Okuf:27.11.1908.
23
vgif;pAef:tofcldif;qmif;wmif:arK(yef,nK,)
ckefbD;eh.rldof;ref:vAuf. pAef:tofvduf;wD;Nif:pAef:(uRif:)rAof.ylif, e[:tldif,erf.crf:?
vkuf.wD;eef;Orf.uGK,bl,Nif:pAef:]]at,yDtSrf,}}ABM uK;wD;egifqmif.e[:tldif,erf.crf:
eif,uof,/ sw,bl,rldof;yD< 1919 awK,xkdif 1923 vkuf.wD;erf.crf:chm.rK:bl,Nif:pAef:
s',wldof,aI:OBef: tSif:uvlof,-oldof:ae:cdof:vldof: Federation Anglo-vernacular uK;wD;

oAif:vK:OAof; rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,? rldof;eef.zl;ugef:Nif:pAef:vlif yAeftl:zlof:rD,(OD;bkd;
rD)pAef:vduf;wD:Nif:pAef:eh. awK,xkdifqef. 7 ugyf;nmef,zhmsv;vh;ikdef:urf.xSrf
(Scholarship)aO vh;rK:bl,Nif:pAef:zl;erf:rldif:wh: OBmef:cBdyf.Ocl:vf Shan Chief's
School uK;wD;wgif,uBD:rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef: rldof;yD< 1927? rldof;eef.uK:yh,ayK:rD:sv;wK,
rK:bl,Nif:pAef:uK;wD;vK;OAof;eh.vh;yhvdefrK:? wmif:uK:auK;yh,ayK:vDxmef,rldof;vAof ayK:
vkuf.erf.crf:yhvdefrK:awK,xkdifvK;OAof; pkdifNuf:oef:qif,zSof? rldof;eef.rD:uK:vrf:
vAofulnf:tefvSef;wmif:vK;OAof;-erf.crf: uK:uK:j>auK.vh;yef 8 yBK:? ckefbD;ylef.
(tgif,)qef. 10 wD;Nif:pAef:eh.rldof; 1929 vlif:uGK,bl,Nif:pAef:bef,ukif, pAef:wK,
yAefcl:arKbKvliftgif,tSrf,yD,yD,tSwf.Of M.B.B.S rldof; 1940 aOqif,yAefcl:arKbK
vlifrK:bof./
wif;eK;Ndef:
ohm:aOtgif,zhm,bKulef:bof.? ckefbD;sw,eK;Ndef:? ar:iof;yAefemif:OBLnf,pmef,? wh:
erf.crf:eif,uof,? wif:emif:OBLnf,pmef,eh. rD:vkuf;qhm: tefMif.qkdof;oK;ckefnkef.?
emif:OBLnf,pmef,OAif;umrf,vhm;wlofuGK, rldof;ymefuByef,? rldof;eef.ckefbD;wkduf.rD:bl,e[:
Okduf: trf,wef:vh;pefar:emif:OAif;umrf,? ckefbD;Okdyf,tofegif.ar: Mif.qkdof;oK;emif:
clif.? wif:emif:clif.eh.rD:vkuf; 5 auK. - 1. qhm:rBLof:rBdef.? 2. qhm:rBLof:wdef,? 3.
qhm:rBLof:cBdwf.? 4. emif:bD,bD,rBdef.? 5. emif:bD,bD,ax:/ e[:uK;vkuf;bdif: 2 auK.
eef. emif:bD,bD,rBdef.eh.vAef; Basket ball (zhm,vAef;rmuf,Ogif:)cSef,sw.sw.?
eif, pkdofqkdof;OAifrldif:wh:awckdef;b[,r[,Okifeef. ref:tof'hm,wmif:vAef;eh. qgh;xSrf
yeftefoK;eef.vh;N.ul;auK.? qkrf:rmuf,Ogif: emif:bdif:rldif:wh:cofcof;sc.yldef; sy.
OmrfyD<xyf:uefsv; vh;'miftl('kdif;)vlifrK:/
24
ckefbD;auK; tofumefref:arKeef. pAwf:yefzgef:vDrldif:wh:? vkuf;bdif:tgef,ref:

auK;tofvgif;uSyf.wif:cef zhm,rmuf,Ogif:eef.bkuf.wif,yef qkdof;rldif:wh:ckdef;Okif?
emif:bdif:rldif:wh:coftgefuefbldif;? tgefuefcwf:q[P;rldefvkuf;bdif:ckefbD; - emif:
bD,bD,rBdef.eef.wK. ugyf;ref:emif:cwf:q[pAwf:yefzgef:vDrldif:wh: zhm,rmuf,Ogif:
eh. sv; vkuf;tgef,bdif:rldif:wh:cofauK; puf.ref:emif:? bkuf.bgif;yefpSif:ref:emif:
sw.sw.? rldof;vAofar:arKbKvlifckefbD; sv; vkuf;vmif:ref:bif:bl,Oof:uK;wD;wgif,

uBD:/
pAwf:umefblwf:bK
tgif,tSrf,yD,yD,tSwf.Ofbof. arKbKvlifckefbD; vh;umefrldof; 4.7.1941 vh;uGK,yAefarK
bKvlifuK;wD;rldif:rguf, tldif,omef;arK, wD;oAif:r[,(NrdKUopf)sv; rldif:cmwf,(e[:tdlif,omef;
arK,eif,uof,)/
rldof; 1.7.1948 eef.vh;chm.uGK,yAefarKbKvlif wD;uAif:wkif awK,xkdif 20.1.1954Orf.
chm.rK:yAefarKbKvlifwD;vghvSrf rldof; 31.1.1954 awK,xkdif 24.9.1954 ohm:aOeef.
rK:yAefuof.(zgif:)vlif'hm,bl,vD(Cheif Medical Officer)uK;wD;wgif,uBD: awK,xdkif 1962
ckefbD;OAif;umrf,uGK, wD;wgif,uBD: rldof;yD; 1324 vldef 12 vgif; 9 crf;? oef:tif:
umef:(tif,uK,) 20.11.1962.
zSofrldif:uhrK:
ckefbD;eh.qkdof;OAifref: Mrfqgwf,rldif:wh:ulnf:trf,uK: uK;wD;rldif:uhauK;yldef;N.quf:ruf:
qkdof;ref:sw.sw.? ohm:ref:tgif, tSrf,yD,yD,tSwf.Of M.B.B.S uK;wD;bef,ukif,aO
ref:vh;uGK,Okdyf,pAef:vduf;wD;rldif:uvK: tdef,wdbK. India rldof;yD< 1941 rldof;ref:
pAef: vduf;wD;rldif:uvK:bl,eef. Okduf:vlifurf,zK,yguf;OgifauK;yAefbl,? wK,awckdef:rK:
rldif:wh:auK;trf,ihm;? vkuf;ar:auK;yAeftefckuf:q[vh;? q[wdwf:auK.yAefar:emif:OBLnf,
pmef, wif:vkuf;qhm: qhm:ckefnkef.sv; egef:ayK:trf,vyf:? udefayK:trf,omefvh;
awvh;zmwf,vdyf:pkdofawvh;zmwf,whmpkdoftefoK;eef. olef.ayK:trf,ygif,vh;? eif,pkdof
awvh;rK:xlyf:vkuf;ar:wD;erf.vdefpdefzKrldif:wh:eef. awK;wuf:vh;pKwmif:uGK,-oK;eh
sv; qif,qgrf:Okduf:rK:bof./
25
vlif:rK:qgrf:wyf.sc, rhm-38 rK:zSoferf.crf:auK; auK.yAefar:OAif;umrf,uGK,bof./ ckef

bD;trf,wef:vh;pefq[ar:ref:? puf.uefaOugyf;Okduf:sv;vh;zmwf,uef? qgif,awvh;
ckdef:pefuefpkdofaeK: auK.yAefar:auK;q[wdwf:q[Mh;auK.yAefzlof rgif:ckdef:trf,pefeK;
rgif:oef:trf,pefwlof? rgif: rgif: trf,ay.rgif:? vgif;rh;q[emif:OBLnf,pmef,trf,xmwf,
trf,ohm:vh;acK.acK.bgrfbgrf? umyf;omef;ymefrldif:auK;trf,vD? ckefbD;yh,wef:zSof emif:
OBLnf,pmef, OAif;umrf,vhm;wlofuGK,bof./
ckefbD;rK:zSofauK; uAyf:aq:tofvkuf;qhm:tgef,ref:ckefnkef.? auK.vkrf:vK:trf,pef?

pKwmif:qldof.pkdofauK;trf,ygif,? tefawrldefeif,emif:OBLnf,pmef, auK.yAefar:vlifuof,
eef. awrD:v[eh? olef.ckdef:olef.oef:bl,? pmif;yD;auK;rldefpmif;egif.auK;qdkof;? qif,
rK:ckuf:q[vh;ch;q[rSef;O[,emif:clif. auK.tefyAefegif.bdif:tgef, emif:OBLnf,pmef,?
e[:wK,emif:clif.auK; ckefbD;eh. yD;auK;q[;? zlofauK;vDyAef? wlnf:eK;yD;bof.olef.
rSef;eK;vmef? awzmwf,auK;trf,vh;? awbmefauK;trf,qmif;? oef:vifxkuf,vDvh;
bl,qgrf:uefauK;rD;rK:sv; qif,yAefNdef:qgrf:ckefbD;rK: awK, 1962 urf:eh.ykef;wK,
ckefbD;qkdif ar:auK;qkdof; egif.auK;yAefwD;tefpuf.ySif:sw. trf,rD:wD;vmwf;bof.?
emif:clif.Orf.yAefauK.rD:vkuf;? ckefbD;Orf.yAefauK.aq:vmif:? bl,qgrf:uefrK: awK,
ayK:OAif;umrf,? vgif;zdwf:vgif;zSuf,uef trf,rD:aOyguf;? z[pefauK; yAeftefcghsw.
sw./
ckefbD;wif;eK;Ndef:r[,qgrf:emif:clif.bof.auK; Okduf:yh,bof.? ugyf;ehsv; vh;qgrf:wyf.

tarIduef,cof;bKulef:yAefe[:Okduf:? rldof;eef.ref:yAef qef.ckefOkduf:vlif (Cap-
tain) rldof;bl,e[:Okduf:eef.auK; ugyf;cwf:q[pAwf:uef ayK:pAwf:OifauK; rD:q[zlduf,
qkdef;cmofO[(Owf;xK,)sv; z[pefauK;puf. ugyf;ref:pAwf:umefvDaO wyf.tarId
uef,cof yefqkrf;(rAwf,rhm)qkdof;OAifvDtefj>oK;oh.-
For War Department

Exceptional Civilian Service
To,
U SANG YEE
rldof;ref:pAwf:umefwD;e[:rldif:zgrf.Nrf; rldif:rmef;eh.auK; ref:vh;qkdof;vDOAifvDsw.

sw. qkrf;tefref:vh;eef.Mif.oK;- ]]oef,eauBK,xdef,}} ehbof./ oK;eh-
26
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
ODpH&D
1415 ckESpf
0PÖausmfxif
rldof;ckefbD;bif:pAwf:iof;uof.zgif:vlifzhm,bl,vDeef. ref:vh;uGK,qgyf,pKwmif:N.wmif:
pef xSif;uK;wD;rldof:ILof:ar:eD:bK:(Rumania) uBLdof,reD,(Germany) tdif:uvAwf;(Eng-

land)sv;qkdof;OAifarKbKvlifckefbD;eh.NifvlifuGK,ul;wD;bof./
ulef:rldif:puf.ckefbD;
arKbKvlifckefbD;eh. ulef:rldif:wh:cof puf.sw.sw.? ugyf;Oifehqrf.- ckefbD;eh.ayK:
bKulef:yAefqkdif q[bAwf,q[bmof:sw.sw.? crf;crf;oef:oef: ayK:rK:ymif:qkdif wK,aw
uGK,bKeef. trf,cmef.aOyguf;? wK,bKulef:yAefeef. trf,wef:tefoK;eef.trf,
rD:aOyguf;? rmifyguf;OgifOmrfckdef:vh;Okdyf,bKulef:yAefsv; ckefbD;trf,vh;egef:? ayK:
wKegef:vl.auK; vgif;oK;awcmif:trf,rD:aOyguf;? q[ygwf:q[vrf? xK.yldef;ygif.yldef;trf,
rD:aOyguf;? qldof:rK:ymif:ref:ef.auK;tefvh;q[vl.rldof:trf,rD:aOyguf;? uhuhqrfqrfayK:
yldef;rK:ymif:uGK,bK ulef:yAefqkdifuGK,wduf:wduf:bof.? ulef:yAefauK;ayK:oK;vh;pefeK;arK
bKvlifckefbD;qkdif wmif:yAefOrf.ayK:c[;cSef:uGK,urf:vAofbof./
vgif;wmif:yAef? iof;pmuf;wmif:yAef? iof;pmuf;OzK,o wlef;q[ulef:auK; ref:arKwlnf:

arKN.sv; bKulef:yAefauK; yAeftefuwf.sw.sw.? awOrf:bKOif awyefudef
bK;bKOifauK; ref:N.urf:vAof? ayK:bKyefauK;cSef:urf;erfbof.? vmwf;awK,ulef:
yAefauK;arKeSef,ayK:vh;idef:acK;uGmrf:ref: ulef:yAefayK:c[;cSef:bof.? eif;pkdofyldef;
awq[vD? q[b[,rD:pSif:rK:eef. ref:arKvmwf;arKqK arKyefpSif:sw.sw.? ugyf;eh
sv;qkdof;OAifref:auK;b[,rK:ul;rldof;ul;oef:? qkdof;OAifref:b[,rK:aOwK.auK; acK;uGmrf:
OAif uGmrf:ref: trf,cAif;rK:vK:vK:? OAifacK;uGmrf:ref:cSef:tlef;tgef, xkuf,N.yldef;rK:
wduf:wduf:ulnf:/
]]ayK:vmwf;awK,ulef:yAef? ulef:teftrf,rD:pSif:eef. vlof,arKvmwf;? ayK:pof:vmwf;

uGmrf:cSif uGmrf:tefawvDq[vl.eef.qkdif wmif:yAefulef:yAefeef. b[,rK:bl,rldof;vmwf;
27
awK,ulef:yAefeh. acK;uGmrf:auK;vlof,qkdof;? OAifuGmrf:auK;vlof,xkuf,}} ckefbD;vmwf;se

uofcK;yguf;j> rldof;ref:yh,whmeef./
e[:uK;ulef:eh. ckefbD;puf.ulef:zmefulef:uSef:aOyldef; qkrf:qldof:ulef:yAef tef

zmefeef.ref:bKyefvhmvhmulnf:trf,uK:? bK;bKtefvlof,udefvlof,Orf:qldof:eef.
auK; tofidkef:e[:xlife[:xgif:ref:Okdof.yefvhmvhm? rmifyguf;ayK:cSef:bof.auK;wmif:udef

tefawxkuf,ulef:yAefbK;bKtefawxkuf,ulef:acK.vkuf.eef. ckefbD;Okdof.yefvhm
vhm? eif,pkdofOrf.ayK:awtrf,yAefwmif:yAefxSif;eef. oh.q[bAwf,q[bmof:aO ref:
Oif,vmwf;ulef:acK.vkuf;cof/
rmifyguf;ulef:yAef omef;eguf;eK:ymif,cofrK:ymif:ref:? uhxmef,pkdofuh crf;xmef,pkdofcrf;?

ref:uGK,qgrf:bKwduf:wduf:? ayK:rD:uK:cD,uK:? ayK:rD:avK.cD,avK.? ayK:rD:rK.cD,rK.? ayK:trf,
rD:OifauK;yhvdefaO uGK,bKulef:yAef? ugyf;ehsv;ulef:rldif:ulef:zmefcofpuf.ref:sw.
sw.? ugyf;ref:trf,oh.eK;vAuf.eK;b[, eldofz[sv; z[pefref:auK;puf.ref:bof./
ayK:oK;vgif;pAwf:umefeh. trf,rD:wD;vmwf;bof.? rmifyguf;ref:oK; j>oef:rD: 24 qlof;

rlif:eh.at,eK,? rmifyguf;wKoef:wluf:uGK,? wKoef:r[,Orf.tguf,rK:xSif;aOwK.auK; trf,
wef:vh;N.? rD:bl,e[:vkuf:Mif;bKulef:ref: ckdef:ckdef:oef:oef:bof./
vgif;pAwf:umefeh. wh:pof:vDbldif;ckefbD;sw.sw.? ref:eh.umeftefref:arKeef.

ref:pAwf:yef ykef;wK,qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:sw.sw.? wh:pof:cofauK; vlof,rldefqdlif.eif,
ref:? OAif;wK;Ohmwmif: tefref:seoh.eef. vlof,bAyf,qgrf:pAwf:qgrf:bl,bof./ ulef:
vDulef:imrf:? ulef:pAwf:umefcSrf.? ulef:puf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif: wK,awrD:rK:j>yguf;j>yguf;
eef.trf,ihm;ihm;sv; pof:pK:Olcof trf,xkuf,vDvliftrf,xkuf,vDvkdrf: ckefbD;? pof:
xkuf,vDN.oh.vgif;ref:? vDpuf.ref:vDbkuf.bgif;ref:? vDqgrf:pAwf:qldif.eif,ref:pAwf:
serK:eef.bof.? e[:wh:pof:eh.auK;cSef,auK.uwf. auK.pAwf:umefvD? auK.puf.omef;rldif:?
puf.qldof.cdlof:eef. rD:bl,tefoK;eef. P;ayK:vh;N.oh. qif,vh;wSrf;ykdef:arKbKvlif
ckefbD;eh.aO wmif,seulef:rldif:wh:pof:bof./
tefwh:pof:uh.zdwf:eh. rD:yldifj> wh:trf,arKpuf.wh:eef.bof.? wh:vD? wh:imrf:? wh:

uwf.? wh:imef wh:tefarKumef? tefpuf.qldof.puf.cldof:? puf.omef;puf.rldif: rD:bl,aO
28
wK.auK; wh:pof:trf,N.quf:? trf,arKtofukif,tofrkef? vgif;eh.qkdifwh:pof:yAeftef

zdwf:rK:sw.sw.? rldof;ugef,ylef.rK: wh:pof:yAefz[auK; pof:trf,N.? rldof;vAofauK;wh:
vDwh:imrf:yAefz[auK;yh,arKN.oh.? rldof:eK;auK; wh:pof: qgif,awarKbkuf.bgif;wh:ckdef:
pkdof`? xmrfwlnf:wlofz[wlofref:vl:wh:cof/
vgif;umefyldifv[aOtrf,oK;- vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;Orf,v[aOtrf,oK; vgif;N.wmif:arKrAof:

v[aOtrf,oK;? tefwh:pof:cSef,? tefwh:pof:arK rD:bl,ul;ymefbof.? wh:uwf.wh:
cSef, qldof:eef. yAefz[tefoK;eef. tgefuefclef.pK xluf:tguf,wmif,seuefwK.?
tgef uefySwf;wmif:bmrf;tefwh:qmif;vdkrf:wh:eef.aO? tgefuefvAif.tof wmif:
bmrf; tefwh:arKpuf.uef tefwh:awarKbkuf.bgif;uefeef.wK./
vgif;vlnf; ulef:pmef vlif?

z[ uh.Olif ref: cSrf./
vgif;wmif: ulef:pmef se?
z[ uh.sz ref: Ndof;/
29
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. vltmef,vgif;arKbKvlif ckefbD;bof. qof;uof,pefxkdifeif,pkdof`/
2. arKbKvlifrldefeif,ckefbD;eh. ayK:qof;uof,bmrf;N.bmrf;pefqkdif ch;se
tdwf:j>/
3. wmif:vDarKbKvlifckefbD; rD:Oifvhmvhm`/
4. eif,pkdofawuldwf,rD:rK:xSif; ulef:vDqldif.eif,arKbKvlifckefbD;eh. pefxkdif
oK;xkuf,vDpAwf:qldif.pkdof`/
30
31
qof;tgif,rBmwf; Oldofimefvlif oAif:Oldof

qkdof;tl; vkif:OBLnf,wK:? rpK,Odwf.xd(r[mod'¨d)OldofNrf,'K./
qkdof;sr; emif:xlnf:zdof, (qof;emif:Okoef,e uK,baw,oD)/
oef:udlwf, 1223 eD<? vldef 3 r[, 11 crf;? oef:wdwf.(wemif:elnf,)/
2
5 v 45
1 1 4
0 8 0
5 4 12
45
oef:OAif;umrf,egef:az:
1326 eD< vldefurfr[, 3 crf;? oef:tif:umef:(tdif,uK,) 5.1.1965

qkdof;ar: emif:OBLnf,uBD,(vkuf;bdif:qof;'K.qmrfuK:)
qdkof;vkuf; 1. qof;ckefOkduf: 2. qof;qmrf,rBK. 3. emif:aqK:zdof,
4. emif:OSif 5. ckefvlrf: 6. ckefzlif: 7. ckefcAof
OldofimefvlifoAif:Oldof qof;tgif,rBmwf;tefoK;eef. qgif,wh:pof:cofN.oK;yAefz[? pAwf:

Oifyldef;tgefuefMif.ref:oK; Oldofimef? Oldofpmefvlif oAif:Oldof`/ qkdof;OAiftefeh.
bl,vhmvhmaOvh;rK:trf,qkdof;? pAwf:umefsv;vh;rK:? sevgif;uwf.wmif:cef vgif;pwf:
wmif:pmefaOsv; qif,vh;rK:bof./
rldof;uvK:eK;zlduf,ulef:tdif:uvAwf;cofcof;pkyf;Odrf:rldif:rmef;eef. z[auK;trf,pwf:cAif,
wK. trf,pwf:wkduf:cof? rmuf,ugif;qkdef:bmrf:uvK:eK;zlduf,cofcSrf.eSef,? vgif;vhm:wkduf:
Okduf:cofauK;uBK.cSef,? z[trf,cAif,cofvh;? cofpkyf;tofrldif:rmef;uGK,ihm;ihm;? ckefapKcrf:rldif:
rmef;tefMif.qkdof;oK;- ckefapKcrf:OD,ayK.eef.auK; uvK:eK;zdluf,cof wdtofuGK,O[,
cguf;oh.wD;rldif:uvK:bof./
32
uvK:eK;zlduf,tefrmef;cofwkduf:trf,ay.eef. qof;tgif,rBmwf;vh;wkduf:rK:? eif,pkdofrldif:

rmef;awtrf,wluf:uGK, e[:rkdof:uvK:eK;zlduf,eef. qof;'K.oAif:Oldof qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh.
tofwyf.Okduf:ref: wkduf:awK:uvK:eK;zlduf,cof? uvK:eK;zlduf,cofauK; yAeftefulof
ref:sw.sw.? ugyf;ehsv;qkdof;OAifqof;tgif,rBmwf;eh. NifvlifuGK,ul;wD; qif,vh;rK:qkdof;
r[,tefMif.oK;-]]Oldofimefvlif oAif:Oldof}}? e[:wh:pof:eh.rD:ulef:imef ulef:pmef rD:
ulef:yhm:zkdef.(zl;vkuf.zkdef.)rK:bl, tefoK;eef. P;ayK:vh;N.sv; qif,wSrf;ykdef:

qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh. seyD;egif.ulef:rldif:wh:ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:cof/
oAif:Oldofeh. yAefoAif:tefwh:pof:cof vlif:rK:wif;qArfrldof;ymefTzK:yAefqof; yh,ykdwf,uD;

eef.bof./ ugyf;ydlof;yAefoAif:tefwh:sw,wif;sv; pmef.awK,oef:rldof;vAof wh:pof:
cofbif:Oof:xifbl,wD;eef;? qof;'K.wh:cof ugef:irf:oAif:OldofrK:eh.auK;pkdifsw.sw.?
pkdiftrf,pkdifauK;wif:rlwf: qof;'K.tefugef:irf:oAif:Oldofeh. rD:rK: 264 auK.bof.?
ayK:awvh;ch;seqkdof;cof tefbmrf;idef:rK:urf;zgif;eef.qkdif rldefeif,yK:rD:w[;eh.
bof./
1. qof;nD,
2. ckefwgif:
3. ckefuSif:
4. qof;zgif:uhm, (yD<auK:qK, 744)/
5. qof;nD, (yD<auK:qK, 769)/
6. qof;egifref (yD<auK:qK, 798)/
7. qof;rif:uwl: (yD<auK:qK, 945)/
8. qof;Odlofvhm: (yD<auK:qK, 954)/
9. qof;OSifcrf: (yD<auK:qK, 961)/
10. qof;auK,nlof, (yD<auK:qK, 981)/
11. qof;emif:rldif:-qof;emif:zhm: (yD<auK:qK, 18 yD<)/
12. qof;rif:qdef,eSif, ugef:irf: 24 yD<(yD<auK:qK, 1009)/
13. uSrfrldif:tlauBK,
14. qof;rBmwf;cgif, (yD<auK:qK, 1076-1112)/
15. qof;tgif,rBmwf; (yD<auK:qK, 1118)/
16. qof;tgif,nlof,
33
17. qof;tgif,xdef, (yD<auK:qK, 1131-1158)/

18. qof;OBLnf,wK: (yD<auK:qK, 1214)/
19. qof;tgif,rBmwf; Oldofimefvlif oAif:Oldof/
Nrf;oK;vh;N.vgif;qof;'K.tefugef:irf:wD;oAif:OldofrD;rK: 264 qof;ehauK; qkdof;coftrf,

vh;rlwf:? wkduf.Oguf;pKbl, awwArfxlef;rldof;v[yh,qmif;vmwf;? yD;egif.zl;tmef,vduf;cof

auK; cSef:awK;qgh;pKaOurf:? ayK:qhg;uefpKqkdif ac:awqAof:vh;N.bl,? wh:pof:eh.trf,
pAef:vduf; trf,arKvduf;? ykdef:b[,ykdef:vliftefwSrf;oh.trf,ayK:rD:sv; rldof;ugef,rldof;
rkdef.z[yAefz[tefoK;eef.trf,qmif;vh;N.? ayK:trf,vh;N.tefrldof;vAof tefrldof:eK;
auK;qgif,awN.pK`/ ayK:trf,pAef:tof-trf,arK? ayK:trf,arKauK;-trf,wSrf;? ayK:
trf,wSrf;auK; trf,N.? ayK:trf,N.auK;wluf:vkdef:yldef;? ayK:wluf:vkdef:yldef;auK;yAef
vkuf;egif.ygif;yhm;yldef;yAefcK;yldef;bof.? ayK:trf,c[;yAefcK:yldef;? trf,c[;yAefvkuf;egif.
ygif;yhmyldef;auK; vlof,tgefuefpAef:tofvduf;wh:P;qAof:arKbof.? tgefuefbdyf:urf
qkdrf:aOpKwSrf;vgif;cldof:wh: ykdef:wh:pof:wK./
urf:eh.pof:rK:tgefuefch;q[wlnf: vgif;Oldofimefvlif oAif:Odlof qof;tgif,rBmwf;/
qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh.yAefqof;'K.oAif:Oldof rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:OD,ayK.eef. qkdof;tl;ref:

qof;yAefqof;OBLnf,wK:? qkdof;sr;ref:qof;yAefqof;xlnf:zdof,-qof;emif:Okoef,e
uK,baw,oD,auK;Mif.bof.? ref:qof;uldwf,rldof; 1223 eD< vldefOmrfr[, 11 crf;? oef:
wdwf.(wemif:elnf,)/
rldof;vAuf.bl,qgrf:tl;ref:qof; uK;wD;oAif:Oldof zldof,b[,rK:tdwf:j> tofOlif,rK:wK;uAof

