Sāriputta

Course; Title BC 033;Shan Literature

By ; jao Khu Nandavamsa 30/10/2020
Name: jao pannavamsa StudentID: 160036
B.A 3rd year
ydkef:vduf;wh: sv; ydkef:vdfuf;vmh:wh:
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 vduf; = vduf;eh.ygif;oj;yAef tefwmifuGmrf:vmwf;sv;OAif
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ref:pgif.awj,vmh:erf.vhcofydlifedlif;?
teferf.cofvhyef,odkef:odkef:bof. aOqif, Okkwf:cmh.
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vduf;vmh: = vduf;vmh:eh.yAefwmif:rmh
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xSrfqgnf;wj,umefrldif: sv;ulef: wif:OAif: eh.pgif.vduf;vmh:bof./
wh: = whtefoj;eef. yAefacj;qdkof;OAiftefpgif.awj,
cldof:ulef:tefpuf.Ojawj, vgif;vgwf;vSof:sv;tef
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erf.vmhaw.aw.aO bl,zmwf,sz ayj:qgwf,qSwf,wlof;vlifuGj,
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pefrdlefeif,wD;w[;eh.bof./ qdlof:eef. qrf.-
u. umyf;ymef vduf;pmif;wlof(ymefrldif:ql:vlif)
c. umyf;ymef vduf;uh,Omef,(e[:ymefrdlif:ql:vlif)
i. umyf;ymef vduf;xlof,iguf; wlofbmof:
q. umyf;ymef vduf;xlofiguf; wlofygwf:
 O. umyf;ymef vduf;urfbAef: vduf;wh:teftrf,rD:rmhOAif
n. umyf;ymef vduf;wlofrlef teftrf,rD:rmhOAif
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yAefqdlof:eh.bof./
u. umyf;ymef vduf;pmif;wlof(ymefrldif:ql:vlif)
vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
vduf;pmif;wlofeh. yAefclof:cdlif;rAwf,rmhtefrD:
tefyAefvduf;yAefvmh:rj: tefbmrf;rD:rj: e[:vkuf;vkrf;'j.eh.
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qSif,seyefuef p[;vh;pl.ygif,q[ eef.bof./
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vmwf;vh;eef.bof./ ulnf:ej, Orf.arjvmwf;qSif;sevh;
p[;ayj:pl.ygif,qgrf:umifq[auj.wSrf; C[;oj;Oifeef. vh;pl.bl,urf; zgif;
eef.bof./ vduf;pmif;wlofeh. ref:rdlefeif,pof:wlnf:awj,
zmifpmif;yef:OD tefefdkif;eef. bof./
vduf;pmif;wlofeh. rD:rj:e[:vkrf;zj.aO
vh;yAefcdlif;rAwf,rmhq[.wdkof:rj:aw.bl, tefoj; eef.
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eef.auj;pl.vh;bl, bof./ xSif;tef edlif;
Orf.rdlof;vAfyf;pAef:wlnf:wD;vdefrdlif:wh:ej:cD:coffee.bof./
tefqif, eh.pgif.oj; rdlif:vD;qSif< wdefvghumifvlifrdlif:bdef<emef;
(rldif:bl,emrf,)? rdlif:OSef (rdlif:xSif<) eef. vh;bl,bof./
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vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
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ref:qef.OkifaO vduf;pmif;wlofeef.aOtrf,uj: qif<vlvh;tguf,
yAefOAif rj:vh;bof./ tofrmhvmuf,vmh:rmhcmef,aOq[.bof./
urf.erfeh.wSrfrmhacj;ylif qof;zj.bl,plofcof aO wSrf;rmhwD;
zdkefeifOdlofsv; yyf.vduf;uh, Omef,eh.
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ref:uGmif;b[,aw.aw. sw,tofvdefrdlif: bl,erf,
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tmef:erf.cofqdlof:eh. ygif,zSofymif,vmh, wmif:tguf, ygwf:qmef:
rldif:sc,qif,.eh.bl,bof./
vduf;uh,Omef,eh. vh;pefq[wdkof: wD:e[:cldof:wh:
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rdlif:rj:? rdlif:uSif? rdlif:pSwf;? rdlif:uSwf;?
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OSefaq<eh. wuf:vh;oj;yAefrdlif:vlifwh: tefb[,uGmif:aw. aw.aO
vh;oj;yAefumyf;ymeftef edlifbof./
i. umyf;ymef vduf;xlof,iguf; wlofbmof: vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
 umyf;ymefvduf;xlof,iguf;wlofbmof:qrf.-
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ulef:wh:rD:vduf; qArfrdlof;tgefwmif: yDcIdwf.(2300) ehbof.?
ymefeef.ulef:cdlof:wh:bl,qgrf: Omyf;sr;erf.imh: tefpgif.oj;
sr;erf.bmif,aq;aO wlofsr;vduf; rD:(18)wlof
yAefzmifpmif;vduf;xlof,iguf;ehbof/
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clef.uGj.vh;wSrf;oh. yyf.zkdefclef.uGj. rl,qkrf:wh:
vAyf;pAef:ykdef:wh ulnf:eif,uof, oj;vduf;wh:xlof,iguf;eh.
yAefvduf;vmh: tefpldof; pldif:rj: sw,tofrdlif:egifaO
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(y.c713-718)auj. tgef plofaO sw,clif;pAwf:rj:ehbof./
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qof;vlifuofvlifzlif: trf,eefqof; vlifqof;uof;vlifzj. rdlof;(748-778)
eef. Orf.cSef:vh;pefq[.wdkof: plef;rkef:rj:pSif: aw.aw.eef.bof./
sw,tofumef e[:pmif;e[;apj umefrmef;umefrdlif:?
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xkdifrdlif:zmif(wdyf,ySwf.) pmif;rdlif:Odluf;
xdkifrdlif:vmof:ej;urf, (umrf,ylof:wD:b[:) eef.
vh;tofvduf;xlofiguf;wlofbmof:eh. q[.wldof:wdwf. awj,
xgifcmof,imof:uefrj: bl,eef.bof./ (eh.qmh:'j;wSrf;oh.) ]=wgef;eh.awvh;pef
yD<ref; ydlifuefoh.}
q. umyf;ymef vduf;wh:xlofiguf; wlofygwf:
vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
umefymefvduf;wh:xlofiguf;wlofygwf:eh.qrf.-
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auj.tgefsw,wif; vh;rdlif:rguf,cmof:rmof:vlifeef. vh;rlef.
sr:vduf;vmh:wh: vkuf.wD;vdufxlof, iguf;wlofbmofeef.yAefrj:
vduf;xlofiguf;wlofygwf: tefwldofrD:wmif: wSrf;vh;oh;?
vlvh;oh:? ygif,q[vh;imheef. rj:rdlof; (y.c1313