(ref:wav:)rK:bl,e[:apKcrf:? rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:OD,ayK.? e[:apKcrf:rD:zgif:rldif:qkdof;
b[,OAifvlifauK.j> tefMif.oK;-udef:olef,rdef:uBD:(uif;0efrif;BuD;) qof;tgif,rBmwf; bl,
wD;Ndef:cdif:zgif:rldif:eh.bof.? pAef:vduf;pAef:vhm:wD;e[:apKeh.aO N.arKvlif.zhm,ykdef:
rldif:zhm,pkvK:(ay,wmif,)? 'hm,bK;bK? 'h,uGmrf:oguf:? uGmrf:vlif(vif,uK,)? 'h,ugef:omef;
ugef:rldif:eh.ulnf:aOtrf,uK: 'h,cD,qmif. cD,rK. bkdof:ugif; bkdof:umif,? wkduf: Okduf:qldof:
eh.auK;arKaq:sw.sw./
rldof;tK,bk qlof;clyf, 20 yhmeef. vh;rldof:ugef:oAif:Oldof? ckefapKcrf:OD,ayK.yefqkdof;

34
oK;- rpK,oif,OOD,Idqb(r[m0HooD&dZ,)OldofNrf,'K.ehbof./ ohm:aOvh;yAefqof;

'K.vh;wkduf:uefwif:ulef:phm.vlifrldif:ugif ylof,oK. rldof; 1245 ohm:ay.Okduf:bof. ckefapK
crf:yefqkdof;r[,xSif; tefj>Mif.oK;-]]arK:Idb rpK,oifO OD,IdOkxrf,rIK,qK,}}(arm&d
, r[m0Ho od&dok"r®&mZm)OldofNrf,'K. ehbof./
wif;eK;Ndef;
qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh. wif;eK;Ndef:wif: emif:OBLnf,uBD, rldof;yD< 1244 emif:OBLnf,uBD,

eh. yAefvkuf;bdif:qof;'K.qmrfuK:? rldof;eef.qof;'K.cofvh;Olif,vkuf;vmif:cofoh.wD;
ckefapKcrf:rmef;/ qof;'K.qof;v[trf,qof;v[auK; ayK:yAefyK;w[;ckefapKcrf:rmef;eh
vh;Olifvkuf;bdif:emif:Omof? trf,eefvkuf;qhm:cofoh.wD;ckefapKcrf:/ ayK:qof;'K.
cof zkdef.rldif:? vkuf;vmif:cofawbmyf,(wkuf.c)tgefwmif:bof./ eif,pkdofqof;'K.cof
awtrf, zkdef.rldif:vh;eef. qif,tofvkuf;vmif:cofuGK,wmif,oh.wD;apKcrf:bof./
qof;'K.qmrfuK:auK; Olif,uGK,vkuf;bdif:ref:OgifauK./ auK.j>yAefemif:OBLnf,tdif,? auK.

j> yAef emif:OBLnf,uBD,? Olif,uGK,oh.wD;wK;uAof(rmef:wav:)qArfrldof;ymefckefapKcrf:rif:
wkif:/ rldof;eef.qof;OBLnf,uBD,ulnf:rD:tK,bk 18 yD</ vh;idef:cofN.quf:uefrK:wD;wK;
uAof(rmef:wav:)aO xkdifrK: 1224 qif,rK:bgef:tof emif:OBLnf,uBD, wD;qmrfuK:
bof./
rldof;eef.omef;rldif:auK;trf,ayK:vD/ rldif:rmef;ygwf:w[;auK; uvK:eK;zlduf,cof pkyf;Odrf:

tof/ ckefapKcrf:OD,ayK.auK; trf,ayK:rD;erf.wdeferf.rkdof:wK,ugef:omef;rldif:? e[:
pmif;e[:apKauK; trf,xkuf,arKayK:uGmrf:uef/ Okuf.Ouf.bkif;bmif;pdrfwD;bl,uef/ cAef
eguf;rldif:auK;uof:rK: bAyf,rK:wduf:wduf:/ ul;wD;ul;vSefauK; rldefrldif:trf,rD:qof;Okuf.
bkif;tlefarK:vlifuGK,bof./
zldof,xkdifrK:yD<rldif: 1247 vldef 12 vgif; 6 crf;/ uvK:eK;zlduf,cof yK:tof

wyf. tofwK,bAyf,cof;rK:pkyf;tofoAif:wK;uAof(rmef:wav:)aOwdngyf:tofckefapKcrf:
tduf,emif: apKcrf:OD,ayK.uGK,sv;/ sw,qArfoef:eef.rK: rldif:rmef;auK;yAefuGK,rldif:cK;
yD<rldif:ymuf,j>qrfqrfbof./
35
ayK:oK;qof;'K.oAif:Oldof qof;'K.tgif,rBmwf;vh;idef:cmof, vgif;wK;uAofwluf:Okrf:aO ckef

apKcrf:OD,ayK. yK:uGK,bof.eef.auK; urftofvmyf,ref:aOoK;-
]]urf:eh.pof:wif:cldof:awyAefrKrlwf:bof./ awvh;egef:bAwf,w[;zK,wdefuvK:
eK;zlduf,/ yAefcK;cofbof.? uofbrf,bgrf: uoftrf,bgrf:H uoftrf,bgrf:yAefcK;vh;? c[;
whmauK;whmvK;? uofawwkduf:bof./}} oK;eefaOref:tmif;Olif,ulef:uGK,wD;tl;ref:qof;

wD;omef;qD.(omef;aq,)wmif,qof;sevgif;oK;-vlof,wkduf:uvK:eK;zdluf,cof/
zgif:rldif:vlif udef:olef,rdef:uBD: Olif,vduf;uGK,ql:qof;'K.oAif:OldofoK;-bK,aywkduf:uvK:

eK;zlduf,ehbof./ awxgrf,uGmrf: cdif:zgif:rldif:ehauK;bmyf,? trf,xgrf,auK;Orf.bmyf,oh./
ayK:trf,xgrf,ref:Orf.bmrf;pAwf:ymif;(su:ql:)rK:/ rldof;bl,e[:apKcrf:eef. bl,Ndef:
ref:? udefNdef:ref:rK:? ayK:trf,xgrf,uGmrf:ref:Orf.awtrf,vD/ ayK:xgrf,Orf.awvh;
yAefcK;uvK:eK;zlduf,ehsv; qof;tgif,rBmwf; yAeftefuGifuGK,bl,urf:j>/ eh.ulnf:aO
trf,uK: zgif:rldif:vlifudef:olef,rdef:uBD:eh. P;qof;tgif,rBmwf;vlif:rK:wK;uAofwduf:wduf:/
qof;tgif,rBmwf;auK;trf,bgrf:vlif:? ulofvh;yAefcK;/ urf:eh.qif,ygh,Okduf:uGK,wK,wdngyf:qof;
tgif,rBmwf;bof./ ayK:oK;vh;idef:wyf.vlifckdef;rK:ql:ref:qof;qkdif ref:qof;qif,oK;
pif:ref:qof; ]]qof;tl;pof:uGK,bl,xK;e[:rldif:sc,wK.? uofcK;sw.awwkduf:bof./}} ref:
qof;tofwif:wyf.ref:qof;aOrK:y[.xK;bl,wD; pdrf:rmef,udef:vgif,(rSefuif;avmif)
eef.bof./ trf,pkdiftrf,emef:wyf.wK;uAofzSofrK:aO yAefygh:wkduf:uef? qof;tgif,
rBmwf;ay.Okduf:? wyf.wK;uAofckdef:Okwf.rldof:? ygh:wkduf:bmef;j>eh. yAefe[:yD< 1252/
Okduf:yguf;j>eh. ay.bof.aOwK. z[auK;yh,bAefugef,? uvK:eK;zlduf,cofauK;ckdifygifwK,

ckdef;rK:wkduf:xSif;/ qof;tgif,rBmwf;sv;tl;ref:qof;auK; pmif;Okduf: ckdifOkduf:oh.eif,
uof,/ OgifcKayK;vkuf; pAef:eK;Okduf:OgifOh/ Ohmj>yAefOAef;wmif:ugif:vmif:/ wmif:eh.
qof;tgif,rBmwf;sv;wyf.ref:y[,oh./ xSif;Ohmj>yAefOAef;wmif: omef;arK,? wmif:eh.yAef
tl;ref:qof;tofykef;zgef:oh./ rldof;eef.pSif:ulef:OgifcKayK;vkuf;rD:aO 500 ulnf:/
ulnf:uK;xmwf;q[OgifcKayK;vkuf;sw. trf,rD:wD;vmwf;bof./ b[,uGmif;sw.sw.q[puf.
omef; puf.rldif:puf.qldof.cldof:pSif:rK:wduf:wduf:/ ayK:rldif:phmauK; cldof:awwhm/ ugyf;ehsv;
eif,pkdofrldif:sv;cldof: awtrf,phmtrf,whmeef. yAefpkdofauK; vlof,wkduf: - oK;ehaO
y[.thm;uvK:eK;zlduf,cof ckdef;rK:bl,bof./
36
rldefeif,y[.rgif:bl,eef. uvK:eK;zlduf,cofauK; cD,Okduf:vlifrK:sw.bof./ qof;'K.oAif:

OldofauK; tofwyf.rK: wyf.qmif. wyf.Okduf:ref:aO wkduf:sw.sw./ pSif:trf,wof.
uef/ cldif;Okduf:vmuf;emuf;qkdef:bmrf:auK; trf,rdlefuef/ uvK:eK;zlduf,cofrD:cldif;Okduf:
vDul;rAof:/ ulef:auK;erf? cwf:q[wkduf:auK;trf,ay./ ohm:vkdef:rK:ukdwf:oh.qmif. 10 wlof/
rK. 40-50 sv; ulef: 100 ulef:eef.aOwK. q[trf,yh,bgef,? bl,Oof:e[:
xdlef, aOwkduf:bl,wduf:wduf: qrfqrfyD<j>? wmif:udefwmif:bSrf.bmyf,zkdwf,cmefq[? aIK:

uK,wmif: yAefauK;erf/ vkuf;Okduf:ulef:qgrf:auK;vkOkrf:erfrK:vgh:vgh:bof./ ayK:oK;omif:
cldif;Okduf: cmrf,pAwf:ulef:qgrf:uvK:eK;zlduf,cofauK; awyAefvh;bl,/ ulnf:uK;wif:qkrf:
wif: qldof: awyAefcK;aOtrf,uK: qkdof;wh:auK;Orf.awvksv; trf,cmrf,omif:cldif;Okduf:
pAwf:uvK:eK;zdluf,vK:vK:bof./
zldof,xkdifrK: 1252-1253 eef. wK,awOkdyf,wkduf:auK; trf,yAefvh;bof.sv; qif,

vkuf.oAif:OldofrK:oAif:bmif:? vkuf.oAif:bmif: omef;zDvl:aO zSofrK:zhm,tguf,Nofymif,sv;
erf.aOK.avK. rK:wmif:xldef,pkdif 7 oef:yhm? ckdef;Nnf;vlif:vghvlifrK:wduf:wduf:? rldof;
rK: yK:rK:qmif. 11 wlof yhm;uGK,qgrf:wmif: 8 wlof? ukdwf:oh.qmif. 3 wlofulnf:/ 1253
eD<e[:vldef 6 qof;tgif,rBmwf;sv;ulef:qgrf:tduf,vkuf;ar: zSofrK:wD;rldif:qef:wK?
ugyf;ylof;N.quf:uefwif:qof;'K.rldif:vK;sv;rldif:qef:wK auK;yldifj>? ugyf;yldof;yAefwh:
eif,uefauK;yldifj> sv; qof;tgif,rBmwf;cof qif,vh;tgefuefbl,Oof:wD;eh;bof./
qof;'K.rldif:vK;sv;rldif:qef:wKauK;wlnf:vlyef qof;'K.oAif:Oldof ul;Orf,OSefyldif

trf,vh;rh;q[OifvK:vK:/ wD;qef:wKeef.qof;tgif,rBmwf;rD:Ndef:vifj>uK;wD;rldif:vK;
auK;rD:Ndef:vifj>eif,uof,? rD:idkef:wkdef:OmrfpAifyBK:aOuK.cof;ylduf,bl,bl,udefudefqldof.
eefbof.? ref:qof;bl,wD;rldif:vK; 19 yD</ bl,wD;qef:wK 13 yD<? wif:rlwf:yAef
uGK, 32 yD<bof./
rldof;bmrf:uvK:eK;zlduf,cofpAwf:ckefugef:rldif:rmef;bl,eef. qof;'K.oAif:Oldofeh.wkdef:
trf,rK:ckdef:vK:vK: ]]ayK:uvK:eK;zlduf,cof bif:pAwf:ckefugef:rldif:rmef; rldif:wh:bl,
qkdif toftrf,rldof:? uoftrf,c[;yAefcK;uvK:? cldof:oAif:Oldofeh. trf,qkdof;qldof.cldof:cK;}}oK;
ehaO wkdef:oK;trf,rK:ql:uvK:eK;zlduf,cofbof.? uvK:eK;zlduf,cofMif.ogef:qldif.pkdof
auK;trf,vh;/ vguf,qdlif.pkdofauK;trf,ulofvK:vK:bof./
37
zldof,xkdifrK: yD<rldif: 1285 eef. ar:ref:qof; qof;emif:OBLnf,uBD, rK:q[:yD;egif.

uK;wD;rldif:qmrfuK:? bgifNnf;? rK:nK:vkif:ref:emif: tefyAefqof;'K.bgifNnf; tef
Mif.oK;-qof;rgif,eef./
qof;rgif,oK;-]]OlayK;sr;vkuf;tgefuefckdef:rK: bl,wD;rldif:wh:? ul;Orf,ul;yldifawqgh;yef

trf,P;vh;rh;q[? rldof:vmwf;qof;tgif,rBmwf;aO}}ehbof./ qof;emif:OBLnf,uBD,auK;ckdef:

rldof:uGK,rdlif:vK;aOvof;vmwf;qof;tgif,rBmwf;aOwK.auK; wK,cdkef:rK:eef.ref:qof;
trf,zgrf.vK:vK:bof.? ]]ayK:uvK:eK;zlduf,bif:wkduf.pAwf:ckefbl,qkdif? vdefrldif:uof,
uofeef. uoftrf,bAyf,vh;bof.}}oK;ehaO wkdef:oK;trf,rK:bof./ qof;'K.rldif:vK;
qof;ckefyguf.wl: tefyAefvkuf;clnfqof;'K.OSefoDeef.auK; yefpSif:ref:qof; bK,
P;ckdef:rK:sv; ref:qof;auK;trf,rK:ckdef:bof./
qof;'K.rldif:wh:pof:cof tgefuefwSrf;vduf;xkdifref:qof;P;ckdef:rK:/ eif,pkdofawckdef:

vh;omef;vh;rldif:ef.auK; awckdef:vmwf;yef wD;ckefuvK:eK;zdluf,cof vgif;bl,wmif:
Oof:ul;Orf,ul;yldifauK; awckdifyefoK;eh? urf;zgif;auK; uGK,vmwf;wD;ckefuvK:eK;zlduf,
cofayK:ckdef:rK:bK,P;rD:az: bK,P;yefwmif:zdwf:Oif? uvK:eK;zlduf,cofauK; yefuGmrf:
ref:uwd oK;awtrf,vh;yAefOif? c[;ckdef:rK:auK;rK: - oK;ehbof./
rldof;yD< 1285 vldef 4 r[, 9 crf;eef. ref:qof;yhvdefrK: awK,xkdifomef;arK,?

vkuf.omef;arK, cD,Ndof:'h:rK: awK,xdkifwK;uAof(rmef:wav:)? vkuf.wD;wK;uAofaOckef
uvK:eK;zlduf,cof yK:ulef:y[.ulef:qgrf:Olif,yef awK,xdkifwgif,uBD:? 1285 eD< vldef
5 r[, 3 crf;eef. zSofrldif:wgif,uBD:aO rldof:Nyf.xlyf:yD;yD;egif.egif.bof.? yAeftef
qlrf:qlrf:Oldof:Oldof:sw.sw./ qof;'K.Oxlif, yefapKwD;wgif,uBD:vifj>sv; ref:qof;
qif,bl,Oof:wD;eef; sr;qof;'K.Oxlif,eef. yAefegif.bdif:qof;'K.oAif:Oldof vh;
N.eif,ehbof./
rldefeif,rD:uGmrf:uwdeef. ckefuvK:eK;zlduf,cofurf.xSrfyefref:qof;ekdif;vldefikdef:
100 rldof;ymefuByef,eef.auK;vh;ekdif;vldef 100 bl,eif,uof,? ohm:aOuvK:eK;zlduf,
cof tguf,rldif:rmef;uGK,? rldif:eh.yAefrK: rldif:vgwf;vSof:ugef:acK ref:qof;Orf.vh;ekdif;
vldef 500 qof;'K.oAif:Oldof(OldofimefvlifoAif:Oldif)qof;tgif,rBmwf;bl,Oof:wD;wgif,uBD:
awK,xkdifqlof;clyf,vh; 103 aO OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,rldof;yD<rldif: 1326 eD<? vldef
38
urfr[, 3 crf;? oef:tmif:umef: 5.1.1965 eef.bof./ ckrfref:qof;rD:wD;'hm,Mif,

oef:wluf:TzK:qkuf:/ xkuf,vDtgefuefuGK,wlnf: uGK,vluGK,eyf.brf ckrfref:qof;bl,/
pof:trf,xkuf,vDvh;vkdrf:ref:qof;? eif,pkdof qkdof;OAifwh:pof: awvDeef. ref:tof

wmif:uwf.wmif:cefpAwf:yefrK:bof.? rldof;eef.tefpwf:cAif,wK. thm;uvK:eK;zlduf,cof
eh. rD:z[-ayK:oK;ehqkdif? yK:wif:qof;tgif,rBmwf;auK.ekdif; qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh.yAefz[`?

yAefcldof:wh:? wh:rAof:Oif`? wh:rAof:imef? wh:teftrf,c[;P;rldif:yAefcK;? qof;tgif,rBmwf;
auK;trf,q[;cldof:cK;? wh:auK;trf,q[;cldof:cK;? qof;tgif,rBmwf;eef.yAefq[wh:qSwf;qSwf;
qmif,qmif,? q[wh:auK;yAefq[qof;tgif,rBmwf;bl,bof.? vldwf;pwf:vldwf;pmefqof;tgif,
rBmwf;eef. yAefvldwf;z[`? yAefvldwf;wh:bof.? rldof;eef.Oifqldof.oK; ulef:rldif:zgrf.
uefqkdif rldif:eh.N.trf,yAefrldif:cK;/
ugyf;ehsv; ykdef:qof;tgif,rBmwf;eh. yAefydkef:wh:ygwf:j>wgef;j>? ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:tgef,

coftrf,xkuf,vDN. ykdef:OldofimefpK.`? tgefuefvlvgif;ref:sv;? yduf.Orf.trf,pAwf:
vh;qldof.eif,ref:auK; ref:pAwf:Oifoh.yefwh:pof:? ref:seOif oh.yefwh:pof:eh.
sw. xkuf,vDN.oh.ul;auK.bof./
-----------------------------
q[trf,c[;cmrf,yldef;eef. z[trf,z[auK; erfsv;at,N.rD:? z[trf,z[N.arKwkdof:? q[
trf,c[;aOeh. e[:cldof:pof:sw. trf,vDwkdof: pof:wkdof:awK,uefeh.trf,xkuf,aOwK.?
ayK:wkdof:awK,wmif,cldof:sw. xkuf,bl,? ulnf:uK; ykef;cldof:pof:wD;vDwkdof: ayK:pof:wkdof:
awK,uefvDaOwK.? ayK:wkdof:ykef;wmif,cldof: c[;vDqif,vDsv; q[trf,c[;aOtefpof:
rD:qldof.ref:oh. e[:wlofz[ref:eef.? ayK:awyAefwmif:vD ykef;cldof:ykef;rldif:sv;trf,
yAefwmif:qK.ykef;wmif,cldof:eh. vDwkdof:aOtrf,uK: vDvAif.P;ref:sz;wldef:rK:xSif;
ugef,/
ugef:vhm:
39
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. vltmef,ykdef:qof;tgif,rBmwf;bof. qof;uof,pefxkdifeif,pkdof`/
2. zl;pwf:imefvlifrldefeif, qof;tgif,rBmwf;oAif:Oldofeh. ayK:oK;qof;uof,bmrf;N.

bmrf;idef:bmrf;pefqkdif - awK.wh,ch;sewlnf:tdwf:j>wK.`/
3. wmif:vDtefqof;tgif,rBmwf;pAwf:seoh.eef.yAeftD;Oifqldif.pkdofvhmvhm
Oyf:vSif:sewK./
4. eif,pkdofawuldwf,rD:rK:xSif;ulef:uwf.imef qldif.eif,qof;tgif,rBmwf;eef.
xkuf,vDpAwf:pkdofyluf:ygif`/
5. wK,rldif:trf,yAefcK; cldof:trf,yAefphm:eh. rD:uK;v[? Orf.awpAwf:tofqldif.pkdof`
40
41
qof;qmrf,xkef: Nofimefvlif rldif:wh:

qkdof;tl; qof;ckefxD:/
qkdof;sr; qof;emif:qdif,tk/
oef:uldwf, 30.5.1907 oef:zwf:(oef:uBK,aw:)
qkdof;ar: emif:cdef,wgif:/
vkuf;vmif: 1. qof;Okoef,wK,? 2. qof;OldofNrf,? 3. qof;uh,'K.
4. qof;rBdef.uBD,/
e[:urf,zK,eh.rldif:v[aOtrf,oK; auK.ulef:tgefrldif: tefqkdof;b[,OAifvlifeef.-rD:

bl,? rldif:j>rldif:eh.qArfvgif;bl, vgif;udef? vgif;pAwf:? vgif;Omif;? vgif;ugef:omef;rldif:
ckdef;b[,r[,Okiftrf,cdkef;b[,r[,Okif tefoK;eef. rD:eldofauK.teftgefNofrldif:bof./
P; rldif:ckdef;b[,r[,Okif? P;ulef:rldif:vgwf;yAefcK;eef. z[awvh;ckdifygif ayK:oK;ehauK.
teftgefNofulef:rldif:eef. awvh;ckdifygifyefbof.? wK,awpAwf:umefrldif:P;ayK:xkdif
wD;bgwf;Mwf;wD;yhmeh. auK.tgefNofvlof,rD:erf.wdeferf.rkdof:sw.sw.? vlof,rD:wmif:
ch;q[vDsw.sw./
ykdef:rldif:tefylef.rK:eh. yAefpkdoftofoK;eef.auK; vlof,N.? rldof;vAofyAefpkdofbl,tef

oK;eef.auK;vlof,N.? rldof:eK;Orf.awyAefpkdofrK:tefoK;eef.auK; vlof,vmrf:vh;? vlof,
pefwh;bl,bof.ulef:tefNofsv;ulef:rldif:eh. qif,awqgrf:uefvh;? pSif:auK.tgefNof
sv;pSif:ulef:rldif:eef. qif,zKzldof:uefvh; tefoK;eef. vlof,arKN.arKpefbl,bof.?
ayK:oK;auK.tgefNofsv; ulef:rldif:trf,yhqgrf:uef? trf,yAefq[vAof OAifvAofuefqkdif
rldif:eh.trf,cdkef;b[,r[,Okifvh;? ugyf;ehsv;wK,awyAef ulef:tgefNofvDauK.ekdif vh;
eef. trf,ihm;/
rmifrldif:eh. ulef:qkdiferfbl, ulnf:uK;trf,rD:auK.tgefNof? rldif:teftrf,rD:auK.tgef

NofvDeef.wluf:wSrf,wduf:wduf: awvh;pefeif,eh/ auK.tgefNofrD:aOwK.auK; rldif:
tefrD:auK.tgefNofvDaOyldef; cSef,aOyldef;eef. cSef:ckdef;b[,r[,OkifaOyldef;
bof.? ugyf;ehsv;ayK:wlnf:rldif:eh. ckdef;b[,r[,Okiftrf,ckdef;b[,r[,OkiftefoK;eef.
awvh;wlnf:auK.ulef:tgefNof? auK.ulef:tgefNofeh.vrf,vgif;sw.sw.? ayK:auK.ulef:
tgeftrf,vh;vgif;qkdif ulef:rldif:auK; awvh;yAefcK;? rldefolof:rAof:tefyldef;q[.udefvhm
42
vhmeef.bof./
ayK:eh qof;qmrf,xkef:eh. qgif,yAefulef:tgef,NofvD`? qgif,ref:rD:erf.wdeferf.

rkdof:`? awvh;oK;-ref:eh.yAefulef:tgefNofvDbof.? pAwf:Oifsv;oK;qkdif eif,pkdofrldif:
rmef;rldif:wh: awvgwf;qmwf;cK; uvK:eK;zlduf,cofeef. ref:cwf:q[yef? eif,pkdof
rldif:eh.ayK:awvh; vgwf;vSof:ugef:acKeef. ref:qof;qgh;xSrf;ckdifygifyef? ugyf;ehsv;

ref:qof;eh.yAefulef:tgifNof wh:qSwf;wh:qmif,sw.sw.bof./ wh:erfaOwK.auK;P;
ayK:rldefzl;tgefNofvlif qof;qmrf,xkef:eh. trf,Ol;rD:? qof;'K.erfaOwK.auK; P;
ayK:rldefref:qof;eh. trf,Ol;rD:? wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;? wmif:ch;q[? wmif:N.wmif:pef
vgif;omef;vgif;rldif:? wmif:pwf:wmif:pmef P;ayK:rldefref:auK; trf,Ol;rD:sv; qif,oK;
vh;Mif.qof;qmrf,xkef:Nofimefvlif rldif:wh:bl,bof./
rldof; 1947 eD<eef. eif,pkdofawyAefymifukrfvlifuK;wD;ymifvlifeef.auK; ref:

qof; yAeftefcwf:q[sw.sw./ ugyf;ref:qof;cwf:q[sv; ymifukrf:auK; yAefrK:aO?
zl;tgefNofrldif:cmif? rldif:cBmif:? rldif:bmif:sv; rldif:rmef;cof tgefuefrK:tkyf,uefykef;
wK,awNrf;uefbgef:tofugef:acK rldif:Nrf;wkrfwD;uvK:eK;zlduf,cofbl,bof./ rldof;eef.
zl;tgefNofrldif:rmef;qgrfOkduf:vlif tgif,Omef:auK;rK: oef:ulef:tgefNofvlifcofzgrf.
OAifyAif:ymuf,uefaOvlif:vhm:rkdof:eef.yAef 1947 vldefs',a'K,oID, 12 oef:?
oef:erf.yAefrK:oef:rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef(jynfaxmifpkaeY)bl,bof./ ugyf;ehsv;eif,pkdof
oef:rldif:Nrf;wkrf awvh;yAefrK:eef. - qof;qmrf,xkef:eh. yAeftefqhg;xSrf;sw.
sw.bof./
ayK:vh;vgwf;vSof:ugef:acKbof. awtofyldifOifugef:rldif:tefoK;eef. Orf.vlof,rD:

ugef,? e[:auK(auK,rwD,)tefawvlduf;pK yldifvh;ugef:rldif:eef. qof;qmrf,xkef:eh.
vh;yK:auK.j>? eif,pkdofulef:rldif:vghrldif:wh:cof awtrf,vh;eK;vAuf.eef. e[:auKyhm:ulef:
qmof:cldof:eef.auK; ref:qof;vh;yK:? e[:auKyhm:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;sv;Okdif,rldif:wif:vhm(jynf
axmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm;qkdif&maumfrwD)eef.auK; ref:qof;vh;yK:eif,uof,/
pAwf:Oifsv; ref:qof;vh;yK: e[:rkuf.qkrf:qldof:eh. ayK:oK;ehqkdif? ugyf;ref:qof;rD:

wmif:N.wmif:peferf vgif;yhm:rldif:eef.bof.? qof;'K.eif,uefauK;trf,rldefuef? qof;
qmrf,xkef:eh.Nrf;oK;yAefqof;'K.tgef,aOwK.auK; wmif:N.wmif:pefvgif;omef;rldif:sw.
43
trf,tgef,aOtdwf:? yAeftefN.uGmif;peferfsw.sw.sv; qif,cofe[:su;rmef;vh;

sw.sw.bof./
eif,pkdofOkef,vh;Okef,yAef rldif:wh:pof: P;ayK:vh;wArfxlef;rldefyldef;eef. ref:qof;

pyf.tofumef tefoK;zgif:rldif:vlif wD;uldof:ukrf vhm:umefrldif:vgh(twkdifyifcH awmif
wef;a'oa&;&m0efBuD;)rK:bof./
qof;qmrf,xkef:eh. Nrf;oK;yAefqof;'K.ehauK; trf,rldefqof;'K.wmif,qof;/ trf,oh.

wlofref:ckduf.? cof;cof;tguf,tguf,wif:ulef:rldif:wK,aO,? wlofref:qof;auK; cof;cof;tguf,
tguf,e[:ulef:rldif:? vlif:ql:ulef:rldif:? vgif;vDvgif;qK. wgif;xmrfulef:rldif:? oK,OeK,q[
OlifpAwf:Olef? pAwf:eK:? vAif.olof:? vAif.uGhm:? tef,vduf;wh: eif,pkdofwh:awckdef;b[,
r[,Okifeef. yefpSif:sw.sw.? wlofref:qof;auK;vAyf;pAef:vduf;wh:? arKtmef,arK
wSrf;vDvD? qof;'K.ul;qof;eh.trf,arKtmef,? trf,arKwSrf;vduf;wh:rdlefref:qof;/
qof;qmrf,xkef:eh. OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK, rldof; 1947 eD< vldefuBL,vhm, 20 oef:?

oef:wdwf.(wemif:elnf,)bmrf: 12:00 rlif:eef.bof./
rldof; 1947 eD< vldefuBL,vhm, 19 oef:? oef:Oof(qae,)bmrf: 10:30 rlif:eef.

ref:qof;ckdefymifukrfuefbl,uK;wD;bef,ukif,? ulef:tefOmefcwf: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:
coftofugif;bkdof:O[, trf,whmurf:vAof? zldof,xkdifrK:oef:xd 20 qif,OAif;umrf,egef:az:
uGK,? tofwlofwhmref:qof;rK:rdlif:ygef? pAwf:ymifqK.vlifrldefeif,'dif;si;wh:rD:eef.?
vkyf,wlofwhmref:qof;eef. 'ifoh.wD;yK,pAof;qof;'K.cofwD;ukif:w[;oAif:rdlif:ygefeef.
bof.? zof,wof;ref:qof;sw. O[,tgrfaOuGK,oh.avK: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:uK;wD;ugif:
qgrfimef(tmZmenfukef;)tefrD:wD;pdrf:xmwf;aq,wD,TzK:crf:vlifwK;ukif;(a&Twd*kHap
wDawmf)uK;wD;bef,ukif,bof./
vDaOvhm Nofimefvlifrldif:ygefsw.sw.? rldif:ekdif;rldif:eh. wK,awyAefrldif:vD? rldif:

imrf:rldif:ckdef;b[,r[,Okif uGK,rldof:eK;eef. vlof,rD:ulef:auK. teftgefNofvD? ayK:oK;
ulef:auK.teftgefNofeef.rD:erf.wdeferf.rkdof:? wmif:pwf:wmif:pef? wmif:N.vgif;
yhm:rldif:qkdif rldif:eef.yAefrldif:tefckdef;b[,r[,Okifsw.sw.bof./ ayK:ulef:auK.tgef
Nofrldif:ckef;(nmrf.)qkdif rldif:eef. omef;rldif:auK; trf,ckdef;b[,r[,OkifaOtrf,uK:? wluf:
44
wSrf,uGK,wduf:wduf:bof.? ugyf;ehsv;eif,pkdofawrD:rK: ulef:auK.tgefNofvDeef. vrf,

vgif;sw.sw.bof.? qif,oK;ulef:auK.tgefNofvDeef. trf,xkuf,vDvdkrf:cof? pof:pK:
qkrf:qldof:cldof:wh:eh. trf,xkuf,vDvh;vkdrf:qof;qmrf,xkef:vK:vK:? Oifqldof.trf,rD:ref:
eh rldif:wh:pof: bif:awrD:bl,w[;wdefuvK:cofbof.? ayK:trf,rD:ref:qof;qkdif wh:pof:
bif:awtrf,yh,ylef. qmwf;yAefcK;vh;ugef,? ay.vDckuf:q[vh;ref:qof;? OifoK;ref:
qof;rD:qkdif pof:awvh;pefzl;tgefNofvlif rldif:wh:pof:pAwf:umefyefwh: wK,awckdef;

b[,r[,Okifbl,Ouf:Ouf:bof.? wlofref:whmaOwK.auK; PumefvDtefref:qof;pAwf:oh.
ckdifoh. ayK:awtrf,whmqgrf:eef. qkrf:qldof:auK.yAefwh:cof vlof,ch;q[qgrf:pAwf:bl,
tefoK;eef.qif,vh;wSrf;tguf, ykdef:ref:qof;aO 'mif.Owdqgrf:bl,bof./
ayK:yAefwh:uh.ckuf:q[v[;
1. wmif:ch;q[ref:qof;/
2. wmif:N.ref:qof;/
3. wmif:pwf:ref:qof;/
4. wmif:pmefref:qof;/
5. wmif:uGK,wmif:yhref:qof;wK./
-----------------------------
wK,ckuf:q[vh;ch;q[rSef; vggif;wmif:ekdif;tefeef.trf,bmyf,? wK,pAwf:qgrf:P;xkdifwD;
sw.bmyf,Okwf:? ulnf:oK;vgif;wmif: tefr[:ckuf:q[vh;eef. qgif,r[:bmrf;pAwf:qgrf:
wlnf:`/ ayK:yh,bmrf;pAwf:qgrf: awvh;oK;r[:wkduf.yAefOif`/
45
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. qof;uof,bmrf;N.bmrf;idef:vgif;qof;qmrf,xkef:uK;pkdof ch;setdwf:j>wK./
2. eif,pkdofrldif:wh:awvgwf;qmwf;cK;uvK:eK;zlduf,cofeef. qof;qmrf,xkef:
cwf:q[ wlif.ekdifcof;yK:qgrf:wD;v[qldif.pkdofvhmvhm`/
3. qof;qmrf,xkef:vh;OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,rldof;v[ wD;v[ ugyf;Oif qldif.pkdof`/

zgef:vDzgef:qK. wK,rldif:wh: rD:qldif.pkdofOyf:vSif:sewK./
4. rldof;e[:umyf;ymefrldif:Nrf;wkrf qrfawvh;ugef:acKeef.Oifqldof.oK;
rldif:wh:trf,rD:zl;tgefNofqldif.eif, qof;qmrf,xkef:eef.awqmif;yAefrK:
qldof.pkdof`/
5. tefpof:pK:xkuf,vDckuf:q[vh;tofukif,rkefref:qof;eef.rD:Oifvhmvhm`/
46
47
arKvduf;vlif qof;aoK:vsc.
qkdof;tl; vkif:zdwf;/
qkdof;sr; yK:emif:bAef,/
uldwf, 1251 eD< vldef 12 oef:ykwf.(ykwf;wN:)/
wD;udlwf, rldif:bgifNnf;? rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:/

yD;egif. 1. vkif:zlof:OBdef,(qof;aoK:vsc.)
2. yK:emif:bk/
3. vkif:yK.cdef,/
4. vkif:yK.bdef,/
qkdof;ar: yK:emif:nkef./
qkdof;vkuf; 1. yK;wdef,bD,(OAif;umrf,bof.)/
2. yK;wdef,rBdef.(rD:bl,)/
3. yK;wdef,vK.(rD:bl,)/
e[:wh:pof:eh.z[c[;N. wmif:uGK,rldif:edyf.ymef,auK;vlof,tgefuef tmef,vduf;qof;aoK:v

sc.bof./ pAwf:Oifsv;awvh;tmef,vduf;ref:qof;`/ ref:qof;seyefoh. wmif:uGK,
ref:sv; qif,oK;xkuf,vDvh;tmef,vduf;ref:qof;bl,bof./ ]]wmif:uGK,rldif:edyf.ymef,}}
tefoK;eef.yAefqkdof;OAifvduf;tefref:qof;wSrf;oh./ TwK:tefawOlif,xkdifrldif:edyf.
ymef,eef. ayK:yh,tmef,rSef; vduf;qof;aoK:vsc.wSrf;eh.awyh,vlif.vSif:? awyh,
bof.ugef,? qif,oK;yD;egif.wh:pof:cof tgefuefvlwlnf: tmef,wlnf:vduf;]]wmif:uGK,rldif:
edyf.ymef,}}tefqof;aoK:vsc.wSrf;oh.eef.wK./
ayK:oK;tmef,vduf;zkdefeh.qkdif awN.rK:vgif;OAif;wmif:uGK,edyf.ymef,bl,Ouf:Ouf:/ qof;

aoK:vsc.eh. tofyhmurfref:qdse wmif:uGK,edyf.ymef,/ vduf;tefref:qof; wSrf;eh.
erf.uGmrf:ref:auK;vD? wmif:ch;q[ref:auK;vkduf.? wmif:pefref:auK;uGmif;? acK; OAifuGmrf:
ref:auK;cSrf.trf,rD:wD;vmwf;se:Oif/ ayK:tmef,ayK:vlwlnf:vduf;zkdefeh. bof.auK;
teftrf,c[;tmrf:vgif;uwf.wmif:cef yhmurfaoK:vsc.eh. ayK:trf,c[;rD:bof./ ayK:
eh vDbof.? arKvduf;vlifaoK:vsc.eh.yAefz[`/ eif,pkdof vduf;vhm:yhmurfwh:pof:Orf.
ayK: awckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:/ eif,pkdofwmif:N.wmif:pmef zhm,TwK:wh:pof: Orf.ayK:awb[,
uGmif;rK:eef. qof;aoK:vsc.eh. qgh;xSrfyefpSif:rK:sv; pof:xkuf,vDvh;N.vgif;ref:
48
qof;bl,/ ayK:pof:puf.vduf;auK; pof:awtrf,vh;vkdrf:qof;arKvduf;pof:/ awvh;ckuf:

q[vh;cofbl,wK,aO? Nrf;oK;qof;arKvduf;qldof:eh. whmuGK,bof.aOehauK; eif,pkdofqkdof;
cofOrf.ayK:awtrf,phmqgrf:uGK,eef. qkrf:qldof:pof:puf.vduf;wh:TwK:wh:eef. vlof,tgef
uefch;q[ ckdifygifpAwf:Omif;? ykdef:qof;arKvduf;wh:pof:cofeh. pof:ul;auK.vlof,vDvh; N.
oh.bof./
qof;aoK:vsc.eh. qkdof;ref:qof;sw.sw.eef. yAefvkif:zlof:OBdef,? yAefvkuf;

vkif:zdwf;yK;emif:bAef, cofyl,tguf, tefbl,rldif:bgifNnf;eef.bof.? rldof;vAuf.eef.
vh;rK:pAef:vduf;Nif:pAef:uK;wD;wgif,uBD: tefvkuf;qof;'K.cofbl,eef./ ylef.qef.
qAwf:aOuGK,pAwf:zl;rhmqaI:vlifwD;vkrf:qof;'K.vguf;qguf,/ rldof;qlof,clyf,tK,bkvh; 25
eef. wif;eK;Ndef:wif:yK;emif:nkef. ulef:bgifNnf;eif,uof,/
vkuf.wD;vguf;qguf,aO chm.rK:wgif,uBD: rK:pAwf:umyf;qaI:? ohm:aOeef.chm.uGK,pAwf:zl;rhm

vlifwD;oAif:zKOgif: rdlif:bmif:vSif? pAwf:zl;rhmbof. trf,ayK:pkdifvh;yAefrK:zl;ugef:oAif:
aO Orf.ckdef;yAefzgif:cgef,(tcGeftrwf)/ trf,pkdifOrf.ckdef;yAefzgif:vlife[:tldif,
aoK:vsc.bof.? vkif:zlof:OBdef,eh. rldof;bl,wD;zKOgif:eef. vAyf;pAef:vduf;wh:? pAef:
tofvduf;wh:? wSrf;vduf;sw.sw.? zKOgif:eh.yAefpdrf:wkdof.erf.sv; yAefwD;ulef:ukdef:?
wmif:uK.vD? yD;egif.wh:auK;cof;cof;tguf,tguf,erf? yD;egif.wh:coftefbl,qgrf:'if,erf.
clif:qldof:eef. ayK:oK;oef:umwf,eh cD,Ndof:rK:qgwf,wD;wkdof.zKOgif:? rK:uK.rK:vSuf;vhm;
wmif:N.wmif:pefuef? vkif:zlof,OBdef,eh. vh;Nyf.xlyf: qof;vduf;qof;vhm:ul;wD;ul;vSef
tefrK:zSofzKOgif:? arKuGmrf:wh:vlifpof: tefbl,qgrf:'if,clif:qldof:eef.auK;vkif:zlof,
OBdef, vh;Nyf.xlyf:erfsw.sw.bof./ q[OlifoK,OeK,auK;b[,? q[c[;N.c[;arKauK;rD:
aO vkif:zlof:OBdef,eh. ugyf;vh;xlyf:qof;vduf;qof;vhm:? qof;arKuGmrf:cofsv;? vgif;
vduf;wh:auK;qArfzhm,vlzm,apK:? zhm,wSrf;eef.? uSyf.rK:cSef,rK:wduf:wduf:bof./
wD;Ndef:ref:qof;auK; bAef:yAefwD;qkdof;wD;xifqof;arKvduf;vhm:wh:cofbof./ ckdef:

cdkef:oef:oef: wD;Ndef:ref:OAifyef:pAwf:uGmrf:wh:? vlvduf;wh:Orf.ayK:vh;idef:bl,wK,
aO,? vgif;vduf;ulnf:trf,uK:? vlif:zlof:OBdef,eh. vgif;ph,vgif;uK;auK:Olifsw.sw./
wlof ref:auK;arKph,arKuK;? ph,ugifwh:? uK;wh:auK;arK? vgif;cldif;ph,wkdif;rmef;cofauK; ref:
N.sw.sw./ ayK:oK;uGK,wlnf:ygh:rmef;qkdif ayK:idef:OAifwdif,OAifugifrmef;qkdif wD;v[
zdwf:auK; ref:N.trf:vAof? ayK:idef:ayK:N.auK; ref:wuf.urf:vAofbof./ rmef;qldif:
49
(qmwf;)cof ulofref:sw.sw.? vgif;ph,wkdif;Oduf.(ywf.wvK:)eef. ref:cSef,sw.

sw./
uK;wD;Ndef:ref: zKOgif:eef. arKwaIK:wh:rD:bl,wK,aO,/ wlofref:auK;pAwf:uGmrf:oguf:?

ph,waIK:? ayK:yldef;ph,zdwf:auK;ref:auK.sr:yef? ugyf;yldof;bl,qrferf.clif: sv;uGmrf:
vgif;clif:ehauK; vkif:zlof:OBdef,Olifsw.sw.? yD;egif.tefarKpAwf:uGmrf:vgif;clif:eef.

wD;Ndef:ref:bl,wK,aO,/ ref:qof;eh. ayK:yAefqof;vduf;qof;vhm:eh yAfeftefpuf.
ySif:sw.sw./ qof;vduf;qof;vhm: qof;uGmrf:cofauK; ayK:zSofwD;Ndef:ref:qof;eh bl,
rlef;q[Oldof:/ vgif;vduf;vgif;vhm:vgif;ph,vgif;uK; tefref:qof;arKeef.auK; ref:qof;
oh.q[b[,b[,bmof:bmof:aOOgefyef/ ayK:c[;arKtmef,vduf;wSrf;vduf;wh:qkdif ref:cmrf,
vAif.cof;aOOgefyefugef,/ arKvduf;ygwf:Mif,ygwf:qmef: tefc[;vh;yef,nK,wD;ref:
eef. tgefuefrK:pAef:rK:pKvhm;N.eif,ehbof./
zldof,ref:qof;rK:zSof aoK:vsc.aOyAefzgif:cgef,auK; sw,wSrf;vduf;wmif:uGK,edyf.

ymef,bof./ wK,awwSrf;vduf;zkdefeh. ref:trf,ihm;? vduf;yK,vdauK;vlof,arK? vduf;
rmef;auK;vlof,arK? acK;uGmrf:aoK:pK,Iwh:auK;vlof,vlif.vlof,uwf.sw.sw./ ulnf:uK; qof;
aoK:vsc.eh.uwf.bl,wif:Omrfyldifbof./ ugyf;ehsv;ref:qof; qif,rK:uSrf:tefqof;
wlefvlif qof;yef,wdxrf,r-uBSuf.uOmef,(TOK,awK,vlifOD;y@dw"r® usKduúqH)wSrf;oh.
ab,awK,odyOf.OeK, wD,yeD,uBmef:(a&awmf 0dyóem'DyeDusrf;)eef.aO pAwf:
tguf,uBmrf:sewmif:edyf.ymef,bl,bof./
eef.ulnf:trf,uK: ywdyK,wdu uBdef,qdef,? qdewf.xyuK,OeD, sv; qmwf;uBD:sO,

ygh.(y#dygwduusifhpOf? Zdew¬yumoeD? ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJY)auK:ref:qof;vAyf;pAef:aO
tofpAwf:oh.'hm,wh:/ ulnf:uK;tefqkdof;ref:qof;tguf,eK,eh. tguf,qgrf:zkdefvduf;uBmrf:
sewmif:edyf.ymef,ref:eef.bof./
e[:uK;uBmrf:sewmif:edyf.ymef,eef. wh:pof:coftgefqgrf:'h,TwK:eh. auK.teftrf,Olif

auK.teftrf,N.? auK.teftrf,c[;xgrf, trf,c[;idef:eef.bif:oK;trf,rD:bof./ vduf;
zdkefeh.ref:wkdwf.q[ulef:sw.sw./ erf.uGmrf:? erf.vduf;? eldof.uGmrf:? eldof.vduf;?
rgef:uGmrf: rgef:vduf;eef. ref:vkduf.vrf,? crf,ckduf.sw.sw./ ekdif;tmef,ekdif;c[;
tmef, ekdif;xgrf,ekdif;c[;xgrf,wduf:wduf: yAefoh.eif,ehbof./ acK:uGmrf:wh:tefOkdyf,uyf:
50
TwK:eh.auK; ylif:sw.sw.? ukdef:sw.sw.uK;cefvduf;zkdefeh. awtrf,wSyf:wwf:vh;

bof./ qkrf:qldof:yD;egif.wh:pof:tefbmrf;vAef;vduf;xrf:qldof:eef. ayK:yh,vh;vl yh,vh;
xgrf, vduf;qof;aoK:vsc.qkdif yh,wArfxlef;vDawvh;oK;ehbl,bof./ qif,oK;zl;v[z[
aOtrf,oK; xkuf,vDtmef,wlnf: xgrf,wlnf:vduf;qof;aoK:vsc. wSrf;oh.eef.bl,/
qof;aoK:vsc.eh. wSrf;vduf;TwK:ulnf:trf,qkdof;? vduf;uGmrf:vduf;oguf:auK;wSrf;bl,? ulnf:

uK;yh,pKpefugef,? zl;v[z[aOtrf,oK; vDqgyf,vDpKvDuAyf:vDMrfwgrfySif: vduf;ref:qof;
bl,?
xkdifrK:yD< 1946 eef. qof;aoK:vsC.eh. ckdef:chm.rK:wD;bgifNnf;aO rK:nK:qgrfqkdif;

vlifqof;crf:Olduf; rK:wSrf;vduf;wh:? yAef,vduf;rmef;yAefvduf;wh:? rK:Ogefvduf;wh: yef
vkuf;tgef,bgifNnf;cof ugyf;ref:qof;cwf:q[sv; wh:bgifNnf;cofauK;arKvduf;wh:uGK,/
qof;aoK:vsc.eh. vkwf,vSef:bK;eK,? ugyf;vkwf,vSef:bK;eK,sv; qyf:wmif:yAef

rmuf,Nofq[aO OAif;umrf,uGK,rldof;yD< 1948 bof./ yK,pAof;ref:rD:wD;bgifNnf;oK;ehbof./
pof:cK;qkrf:qldof:zl;puf.vduf;vhm:cof xkuf,vDch;pKbl,? qof;aoK:vsc.eh.Nrf;oK;wlofwhmuGK,
bof.ehauK; qkdof;OAifref:qof;sw. Mrfbl,rldefeif,rguf,MrfNnf:eef.bof./ vduf;tef
ref:qof;eef.auK; ayK:uGmrf:OgefOK,OeK,TzK:yAefqof; bif:trf,phmqkdif awtrf,phm
vh;bof./ ayK:oK;wh:pof: bif:bkrf,brfzK,OK,ykwf.xbl,qkdif uBmrf:sewmif:edyf.ymef,
tefqof;aoK:sc. wSrf;oh.eef. awvh;bdyf:wkdof:bl,wK,aO,bof./ eif,pkdofOhmwmif:
OAif;wmif:? wmif:uGK,edyf.ymef,awqkdef;O[vDeef. qof;aoK:vsc.eh.Okuf;ODyefoh.
sv; zK,OK,ykwf.xwh:pof: wif:OAif;auK;yAeftefcgyf;q[eldofqof;aoK:vsc.sw.sw.?
ykef;wK,vduf;vhm:yh,urfwh:awckdef;b[,r[,Okifeef. qof;aoK:vsc.eh. qgh;xSrfyefuGK,
sw.sw.bof./ eif,pkdofwh:pof: tefrldefqldif.eif, qof;aoK:vsc.awrD:xSif; tef
oK;eef.rkif;rgif:oh.bl,wK,aObof./
-z[bK,ayvdkrf: qof;aoK:sc.wK.-
51
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. qof;aoK:vsc.eh. yAefulef:uldwf,wD;v[? pAwf:pdkofsv;vh;chm.uGK,rldif:bmif:vSif?

uGK,yAefOifpAwf:Oifvhmvhm`/
2. ugyf;Oifsv;qof;aoK:vsc.yK:q[OlifrSef;vduf;vhm:'dif;si;wh:rK:`/
3. ugyf;Oifsv; vh;qyf:qkdof;qof;aoK:vsc.rK:eef. Oyf:vSif:seydkef:ygwf:

ref:wK.`/
4. zkdefvduf;qkdof;b[,qkdof:vifvlifcgifref:qof;eef.yAeftefv[`/
ugyf;Oifsv;arKvduf;qof;vduf;cofwif:vhmOlifvliftmef,oh.yAefyyf.uSrfrkdof:rK:
erf`/
5. eif,pkdofvduf;vhm:yhmurfwh: uAof,vlnf;umefOK,OeK,ykwf.x awNdof;Ndif:eef.

qof;aoK:vsc. rK:Nyf.nK:z[yeftAefurf.pSif:`/
52
53
cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,
qkdof;tl; vkif:el./
qkdof;sr; yK;emif:crf:cSuf,/
uldwf, 1.3.1907/
wD;uldwf, oAif:OD,ayK.? rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,/

qkdof;ar: qof;oef,enmef,/
]]qlof;yh,whmeh. z[aOtrf,oK; vlof,xmrfwlnf: wlofz[wlofref: uGmrf:acK;ekdif;}}/ vkif:

yK.nmef,oK;eh? rldof;uofcK;nK: rldof;yD< 1956 uK;wD;wgif,uBD:eef.- uofcK;Orf.ckdef;
xmrfref: ]]awvh;xmrf wlofpof:cK;ckdef: qldif.pkdofcK;TOK,`}}ehatK;/ ref:ckdef:Okdyf,
vmwf;oK; ]]qlof;uofyh,whmeh. uofawpAwf:yefumef ykef;wK,rldif:wh:tD;Oif`? awpAwf:
vh;uK;pkdof`/ uGmrf:acK;eh. wh:ul;auK.xkuf,vDxmrfwlnf:wlofz[cdif:ref:bof. thm;tldnf:}}
ref:qof;oK;ehwD;uofcK;/
uofcK;rK:olef.wlnf: uGmrf:acK;eh.vDvD? ekdif;olef.ekdif;vkduf.? ekdif;olef.ekdif;uGmif;sw.

sw./ pof:cK;qldof:eh.z[trf,z[auK; b[,rK:uK;OkifrK:ul;rldof;ul;oef:aOwK.auK; P;ayK:
xmrfwlnf:wlofqof;uof,ckdef:? ]]qlof;uofyh,whmeh. uofawpAwf:yefumefrldif:wh:uoftD;
Oif`}} tefoK;eef. trf,Ol;xmrfwlnf:wlofqof;uof,ckdef:aOyguf;/ vkdrf:wlofvkdrf:pmif;
bl,sw.sw.? ayK:bif:trf,arKxmrfacK;uGmrf:acK;eef. ql:wlofuof,qkdif? eif,pmif;pof:
eh.uldwf,rK:udefcof;euf:erf. euf:vdef? yAefulef:aOwK.auK; eif,pmif;awtrf,rD:
wD;ygif,Oif? Oifqldof.oK;pof:pK:qldof:eh. ckdef:wlnf:wlofz[cdif:ref: rldefeif,cl:arKvlif
vkif:yK.nmef, Oif,oh.eef.qkdifrldif:wh:eh. xmif,awckdef;b[,r[,OkifvldofaOeh.sw.
sw.? pof:pAwf:Oif? udefOifvmwf;OifauK; awckuf:q[vh;rldif:wh:pof:bl,wK,aO,eef.
bof./
rdlif:wh:sv;pof: pof:sv;rldif:wh:eh. rldefvkuf;zKszuef? uofyAefref:? ref:uofuof

bof./ zoK.qlof,ymefpof:eh. ukduf:qgrf:uefrK:? uldwf,qgrf:uefrK: trf,zmwf,trf,bmef
uefvh;/ ayK:uofqK.auK;ref:cD? ayK:uofcDauK;ref:Oldof:? yAefoh.qldof.ehsv;acK;uGmrf:
tefcl:arKbKvlifvkif:yK.nmef,vmwf;eef. rD:uK;rD:cefsw.sw.? pof:pK:qkrf:qldof:
tefukdwf: oh.wmif:vifeh. trf,xkuf,vh;vliftrf,xkuf,vh;vkdrf:bof./ vkif:yK.nmef,eh.
54
ref:yAefz[`/ ref:vmwf;Oifoh`/ ref:seOifoh.` ref:pAwf:Oifoh.ykef;wK,wh:pof:?

wK,qkrf:pof:? cldof:pof:? rldif:pof:eheh. pof:vlof,tgefuefN.oh.ul;auK.bof./
cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,eh. yAefvkuf;qhm:vkdef: vkif:el.sv;yK;emif:crf:cSuf,/

wmif:rlwf:cofrD:yD;egif. 6 auK.-
1. vkif:tgif,yK./ 2. emif:sël./ 3. vkif:uBK,yl./ 4. vkif:nkef./ 5. vkif:yK.pmef,

6. vkif:yK.nmef, rD:eif,ehbof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh.rldof;vAuf.pAef:vduf;wD;Nif:pAef: at,yDtSrf,(A.B.M)uK;wD;OD,ayK.? vkuf.

wD;eef;aOOrf.uGK,bl,Nif:pAef:zl;erf:rldif:wh:(Shan Chief's School)tefvkuf;qof;
'K.cofbl,ef. rldof; 1.5.1917? wD;wgif,uBD:/ rldof;bl,Nif:pAef:wD;wgif,uBD:eef. ugyf;yldof;
nmef,auK;vSwf:wmif:bmrf;auK;trf,rD:wD;vmwf;sv; yldef;auK;yAeftefbgif;abK:sw.
sw./ 'h,vduf;auK;cSef,sw.sw./ zldof,tgif,ylef.qef. 10 ref:vh;ukif,cdkuf.wD;yhm:
vdef(zK,OK,yxoD)sv; qefpmif;eef.bof./ rldof;ymefeef. wK,awvh;ukif,ckduf.
eef. trf,ihm;/
ylef;qef. 10 rldof; 10.8.1926 eef.aO uGK,Okdyf,pAef:vduf;xSif;uK;wD;Nif:pAef:

qef.qgrfoAif:bef,ukif, rldof; 1928 vldefrmwf.cBf eef.ylef.qef.pmwf:(qef. 12
trf,eef yD< 2 e[:qef.qgrf)International Examination aOOrf.Okdyf,pAef:'h,cl:
arKbK? eif,pkdofeK;wh: awtrf,vAuf.? eif,pkdofawcSef,rldefyldef;eef. vkif:yK.
nmef,eh. cwf:q[pAef:tofsw.sw.rldof;eef. e[:wh:P;ayK:vh;cdkef;pAef: 'hm,cl:arK
bK uK;wD;qef.qgrfeef. bmyf,sw.sw./ P;ayK:cof;ac.yldef;vh;eef. trf,ihm;ihm;?
ugyf;cwf:q[sw.sw.sv; vkif:yK.nmef,vh;cl:wD,uID,'hm,arKbK rldof; 28.11.1934
eef.bof./
vh;cSyf:yAefcl:vh;wD,uID,arKbK (M.B.B.S)aO pyf.umefbKulef:uK;wD;bef,ukif,/ Orf.

chm.rK:pAwf:umefwD;wK;uAof(ref:wav:)? tguf,umefwD;wK;uAofaOOrf.ckdef:rK:bl,wD;OD,
ayK. rK:ykdwf,pmef.Okdif,(OSif,)bK;bK wmif:wluf:umwf, pkdifyD<ekdif;/
xkdifrK: 1938 uGK,rldif:tdif:uvSef: England qgrf: qof;tkif,uBK,(qof;'K.OD,ayK.)? ayK:

xkdifwD;eef;Orf.Okdyf,pAef: 'hmbK;bKaO vh;rK:cSyf:cl: D.T.M (Diploma in Tropical
55
Mecicine) rldof; 6.3.1938? Orf.Okdyf,ckef;pAef:'hm,vkrf:vK:ulef:yAefaO vh;rK:cSyf:cl:

L.M rldof; 4.10.1938 eef.eif,uof,/ ugyf;ehsv;cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,pof:eh.
vh;cSyf:cl:vlif 3 tef-
1. tSrf,yD,yD,tSwf.Of M.B.B.S(Rgn)
2. wD,xD,tSrf, D.T.M(Liverpool)
3. st,vftSrf, L.M (Rol) bof./
rldof;eef.ayK:oK;pof:rK:wlnf:e[:wh:pof:auK;? teftgif,'hm,bK;bKeh. rD: 2 auK.ulnf:/

auK.ekdif;yAef cl:arKbKvlif qof;aeK,crf:(rldof;vAofrD:bl,wD;oAif:uavK:)/ auK.OgifyAef
cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,bof./ ohm:eef.qif,rD:cl:arKbKvlif Omif,bD;qldof:eef.
bof./
ohm:aO vkuf.rldif:uvK:eK;zlduf,cofrK: vkif:yK.nmef, vh;rK:pAwf:cl:arKbKwD;erf.qmif

urf:j>? Orf.chm.uGK,pAwf:cl:arKbKwD;omef;arK,(Aef;armf)rldof; 1938-40 eef./ vkuf.wD;
omef;arK,chm.rK:vK;OAof;? Okduf:vlifurf,zK,yguf; 2 yAefrK:sv; vkif:yK.nmef,ukdwf:umef
aOrK:bl,qgrf:yD;thm;ref: vkif:uBK,yl. wD;qcmef:OK,? rldof;uByef,cof udefrldif:eef.
ref:rK:pAwf:cl:arKbKwD;OD,ayK.? zldof,xkdifrK: 19.2.1945 uByef,cofwdvkif:yK.nmef,?
uByef,cofOkrf:Okduf:sv; vh;Okwf:yhm;? tofwif:vkif:yK.nmef,uGK,? xkdifwD;erf.vef;
wlif,oAif:OD,ayK.eef. vkif:yK.nmef,tguf,yhm;sv;vh;vgwf;uGK,e[:rkdof:uByef,cof?ckdef:
rK:ql:yD;thm;ref: wD;vghrkif:uRuf.ar:? uByef,Okwf.bof. sc,cofcof;rK:rldif:wh:ygwf:
Mif, Orf.rK:wdtofcl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,xSif;/ rldof;wdeef.vkif:yK.nmef,rD:
wD;qlifNdof:(wlif,oAif:OD,ayK.) tofuGK,omef;arK, vkuf.wD;eef; tgefref:uGK,rldif:
uvu wK:(Calcutta)? zldof,xkdifeef.ygh,ref:aOyefwef:pAif:ckefOkduf:vlif-Captain
aOtofpAwf:arKbK'hm,Okduf:? rK:zSofbef,ukif,? vkuf.wD;bef,ukif,qif,zSofrK:wgif,uBD:
bof./ rK:yAefarKbKvlifref;ukdrf: yhm:bl,vDe[:aq;wgef<(tNrJwrf;c&kdifusef;rma&;
q&m0efBuD;)rldof; 1.8.1952? ckdef;yAefckefvlifMif;umef'hm,bl,vD(usef;rma&;Xme t
&m&SdcsKyf)rldof; 1.11.1955/
zldof,xkdifrK: 24.8.1962 eef.Orf.vh;xkuf,vlifygifqkdif;yhm:zkdef.(awK,vmef,ab:t

qldof:bK.)cofwdO[,cguf;tdef:qAif, awK,xkdif 1968/ vkif:yK.nmef,pof:eh.qlof;ref:
56
yAefulef:rK:eef.bmrf;wluf:cguf;Omrfyguf;/ yguf;j> uByef,wdO[,? yguf;Ogifsc,wdO[,? yguf;

Ogifsc,wdO[,? yguf;Omrf ref:wdO[,rD:eif,ehbof./
rldof;pAwf:cl:arKbKvlif uK;wD;wgif,uBD:eef. vkif:yK.nmef,eh. ugyf;ref:pAwf:umefvDeK,

sv; rldof;yD< 1957 eef. qgrfqkdif;vlif rldif:zgrf.Nrf;qif,yefqkdof;vDvliftefMif.
oK;-]]¨D,IdyBmef,cBD,}}eef.bof./ vduf;tefyefqkdof; ¨D,IdyBmef,cBD, pif:ref:eef.rD:

eif,ehbof./
orwtdrfawmf
pmtrSwf 3ô?t? 57
&efukefNrdKU/
1318 ckESpf? jymokdvjynfhausmf(6)&uf/
(1957 ckESpf? ZEé0g&Dv 21&uf/)
vlBuD;rif;cifAsm;?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\e0rESpfywfvnfvGwfvyfa&;aeYwGif vl-
BuD; rif;tm; EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u oD&dysHcsDbGJY tyfESif;aMumif;udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm t
aMumif;Mum;tyfygonf/
ygpdef^21-1-57
(ygpdef)
EkdifiHawmforwBuD;\twGif;0ef/
oD&dysHcsD a'gufwmbÓPf?
usef;rma&;Xme t&m&SdcsKyf?
oQrf;jynfe,ftpkd;&?
awmifBuD;NrdKU?
eif,pkdofawvh;qkdof;vD ¨D,IdyBmef,cBD,eh.? trf,ihm;ihm;? ayK:erf.uwf.wmif:cefvgif;umef

imeftrf,vD? z[auK;trf,bkrf,brfqkdif trf,vK;vDvh;vK:vK:bof.? ugyf;oK;ulef:yAef
tefvh;vkrf:vK:eef. cgyf;q[ul;auK.sv; qif,vh;qkdof;vDeh.bof./ e[:uK;cl:arKbK
eif, ueful;auK.trf,qmif;vh;qkdof;vDeh.? ugyf;oK;vh;idef: vkif:yK.nmef,pof:vh;qkdof;eh.
sv; yldef;auK;yAeftefqlrf:? rkuf.qkrf:cl:arKbK rldif:zgrf.Nrf;auK; yAeftefqlrf:
sw.sw.? z[trf,z[auK; wSrf;vduf;cgyf;q[rK: rldefeif,rD:eh.bof./
57
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfq&m0efrsm;toif;
Burma Medical Association,
No.249, Stockade Road, Rangoon.
Dated 5-1-1957
To,
Dr.Ba Nyan, M.B.B.S., T.P.C.,
Chief Health Officer,

Taunggyi, S.S.S.
Dear Sir,
The President and members of the Burma Medical Association are very happy
to hear that you have been awarded the high distinction title of Thiripyanchi by the H.E.
The PRESIDENT of the Union of Burma on this auspicious day of Independence. We
all join to send hearty Congratulations to you.
Yours faithfully,
Hon: Secretary General,
Burma Medical Association.
vduf;zkdefeh.yAefvduf;cgyf;q[ tefrkuf.qkrf:arKbKcof wD;bef,ukif,Olif,rK:/ ugyf;yldof;

oK;vh;idef:cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,xkuf,bkuf.bgif;qkdof; ¨D,IdyBmef,cBD,sv; yAef
tef qlrf:Oldof:sw.sw./ ulef:cofrkuf.qkrf: tgefuefqgefqlrf:sw.sw.? oK;ehrK:
bof./
No. Regent 310.
Office of the Director of
School for Public Health Assistants,
Burma
No.2, Halpin Road.
No.1
Dated Rangoon, the...........195......
Dear Dr.Ba Nyan,
I hasten to congratulate you of the high honour of Thiripyanchi conferred on
you on the Independence Day by the President of the Union of Burma. May you live
long to enjoy that honour is my earnest prayer.
With compliments of the season.
Yours sincerely,
(Ba Than Chain)
T.P.C.,K.S.M., B.A., M.B., Ch.B.(Edin)
Director of Health Assisants's Training School,
Burma, Rangoon.
58
Dr.Ba Nyan, M.B., D.P.H., T.P.C.,

Deputy Director of Public Health,
Shan State.
vduf;zkdefeh.yAefvduf; tefugef:Nif:pAef:vlif Nif:pAef:zkduf:urf.ugef:yhm:bl,vD(vuf

axmufusef;rma&;rSL; oifwef;ausmif;)eef.yefrK:/ ugyf;oK;vh;idef: vkif:yK.nmef,
xkuf,bkuf.bgif;qkdof;vD ¨D,IdyBmefcBD,sv;yAeftefcgyf;q[ qlrf:Oldof:aO rkif;rgif:P;vh;

bl,qlof;bkdef:ymefbmof: oK;ehrK:/
vldofaOeh.trf,uK: vgif;vlvgif;wlnf: ulef:yAef vgif;bKulef:yAefqldof:eh. vkif:yK.

nmef,trf,cmef.aOyguf;/ ayK:oK;vgif;umefimef:qkdif trf,oh.eK;vAuf.? trf,oh.eK;b[,?
trf,rD:ySuf.yldif;? q[tD:vlauK;erf? q[c[;qgh;yldef;auK;b[,uGmif;? rldof;sc,zlduf,cofcof;rK:uof:
e[:rldif:wh:eef. vkuf;Okduf:e[:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;eh. vh;wkduf:coftguf,? ymefeef.cl:arKbK
vlif auK.j>vkif:yK.nmef, qgh;xSrfvkuf;Okduf: rldif:zgrf.Nrf;pof:sw.sw./ ugyf;ref:qgh;xSrf
sv; zgef:ymif;ref:b[,uGmif;sw.sw. tefoK;eef. 'hm,wyf.Okduf: rD:vduf;rK:rldefeh.
bof./
Government of the Union of Burma

D.O. No................. War Offiece
Rangoon.
Dated the 10th February 1950.
Lt.General Ne Win, the Supreme Commander, Armed Forces, desires me, to
convey to Dr.U Ba Nyan, his appreciation of the invaluable services rendered to the
troops during the recent operations in the Shan State.
Mg Maung Gyi
Colonel,
Director of Medical Services.
ugyf;yldof;oK; vkif:yK.nmef, qgh;xSrfyef rldof;wyf.pof:rK:wkduf:Okduf: e[:rldif:wh:eef.sv;

yAeftefcgyf;q[bof. oK;ehrK:/
bKulef:yAef wlnf:ulef:yAefulnf:aOtrf,uK: eif,pkdofulef:rldif:wh:pof:wif:OAif; aw

vh;bl,vDudefomefeef. ref:qof;tofykef;zgef: wK,vlwlnf:rK:? rldif:wh:pof:eh.rldof;
eef.ulef:yAefemofbkif:emofeluf.aOwhmeh.erfsw.sw./ emofbkif:(emofeluf.)tef
59
oK;eef. yAefemofOef,/ ugyf;ydlof;oK; rD:xldef,rD:yK,rh.sv; bkif:tefyefwmif:yAef

emofbkif:eh.erfsw.sw./ eif,pkdofbkif:tefrD:wmif:yAefemofbkif:eef. Orf.ayK:phm
vhmuGK,e[:rldif:pof:eh. ref:qif,tofykef;zgef: yhm:wkduf:wmif:yAefemofbkif:rK:/ tofbK;
bKOdwf:P;bkif:whm? P;bkif:phme[:rldif:wh:ul;wD;ul;wD;bof./ umeftefref:pAwf:uGK,eef.
yAeftefxkdifwD;sw.sw./ e[:wh:pof: tefvh;whmqgrf:wmif:yAefemofbkif:auK; at,
rK:wduf:wduf:bof./
vgif;vlnf; wkduf:awK:wif:yAefemofbkif: sv; P;ulef:rldif:wh: bl,vDudefomefeef.

vkif:yK.nmef,pof: tofO[,q[O[,acK:aOpAwf:rK:yef/ vgif;vlnf;umefqldof:eh. yldef;
auK;yAeftefbkrf,brfref:sw.sw./ q[tdifcdif:ykdif;ref:sw.sw./ vgif;vlnf;ref:
pAwf:umefcSrf.eh. ulef:rldif:wh:ulnf: N.trf,qkdof;? urf,zK,auK;N.bof.? qkrf:rldif:vkrf;zK.
(ukvor*¾)auK;awK;N.quf:qkdof;vkif:yK.nmef,pof:bl,bof./ ymifukrfugifvgif;bl,vDudef
omef ulef:rldif:tefyldef;pAwf:wD;rldif:tar,IduK.auK; ref:vh;uGK,ckdef;yK:? ckdef;vmwf;
ckdef;ygifbl,bof./ tefxSrfbkdef;Omuf;aO, tefref:qof;vh;uGK,ckdef; ymifukrfugifqkrf:
rldif:vkrf;'K.eef. vh;pefrldefehbof./
World Health Assemblee Mondiale

Assembly De La Sante'
Delegation
of Burma
M.Dr.Ba Nyan
Date 26th May 1958 No. 15.

Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A., 1958
vduf;eh.seoh.oK; cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,rK:ckdef;ymifukrfugif qkrf:rldif:vkrf;'K.tef

pAwf:wD;rldif:tar,IduK. eef.bof./
60
cl:arKbKsv;q[cl:arKbK
vkif:yK.nmef,eef. 'hm,bKulef:uwf.yAefsw.sw.? pAwf:Oifsv;oK;uwf.qrf.-ref:
qof;eh. vgif;vhm:bKzhm,wh:auK;arK? vgif;vhm:bKurf,zK,auK;arK/ ayK:oK;ref:wlnf:ulef:
yAefbof.? xkuf,vDtofbKwh:bKauK; tofbKwh:bK? xkuf,vDtofvhm:urf,zK,bKauK; tof
vhm:urf,zK,sv; ulef:tefrD:wmif:yAefqldof:eef. cSef:uGK,urf:vAof/ ayK:rK:ql:ref:

qkdif eif,pkdofP;ayK:N.ildef:iof;wmif:yAefeef. ref:xwf:pKsw.sw./ q[auK;bmof:?
OAifauK;omef? idefOAifref:pefeK;ref:qof;ulnf: q[ulef:yAefeh.ayK:vDrK:? wmif:
yAefulef:yAefehauK; ayK:c[;cSef:rK:urf:vAofbof./ ayK:oK;N.ildef;iof;wmif:yAefbof.
ref: qif,bKyef? ayK:ref:bKyefauK; cSef:rK:urf:vAofbof./ zmefzmefrD:rD:trf,oh.
eK;vAuf.eK:b[,Oif? z[aOtrf,oK;ayK:rD:wmif:yAefqkdif rK:ql:ref:? auK;ref:qof;wuf:
bKyefurf:vAof/ omef;eguf;eK:ymif, ayK:oK;rK:ymif:? rK:Mif.? rK:vmwf;ref:qof; ref:
qof;uGK,qgrf:bKyefwK,aO,? rifyguf;vh;yhvdefcmof:wmif:j>oef:Ogefoef: qif,awzSof
wD;ulef:yAefrD:eef.bof.? rmifyguf;Orf.ayK:vkdrf:udefcof;auK;rD: sv; vgif;q[zlduf,qkdef;
cmofO[aq,weK,ref:qof;eh. trf,rD:wD;vmwf;bof.? wArfxlef;vDsv;ulef:rldif:auK;
ref:sw.sw./
rldof;yD< 1955 eef. uofcK;uGK,zSof,wD:Ndef:ref:yguf;j>? uK;wD;wgif,uBD:? e[:omif:Ndef:

ref: eef. ulef:ekif;clof:cgef,clof:vrfwArfoh.? rD:aO 200-300 sv; yK:ugifyK:rgif:
ph,ph, uK;uK;bl,e[:omif:Ndef:ref:? uofcK;qif,xmrf]]pAwf:Oif ulef:ay.erf`}}eh ref:
qof;ckdef:oK; ]]bK,ayxmrfuof? xmrfwlnf:cdif:cAef:Nofcof tefrD:bl,su;ulef:ph,ugifph,
rgif:qldof:eef.sv;}}cK;auK;uGK,xmrfwlnf: vkif:cAef:Nofzlduf,eef.-
]]pof:rK:uef,awK: cl:arKbKvlifpof: qlof;ref:rK:eh. ulef:pof:bl,vDudefomef ugyf;ref:

urf;erf/ ulef:yAefpof:auK; ref:rK:bKxkdifNdef:xkdifab:bK,aO,? rldof;omef;pof:tguf,
rmuf,yAefwgif.eef. Oiftrf,rD:ref:qof;yK:q[yK:acK:bKyefqkdif? pof:qldof:eh.zSofyK,
pAof;yK,qK.rlwf:bof./ pof:vh;yAefwlofbl,eh. ugyf;yldof;ref:bof.? ref:eh.zgef:ymif;b[,
sw.sw./ yAefayK;ykdif;vlifpof:bof./ pof:trf,vkdrf:vh; ugyf;ehsv; pof:rK:uef,awK:
ref:}} ref;qof;wgyf;eif,eh/ ugyf;vkif:yK.nmef,rD:q[zlduf,qdkef;cmofO[,aq,weK,vD
eldofulef:rldif:sv;wh:cofauK; puf.ref:sw.sw./ ytlof.cof? wel.cof? wh:egifcofauK;
yAeftefpuf.ySif:ref:sw.sw.bof./
61
ayK:oK;cSef:bof. qkrf:qldof:tefNdef:uheef. ref:tofuK:ref:Olif,xkdifNdef:? qldof:

teftrf,rD:uK;q[.qhm,yguf;rldof:eef.auK; ref:qof;tofikdef:e[:xlife[:xgif:yefrldof:/
ayK:oK;ulef:yAefcSef:bof.? qrfawckdef:rldof:Ndef: ref:qof;oh.q[b[,q[bmof:aOOif,
Ogef? eif,pkdofawtrf,yAefaIK:uK,wmif:yAefeef. xkuf,vDbl,qldif.pkdof` udefqldif.pkdof
eef.bof./ tefref:qof;uh.oK;eef.]]bKrldof;yh,yAefeef. wgef;aObKrldof;yAef}}eh
bof.? ]]ulef:j>auK.eif,pkdofawtrf,qyf:wmif:yAefihm;eef. awvh;arKbl, arKudefsw.

sw.}} ref:qof;oK;ehbof./ tefvrf,vgif;eef. vlof,arKudefarKcD;? arKtmyf,erf.
vDvDbof.? ref:qof;oK;- ]]bK,ayudefugefbK,ayudefpdwf.vlifuGK, Orf.vlof,arKcD;?
ekdif; oef:eh.ulef:j>auK. wD;au,ref:awvh;cD;j>yguf;/ awvh;tmyf,erf.j>yguf;}}ehbof./
vgif;tefref:qof;vmwf;Oif,oh.eh. vlof,tgefuefpAwf:qgrf:sw.sw./ Orf.vlof,arK

bl,uSwf;uSwf;vSwf;vSwf;auK; ref:qof;oK;oh./ vgif;ekif;wmif:ohpof:bK,ayolnf,? ekif;
clof:bguf:auK;trf,yAefOif? bK,ayP;ref:uldof,? bK,ayP;ref:ch:? bK,ayP;ref:rAef
wK.? ayK:rD:thmwl,thmrAef thmch:thmNdof,qkdif rSif:wmif:yAefaIK:uK,awrK:wgrfpof:? ref:
qof; vmwf;eif,ehbof./ ]]qif,oK;ayK:c[;qlof;clyf,tOmuf;bkdef:bmof:qkdif? vlof,arKbl,?
arKudef? arKekif;? arKuGK,arKyh? arKcD;}}uh.Oif,qldof.ehbof./
vduf;wh:sv;cl:arKbKvlifpof:
vkif:yK.nmef,eh. vgif;'hm,bKulef:yK:q[yK:acK:trf,q[; vgif;vlnf;vduf;vhm:yhmurfwh:
auK; yeftAefyefpSif:sw.sw.? wlofref:qof;ehauK; vgif;vduf;wh:eh.N.pefsw.
sw./ tmef,auK;tmef,? wSrf;auK;wSrf;? ydef,tofvduf;rmef;pAwf:vduf;wh:auK;arK/
ydef,tof uGmrf:rmef;pAwf:uGmrf:wh:auK;yAef/ sr:tofvduf;uvK:eK;zlduf,pAwf:vduf;wh:uGmrf:
wh:auK;vlif. vSef,? trf,rD:wD;vmwf;bof./ ayK:rD:bmrf:wef: rldof;v[auK;pAwf:auK.
vduf;wh:bl,wK,aO/ Oguf;pKvduf;wh:uof, vduf;wh:rgefbl,cldof:cldof:b[:b[:/ q[OlifuAyf:
wgrfuAyf:MrfuAyf:sr:vduf;wh:auK;b[,uGmif;sw.sw./
]]pof:trf,xkuf,vDvdkrf:vduf;pof:ckdef:? vduf;eh.yAefOhmq[qldof.cldof:}}ref:qof;Oif,vmwf;
wD;uofcK; qldif.ehyguf;j>/
62
]]zuf:wmif,rAof: omefaOwK.auK; trf,vkdrf:xlof,eof;vh; vduf;wmif,rAof:eh. vlwlnf:

qldif.pkdofauK;bK,vK; wmif:omefwmif:qArf:ref: trf,rldefvlvduf;wh:}}ref:qof;rguf,se
uofcK;vldif.ehyguf;j>/
'hm,umrf: uGmrf:vlrf;(qmyf;vif,uK,)wh:auK; trf,rD:wD;vmwf;/ wArfxlef;ckduf.wgef:sw.

sw./ P;ayK:ckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymefeef.auK; arKumrf:sw.sw.? oguf:ymefr[,vgif;wh: tef

cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef, wSrf;uGK,eef. ayK:awvh;xluf:seqkdif rldefeif,rD:yK;w[;
qldof:eh.bof./-
]]wh:}}
1. Omrfymuf, pAifekdif;? uGmrf:se cldof:rmof:?

ckdef;wkdif; Odyf:uof;? rldif:vmof: rldif:qmif?
Mwf;wof; vldeftAwf:? rldif:pmif rldif:ehm:?
r[,qAwf: oef:Nif? rldif:yhm: uAif:OSef?
oef:vlif oef:pmif:? qyf:vSef rldif:rSif:?
ugrf:umef: egrf:xgif? rldif:pSif: rldif:ugif?
Odyf:Ogif emif:vof:? Odyf:Ogif yef:eK:?
cK;pof: bgef:arK? rldif:rK: oAif:Oldof?
uGmrf:axK ykdef:rldif:? rldif:eldof rldif:bmif:?
uGmrf:yldif: uGmrf:vuf:? rldif:emif: rldif:bgif:?
uGmrf:quf: uGmrf:sz? uAif:wgif: uAif:bkif:?
ulef:tkif: Olef;Odef:Omef? cldof:wkdef: Olef:Okduf:?
cldof:pof: rldof:Oof: wD;rldif:bmef? vlif:wkduf:vh;cdkef;yef?
pAwf:rldif: yldif:Ndif: ul;oef:ymef? auK.qhm: rldif:yhm:rldof;oef:eef?
wh:rldof;ugef,ugef,/ qkrf:qldof: puf.cldof: zgrf.yAif:uef?
wh: yl,rgef,rgef,/
2. rldof;ugef, bif:rD: yl:urf,? 3. ohm:aO yl,rgef, vkdrf:rldif:?

rldif:Orf; oAif:cSrf;? oef:Ndif: wh:ogwf;?
tldrf;uSrf; pdrf:uAof? yAefrgwf; aq:qlif,?
63
apKyAof cSuf:vhm:? ulefNif, wAif,tkyf.?

rldif:yhm: rldof:bdyf:? rldof:ckyf. Nofwmif:?
OmrfOdyf: yD<yhm? w[;vmif: pdrf:wdef?
yldef;chm yldef;yof:? rkefrdef ]]rkuf.Olof:}}?
yldef;uof: tD:wluf:? rmifwh: yK:clof: OSifvD?
yhm;rluf: rldif:ay,? rmifqK. ulofcD yK:crf:?

OaI, wluf:bgrf:? sz:brf: wkdof.eK;?
ulef:qgrf: ch:Oldof? Omuf;xK: ql:ckef?
thmvldof q[qAyf:? elrf:qkef bdif:pof:?
rldefeif, cArfeAyf: Nofq[? rlef;vof: cDiof?
tuf:q[ z[ref:? ugyf;tef tl;tof rldof:eAyf:?
qkuf:qef: vkdrf:umef? cK;uAyf: bdyf;cSyf:?
idef:zmef tguf:eguf:? eif;rSyf: pdrf:qgif:?
ulnf:uK; e[:tguf: rldif:wh:? rldof;zgif: ckefemif:?
Ndof,ch: qldof.cdlof:? egef:cmif: qdwf:uef?
ulef:imef Orf:rSof:? vh;rldof: oD:yef pdef.bkif:?
ouf.vSof: yhmrlof? wh:tkif: wh:imef?
yef:elof oef:ckdef:? wh:pmef wh:pof:?
wh:uof: wh:Olef:? ydlef;ikrf: yldef;rluf:?
wh:clef: bhm;ayK:rldof? yldef;qluf: urf;ref:yAef?
wh:ay. wh:sw. ylef.Okwf:vldof? yldef;oK; cldof:cK; thm;cSyf:rAef?
yldef;iSef:whmvSef: trf,pwf:tldof? wh:rldif: apKNdif: ay.idef:cAef?
q[ c[;Ogef,Ogef,/ cldof: qrfbgef,bgef,/
4. q[wh: trf,Ogef, wluf:wgyf;? 5. ugyf;eh bgef,auK; bgef,bof.?

yAefugyf; Olpof:? vghOgrf, wD;wh:Oof:tldnf:?
clef:cof: rldof:qdrf? ref:yAef ugyf;pof: oAif:eldof?
rldof:pdrf pAwf:'K.? rldif:vldof rldif:qmef:?
qof;eK. apKrh.? ugyf;tef wmif.bmef: qgrf:ugh?
qof;eh. apKcK:? qgrf:Ogh vghidkef:?
thm;pK: apKzldif:? rldif:vldef: vmrf:cK?
64
yAefrldif: vAuf.vguf.? egifzK eK:oD:?

e[:qguf. e[:qAif,? rldefeif, rldif:wD: qgrf:pdrf?
trf,cAif, pwf:z[? wefqdrf rldif:rK:?
zl;v[ rk:eguf:? cmof:eh. pof:pK: eif,uef?
ulrf;uguf: wif:Nof? vD;vh; tof'ef tofiof:?
idef:ulof idef:zmef? yldef;uof: cldof:Oldof?

yK:omef rlofrguf,? yldef;xldof pAwf:bgif:?
wof.Oguf, umef:ql:? vDwgif:? wmif:vhm?
uAyf:rl: uAyf:sy:? ugyf;pof: zK.zhm e[:ySrf:?
eldofst: eldofthm;? wluf:eSrf: qAyf:q[?
vhm:ihm; Ouf:rldof:? tofpAwf: rldif:z[ ulef:ref:?
vlnfcldof: vldwf;pof:? Nofuef: pmrf:phm?
bdif:vof: egwf:O[? cldof:whm cldof:Olif:?
urf;q[ yldef;vkrf:? e[:clif: rldif:umif?
idef:zmef emef:ohm:?
thm;vhm: eldof.ayK:egef?
uvK: Orf.rK: xlnf;iK:Ogef?
thm;yguf: rK:cguf: Orf.yK:wgef?
ukdwf:zof,zgef,zgef,/
***************************
oguf:]]wh:}}wgef;eh.eh. cl:arKbKvlif vkif:yK.nmef,pof: wSrf;O[,e[:zkdefvduf;wh:ekrf,

rhm(4)tefykdefsz;tguf,rldof; 1957-58 eef.bof./ ayK:ckdef:wlnf:e[:yyf.eh. eK;
vduf;49 qkdif awvh;pefoguf: ]]wh:}}eh.bl,/ zkdefvduf;wh:ekrf,eh. vkuf;pAef:qef.
qgrfcof ykdeftguf,awK,xkdifrhm(4) ohm:eef.trf,vh;ykdeftguf,xSif;bof./
ayK:awckdef:tmef,wlnf:oguf: ]]wh:}} Nofeh.vDvDqkdif vgif;wh:pof:ul;yguf;bmrf;uBK.rK:

cSef, rK:aOwK.? ugyf;uofoK;qD, bD;oK;zof trf,zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uefsv; vh;wluf:
egrf:w[;yldef;rK: qof;'K.cofauK; sw,wif;apKzldif: apKcK:aOsc.cSif,uef? wSuf,bhm;
uef? uoftrf,xkuf,r[: r[:trf,xkuf,uof? uofuof:r[: r[:uof:uof? ayK:xkdifwD;pof:eif,uef
Orf.c[;ay.udefuef? ayK:xkdifwD;yldef; Orf.ulofcD;ayK:Nwf:? tgefuefumef:ql:pAwf:cK;/
65
ugyf;cofsv;wh:pof:eh. cK;uvK:auK;yAefrK:? cK;uByef,auK:yAefrK:? oK;oh.qldif.ehbof./
ref:qof;pAwf:Oifsv; vh;wSrf;uGK,oguf:eh.`? ayK:ch;q[wlnf: vkduf.vdkuf.sw.ref:qof;

c[;P;wh:pof: N.wlofckdef:? ayK:pof:N.wlofckdef:bof.auK: pof:trf,xkuf,vDildof;bl, rldef
rldof;ugef,? xkuf,vDcwf:q[ P;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif/ tefref:qof; c[;oK;sw.rD:rldefeh? wh:
pof:ul;auK.xkuf,vDvltmef,wlnf:? ch;wlnf:? qdrf:wlnf:? bSrf.wlnf:oguf:tgef,Nofeh.?

ref:wSrf;oh. ykef;wK,z[trf,qkdof;? ref:wSrf;oh.yefykef;wK,wh:? qlof;yh,whmeh. tgef
uefvltmef,wlnf:oguf:tgef, tefref:qof;wSrf;oh.eef.wK./
vkif:yK.nmef,pof:eh. vgif;vlnf;oguf: wh: ulnf:trf,qkdof;? vduf;wmif,rAof:auK;wSrf;?

vgif;ykdef:wh:auK;wSrf;? vduf;wh:auK;wSrf;vh;vD? vduf;uvK:eK;zlduf,auK; wSrf;vh;vD/
tofvduf;uvK:aO ref:qof;wSrf;O[,e[:zkdefvduf;wh:ekrf,rhm(3) vgif;rldif:oK.]]La Wa
State}} ykdefsz;tguf, rldof;yD< 1956-57 eef.awK,xkdifbmrf:vAofbif:vDvlvDtmef,
bl,/
vduf;wh:OAifwSwf; sv; vkif:yK.nmef,

vduf;wh:eh. vkif:yK.nmef, puf.OKxdif:Odrf:yefpSif:wlnf:vlsw.sw.? eif,pkdofaw
sz;wldef:auK;ref:qof;cwf:q[sw.sw.? ulnf:uK;ref:rK:ch;q[wlnf:? vduf;wh:eh.rD:rK:
yD<rldif:ref:pkdifOD,pAifbof.ehaOwK.auK; pAwf:Oifwh:ul;auK. wh:ul;wD;trf,arKvl? trf,
arKwSrf;? ugyf;Oif`? ugyf;qof;'K.coftrf,yefpSif:pK.`? bgef.ydlof;qof;'K.cof trf,yef
pSif:auK; qkdof;bl,eif,uof, qof;'K.wh:eh. xmif,vAuf.sv; trf,yefpSif:vduf;wh:? ayK:
yldef;arKvduf;auK;ulof,ay.ykef;cofsv; cofwkdef:trf,yefpSif:vduf;wh: wK,P;ckdef;b[,r[,
OkifrK:vK:vK:? wlofcofauK;trf,arKyldef;arKauK; trf,xkuf,q[cof? ugyf;ehsv; vduf;wh:
trf,ckdef;b[,r[,Okif/
vldofaOeef. vduf;wh:ymefuof,eef. vduf;j>wloftguf, 5 awK, 15 OAif/ wlofv[OAif

eef. OAifv[acK;eef.? acK;v[wD:ygif,eef. trf,yAefrK:sv; bK,ayoK;ulef:wmif,
cldof:vK;? wlofwh:bif:yAeftefbmyf,q[oh.sv;? z[auK;cmef.pAef:? z[auK;trf,c[;pAef:?
q[tefc[;wkif:pyf.wmif:bmyf,aOpAef:vduf;pof:eef. vAuf.au,at,rmifuGK,wduf:wduf:aO
q[tefc[;pAef:vduf;yldef;eef. b[,uGmif;OkifrK:wduf:wduf:bof./
66
ugyf;ehsv; vduf;wh:ymefuof,pof:eh. xkuf,vDvh;sr:qdrf? sr:xSrf P;ref:wArfxlef;

ckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymef ihm;iSrf;rK:aOrldof;uof,bl,? zl;vlif.ygif,wh:cof qof;rkefwh:cof? zl;
arKvduf;wh:pof:cof urf;erfauK;rD:q[qldif.eheif,uof,/ acK:OAifvduf;wh:tefyh,wSwf;
eSwf;vDauK;P;ayK:wSwf;eSwf;rK:? tefyh,rD:auK;P;ayK:rD:rK:? tefyh,wArfxlef;auK;
P; ayK:wArfxlef;rK:eef. qif,tgefuefrD:q[ zlduf,qkdef;cmofO[ aq,weK,ykef;wK,
rldof:eK;aO sr:ukrf:vduf;wh:ymefuof, tefOAifyh,wSwf;eef. P;yAefrK:vduf;wh:ymef

r[, OAifwSwf;bl,bof./ ayK:awvh;se vduf;wh:ymefuof, OAifyh,wSwf;eef. vlbmyf,
wlnf:bmyf,qldif.pkdofayK:oK;ehqkdif-
]]cdif:pdifeKvdif rD:cdifpdifcdifcdif? ydefcdifcdifpdif? cdifcdif cdif:pdif ydif:eKcdif? cdifrD:ekdof

cdif? cdifrD:ekdofcdif? cdifpdif cdif:pdif pdifeK cdifeK? qifoKqif? qifoK cdifcdifcdifcdif
cdifpdif? cdifpdif cdifcdifcdif? cdifcdifpdifeh. pdifpdifcdifcdif}}eh.bof./
vduf;wgef;eldofeh.ayK:awtofvduf;wh:ymefuof, OAiftrf,wSwf;eef. wSrf;oh.rldefeif,

ehqkdif q[.zl;arKvduf;wh:ymef,uof,auK.j>vlwlnf:auK;? eif,pkdofawvltmef,vh;P;ayK:N.
wD;ygif,ref:eef. awvh;tofbmrf:aO cwf:q[cwf:acK:vlwlnf:sw.sw. qif,aw
vh;? Oifqldof.oK;-vduf;pof:eh. rD:rhmOAifacK;uGmrf:wSwf;eSwf;qkdif vlwlnf:qldif.pkdofauK;
N.ref:awtguf,OAifeef./ acK;v[acK;eef.awyAeftefihm;iSrf: ykef;wK,wh:pof:
ulnf: trf,uK: ykef;wK,yD;egif.teftrf,qkdof;wh:eef.auK; awyAeftefihm;bl,/ ayK:
awO[, rhmOAifP;wSwf;wSwf; rldefeif,vduf;wh:ymefr[,eef.qkdif? wgef;vduf;wmif:eldof
tef serK:eef. awvh;wSrf; vh;vlvh;wlnf: eif,ehbof./
]]cdif:pAifeK,vdif, rD:cdifpSif;cdifcSif? yAefcdifcdif,pSif;? cAif,cdif cdif:pAif yAif:eK;cSif;? cdif

rD:eldofcAif? cAifrD:eldofcAif,? cdifpSif; cdif:pAif pSif;eK, cSifeK,? qmifoK;qmif? qif,oK;cdif
cSif cdifcdif,pSif;? cdif,pSif; cdif,cdifcSif? cdifcdif,pSif;eh. pSif;pSif;cSifcSif}} ehbof./
ayK:oK;rD:rhmOAif rhmacK;aO wSrf;wSuf,wSuf,vSif:vSif:qkdif? vduf;wh:acK;uGmrf:pof: acK;v[

OAifeef.? OAifv[wD;ygif,eef.? qkdef;qkdef; wSuf,wSuf,vSif:vSif:tguf,rK:vh;bl,? auK.
wSrf;c[;oK;OifauK; auK.vlwlnf:auK; eif,tefwSrf;oh.eef. vlwlnf:vh;vlif.vlif.vSif:
vSif:aOtrf,uK: wD;ygif,acK;uGmrf: acK:vduf;auK; yAeftefygif,q[vDsw.sw.? vgif;
tefawySuf,yldif;wD;ygif,ref: trf,rD:sv;qlnf.auK; trf,vlof,qlnf.? vgif;wK,ySuf,yldif;
67
umifq[uefauK; trf,qmif;yAef/ wK,awxldrfzdwf:uefauK; trf,qmif;rD:sv; awyAef

tefwluf:xkuf,uGK,sw.sw.bof./
uGmrf:yldef; ydef,pAwf:uGmrf:pof:? vduf;yldef;ydef,pAwf:vduf;pof:auK;yAef wmif:N.vgif;xlyf:

wmif:pefyldef;auK; pof:vh;N./ vgif;yldef;auK; pof:vh;N.? vgif;pof:auK;yldef;awvh;N.
bl,bof. ayK:yAefeefrK:sw. wh:sv;urf,zK,? urf,zK,sv;wh:eh. awN.quf:uef

rK:sw.sw.bof.? urf,zK,bkdif;auK;pof:ckdef;? ayK:pof:ckdef;auK; urf,zK,awbkdif;? aw
yAefrK:qldof.eefbof.? ugyf;yldof;oK;pefxkdifzgef:vD ykef;wK,wh:rldof:eK;sv; vkif:yK.
nmef,qif,qgh;xSrfrkefqof;wh:pof:? zl;vlif.ygif,wh:pof:? sr:ukrf:vduf;wh:OAifyh,wSwf;P;
yAefrK: vduf;wh:OAifwSwf;bl,bof./
vkif:yK.nmef, sv; vgif;vhm:wh:

vkif:yK.nmef,eh. yefpSif:'hm,vduf;ulnf:trf,uK:? 'hm,vhm:qldif:vhm:cSef.auK;yefpSif:sw.
sw.? wlofref:auK; qArfvhm:cSef.? vhm:rkdof:? vhm:vSof: uwf.cSef,sw.? tefref:uwf.
eSef,eef. yAefvhm:cSef./ vgif;vhm:eh.arKOrf.ayK:Okwf:wD;ref:? vhm:uK;auK;ref:
vh;? vhm:wSef:auK;ref:arKbof./ ayK:yAefvkuf;tgef,qhm:wh:eh. xkuf,vDarKoh.ul;auK.
ref:qof;bkrf,brfqldif.eh? arKvhm:vD rD;wD;v[? qof;vhm:uwf.rD:wD;v[auK; ref:qof;
tSof,pKMif.ymif:aOpAef:tofwduf:wduf:bof./ arKauK;arKxlef;sw.bof./
]]vhm:wh:pof:eh. wK,sp.wlof scwlofulnf:trf,uK:? ykef;wK,yhm:bl,vDudefomefauK;wluf:

xkuf,sw.sw.? ayK:oK;arKvhm:qkdif qArfwlofqArfq[vSwf:OSof:rK:? tAefpSif:auK;uSef,cSif
rK:sw.sw.? qArfbdif:qArfqhm: xkuf,vDarKueful;auK.]]vkif:yK.nmef,pof:vmwf;oh. Oif,
oh.eif,eh qldof.eh/ ]]vhm:sv;wh: wh:sv;vhm:eef. ref:wkdef:trf,vDzmwf,uefvK:
vK:}} ref:oK;ehpof:uofcK;yguf;j>bof./ vhm:eh.ykef;wK,pSif:b[, qlof;clyf,tK,bkpof:bmof:
eef.? yl,rgefpof:oh.yef? pof:pK:ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:? xkuf,vDzgrf.uefpAef:tof P;arKoh.
vhm:ul;Orf,ul;yldifbl,bof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh.trf,arKOldif,trf,arKtrfoh. cldif;qmif;wmif:arK tefref:arKeef.

ykef;wK,ref:ulnf:? ref:arKOifN.OifauK; c[;szyef vkuf;ref:vmefref: qkrf:
qldof: cldof:wh:ref:/ eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,wh:pof: awarKvhm:eef. ref:aOK,Olef:P;
68
pAef:vhm:/
wlofref:qof;auK;Ogefyef/ eif,pkdofqArfbdif:qArfqhm:? awarKvhm:ihm;ihm;vh;eef. ref:

qif,rK:wrf:vguf:vhm:seqhm:bdif:cof vDvDimrf:imrf:aO OgefyefvDvDbof.? qArfvhm:
bkuf.wdefbkuf.rkdof:? zSwf:wdefzdwf:rkdof:? omif:wdef? befwdef? vhm:eAwf:? vhm:
xdyf,? vhm:eguf:? vhm:wgif;? vhm:wkdyf;? vhm:wSrf? vhm:wSef:? vhm:oSef? vhm:uRuf:? vhm:

eSwf:? vhm:ydef,? vhm:so;? vhm:ngyf:? vhm:urf? vhm:pmof.? vhm:wkdwf.? vhm:xdrf;? vhm:
uSwf,?vhm:sp.? vhm:xkyf.? vhm:ckyf.? vhm:rSyf:? vhm:tofwD;eAef? vhm:tofwD;whm? wD;wSef:
ref:qldof:eef. ref:wrf:vguf:vDvD? O[,yefrhmcyf.ref:aO Ogefyefvkuf;vmefcof?
rldof;umyf;yef,eef. zl;wSrf;eh.vh;pefrK:vDvDbof.? rldof;OgefauK; OgefauK.vAoftrf,
qkdof;? vkuf;tgef,bdif:qhm:ymuf,Ogifymuf,Ogefyefqkyf;vAofuef ugyf;ref:qof;cwf:q[yef
sv; bdif:qhm:tefbl,e[:OD,ayK.eef. arKvAef;vhm:rK:erfsw.sw./ vAef;vhm:eh.
vkuf;tgef,cofauK;auBK,? bl,auK;bl,vDrK:sw.sw. vgif;vlnf;vAef;vAef;vhm:eh. eif,
pkdofOrf.ayK:awauBK,rlef;pkef;q[eef. ref:qof;Orf.pAwf:yefuGmrf:tefvAef;qgrf:
vhm: rD:eif,ehbof./
pof:cK;rK:vAef;? rAof:vhm:qldif:? P;bl,vDuef/

ul;yD<e[crf;? crf;oef:vSif:? P;qkdef;yldif:?
ayK:zmwf,uefaO? yldef;awsO.? awyAeftefpmrf:/
puf.uefaO rK:qgrf,qmrf:? vAef;vhm:qldif:/
(Olqof;qgh;xSrfcK;pof: aOurf:/
P;wh:pof:vh;rldefyldef;/
ykef;wK,Olpof: vh;qkdef;vDimrf:/
Olqof;bK,yefyldef; rK:sO,uldrf;/
ayK:c[;Ndof;Ndif: rldif:wh:pof:? bl,qkdef;udefxmrf:/
ayK;zmwf,uefaO yldef;awsO.? tdifyldef; uldif:/
puf.uefaO? rK:qgrf,qmrf: vAef;vhm:qldif:)2
e[:uGmrf:eh.ref:qof;vmwf;oh.oK;-eif,pkdofawbl,vDuefeh. vDtgefuefvAef;vhm:qldif:
ul;qof.e[oef:crf;ehbof./ ayK:pof:tgefuefvAef;qldif:eefqif,pof:awpefOhmvSif:
qkdef;yldif:rK:bl,/
69
qkrf:qldof:pof:pK:eif,uefauK; bK,ayzmwf,ayszuef/ ayK:pof: zmwf,szuefqkdif

yldef;awsO.Ogrf:pof:aO pof:auK;awyAeftefpmrf:uGK, phmvhmuGK,bl,/ pof:pK:wif:OAif;
oh.q[rldefyD;egif.uefaO rK:qgrf.su;Nrf;Mrf:uef tgefuefvAef;vhm:qldif:pof:wK./
OlOlpof:pof: tgefuefqhg;xSrfuefwK./ ayK:pof:qgh;xSrfuef wh:pof:qif,awvh;rldef

yldef;bof./ ykef;wK,Olsv;pof:pK: awvDuGK,rldof:eK;eef. vD;qhg;uefbof.? trf,xkuf,

vDvh;P;yldef;rK:uof:rK:uldrf;pof:? eif,pkdofrldif:wh:pof: awvh;bl,vDudefvD Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[
tofOdeftofxrf:vh;uGK,rldof:eK;eef. vDzgrf.yAif:qgh;xSrfuef/
ayK:zmwf,uefqkdif yldef;awsO.Ogrf:pof:aOtrf,uK:? ugyf;pof:tdifykdif;yldef;sv; pof:

auK;awuldif: awvlrf.uGK,? puf.uefaOrK:qgrf.su;uefvAef;vhm:qldif:vK;? wh:coftldnf:/
wD;ygif,uGmrf:vhm:qldif: wD;uSyf;ref:rD:eif,ehbof./
]]rkuf.qkrf:vkuf;tgef, P;bl,vDiof;}}
sv; vkif:yK.nmef,
tefvDpuf. vkif:yK.nmef,eh.rD:rAof:j>? vgif;arKpuf.vkuf;tgef,sw.sw.eef.bof./
vmwf;cldof:vkuf;tgef, pAwf:auK.vkuf;tgef,? bkuf.bgif;vkuf;tgef,? yefpSif:vkuf;tgef,?
ykdwf,yefN.wKvkuf;tgef,? xlof:wmif:erf:Nofvkuf;tgef,? qldof:eh.yAefwmif:OlifoK,O
eK, vkif:yK.nmef,bof./
]]vkuf;tgef,rldof;eh. awyAefulef:vlifrldof:eK;? ulef:vlifrldof:eK; tgefNofrldof:eK;aw

vDtrf,vDeef. rD:e[:vkuf;tgef,rldof;eh.? rldif:wh:rldof:eK; rD;e[:rkdof:vkuf;tgef,rldof;eh.?
Ohmq[qldof.cldof:rldof:eK;rD:e[: wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;? wmif:N.wmif:pef? wmif:arK/ wmif:
ch;q[? wmif:vuf:wmif:vSrfvkuf;tgef,cofrldof;eh.bof./ ugyf;ehsv;eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,pof:
awvuf:vSrfaO? wmif:N.wmif:pef? wmif:arKvgif;vhm:ul;Orf,ul;yldif awwArfxlef;uGK,
eef. pof:ulef:vlifvlof,Oif,Ogefvmwf;qKsewmif: erf:NofcofuGK,tldof;}} ref:qof;
oK;ehwK,aO,? vmwf;qldof.ehwK,aO,/
]]ayK:ulef:vlifsv;vkuf;tgef, zmwf,uef? ayK:ulef:ekrf,sv;ulef:xof;zmwf,uefqkdif?
70
rldif:wh:rldof:eK;eh.? vyf:Odif,bof.}}ref:qof;uh.oK;ehpif:vkuf;vmefcof? ]]ugyf;ehsv;

vkuf;tgef,sv;ulef:vlifeh.tAefpSif:cof wmif:pAwf:cof awvh;zef;uAof;uefbl,wK,
aO awvh;tkyf,ukrfvmwf;qK Oif,Ogefsewmif:uefwK,aO,bof.? vkuf;tgef,trf,
tdifykdif;ulef:vlif? ulef:vlifOrf. trf,pyf.Mif:tofvkuf;tgef, ayK:oK;ehOhmq[omef;rldif:
eh. awtrf,pefwmif:uGK,ref:bof.? ulef:vlifeh.wlofxof;xmef,pkdofauK;bK, q[eh.
vlof, ekrf,bl,wK,aO,? wmif:N.wmif:pefeh. vlof,ekrf,bl,wK,aO,bof.? eif,pkdofaw

ekrf,rK:qldof.eefeef. ulnf:vlof,uh.pAwf:auK.ulef:ekrf,uh.vmwf;uh.tkyf,uh.vSuf;vhm;
wmif:N.wmif:pefwif:ulef:ekrf,cofqif,awxkuf,? qif,awvDbof.}}/
vkuf;tgef,pof:rldof;eh. vrf,vgif;ykef;wK,rldif:pof: rldof:eK;tefoK;eef.vkif:yK.nmef,

ygif,q[sw.sw.? eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,rldof;eh. awbl,vDudefomefaO rD:tAefrD:pSif:uGK,
eef.? ref:ch;q[sw.sw.? vkuf;tgef,eh. wlofauK;awvh;bl,vDcldif,crf.rD:zluf;? q[
auK;awvh;bl,vDcldif,crf.rl;b[,eef. awvh;vAef;wmif:vAef;ul;rAof:? awvh;vAef;vhm:?
awvh;arKbl,arKudef? ayK:arKqldof:eh.qkdif? wlofpof:eh.awbl,vDcldif,crf.yD:zluf;bl,?
q[cldif,crf.rl;b[,eef. tD;OifvK,ayK:oK;ehqkdif? tguf:atKawvh;vD? awvh;'mif.wlof
rD:Owd awvh;uSyf;vSyf; rD:odIdb/ awvh;rD:q[pwf:pmef? awvh;rD:q[c[;sc.yldef;/
awvh;rD:q[pwf:pyf.wmif:bmyf,bmuf;wkuf.ceef. awvh;rD:q[vSwf:q[OSof:/ awvh;rD:
q[ tefarKch;q[wmif:eK;wmif:vif? awvh;rD:q[puf.qldof.puf.cldof: puf.vduf;puf;vhm:?
puf.rldif:? aw;vh;rD:q[c[;N.c[;arK? c[;qgyf,c[;xmrf q[tefc[;pAwf:yef omef;rldif:qldof.cldof:
P;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif/ ayK:rD:q[qldof.eef.qkdifawvh;oK;rD:q[cldif,crf.rl;b[,/ wlofsv;q[eh.
cldif;bl,qgrf:uef? cldif;uGK,qgrf:uef? cldif;ykdif;tdifuef? qif,oK;ayK:c[;P;omef;rldif:ckdef;b[,
r[,Okifqkdif awvh;rD:vguf:vhm:Ogefyefwlofq[vkuf;tgef,pof: P;cldif,crf.rl;b[,wArfxlef;
rK:bl,bof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh. pefxkdifqldof.ehsv;qif,rK:zknf,yef]]rkuf.qkrf:vkuf;tgef, P;bl,vD

iof;}}rldof; 1942 rldof;ymefuByef,? rkuf.qkrf:eh.urf;zgif;auK;Mif.oK;- ]]rkuf.qkrf:rluf,Nof
zlduf,}}? ugyf;oK;vkuf;tgef,tefcof;yK:e[:rkuf.qkrf:eh.vh;eif;Oldof;cmofcSefygwf:? ulef
cmofygwf:? rluf:Nofzlduf,eef.bof./
rkuf.qkrf:eh.vkif:yK.nmef,sw,iof;ref:ykdwf,zknf,rldof; 1942 uK;wD;OD,ayK. rldif:wh:

ygwf:Mif,ayK:wmrf:crf;rK: vkuf;tgef,cofrK:wkrfuef wD:omif:tefrD:pdrf:Ndef:ref:eef.
71
aOrK:vAef;vhm:bl,vDudefomef? rK:vlvduf;vhm:? rK:tkyf,rK:ukrfuef vgif;vduf;vhm:yhmurf?

vgif;ykdef:omef;ykdef:rldif:? ykdef:urf,zK, vgif;vlnf;ulef:ulef;Orf,ul;yldif? eif,pkdofwlef;
(xmwf;)q[ wmif:N.wmif:pef vkuf;tgef,awb[,uGmif;rK:? ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:eef.vmwf;
seOgefse tkyf,ukrfsebl,bof./ vgif;zhm,bKulef: vkrf:vK:ulef:auK;Ogefyef?
eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,eif,uef awrD:q[puf.ySif:uefrK:? qgh;xSrfuefrK:eef.auK;Ogefyef?
eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,awN.ykef;zgef:umefimef:eef.auK; Ogefyef? ayK:oK;arKrK:N.rK:

bof.ehauK; Orf.vh;ckdef:Odkyf,OgefyefuefuGK, qldof.eefwduf:wduf:bof.? vkuf;tgef,
qkrf:tefb[,bof.? arKbof.qldof:eef.Orf.cdkef:Okdyf,Ogefyef vkuf;tgef,qkrf:vAuf.
qkrf:tefrK:r[,cof? pAwf:eefuGK,wduf:wduf:? ohm:ref:rK:vkuf;tgef,cof N.ykef;zgef:aO
cofeif,uef ckdef:ugef:Nofvkrf:vK:wlnf:xkdifuefuGK,qldof.eefbof./
]]ayK:arKOgef vkuf;tgef,eh.arKrK:wduf:wduf:? N.rK:wduf:wduf:? vSwf:rK:wduf:wduf:? uBK.

rK:wduf:wduf:}} vkif:yK.nmef,uh.oK;qldof.eh? bkrf,auK;bkrf,brfqldof.eh? pAwf:auK;pAwf:
qgrf:qldif.eif,ref:bkrf,brfbl,bof./
]]rldof:eK;erfaOyK;vif? umefsr:yluf:ygifvkuf;tgef,eh. pAwf:yefoh.rldof;vAofqif,Omif,

xkuf,? tefvlof,pAwf: rldof;eh.eh;bK,ayoh.pAwf:rldof;zkuf;}} vkif:yK.nmef,uh.Oif,Ogef
eif,eh/
]]rkuf.qkrf:vkuf;tgef,P;bl,vDiof;}}eef.auK; Okdyf,sz;uGK,rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif, ayK:c[;qgwf,

uGK,ul;wD;bof./? vkuf;tgef,qkrf:qldof:tefcof;yK:e[:rkuf.qkrf:eh.qkdif vh;pefwlofq[cof
pw:pmef(cldif,crf.)qkdof;q[;rK:sw.sw.? ohm:ref:rK:qkdif ugyf;wmif:N.wmif:pefwmif:pAwf:
wmif:Omif;cofwArfxlef;sv; uGK,wD;v[ zSofwD;v[auK; trf,wluf:wSrf,w[;yldef;trf,uK:
vh;yAefulef:vlifyldef;ul;wD;ul;wD;bof./ rldof;vAofeh.ayK:awrK:wlnf:vkuf;tgef, rkuf.
qkrf:rluf,Nofzlduf,rldof;eef.qkdif e[:Okduf:auK;rD:? auK.tefyAefulef:vlifyldef;e[:umef
vlifygifqkdif;auK;rD:? e[:arKbKauK;rD:? e[:cl:Ogefvduf;auK;rD:? e[:ulef:uK.vlifauK;rD:?
vh;pefzgef:vDref:erfsw.sw./
ulef:uK;tefvDq[vAuf.eef.sw. rldof;eef.ckefcof qof;'K.cof trf,pefqgrf:OAef;

wmif:tefvkif:yK.nmef,tgefyh tgefpAwf:se? wD,wmif:serK:aOwK.auK; coftrf,
pefqgrf:? coftrf,yefpSif:? cofulnf:ulofvkuf;tgef,rD:rK:wmif:N.wmif:pefsv; trf,Okdyf,
72
yefpSif:vgif;umefimef: rluf,Nofzlduf,eh.? ugyf;eefsv;rkuf.qkrf:eh. qlof;clyf,trf,bmof:?

eifaOwK.auK; tefvkif:yK.nmef,pAwf:seoh.eef.sw. trf,ySwf;vhmeif,uof,? e[:
ykdef:rldif:sw.auK; yAefwD;vh;ruf:rhmoh.bl,/
]]pAwf:oh.eh. cSef:aOoh.pAwf:}} tefref:oK;eef. rSef;sw.sw.? ykef;wK,ref:sw.

vlof,pAwf:OifauK; ref:trf,oh.pAwf:vK:vK:? ref:pAwf:uGK,qArfrldof;yh,whmbof.? Oifqldof.

oK;ref:awoh.pAwf:aO trf,pAwf:rK:eef.qkdif? ref:whmuGK,bof.auK; bif:awyh,vh;pAwf:
aOtrf,uK: vkuf;tgef,cofqkrf:qdlof:tefxkuf,vDvh;qmrf,tldrf;zgef:vDref:eef.auK;
awtrf,vh;qmrf,tldrf; umefvDykef;wK,omef;rldif:tefvkif:yK.nmef,pAwf:oh.eef. z[
auK;trf,vkdrf:vh;? umefvDykef;wK,vkuf;tgef,coftefref:pAwf:oh.yefeef. Nrf;oK;
ref:trf,rD:bof.aOwK.ehauK; trf,phmuGK, trf,whmuGK, ukdwf:Oof:bl,e[:ykdef:ygwf:tgef,
eh.bl,/
vgif;ph,vgif;uK; eluf.udef,eIK,
sv; vkif:yK.nmef,
vgif;vlnf;tefuyf:uhm,uefwif: 'dif;si;wh:eh. tefvkif:yK.nmef, trf,N.trf,arK
eef. bif:trf,c[;rD:bof.? ]]'dif;si;pof:? vduf;pof:? uGmrf:pof: ayK:pof:trf,arK z[aw
rK:arKyef ayK:pof:trf,N. z[awrK:N.yef? ayK:pof:trf,ySif:rSwf,xdif:Odrf: P;sz;
wldef: z[awrK:pAwf:yef? ayK:pof:trf,Ogef trf,pAef:trf,tmef,trf,puf.qkdif z[
Orf.awrK:OgefrK:pAef:rK:tmef,rK:puf.yef}}vkif:yK.nmef,vkuf;tgef,pof: rldof;v[auK;
vmwf;tguf,qldof.eefwK,aO,/
vgif;ph,vgif;uK;wh:eh. vkif:yK.nmef,OlifoK,OeK,sw.sw.? ph,ugifwh:eh. awvh;ph,qldif.

pkdofauK; ref:arK? vgif;uK;wh:eh. awvh;uK;qldif.pkdofauK;ref:arKbof./ tefref:Olif
cSef,eef. yAeftefuK;eluf.udef,eIK,? awvh;ekif;clof: eluf.ayK;aOuK;se,? trf,
eefawvh;ekif;clof:eluf.sr;aOuK;se, ref:qof;arKuK;wif:OgifrAof:? yldef;ph,ugif
ref:uK;auK;yAef? yldef;uK;ref:ph,ugifauK; ref:qof;yAef? vguf:vhm:uK;eluf. sv;ph,ugifwh:
eh. vkif:yK.nmef,pof:yAefxSef;ref:rK:bl,auK.j>bof./
73
eluf.udef,eIK,eh. vkif:yK.nmef,arKuK;ulnf:trf,uK: pAwf:wlofref:auK;ref:arKsw.

sw./ c[;vh;cldif;eluf.rAof:pkdofauK; ref:arKpAwf:yef? pAwf:eluf.auK;oh.q[b[,q[bmof:sw.
sw.? ayK:oK;rD:ulef:c[;vh;rK:qkdif Okdof.yefzSef,ref:aO ref:qof;uh.uh.pAwf:yefvhm
vhmbl,bof./ eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,ekrf,cof Orf.ayK:awarK uK;eluf.eef.auK;ref:qof;
oh.q[b[,bmof:aO Ogefyefsw.sw.? ugyf;ref:sv; ulef:auK.tefarKuK;eluf. tef
arKpAwf:cldif;eluf.auK;bif:ukdwf:bl,pmef.awK,oef:rldof;eh.bl,bof.? ugyf;ehsv;eif,pkdof
umefph,umefuK; vgif;eluf. vgif;wlof:pof: awtrf,ph, awsz;wldef:uGK,eef. vkif:
yK. nmef,eh. ygifymif;Omif;yefsw.sw./ ulef:vlifqldof.eif,ref:eh. trf,Ol;rD:? vD
trf: vDcghvDbldif;sw.sw.bof;/
uGmrf:wh:ymefr[, sv; vkif:yK.nmef,

vgif;ph,vgif;uK;ulnf: vkif:yK.nmef,arKtrf,qkdof; vgif;pAwf:uGmrf:wh:ymefuof, ymefr[,auK;
ref:arK? rldof;ymefref:qof;eef. ulef:auK.tefarKpAwf:uGmrf:ymefuof, uGmrf:vlifeef.
erfsw.sw.? uGmrf;ymefr[,eef.sw. z[auK;yh,arKumrf:yh,arKpAwf:? ref:qof;qif,wSrf;
uGmrf:ymefr[,ykef;vkuf;tgef,rluf,Nofzlduf,cof? qif,oK;vkif:yK.nmef,eh. awvh;oK;]]tl;uGmrf:
ymefr[,}}bl,bof./
ulef:auK.arKuGmrf:ymefr[,coftldnf:? ayK:pof:awrK:ch;pkwlnf:oK; z[yAefauK.clifpAwf:tguf,

uGmrf:ymefr[,tgefwmif:yldef;ehqkdif? awvh;ruf:rhm wgif:oh.oK; yAefvkif:yK.nmef,bof.
ref:eh. yAefauK.tgefNofxlof:wmif: P;uGmrf:ymefr[, tguf,rK:? ugyf;ehsv; ref:eh.
yAefzl;auK,iof;auK,pAwf: uGmrf:ymefr[,bof./ bK,aytgefuefvkdrf:tlukif,rkefref:wK.?
uGmrf:ymefr[,tefref:pAwf:oh.eef. yAefiof;uGmrf:ymefr[, rldof;vAofsv; pof:trf,xkuf,vD
vh;vkdrf:? pof:ckuf:q[vh;ref: rldof;v[auK; pAwf:uGmrf:tefref:umrf:oh. clifoh.eef.wK.?
ayK:pof:trf,vkdrf:uGmrf:ref:auK; rldefuefwif:pof:trf,vkdrf:ref:? uGmrf:ymefr[, tef
vkif:yK.nmef,pAwf:oh.eef.auK; ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:wif:vhmcof xkuf,vDarKoh.bl,ul;auK.
bof./
pAwf:Oifsv;vh;pAwf:tguf, uGmrf:ymefr[,? ayK:oK;ehqkdif vkif:yK.nmef,oK; rD:ydkif;ref:

6 acK;oK;-
1. uGmrf:ymefr[,eh. ref:yAefuGmrf:tefvkuf;tgef,bdif:qhm:cof xkuf,vDarK/
74
2. uGmrf:ymefr[,eh. ugyf;ref:vh;pAwf:qgrf:Ohmwdif,Ohmwgif:sv; qmif;yefwmif:auBK,

wmif:rlef; vkuf;tgef,cof/
3. ugyf;uGmrf:sv; ayK:oK;vkuf;tgef,cof q[rlef;q[Oldof:rK:qkdif wlofcofauK;awbl,
vDudefomefcldif,crf.q[;v[;rK:/
4. ayK:pAwf:uGmrf:qkdif ygwf,pof:wyf:pof:auK; awrD:pSif:rK:aOwmif:yAefygwf,qyf:
wyf:qAyf:auK; awtrf,Ol;yAef/
5. ayK:yefbmrf:pAwf:uGmrf:qkdif vkuf;tgef,cof awtrf,rD:bmrf: trf,rD:cdif,tef
awpAwf:vgif;trf,vD trf,imrf:? zldof,phm.bl, wK,pAwf:uGmrf: awrD:eif,eh/
6. ayK:arKpAwf:uGmrf:wh:qkdif vduf;wh:auK; awarKrK: rD:zgef:vDqldof.ehbof./
tofvgif;tAef:tmef: 6 acK;eh.aO vkif:yK.nmef,qif,wSrf;tguf,rK:? uGmrf:wh:r[,wK,
vkuf;tgef,cofbof./
rldif:wh:wif:vlif
(eif,Ndof awr[,Okifeef.)2
pof:cK; uofpK:
rBK: Owf;woK,
bl,vDsv; q[uwf:
tgif, cBmrf:OK,
ul;ymefrldif:eef.
pof:cK; wldif,bgef:/
oAif:tkif:ygif,
rldif:wh: ygwf:Mif,
tkif:ygif, OD,ayK.
trf,acBK. rldof;oef:cK,
ref:yAef ykef;wK,
wh:pof: rmef,bK,
sw,rldof;qK. urf,zK,/
75
bK,ayP;yldef; qgrf,su; pof:cK;

zgrf.yAif:q[ Owf;qK,
P;pof:cK; ckdef;b[,aOurf:vK;/
(ref:yAef rldif:pof:
ref:yAef omef;pof:
ykef;wK, rAof:wh:pof:/)2
bK,ayoh. q[vldif:
aOtdwf:tD;tdwf:tgef,
eldof rAof:wh:uefcK;/
pof:cK;vkuf;tgef,
(pof:cK; vkuf;tgef,)2
Owd yefoK;qK
Olqof; ulef:vlif
rAof:wh: pof:cK;
vDzgrf.yAif: eK,eK,/
bK,ayP;yldef;
sO.Ogrf: pof:cK;
Olqof; oh.rAwf;wK,
Olqof; ulef:vlif
rAof:wh: pof:cK;
vDzgrf.yAif: eK,eK,/
rldif:wh:? rAof:wh:
zgrf.yAif:q[uefcK;
rldif:wh: rAof:wh:
puf.uefaOurf:vK;/
eif,pkdof pof:awvD
aOtgef wgef:aOuof,
qgh;xSrfuef
zgrf.yAif:q[ rAof:pof:/
76
rldif:wh: rAof:wh:
bK,aysO.uefcK;
rldif:wh: rAof:wh:
rkdef:wKaOurf:vK;/
eif,pkdof pof:awvD
aOtgef wgef:aOuof,
qgh;xSrfuef
zgrf.yAif:q[ rAof:pof:/
ayK:oK;pof:rK:wlnf: uGmrf:Ogh.eh.qkdif awvh;N.pef vgif;q[tefvkif:yK.nmef,ohxkdif
eldofvkuf;tgef,cofbl,/ vkuf;tgef,pof:cofeh. rD:q[c[;ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:aOwK.auK;
ulef: vlifcof trf,pefqgrf:? ugyf;ehsv; eif,pkdofulef:vlifcof awtrf,vkdrf:wlof
vyf:cdif:eef. qif,P;vkuf;tgef,cof'mif.yefOwd
rguf,xkdif? eif,pkdofulef:vlifrldif:wh:pof:cof awzgrf.yAif:yAefq[vAofuef tofuefoK;yK:

uefvDeef.auK; 'mif.yefOwdoh.? eif,pkdofyldef;awtrf,ay.udefpof:vh; qgrf,su;
udefvduf;pof:vh;eef. xkuf,vDzgrf.uefeef.auK; e[:uGmrf:eh. 'mif.yefOwdoh.? rldif:
wh:sv;cldof:wh:eh. rldefyD;egif.zKszuefbof./ trf,zmwf,uefvh; tefoK;eef.
auK; yD;egif.wh:pof:cof vlof,N.vlof,pefoh. tefoK;eef. 'mif.yefOwdoh. eif,pdkof
pof:cK;qkrf:qldof:cldof:wh: Orf.ayK:awvDaOtgefwgef:aOuof,eef. vDpuf.vDySif:uef
sw.sw./ rAof:Oiftrf,oK; vDvh;qgh;xSrfuefpAwf:Omif;uGK,? vgif;vlnf;auK.j> sv;auK.j>
sO.Ogrf:uefeef.auK; trf,xkuf,vDpAwf:? trf,xkuf,vDvh;rD:eef.auK; 'mif.yefO
wdoh.bl,? eif,pkdofcldof:pof: awvDaOtgefwgef:aOuof,eef. vlof,rdkef:wKpefuGmif;
sw.sw. tefoK;eef.auK; 'mif.yefOwdoh.bl,bof./
uGmrf:Nofeh.Ogh.eh.sw.ref:awyAef uGmrf:ckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymefbl,wK,aObof./ ymefuof,

uGK,ymefr[,rK:aOwK.auK; uGmrf:Nofeh.sw. awyAefuGmrf:ymefr[,bl,wK,aO,? uGmrf:uof,uGK,
uGmrf:r[,rK:aOwK.auK; uGmrf:Nofeh.sw. awyAefuGmrf:r[,bl,wK,aObof./ ref:yAefuGmrf:
'mif.yefOwd wif:pof:eif,uefsv; z[trf,z[auK; xkuf,vDvh;arKoh.bl,/ ayK:arK
uGmrf:eh.qkdif z[trf,z[auK; awN.vgif;oK; - ]]uofyAefz[? pof:yAefz[? pof:pAwf:Oif
bl,? pof:yAefOifbl,? pof:awpAwf:Oif}} tefoK;eef. awN.pefckuf:q[vh;rK:bl,
bof./
77
erf. wluf.xK.owD,
wluf.xK.owD,
vAyf;vwf:vh
omef;Ndef: qSef,qgrf: vgrf.oAif:bh
wD;tef ugif:rl:crf:
qD:ckdef;wSif: rguf,ehm:umrf;/
erf.ayK. cSef;oAif:qmef:sv;Mif,
ugifurf;ukdef: Ndef: cyf.qSef,erf
ref:yAef wD;pof:bl,udef
ul;e[yD< oef:crf;
(pof: pof: pof:cK; yAefwh: tkif:ygif,
wD;tefqof;pof:sw,apKcrf:
P;pof: qkdef;yldif: qof;avK:emif:
umif:az: tav: ul;rAof:v[
e[:rldif: wD;pof:bl,udef
ul;e[yD< oef:crf;/)2
uGmrf:wuf.brf wkif:
cldof:pof: cldof:IK,qK,
tvmrf, Orf.yBuf.cK,
wlofOldof qof;rpK,
P;pof:rD: aw,qK,
zgrf.yAif:q[ oK,qK,
Olqof;pof:cK;
P;rD:q[ Owf;qK,/
uGmrf:wgef;eh. yAefuGmrf:wuf.brfwkif: qgrfydofwh:? rldof;ymefuByef,eef. wkif:qgrfydof
wh: pof:eh.yAefpmif;NofOldof? ugyf;oK;wh:yAefcldof:Oldofzlduf,? bkrf,brfOldofzlduf,? wmif:
imef wmif:pwf:eh.rldefOldofzlduf,sv; qif,vh;tofpmif;Oldofzlduf,pAwf:wkif: qgrfydofpof:
bl,bof./
78
urf;zgif;eh.oK; pof:yAefcldof:Oldof? xmif,oK;OldofvAef:Oldofvhm: tefrD:e[:xldef,e[:cldof:?

ref:trf,qkdof;Oldofwkyf:Oldofwmyf:qldof:eef. ref:yAefrAof:Oldofzlduf, rldof;ymefugef,?
rldof;vAofeh. Oldofzdluf,trf,Ol;rD: trf,Ol;pef? Oldofzlduf,eh.pwf:pmefaO? e[:uK;e[:
Owf:wif:vlifauK; ugef:irf:rlwf:sv; z[trf,z[auK; ulofbrfref:sw.sw./ ugyf;rD:
wmif:pwf:wmif:pmefqldof.eefsv;wh:pof:cof qif,bkrf,brfOldofzlduf,/
rldof;ugef,eef.Odlofzdluf,eh.vh;e[:Nnf;e[:vgh tefwD;wh:pof:bl,Oof:ulnf:? wmif,wD;

trf,rD:trf,pef ugyf;ehsv;ulef:tefbmrf;N.bmrf;pef Oldofzlduf,eh.yAefwh:ulnf:bof./
urf;zgif;trf,N.oK;- ]]pof:eh.yAefcldof:Oldof}}xmif,oK;vkuf.e[:wgif.Oldoftguf,rK:? trf,qkdof;
qldif.eef/ vgif;wmif:pwf:wmif:pmefulnf: pof:tgefuefbldifOldofzlduf,? ulef:e[:urf,zK,
eh. ulef:cldof:v[aOtrf,oK; bldif;vhm:Owf:aOyldifyldifsewmif:pwf:wmif:pmefcofbof./
sc,coftofilduf;euK:-pAwf:wD;bldif;vgif;pwf:pmef? rmef;tofeluf.bkif:? tdif:uvAwf;Orf.

tofOmif,OD;? tar,Iduef, Orf.tofpkif.? IOBK:Orf.tofrD? wh:pof:Orf.bldif;Oldofzlduf,
rD:eif,ehbof./
xdkifrK: 1947 uGmrf:wuf.brfwkif:wh:vSuf;vhm;rK:? pAwf:qldif.pkdofvSuf;vhm;rK: ayK:oK;eh

qkdif? rldof; 1947 vdlef'Syf.a'K,oID, 7 oef:eef. ulef:vlifrldif:wh:cof ukrfugifuef
uK;wD;oAif:ymifvlifaO tgefuefwSyf:wwf: wK,awtofvgwf;vSof:ugef:acK qgrf:rldif:
rmef;bof./ oef:tefulef:vlifrldif:wh:cof zgrf.Nrf;uefeef. tguf,rK:uGmrf:wuf.brf
wkif:wh:tefr[,? pmif;wkif:wh:auK;vkuf.wD;ckefOldofzlduf, yAefuGK,ckefvldef qof;qef,
wK,bof.? ugyf;ehsv; uGmrf:wuf.brfwkif:wh:tefr[,auK; tguf,rK: rD:rldefeif,w[;eh.-
uGmrf:wuf.brf wkif:rldif:wh:
cldof:pof: cldof:IK,qK,
tvmrf, Orf.qef,wK,
vldefcrf: qof;quBK,
P;pof: rD:aw,qK,
zgrf.yAef:q[ oK,qK,
Olqof; pof:cK;
P;rD:q[ Owf;qK,/
79
auK.pof:zSofMwf;rldif:v[
auK.tldnf: zSofMwf; rldif:v[
bK,vkdrf: qldof:pof: yD;egif.wmif:vif
auK.tldnf: P;uwf:bAefq[?
P;vgwf;wmif:cAef pof:oh.rAwf;wK,/
(ch;q[ rldof:eK;
auK.tldnf: bK,vkdrf:pof:pK:
qldof:tef ukdwf:oh. wmif:vif
wD;rldif: auK.pof: bmefuK:)2
umifoef: cD,Nofvgh
(umifoef: cD,Nofvgh
eluf.OSof: sv;emif:ugh
umif;wlofvdif: thm;umif:rgh
pKbl,Omif; e[:vgh/)2
pof:auK; cghulef:
Ndef:rldof: ohm,ql:
erf.ehm: yh,wef:tgh
ayK:zSofNdef:bof;? cof;rK:zgh
udefomefegef:vyf: rAof:yldef;cgh/
eluf.OSof: e[:vgh
rdefrldof: Ndef:uh
zoK.cBK. cgef:oh? r[,Okifrldif:wh:
yAefwD; yldef;tmrf:cgh/
80
pof:bl,Omif;rldif:vgh
pof:bl,Omif;rldif:vgh
vDayBK,rlef;Okwf:ugh
qgrf:Nnf; N:imyf, vghyof:
rldif:wh:pof:/
awK:xldef,qrf.qdif:Ogrf,
vohm:sr; egef:ugrf,
qldof:vkuf;ref: ekrf,wlofvof:
rldif:wh:pof:
ayK:oef: Ol,pK wluf:bmef
olof:uGhm:auK; vh;vkdof;ukdwf:umef
qgrf:vkdef: yAefthm;uGhm:imef
y[.xdif:vkuf;vmef/
ohm:tgef ulef:egef:bAef
uof.tgef, sv;wif:pAef
vrf:vAyf;vlnf; tSef,wlofcof
rldif:wh:pof:/
zSofrldif:v[ omef;rldif:uK:
zSofrldif:v[ omef;rldif:uK:
trf,Oldof:q[vh; vK:vK:
ykef;crf;e[oef:ugh
trf,vkdrf:vh; rldif:vgh/
ayBK,sw.aeK: wD;pof:Oof:
xldef,vlifawK: wlef;vrf:vof:
crf;sv;e[ ehm:tgh
uwf:bAefsw. pof:rldif:vgh/
81
xkuf,vh;xlyf:Nyf.uef
xkuf,vh;xlyf:Nyf.uef
pof:cK; vh;rK:pef
egif.yD; eK. vkif: vmef
oh.q[ puf.ySif:uef
vh;rK:yAef auK.uef
Olsv;pof: rldefuef
qkrf:cAofzlduf,vSifpmef
yAeftefqlrf:tK:
ul;yD<oef:uK: vh;rK:nK:awK,uef
rD:OAwf;qK, ykef;wK,qkrf:sv;
bK,ayvkdrf: Ouf:ymef
zlduf,cAofsv; vSifpmef
P;vh;rmefvK; wh:pof: cldof:rAof:imef/
(umrf:xwf:)* [(puf.uefpof:pK: rldof:rK:q[:uef

qkrf:thm;ulef:imef
P;vh;xlyf:nK: oef:uK:rAof:rmef
qkrf:cAofzlduf,vSifpmef
tvmrf,pof:auK; yAefOldofimef
pof:auK; thm;ulef:imef
wh:pof:cK;auK; yAefvldwf;pmef
pof:auK; yAefvldwf;pmef
puf.uefaO ul;auK.ulef:vK;
(qkrf:pof:)3 qldof:rAof:imef/)]2
P;rD:q[puf. rAof:pof:sv;
ykef;wK,rldif:sr; P;puf.uef
rgef,rldof;ugef, qgh;xSrfuefsv;
pof:b[,Okif sz;zSofrldif:bmef
82
auK.pof:cof zgrf.yAif:uef
P;rD:q[wh: P;pwf:pmef
vSifcAofcmof qkrf:rAof:imef
bK,ayOlef;Odef:Omef
ayK:yAef wh:qSwf;rmef,
bK,ayulofvK; qkrf:pof:cK; vldwf;pmef

(uGmrf:xwf:)*JJJJ*
Olqof;pof:cK; P;cwf:q[
Olqof;pof:cK; P;cwf:q[
tofeh.uGK,eK; crf;ul;e[
bl,qkdef;vDimrf:pof:cK;Ol:wgif:yef/
wif:ckefwif:emif: e[:oAif:vlif
P;rD:idkef:crf: Owmif:Nif
bl,qkdef;vDimrf: pof:cK;Ol:wgif:yef/
P;vh;bl,qkdef; yD<oef:uK:
P;puf.uefvK; pof:pK:
rAof:wh:pof:cK; wif:vlif/
Owmif:Nif awNif
qArftef az:sv; tav:b[,
bK,P;rK:ql: ul;ulef:v[
bll,qkdef;vDimrf: pof:cK; Ol:wgif:yef/
P;rhmoh. e[:q[
P;rhmoh. e[:q[ wif:vhm
zlduf,vSifcAof pof:bK,P;phm
wif:Olwif:pof: zSofvkdef:yhm
pof:rK: wSrf;vhm:rhm/
83
vSif tefoK; bK,P;phm

puf.eK,ylef. Okwf:ugh
cAof bK,P;vAef; uGmrf:chm
q[puf. bK,vkdrf:phm/
rldef yD;egif.tguf, qgrf:yhm
P;puf.uef rldefeh
emofbmefuh yAefbmefuh
zlduf,rAof:eh
pof:vDwgif:rhm pof:rK:umrf:uhm,
Olsv;wif:pof: P;vh;wgif:oh.rhm
qkrf:(vkuf;tgef,pof:)2 bK,P;phm
wSrf;vhm:rhmpuf.uef pof:wif:vhm
(qkrf:pof:)2 (wlnf:uh)2 (qkrf:pof:)2
(wlnf:uh)2 ySwf;tK:eK,ulofthm/
rK:pof:vAef;qgrf:uef
(rK:pof: vAef;qgrf:uef
pof:cK; thm;ulef:imef
rluf,Nofzlduf,pof:uBK.aOyldef;Okwf:Oef/)2
uGK,uRif:pof:uGK,Ogefvduf;vhm:rhm
e[:rldif: r[,Okif bl,udefOof:
pof:awckdef; zSofyhm/
pof:eh. vgwf;wmif:zmef
qkrf:pof: awvh;rmef
rluf,Nofzlduf,pof: zgrf.aOyldef;Okwf:Oef/
pof:cK; rldof:eK;P;wgif:
eldofrAof: wD;rldif:uh
pof:cK; q[uBLof: xmyf;vlif:ygif
wDuRif: Ogefvhm:rhm/
84
vgh wh: blef: sv;wif: cBmif: cmif

vgh wh: blef: sv;wif: cBmif: cmif
wgif,Ol, tmif:av: bmif: rAof:imef
pof:cK; yAefrAof:vgh
Oof:bl, qduf:rguf,ehm:umrf;
trf,rD:vgif;cD sv;wmif:rgif
ugif:urf;ukdef: Ndef: ikdef:crf:erf
ref:yAef wD;pof:bl,udef ul;e[yD<oef:crf;/
(uGmrf:xwf:)*(wh:)2 rldif:ygwf:qmef: sv;Mif,
zgrf.uef puf.uefeK, aOurf:
P;pof: qkdef;yldif: qof;avK:emif:
umif:az: tav: ul;rAof:v[
e[:rldif: wD;pof:bl,udef
ul;e[yD<oef:crf;/
pof:cK;vkuf;tgef,tgefuefrK:
pof:cK;vkuf;tgef,tgefuefrK:
cmwf;wK,rguf,rAof: wArful;yK:
P;vh; vgwf;umif:az: bmefuK:/
wmif:Ol sv;pof:pK:
tofeh.uGK,eK; vDvh;pK
ukOlof, sv;uGmrf:vD oK,qK,
ykdwf,yefaOurf:cK;
vSifrAof: q[Owf;qK,
P;vh;bl,vlnf;(vgif;vDcBmrf:OK,)2
ul;yD<oef:crf;vK;
P;pof: r[,Okif b[,az;uD;uGK,
qkrf:pof: qgh;uefcK;(oef;zgrf.cK;)2
85
rldif:wh:vlifpof: awNdof;pdif:
rldif:wh:vlifpof: awNdof;Ndif:
P;wh:pof:vh;vD
vgif;qkrf:wh: awvh;vD
rAof:tef pKuBmrf,qD,
bef,Ok, zl;v[aOtrf,oK;
qkrf:wh:pof: awwkduf:
vgif;Okwf.wmif:vif trf,uBmrf,qD,
qkrf:wh:pof: zgrf.yAif:vD/
(uGmrf:xwf:)* Ohm.cGK bmif;wdefwrf: egif.qhm:imef
rD:vldof;erf ykef;wK, rldif:sv;cldof:wh:
awvl,vldwf;pmefpof:
q[tgef,OAef;j> whmauK;vD
wK,olef, auK.qhm:rD:
(rldif:wh: rAof:wh:
awNdof;Ndif:yldif:O[bof./
Oldofvhm:uhm,ugef
Mif.cl: yefOAifbof./)*
cldof:wh: pof:cK; rldof:eK; P;Okif

cldof:wh:pof:cK; rldof:eK;P;Okif
qhg;uefpuf.uef ySif:uefvK;
pAwf:OifaOauK;
pAwf:qkrf:rl,zkifphm:
yAefpSif:uefoK;
qldof:vAuf.tgef,tD; qgh;qkrf:r[,Okif
qldof:b[,Ogrf;Oif: yefpSif:cK;
ayK:pof:zgrf.uef oSif:uefrl,zkif
pof:awb[,Okif uGK,rldof:eK;
86
pAifyhmOmrfymuf,ySwf,
(pAifyhm Omrfymuf,ySwf,)3 zSofbof.
oh.q[ puf.uef oh.q[ zgrf.uef
(pAifyhm Omrfymuf,ySwf,bof.)3 zSofbof./
rldof;rdkef.rldof;ugef, rldif:wh:trf,rgif
rldof;rkdef.rldof;ugef, rldif:wh:trf,rgif
rldif:wh:tkyf.ygif rldif:bmefrgef,pof:
rldof;eef.puf.uef vldwf;pmef ulef:imef
yldef;vh;elyf,omif: trmef,
(ulef:sv;crf:avK, qgh;wkrfqhg;apK,
wArfzmefwArfbl, ulef:rl,trBK:aeK
wif:apKwif:Ndef: trf,uBmef,)2
(uGmrf:xwf:)* wh:rldof;eef.sw. wh:vldwf;pmef
uhsv;qrf vh;yefOmuf;egrf:bmef
cgheK, bmrf:cK, rldof;wh:imef*
tlnf: rldif:yhm:? vhm:cK;
rldif:oK. rldif:cgef rgefpof: zef:ygif,
rldif:xgif, oAif:bmef
pwf:Okwf:pwf:Oef
wh:pof:oef:eef
(qArftef vhm:cSef.? vhm:cl:
yhmwdef yhmrkdof: vhm:xl:
vhm:rmef uBK.bl,sw.bof.
wh:pof: rldof;eef.
rD:NrD:eK; yldef;oK;wh:imef)2
wh:rAof:vldwf;pmef trf,vh;xlyf:zmef
wh:pof:eef. ygif,q[ rldof;oef:vif
(uGmrf:xwf:)*JJJJ*
87
pof:cK;yAefvkuf;wh:cK;
pof:cK; yAefvkuf;wh:cK;
trf,q[; wh:rldof;ugef,
awK;vAof yAefyD<OD,Odyf:qAwf:
ykef;wK, wh:tgef,
bK,P;bgef,vhm: zgrf.uef
wh:pof: egef:bldef.eK,
pof:cK; vDzKvkuf;tgef, rkdef:wK
wlnf:rldif:pof: ugef,vK;
vkif:yK; tKeK.sv; pof:Ol
Oof:bl,uGK, trf,yAef
vDch;q[ pif:z[pif:ref:
bK,P;pof:vh;cAef
vkuf.wlnf: yD<pK;Odyf:ySwf,
trf,q[; OD,Odyf:Ogif
ch;q[wlnf: yldef;b[,Okif
uGK,eK;? bl,Oof: qkdiftrf,ygif,
1958 1958 1958 zSofbof.
oh.q[puf. oh.q[ySif:uef
1958 zSofbof./
* zSofe[:yD<v[auK; tofyD<eef.O[,aO oK;vh;bl,/
oAif:tkif:ygif,
oAif:tkif:ygif, crf:uK,uK.
rldif:trf,qK. ugef:acK
wh:IK,qK, cldof:Omif auBK,eK,
wh:yBuf.cK, OdlofuBK:
awK,wvAof vh;qmrf,ayBK,wD;
rldif:ugef:acK wgef:yldef; erfrBK:/
88
qArfpof:sv; auK.wif:erfeK,
qkdef;cBmrf:OK,
uyK:Owf:woK, erfrBK:auK;
vh;vgwf;uK: az:bmef
umefrAof:v[ cldof:wif:uK;eh.auK;
bK,P;qK. vh;xlyf:Nyf.
tefrmefvD
'hm,yef,qK.(yOö)pK;tefvK;
ul;qmwf;ymef qmrf,qK:bof.
vh;nK:oh. zl;wlnf.awK,
wlef;vSef: urf.auK,
ulef:rkdef,vmef. rlef;Oldof:ayBK,wD;
rldif:ugef:acK zDy[.sz.az:/
uGmrf:wh:ymefr[,qldof:eh. yAefuGmrf:vkif:yK.nmef,pof: clif(xkwf,)tguf,yefuGK, rldof;ref:yh,
whmeef.atK;? ayK:pof:tgefueftmef,wlnf:vlwlnf: brf.wlnf: pAwf:wlnf:uGmrf:ref:
umrf:oh.eef.qkdif xmwf;q[tefvkif:yK.nmef,puf.qldof.Ohmcldof:wh:? rldif:wh:? 'dif;si;wh:
b[,OkifuK;pkdoftefoK;eef. awvh;N.xkdifbl,/ acK;uGmrf:tefref:qof; vlduf;O[,e[:
uGmrf:qldof:eh. vK;vD;vlduf;O[,trf,q[;? ref:qof;ch;q[vDvDaO qif,vlduf;O[,bof.? acK;
uGmrf:erf.uGmrf:ref:qof;eef. rD:wD;ygif,(txdyf.ay,)vduf.vrf,sw.sw./
uGmrf:tefref:pAwf:oh.eh. pAwf:ihm;? arKihm;? vkuf;tgef,ulef:vlifcof xkuf,vDvh;tgef
uefarKoh.bl,/ ayK:pAwf:uGmrf:ref:qof;eh. q[auK;awrlef;awOldof:rK:bl,sw.sw.
bof./
uGmrf:tefref:pAwf:tguf,oh.eh. erfsw.sw.? tefyh,N.vh; bif:ukdwf:ugef,/ eif,pkdof
ayK:awvh;uGmrf:qldof:eef. vh;pKvh;qgyf,sw.sw.? uGmrf:qldof:eh.urf;erfvh;rK:wD;vmef
vkif:yK.nmef, vkuf;vkif:uBK,yl. tefMif.qkdof;oK;emif:cdef,yl.? ckefuBK,at:cofbof.?
urf; zgif;auK;vh;rK:wD;qhm:xkef:tl: sv;yAeftefcgyf;q[qlrf:Oldof:sw.sw./
ayK:pof:rK:wlnf:uGmrf:wh:tefvkif:yK.nmef, pAwf:oh.eh. pof:awvh;pef vkif:yK.nmef,
yAefuodqof;yef,nK,tefpef rldof;ylef. rldof;vAof sv; rldof:eK;(twdwf;? ywf.qkyf.
yef,? teK,uwf.)bl,bof./ uGmrf:tefref:qof;pAwf:oh.eef. vgif;rldof;ugef,wh:yAef
pkdofrK:? ymefrldof;vAofwh:Orf.yAefpkdofbl,? rldof:eK;xkuf,vDvh;yAefqldif.pkdof tefoK;eef.
pAef:uGmrf:rguf,oh.bl,bof.? ugyf;ehsv; pof:pK:qkrf:qldof:ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:cof trf,xkuf,vD
89
vh;vkdrf:vkif:yK.nmef,ayK;xof;vlifarKuGmrf:ymefr[,pof:bl,bof./ pof:xkuf,vD bkuf.bgif;

ckuf:q[vh;ref:bl,/ eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,cof awarKrK:ul;auK.sv; awsz;uGK,ul;wD;eef.
xkuf,vDtgefuefcwf:q[pAwf:Omif;yefbl,bof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh.ayK:oK;awvh;pAwf:yefumefykef;wK, qldof.cldof:? vduf;vhm:omef;rldif:?
'dif;si;eef. trf,cmef.aOyguf;? uh.bl,wK,aO,? zSofwD;v[ rD:wD;v[auK; eif,pkdof
vgif;'dif;si;wh:vduf;wh: wmif:N.wmif:arKwh:awb[,uGmif;rK:eef. cwf:q[bl,wK,aO,/

auK.yAefar:ref:qof;oef,enmef,auK; vh;pefrD:q[puf.'dif;si;wh: b[,uGmif;sw.sw.?
vh;pefcwf:q[sw.sw./ vgif;ekif;wmif:rh emif:bdif:wh:cofauK; cwf:q[P;sz;tguf,?
eif,pkdofemif:bdif:wh:pof:cof awyK:q[rK:e[:vduf;vhm:wh:eh.auK; auK.yAefar: qgh;xSrf
sw.sw./ eif,pkdofOkdif,vduf;wh:awzkwf:(ayK,)yAefrK:eef.auK; pAwf:NofpAwf:uef:
aO qgh;xSrfsw.sw./ vldofaOeef.trf,uK: qof;oef,enmef,eh. vgif;wSrf;vduf;
vhm:wh:auK; vlif.vSef,sw.sw./ rldof;qof;oef,enmef,yh,OAif;umrf,eef. ref:wSrf;
ykdef:wh:oh. tefj>? vkuf.tof'hm,tdif:uvAwf;ydef,pAwf:'hm,wh:oh.? qkdof;ykdef:sw. ]]vgif;
tkyf.yldif, omef;rldif:wh: rldof;ymefuvK:eK;zlduf,cof;}}ehbof./ e[:wh:pof:eh. P;wif:
zlofwif:ar: ayK:yK:q['hm,vduf;wh: q[Olifbkuf.bgif;vduf;wh:'dif;si;wh:eef. trf,
Ol,rD:? vh;pefvkif:yK.nmef,OgifcKzlofar:ulnf:bof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh.yAefwmif:yAefvldwf;ckdef;aO OAif;umrf,uGK,rldof; 18.1.1969 eefbof./
OAif;wD;bef,ukif,aO qkwf,zof(Omif:uBLof,)'h: wD;bef,ukif,? vkyf,ref:qof;sw.
tofrldof:z'ifqgrf: vkyf,ar:ref:wD;vghrlyf,? pdrf:tdlif,erf.rdlif? 'hm,wmif:wluf: oAif:OD,
ayK.eef.bof./
vkif:yK.nmef,eh.ugyf;ref:pAwf:yef umefimef:uGK,vgif;'dif;si;wh:? uGmrf:wh:? vduf;wh:
qldof:eef.sv; Nrf;oK;ref:whmuGK,aOwK.auK; qkdof;OAifref:sw. qyf:rD:bl,e[:q[wh:
tgef,ymefr[,cofbl,ul;auK.bof./ vgif;vlnf;umefimef:tefref:pAwf:rK:eef. ykdef:wh:
ymefr[,pof:auK; ruf:rhmwmif,zkdefoh.bof./
-----------------------------
ulef:awNifpmif: ckdef;b[,cofeh. umeftefcofawpAwf: umife[eef. cofpSef:xK;oh.
qArfrldof;umifcrf;/
bdif:bdif:
90
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. ]]qlof;yh,whmeh.z[aOtrf,oK; vlof,xmrfwlnf:wlofz[q[ref:uGmrf:acK;j>}}tefoK;
eef. yAefOif`/ zl;wSrf;]cGmefOSif}pefxkdifeldofacK;uGmrf:tef] vkif:yK.
nmef, vmwf;awK,zl;wSrf;eef. qldif.pkdof`/ Oyf:vSif:sewK./
2. Oyf:vSif:sewD;ygif,oguf:vif,uK,tef,vkif:yK.nmef,wSrf;oh.oK;]]wh:}}eef.
vlnf;uGmrf:vmwf;wK./ bmrf:vAofeh.qgif,wh:wkduf.rldefeef`/ ySuf.yldif;rK:qldif.
pkdofeef. auK;yefwmif:pefxkdifwK./
3. vgif;yAef(zK,OK,)vduf;vhm:eh. vrf,vgif;qldif.pkdof`? awvh;rD:erf.uwf.Oif`

vAyf;pAef:Oifeef. Oyf:vSif:wlnf:wK./
4. vgif;zkduf:pAef:arKumefvhm:qldif: tefvkif:yK.nmef,wSrf;umrf:oh.uGmrf:wh:ymefr[,
eef. Oyf:vSif:sewD;ygif,acK;bldif:tmef:ref:wK./
5. u- uAofvlnf;wh:yAefcldof:Odlofvhm:uhm,ugefeef.qgif,q[;`?
ayK:trf,q[;Orf.yAefOif`/ wgyf,su;sewK./
c- ugyf;Oifyldef;tofpmif;wlofOwf:yAefcldif;rhmcldof:ulef:`/
wmif,cldof:wmif,rldif: yAefcldif;rhmOifvhmvhm` wgyf,su;sewK./
91
92
ckefcrf:cgif,
qkdof;tl; vkif:zlof:yl./
qkdof;sr; yK:emif:elef:/
uldwf, 7.4.1906 oef:wdwf.(wemif:elnf,)/
wD;udlwf, rldif:ehm:/
yD;egif. 1. emif:aqK:nmef,/
2. qhm:aqK:az,/
3. qhm:tgif,az,(ckefcrf:cgif,)/
4. qhm:uK,az,/
5. emif:aqK:ar,vK./
qkdof;ar: yK;emif:vK.(yK;rdcdef,vK.)/
qkdof;vkuf; 1. qhm:vK.yl:/
2. qhm:rBK.yl:/
OAif;umrf, 21.6.1954/
vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, yAefzl;puf.vduf;wh: yAefzl;bkuf.bgif;vduf;wh:sv;'dif;wh:bof.? umef

tefref:pAwf:oh. uGmrf:tefref:vmwf;oh. sv;vduf;tefref:wSrf;oh.qldof:eef.yAef
tefvDrhmvDwgif:sw.sw./ zl;v[z[aOtrf,oK; xkuf,vDvltmef,wlnf:? vduf;tef
ref:pAwf:yyf.pAwf:zkdefoh.bl,bof./
ckefcrf:cgif, yAefwh:rldif:ehm:? uldwf,wD;rldif:ehm: rldof; 7.4.1906? tl;ref:qkdof;vkif:zlof:

yl.? yAefzl;ugef:Nif:pAef:qef.umif wD;rldif:ehm:? sr;ref:qkdof;yK;emif:elef:/
rldof;vAuf.pAef:vduf;wD;Nif:pAef: at,yD,tSrf, tefrD:wD;oAif:rdlif:ehm:? vkuf.wD;oAif:rldif:

ehm:aO Orf.vlif:uGK,pAef:vduf;xSif; wD;oAif:wgif,il,? vh;rK:cSyf:cl:Ogefbof.aO ckdef:
rK:pAwf:cl:Ogefvduf;oAif:rldif:ehm:/
rD:q[tefc[;bkuf.bkif;qgh;xSrf yD;egif.qkrf:qldof:cldof:wh:sw.sw.? eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,wh:

awrD:wmif:N.erf wmif:pefuGmif;rK: ref:trf,Oldif,trf,trftefref:N.ref:arK? ref:
Ogefyef seyef szyefwduf:wduf:bof.? ayK:oK; tefref:yAefvh;eef. umef
93
rAof:OifaOtrf,oK; qhg;xSrfyefurf:vAof? qArfulef:zmef ulef:rD: ekrf,phm:qhm:bdif:

ekrf,ekrf,xof;xof;z[aOtrf,oK; auK.teftrf,ykdif;trf,tdifvh;vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,trf,
rD:? e[:q[vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,eh. ayK:oK;yAefqldof.cldof:wh:eh. oh.rldefuefrlwf:? q[tefoK;
uofeK;vAuf. r[:rK;b[,eef.trf,rD:vK:vK:/
]]ayK:oK; ydlef;eif,uef arKwlnf:uefauK;? pof:eif,uef cSef;vlof,arKwlnf:uefbof.}}

ref:oK;ehwK,aO,? ]]z[awvlrf. qgh;uefyluf:? z[awwluf: qgh;uefMyf,}}tefoK;
eef. yAefiof;q[vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,/
rldof;ref:wkduf.pAef: cl:Ogefvduf;eef.auK; oh.q[vDsw.sw.? eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,wh:

awvuf:vSrfOSrf:uK;rK: awrD:wmif:N.wmif:pefb[,erfrK:eef. Oif,Ogefvmwf;qKbl,
wK,aO, vgif;vmwf;auK; trf,rD:wD;se:Oif? uBK.sw.sw./ vduf;wh:auK; ref:arK?
vduf;rmef;auK;ref:N. vduf;uvK:eK;zlduf,auK; arKxlef;? uGmrf:sc,auK; arKvmwf;? uGmrf:
uvK:auK; trf,vlrf.yldef;vK:vK:/ vgif;wh:auK;vlif.? vgif;rldif:auK;ygif,? vgif;urf,zK,
auK;cof;q[/ vgif;yhm:rldif:auK;pefxkdifsv; awvh;oK;vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,yAefwh: auK.tef
pof:pK: trf,vDvkdrf:/
vkuf.wD;cl:Ogefvduf;aO vkif:ckef:crf:cgif,chm.rK:pAwf: zl;pmyf,umefxK,eyef,nK,awK,

xkdifymefuByef,cofcof;rldif:rK:bof./
rldof;uByef,cofqrfawtguf,rldif:eef.? ref:uGK,pAwf:umefzgif:z[(twGif;0ef)wD;qof;'K.
OD,OSif,? rldof;eef.ref:sv,uAyf:MrfwgrfpKvduf;vhm:wh:? ykdef:wh: sv,pKqgyf,pKxmrf
vgif;vlnf;qldof.cdlof:wh:pof:? tefbl,Oof: e[:ukefvlifat:OBLdof:eh. ul;wD;wD;bof./
rldof;ref:wkduf.pAwf:cl:Ogefbl,wD;rdlif:ehm:eef. ulef:vlifzhm,yef,nK, rD:Owldof,cdef.

(Mister Kinch)q[.ref:wSrf;tykrf,wh: uGmrf:wh:ul;rAof:rAof:/ tefref:wSrf;yefqldof:
eef. yAeftefrSef;q[ ulef:vlifsv;ref:bif:vh;Ol:ikdef:ugef,? tykrf,wh: ykdef:
wh:tefref:wSrf;qldof:eef. xkuf,vDckdef:pKwlnf:bl,? urf;zgif;auK;oK; uvK:eK;zlduf,
coftofrldof:uGK,rldif:cofaO rldof:oh.e[:Nif:vhm:(wlduf;vduf;)ukduf:rldif:cofbof./ uK;wD;Nif:vhm:
ukduf:rldif:tefrD:wD;rldif:uvK:eK;zlduf,eef. yyf.zkdefvduf;vhm:wh:? clof:vAif:? wmif:bdyf:
wkdof:wh: vh:pefrD:erfsw.sw./ zl;v[zSofMwf; rldif:uvK:eK;zlduf,auK; cSef:awK;
94
uGK,wlnf:aOurf:? Nrf;oK;pof:trf,puf.vduf;pof: clof:bdyf:wkdof:pof:auK;? yldef;sw.Odrf:

ySif:vduf;pof:? clof:bdyf:wkdof:pof:oh.bl,vDvDbof./
xkdifrK:yD< 1947 vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, chm.rK:pAwf:ulef:vlifzhm,ykdefzmof,aO qgh;xSrfvlif

ygifqkdif;rldif:wh:? rldof;wh:wif:rmef;tkyf,ukrfuefuK;wD; oAif:ymifvlifwK,tofvgwf;vSof:ugef:
acKeef. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, vh;qgh;xSrfsw.sw./ ugyf;ref:arKvduf;wh:? vduf;rmef;

uGmrf:wh:? uGmrf:rmef;vDvDsv; qof;'K.cofyAeftefvh;ykdif;pSif:ref:sw.sw./ eif,pkdof
ymifukrfvlifawbof.wlof;uGK,vDimrf:eef. ckdef:ckdef:oef:oef: trf,bl,trf,Oof:qgh;xSrf
sw.sw./
rldof;wkduf.pAwf:zl;ygifumefzhm,ydkefzmof, cmof,imof:eh.-ref:Okdyf,wSrf;tykrf,wh:? ugyf;t

ab:ySif,tl:xkef:tgif,(ta&;ykdifOD;xGef;atmif)vmwf;sv; tykrf,ref:eef. ydef,
wSrf;oh.'hm,rmef;? yyf.zkdefeh.auK; xkuf,vDpKwlnf:bl,/
rldof;bmif:cofcof;pkyf;Odrf: wgif,uBD:eef. ckefcrf:cgif,vh;yhm;rluf:qguf.rluf:qAif,bl,/

trf, wef:qgh;trf,wef:xSrfwD;qof;auBK,tmef.aOyhm;tguf,uGK,rldif:ehm:/ vkuf.rldif:ehm:?
uGK,wmif: uAif:wkifcof;rldif:xh:aO Orf.ckdef:rK:wmif:bef,ukif,? vkuf.wD;bef,ukif,aO
yhg,OAifrK: e[:xmwf;vlrf:aI,wD,blof,ykef;wK,rldif:wh:? ohm:aObmif:tguf,uGK,bof. ckdef:rK:
Mwf; wgif,uBD:aO Okdyf,pAwf:umef,bof./
eif,pkdofulef:rldif:vghrldif:wh:pof: awrD:wmif:N.wmif:pef vgif;e[:rldif:zgrf.rldif:eef.vkif:

ckefcrf:cgif,eh. sv,vmwf;qK,sv,sepmif;wlif.uGK, trf,bl,trf,Oof:? rldif:wh:wD;ref:
trf,zSoftrf,rD:? wD;rdlif:oK.auK; ref:uGK,zSof? eif,pkdofyD;egif.oK.cof awrD:wmif:N.b[,
wmif:pefuGmif;rK:eef.? ref:uGK,ykdwf,zknf,Mif;umefykdefzmof,cmof,imof:wD;rldif:oK.? yD;egif.
oK.cofauK; yAeftefpuf.ref:ySif:ref:sw.sw.? oK.sv.wh:eh.bl,vlnf;uefrK:qArf
rldof;ugef,sv;rldefeif,yD;tguf,egif.yAefuefbof.? ayK:oK.N.auK;wh:vlof,pef? ayK:oK;wh:
pef auK;oK.vlof,N. ch;q[qldif.ehaOsv; eif,pdkofyD;egif.oK.cof awckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:
eef. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, cwf:q[yefrK:sw.sw.bof./
vkuf.wD;rldif:oK.aOvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, Okdyf,uGK,uAif:wkif? uGK,vmwf;? uGK,apK: vgif;wmif:N.

wmif:pefe[:rldif:eguf;rldif:? ohm:aObof.umef wD;uAif:wkifbof.? Orf.Okdyf,uGK,wK;cD;vAuf:?
95
yh,xkdifwK;cD;vAuf:? vlof,xSif; 20 vuf:eef. uGK,nK:ulef:phm.cof? coftofref:whmySwf;

sv; ckefcrf:cgif,vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof./ oef:ref:whmeef.yAef 21.6.1954 tofwlof
whmref:rK:ckdef:uAif:wkifaO 'ifoh.wD;yK,qK.cIdwf.bef,bof./
vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,eh. ukdwf:oh.ar:ref:sv;vkuf;ref:OgefauK.? ar:ref:yAefyK;emif:

vK.? pAwf:cl:Ogefbl,wD;Nif:pAef:qef.Okif rhmOD,oAif:wgif,uBD:? vkuf;qhm:vliftefqkdof;

qhm: vK>yl:eef. pAwf:cl:Ogef'hm,vAef;pSif: wD;Nif:pAef:qef.Okif e[:rldif:ehm:? auK.
tgef, qhm:rBK.yl:Orf.pAwf:qaI:vlif wD;vkrf:zhm,xwf:OdefTwK:wD;wgif,uBD:/
ckefcrf:cgif, sv; vduf;wh:

wh:sv;vduf;wh:eh. rldefeif,vkuf;zKsztefoK;eef. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,N.xkdifvDvD?
vduf;wh:sv;wh:eh. rldefeif,erf.sv;rguf,rloftefoK;eef. ref:uh.vmwf;sw.sw./
vduf;wh:eh.rldeferf.aO wh:eh.rldefrguf,rlofref:qof;oK;qldof.eh/ wh:pof:awckdef;trf,
ckdef;b[,eh. rD:wD;vduf;pof:ckdef;b[,trf,ckdef;b[,? wh:pof:awphmtrf,phmrldof:eK;eef.
auK; rD:wD;vduf;pof:phm trf,phmbof./ ayK:qlof;clyf,vduf;pof:bmof:auK; qlof;clyf,qldof.cldof:
wh:awbmof:? ayK:qlof;clyf,vduf;ygwf:auK; qlof;clyf,qldof.cdlof:wh:awygwf: rD:eif,eh
bof./
tefvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, c[;P;yAefeef.-
1. vduf;uof,vduf;vlifpof:bK,P;phm/
2. vduf;wh:pof:P;yAefrK:vduf;acK;qkdof;OAifwSwf;/
3. ayK:yAefwh:P;arKvduf;wh:ul;auK./
ugyf;ehckefcrf:cgif,eh. qArfrldof;ref:yh,whmeef. uAyf:MrfuAyf:wgrfvduf;wh:? vlwlnf:

xwf: wlnf: pKwlnf:wD;tefvlof,xSif;ref:? vlof,qdrfref:? vlof,xSrfref:aO ch;
q[olef.pKwD;tefvlof,sr:ref:P;ckdwf:umyf;ymefref:rK:bl,? urf,zK,eh.vSuf;vhm;rK:wduf:
wduf:? wmif:N.wmif:pefulef:ul;wD;wD;auK;b[,uGmif;rK:erfrK:sw.sw.? clof:bdyf:clof:wkdof:
ulef:rldif:umifpof:auK; tguf,rK:xSif;yAefrK:xSif;? acK;uGmrf:r[,qkdof;OAifr[, tefMif.qgrf:
umefimef:wmif:udefwmif:bSrf. wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif; clof:bdyf:clof:wkdof:auK;erfrK:wduf:
wduf:/ ulef:rAof:v[trf,rAof:v[auK; vduf;vhm:z[vduf;vhm:ref: sr:qgrf:P;ckdwf:umyf;ymef
rK: vh;pefeif,ehbof./
96
ayK:awrK:wlnf:vduf;pof: tefvlof,qdrfvlof,xSif;ref: rD:erfsw.sw.? acK;ref:

OAifref: P;ayK:qkdof;q[;eef. vlof,tgef,uefsr:xSif;ugef,/ sr:P;ckdef;sr:P;Okif
sr:P;uBK. sr:P;ckdwf:umyf;ymef sr:P;vDaOtgefwgef:aOuof, eef.qkdif? awyAef
ykef;wK,wh:pof:vDbof./ uGhm:uofb[,aOr[:? bK,P;yAefuGh:uofb[,aOr[:? uGhm:zlduf,eh.uBK.aO
uGhm:vrfayK:oK;ehauK; bK,P;yAef uhg:zlduf,eh. uBK.aOugh:vrf? yldef;auK;yAefulef:b[,cdlof:
vlif pof:auK;yAefulef:b[,cldof:vlifpAwf:Oifpof:Orf.vmwf;uGmrf:trf,zAef;`? pAwf:Oif

pof:trf,sr:vduf;pof: P;ref:vDrK:uBK.rK:? ayK:wh:eif,uef trf,tgefuefsr:z[aw
rK:tD:vlpof:aO sr:yefpof:/
ugyf;ehvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, qif,yefpSif:P;sr:vduf;wh:P;ckdwf:umyf;ckdwf:ymefrK:/ eif,pkdof

vduf;wh:awtofqkrf:qldof: teftrf,qkdof;wh: Ogeftofvh;eef. vlof,sr:sw.sw./
wlofv[auK;awvh;qlnf.? acK;v[auK;awvh;qlnf.tof ayK:oK;eh pof:eh.ugyf;vduf;pof:
sv; bmrf:auK;awrlwf:? zdwf:auKqmif;zdwf:uef? umefauK;qmif;vl.? ugyf;vduf;trf,
wSwf;eSwf;sv; wmif:ch;q[wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;auK; awtrf,wSwf;eSwf;OifaOrAof:
bof.? ykef;wK,vkuf;pAef:cofauK;awbmyf,? ayK:bmyf,z[auK;awtrf,c[;pAef: trf,c[;
tmef,? yldef;auK;awxmif,wkdef;eldofpof:? pof:auK;awckdef:xmif,vAuf.cdkef:eldofpof:trf,
uK:pof:auK;awwluf:wSrf,uGK,wduf:wduf:? vduf;pof:auK;awogwf;ohm:phmuGK,wduf:wduf:bof./ ckef
crf:cgif, trf,c[;P;yAefqldif.eef wlofref:cof;yK:e[:umefsr:vduf;wh:rK:bl,bof./
ohm:sr:vduf;wh:bof.? eif,pkdofqArfyldef;qArfpof:awarKvlarKtmef,vduf;wh:rK:eef.?
ref:qif,xkuf;tguf,vduf;yyf.j>Mif.oK;]]cGefcrf;acgif\oQrf;bmomoifpmtkyf}}? yyf.eh.
tdwf,tguf,rldof;yD< 1312 vldefuof;r[, 5 crf;? oef:Okuf:(Oguf;uBK,)18.8.1950? yyf.
eh. wif:rlwf:rD: 195 eK;? e[:yyf.awvh;pefsr;OAif? sr;uyf:? rhmOAif sr;vduf;wh:?
P; ayK:tguf,OAifacK;qkdof;ref:eef. qSuf,vSif:seoh.ul;Orf,ul;yldif? OAiftguf,ref:wD;
ygif,ref:seoh. 'hm,wh:'hm,rmef;sv;vduf;urf,zK,/
ayK:rD:yyf.eh. trf,rD:ulef:OgefauK;awK;awarKvduf;wh:rK:vh;bl,bof.? vDtgefuefrD:

oh.pif:z[pif:ref:bl,? vldofaOeh.trf,uK: ayK:wh:auK.j>vltmef,vduf;yyf.eh. vduf;rmef;
auK;N.qgrf:rK:urf:vAofbof./ vduf;pAef:tmefqgrf:uefOgefauK; ref:yefoh./ ayK:wlnf:
wD;eK;vduf; 35 awK, 48 awvh;pefbl,/
97
eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,cof qldof:c[;vAef;c[;auBK,awbdyf:wkdof:vh;auK; ref:wSrf;oh.yefuGmrf:

tefMif.oK;-]]uGmrf:awK,il: tlrfNoftlrfpmif}}eef.awvh;pef wD;eK;vduf; 49 bl,
bof./
1. ekdif; cD;zkdif;tgif,zbgif:/
2. Ogif whegifrgifyKOlrf;/
3. Omrf emif:tmrfckdef;awK:uD,/
4. OD, st:tD, ckdef;awK:vhm:/
5. pK; rmuf,vl;vK;Okuf:vdlif/
6. Nuf: zlefvlifwluf: olof:wkdef,/
7. qAwf: yldef;oAwf:yK vgif;erf./
8. ySwf, yldef;uSwf,erf.cof;eK:/
9. uof; yl,bmif:xof;pKyK/
10. Odyf: eluf.ulef;odwf:ulef;oAof;/
rldof;ugef,eef. vgif;oK;ulef:uK. qof;olof:rldif:wh:cofvlif:uK.xkdifyK.uldof(yJcl;)eef.auK;

ref:vmwf;seoh.qldif.eh wD;eK;vduf; 68/
qof;olof:wmif,qmrfuK:?
yK:ukef,yK:OdefrK:?
OAifpdif,arK;wlif:wlif:?
tgefuefvlif:yK,uldofyulof:?
tl:qD: qof;olof:wmif,?
yK:vkuf;vAif.vkuf;qmif;?
cBK: qcmef:ymifvdkof;?
wD;bldof;vldif, erf.erf?
ayBK,aO qof;olof:wmif,?
qmif;rD: zl;v[bof.?
ygh,Ohmwdef qgwf,rldif:?
rdkwf;ukdof:N.quf:OAif;?
tofcl: ckefOmrfavK:?
uK.wif:olof: pK;ymuf,?
98
OAifclof OAifpkef.v[?
eef; ul;e[ul;crf;?
pAwf:umef vgif;vAif.wgif.?
vDcgh qof;olof:wmif,?
bK,aycmef.aytldef?
uK.rldefqof;olof:aeK;/
rldof;rldif:Nrf;wkrf qrfawvh;vgwf;vSof:ugef:acKeef. e[:q[ulef:rldif:wh: rD:qldif.

pkdofeef. vlwlnf:acK;uGmrf:tgef,tefvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, uAyf:O[,oh. e[:yyf.vduf;ref:
eef.wK./
rAof:ulef:xkif.rldif:vghpof:cK;?
tgefuefvkuf.vK; bK,ayegef:?
rkuf.qkrf:pof:cK;rD:Owf;qK,?
zgrf.yAif:q[oK,qK,puf.uef?
pof:bif:c[;bl,OK,?
bK,ildof;eK, rldefrldof;oef:oK:?
xkif.rldif:vghpof:pK:?
tgefyK:qgh;uefuGK,?
ulofcDeh.uh.umwf;?
wgif:rmwf;uGK, pif:ref:?
zgrf.OAifsv;yAif:ymuf,?
z[bK,zmwf,qlrf:uef?
pof:trf,c[;pAwf:cK;?
rldof:eK;bK,P;yAef?
rmef;wh:sv;cBmif: cmif?
ygifOmif; vgif;vgwf;vSof:?
vgwf;vSof:pof:c[;vh;?
yl,rh; tgefuefbgef:?
zgrf.uef ckdef;yAefwSof:?
vgwf;vSof: wuf:trf,umwf;?
99
rkuf.qkrf:pof: erfwgef:?
tefuefbgef:P;vh;?
vgwf;vSof: zgrf.bgef:uGK,?
P;urf,zK, vh;idef:/
vgif;wkif:(tvmrf,)rldif:wh: rD:uGmrf:rguf,ref:oh. eef.auK;vkif:ckkefcrf:cgif, uAyf:MrfaO

tofO[,oh.e[:yyf.vduf;ref: vh;pefrD:eif,ehbof./
tvmrf,(wkif:-) pof:cK;rldif:vhg?
ckdef;bof.Mwf;yhmvuf:ydofbl,?
vldif cAof vSif ODxgif,OmrfrAof:?
yK:vldefcrf:qof;xgif,Ndof;?
wkif:eef. yluf:yefq[qK,wD.ulef:rldif:?
wh:? cmif? cBmif:? rmef;? bmif:vSif?
zgrf.uefeyf.brfulrf;ugrf:?
twdwf;vldif OK,OeK,auK;wuf:Ndif:?
twdwf;cAof omef;rldif:auK;wuf:OK,bK,?
twdwf;vSif vldwf;qK,wd?
wuf:yluf:ySef rguf,vmwf;?
emrf,rldif:vgh vldefcrf:Orf.
wuf:P;omef;rldif: uwf:edrf? trf,umwf;?
rldof;yD< 1947 vldefa',a'K,oID, 7 oef:yAefoef:ulef:rldif:wh:/ vDrhmwgif:oh.qldif.pkdof

eef. yK:rK:e[:yyf. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,eif,ehbof./
yD< 1947 vldefa',a'K,oID, 7oef:yAefoef:wh:pof:/ P;wgif:rhmuGK,rldof:eK;

qof;'K.sv;zl;wmifwlofulef:rldif:zgrf.yAif:q[uef? wduf;xmef,wldif,oK;uK;trf,
vh;vgwf;vSof:ugef:acK oef:eh.pof:oh.Owf;qK,wuf:trf,zK;? eif,uK;cmifcBmif:
bmif:vSifrmef;wh:zgrf.uef? oef:wh:auK;yAefrK:/ vgwf;vSof:auK;vh;bof./qK,
cBKuf;ymifvlifygh:rmif:qkif,? yAefOmuf;aO,vlif? bK.trf,vh;tofeh.uGK,eK; uK;
yAefvkuf;vmefpof:qlrf:ayBK,qlrf:rlef;uef e[:oef:wh:ul;qlof;/
100
rldof;uByef,cof;rldif:rK:eef. e[:rldif:wh:pof:vh;vl.vh;vSofqldif.pkdof apKNdef:qof;'K.ulef:

rldif:cofvh;vl.Okrf:qdlif.pkdof P;ayK:vh;yAefwD;rhmwD;wgif:eef. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,wSrf;oh.
eif,ehbof./
apKvlifoAif:rldif:ehm:?
ulef,yif:yAefzof,wof;?
uByef,cof;rldif:rK:?
yK:umef;sc; 'h:wkwf,?
ulef:rldif:yhm;yAefOhm?
urf;zgif;whmtlduf,vldwf;?
yAefOkduf:eh.trf,vD?
wmif:rh;cDqgwf,wlof;?
ayK:sr;sv;vkuf;vmif:?
yK:wif: ql.qlof:uef?
zmwf,bmef acK:clrfeK,?
vgif;OK,q[ trf,rD:?
apKvlif rkefcrf:qof;?
vh;qmrf, Odyf:uof;yD<?
vkuf;vmefvDN.ygif,?
qif,oK; vh;quf:sz?
xkuf,cSef;se Ogefvmwf;?
wgif:rmwf; P;Okduf:bAef?
uK;yAef apKrldif:wh:?
'h:wkwf,pkef.urf;erf?
uBmuf;OaI,Okdif,wldif:?
oef:rldif: vh;oof:rgif/
vgif;umefulef:vgif;eh.vkuf;tgef,wh:trf,vDpAwf:trf,xkuf,vDbldif; eef.auK;ref:rguf,
seoh.eif,ehbof./
101
ulef:vgif:ugwf: wKvldif?
wAwf,wAwf,ckdef;Ndef:yldef;?
uBmrf,ouf.wlduf;vlif:Ndef:?
clofvhNdef:vef,vkwf;?
qof;Ndef:wluf:q[wkdef,?
eSwf;zkwf,vkuf. tguf,wlnf:?
zldof,yldif:xmwf;'h:pK?
vh;pefulef:crfbl,?
ulef:vgif:ugwf: whmvkdrf:?
vh;oSif:uef qeftguf,?
ohm:aO N.wlofrK:?
vh;xkuf,yldef; wdrwf.?
rAof:thm;ulef:vgif:vlif?
ayK:vgif:vh;rldefckef?
ayK:Orf.vgif:ugwf:uGK,?
yAefeif, bgyf:rKoh.?
pdef. wmif:vAef;wmif:vgif:?
vDolof,qmef;uefeK,?
rD:clof:r[,r[,auK;?
tofurf.imrf,vgif:Okrf:?
rmuf,cldofySuf. OgifOgif:?
ulef:vgif: qldof;rldof:udef?
eldof.yKzuf:cefb[,?
O[,O[, trf,vh;udef/
eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef,pof: awvuf:vSrfOSrf:uK;? vgif;bl,wef:Oof: awrldefulef:vDrK:

eef. vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, uAyf:O[,oh.e[:yyf.ref:eif,ehbof./
eif,pkdofawvuf:vSrf?
P;Oof:uSrf pdrf:TOK,?
vmwf;uGmrf:uBmrf: tK,uK,?
102
ySwf;omif: bK,bmefuh?
uGmrf:vmwf;yof, vSefvhm?
awK,xkdifwhm bK,vmwf;?
Oifc[;yAefulef:rBmwf;?
bK,cK;pSrfwlofq[?
ul;crf;tduf,oef:e[?
pefclof:z[ bK,OAof;?
wmif:zBmif: udav,OK,?
rK,wkuK, rD:zlof?
wldof. wdef wlofP;so;?
qArfvAuf.awK,xkdifxof;?
bK,udefvof;rof:urf?
Oifulofbmuf;zmefrgh:?
bK,wlnf:ygh: ul;crf;?
vSef:wgifsv;yl.bK;?
bK,tofq[;oK;zSof?
vgif;vAef;sy, wmif:ngif:?
ikdef:wgif:bK,tofqmyf;?
wlofz[aOtrf,oK;? rldof:eK;P;wgif:tof/
eif,pkdofvkuf;pAef:cof awcwf:q[pAef:vduf;? tmef,vduf;P;ckdef;OkifrK:eef. vkif:ckef

crf:cgif, rguf,vmwf;seoh. qldif.eif,ehbof./
vkuf;tgef,pAef:Ogefvduf;?
uBmuf;vduf; qrfpdrf:'h:?
'h:Orf.rh;clefwK?
pKqrf;rK:buf.eK;?
uGK,uRif:auK.aO;clof?
ulrf;NofvDthmeK,?
ulef:zgef.vduf;rldefref:?
emef:rD: trf,wgef.pef?
103
nmef,vD wgef:vldofyldef;?
vh;ckdef;qef. ul;yD<?
yduf.Orf.bmuf; zmefrhg:?
q[qyf:qgh: 'hm,vduf;?
vlif:uRif: zSofrldof:Ndef:?
uh.eK, wkdef:trf,sv,?
zl;v[pefauK;tmrf:?
yAefvkuf;crf:puf.sr;?
yldof;ulofbrf xgrf,uGmrf:?
yAefwkdef:Mef: zkif:b[,?
zSofrldif:v[ auK;bK,?
rAwf;wK, Olduf;xkdifql:?
ulef:q[Okdof; qSwf;qmif,?
eif,OSifvD xlduf;uK;?
ayK:c[;yAef ulef:rBmwf;?
vDbAyf,bmif;Mh:wdef/
vgif;vlnf;qof;eK:rldif:wh:cofrD:qldof.pkdof pAwf:Omif;umefimef: qldof.pkdof tefoK;eef.

auK; vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, rguf,vmwf;seoh.eif,ehbof./
wh:ehm: xheK:bl,?
eK:ref: trf,ayK:uGmif;?
vkuf;qhm: apK;uGhm:rK:?
ayK:vkuf; qgh;uefxh?
ohm:aO xheK:bof.?
ogef: ulef:rK:Ogrf;cof;?
erf.eK: zlduf,wldef;wldef:?
xlnf;wlduf,uK; Ogrf;uef?
bl,trf,pkdiftrf,emef:?
wlef;cof; cAofwif:wlif;?
cgef,erf.ref:vdef vD?
104
Nif:cof;ilif: ySeftguf,?
eluf.qguf, eluf.ukdof:v[?
vlif:wof vh;y[.ykdwf:?
tguf,pSif;vSif.ch,rK:?
yK:cAof: ymwf,cof;uef?
rkif;wlnf: Okwf:OhmwK?
vh;pef ykrf,cof;uldyf,?
cdif,bAyf, cdif,ayK.cof;?
tofavK. awK.cof;ab:?
vdefrldif:pmyf,qldof.zef:?
zkuf,Ogrf;OifauK;ihm;?
rldif:wh: rldif:zkuf,cof;?
qof;v[vuf: vh;udef/
ayK:c[;vuf:vSrfaO yAefulef:vDuGK,rldof:eK;qkdif xkuf,vDwgif:rhmoh. uGmrf:'mif.yefOwd

tgef,tefvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, wSrf;oh.e[:yyf.ref:bl,bof./
c[;vuf:vSrf cof;umwf,?
c[;zmwf,bmwf, pKyK?
c[;yAefrK cD;olnf,?
c[;wKwlnf, sO,wSef?
c[;arKvSef vAef;ql.?
c[;qAof:N. bl,uRif:?
c[;qAof:wgif: uh.oK;?
c[;yAefcK; egef:oef:?
c[;qAof:wef: eSwf;uBmyf;?
c[;rD:vmyf; pAwf:umef?
c[;qAof:zmef vgif:zhm.?
c[;qAof:chm. cwf:ckef?
c[;rD:rkef vl,xmyf;?
c[;wlnf:zmyf; pAwf:cwf:?
105
c[;uGK,pwf: yK:auK.?
c[;aOK.avK. pAwf:uGmrf:?
c[;q[uBmrf: udefvof;?
c[;rD:cof; pAwf:eK:?
c[;yAefTzK: bldef.cBKuf;?
c[;rD:vkuf; tofar:/
eif,pkdof pof:pK:awrlef;Oldof:q[eef. wh:pof:rldof;ugef, rD:uGmrf:wK.ql:ueferfsw.sw.?

vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, uAyf:wSrf;O[,oh. e[:yyf.ref:rD:aO 76 tefvh;pef eif,ehbof./
ayK:awvh;xluf:tguf,se urf;zgif;qkdif rD:rldefeif,w[;eh.bof./

1. uGhm:pSif:vlif acK:urf,? vlif:erf.trf,pefMh:/ (Ndof:)
2. uGK,auK;buf:? rK:auK;buf:? trf,vh;zuf:aOOAef;/ (eAyf.wdef)
3. ulef:OmrfauK. cAef:cAef:NofOAef;vAof/ (uAif:OmrfcK)
4. qmif.sr;xof;vifOK:? ayK:zlefrK:brf:vif trf,brf:wgif./ (Ndef:)
5. OD,wdef yhblif;bmif;? Ogifzmuf,cmif;yK:ySrf:/ (olof:wmif,)
6. emif:tgwf:wgwf: emif:tgef,wgef,? ekif;Oldof;cgef, Omof:zkdef/ (cof;umyf,)
7. yAefrguf,yldef;trf,yuf:? yAefzuf:yldef;trf,udef/ (rguf,ukrf;? zuf:wl)
8. 'hm,eh.N:? 'hm,ykef.N:? il:OKtguf,rK:vAef;/ (vdef.)
9. wSyf:cof;tgef, Mh;zK? wh;'h:pKtrf,vh;? ukrf:imrf:pK qif,vh;/ (o[N)
rldof;ugef, ulef:xof;wh:cof Oif,Ogefvmwf;oh.pif:vkuf;vmef P;vuf:vSrf P;N.wlofrD:

eif,ehbof./
-pAwf:vgh:vgh: N.vh;? ch;vgh:vgh:N.whm?

-c[;qAof:P;umef:? c[;emef: P;vSef;?
-NofwSuf, wSuf,e[:rluf,Nof? cSefpuf: puf:e[:Oldof;?
-bK,ykdwf,Oldof; P;yldef;pefvif?
-ruf,pdefpuf: uyf:trf,vh;?
-arK;bK;vdef bK,aywgh,rmuf,pdef? arK;bK;rh. bK,ay,oh.pdrf:'h:?
-N.eef oh.yK;eK;? uwf.uK; oh.yK;vif?
106
-'K.vif zleftrf,wluf:? ulef:vlrf: trf,rD:ql.?

-zlefwluf:qof. quf:wguf,? vSwf,tguf,qof. yK:wlnf?
-erf.trf,vhm,trf,Nof? bK,ODwlof tmyf,Okuf;?
-ulef:trf,Nof trf,pmif bK,pAwf:auK.? ref:qmif;ayK.pof:whm?
-rD:erf.auK; rD:yK? rD:rKauK; rD;qof;?
-xof;bof. qif,Ogefxrf:? OgefvlifOgefvmif Ndof,ayK:brf:trf,vh;?

-umifoef:wluf: qif,wmuf,cof;? wmuf,bof. trf,wef:wrf?
-vDyldof;xmrf imrf:yldof;wSrf;? vDydlof;umef omefyldof;uldof?
-vuf:zSof uKwgwf,wgif.? ikdof;zSof qlduf;ugif.acK:/
ayK:awvltmef,wlnf: yyf.vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,eh. awvh;pefvduf;vhm: tefyefvgif;

N.wmif:peferfsw.sw.sv;? vDtgefuefpKtmef,Okdof.tmef,sw.sw.? yyf.eh.z[
trf,z[auK;xkuf,vDrD:oh. e[:Ndef:bl,? ayK:wlnf:vduf;vhm:tefyK:e[:eh.awvh;oK; vkif:
ckefcrf:cgif,eh. OlifuAyf:Mrfwgrfvduf;pof:? uGmrf:pof:sw.sw.? acK;uGmrf:wh:pof: tefyK:
e[:yyf.eh. 'hm,rmef;auK;ref:ckdef:seoh.sv; vkif:ckefcrf:cgif,eh. rldefeif,ref:uwf.
vduf;wh:eef. vduf;rmef;auK;uwf.bl,/ pof:pK:OlcofauK; vDqgrf:pAwf:eif,ref:aO
uAyf:Mrfwgrfvduf;pof:bl,? xkuf,vDvh;tdwf,tguf,yAefyyf.eif,ref:aO? ykdwf,Nykdwf,wK
yefwh:pof:bl,? rldefeif,vkif:ckefcrf:cgif, tmif;tmef:c[;P;pof:Nygif,wKvSif: ckdef;b[,
r[,Okifeef. pof:pK:xkuf,vDtgefuefpAwf:qgrf:bl,bof./ umeftefvkif:ckefcrf:cgif,
pAwf:seuGK,ykef;wK,Ohmq[OAef;wmif:pof:rldof:eK;eef. tgefuefOkdyf,yhqgrf:uGK,aOurf:
wK./
*********************
rgif:
z[yAefz[ e[:rldif:wh:
rhmOgif
107
wgef;zkduf:zgef.
1. ugyf;Oifsv;zl;uwf.cSef,vlif.vSef,vduf;vhm:wh:cofvh;sr:vduf;wh:uof,
P;yAefOAifwSwf;rK:`/ uK;eif,qof;uof,N.eef. Oyf:vSif:sewK./
2. oguf:tefuAof,vlnf;vgif;oK; ulef:uK.qof;olof:rldif:wh:cofvlif:uK.xdkif yK,uldofrdlof;

ugef,eef. su;vdwf;sewD;ygif,ref:aO pefxkdifeldofOlduf;ykdef:rldof;eef
eif,pkdof Oyf:vSif:yK:wK./
3. ayK:yAefOkduf:yAefOldofeh. omef;OlefNdef:ab:ulef:rldif:vh;vkvSofbkif;bmif;
qldif.pkdofeh.tdifeldofoguf:tefwSrf;vgif;rldof; uByef,cof;rldif:rK:eef. awK,wh,
ch;sewK./
4. vldofaOuGmrf:wK.ueftefvkif:ckefcrf:cgif, uAyf:MrfwSrf;O[,oh. 10 acK;eef.

wmif,vgif;wmif,yldif tefqof;uof,bmrf;N.idef:eef.wSrf;sewK./
5. OifoK;yyf.vduf; ]]z[yAefz[ e[:rdlif:wh:}} rhm(2) awqmif;tguf,rK:xSif;qkdif

qof;uof,pefxkdifoK; vDvh;O[,yK:z[P;yAefzl;uwf.cSef,pwf:imeferf:NofxSif;
vhmvhmeef. wSrf;sewmif:pefxkdifwlnf:wK./
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pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 154^97(3)

ugyf;yldof;zl;tgefNoferf:eK;tefoK;eh. yAefzl;N.eK:pefvif? yAefzl;N.ykdef:rldof;oK:?

wD;ygif,acK;uGmrf:zl;tgefNoftefoK;eh. ref:vdkuf.vrf,uGmif;cGmifsw.sw.? ykef;wK,zl;

rldefeif,zl;tgefNofyhm:rldif:? yhm:Okduf:? yhm:rmuf;rD:? yhm:Olef:wkrf rD:eef. zl;tgefNof

z;sewmif:? zl;ykdwf,ymif,? zl;quf.qkifOlef:wkrfsv;zl;tgefNoferf:eK;eh. wD;

awxkuf,rSef;bl,? ulnf:uK; ulef:cof;yK:e[: 3 xmef; 3 OSef:qldof:eh. wkdef:yAef

bl,/ bgef.yldof;oK;-ulef:qldof:ugifvifygh,zK;ykdef.ySwf;umefimef:ulef:wif:vhmaO zmwf,

ulef:rldif:clif:umifNofqd…K.eh. yAefulef:rK:j>qmwf;bof.auK; wuf:awvh;N.quf: vgif;

wgef;wK,ul;yhm:yhm:(Educational budget, Health budget ect;)uldwf,tguf, ulef:uwf.cSef,

rldof;ylef.rK: 5-10yD<yhmeh. yldef;tgefuefoK; uByef,yAefzl;cGmuf;rldif:vgif;yhm:rmuf;rD:aO

eh. rldif:clof:ID:bldof:qmef: Orf.cwf:q[sr:ukrf:zkuf,yluf:ygifyhm:ykdef.N.wmif:arKyef ulef:

vgif;qkef.ykef;vD Okef,wlofaO pAwf:Omif;qgh;xSrfykef;ulef:wif:vhmerfwgef:vldof

* ]Owf:woK,wif:vhmtefbl,e[: 31 clif:eh. ulef:qgh;xSrfqldof.qmwf;qrf.-uk

wh:arKvhm:eh. arKvhm:uK;vhm:qldif:urf;erfulnf:? tefarKvhm:OSef.vhm:wSef:ehrD:au,

]zl;tgefNof zl;sewmif:qSwf;qmif,trf,qSwf;qmif,tefoK;eef. ref:tdifeldoftef

ulef:rldif:wh:pof: vh;wluf:vdkef:wluf:wSrf,ulrf;NofulofspcD;bmef;cDiof trf,pwf:sc.cSif,

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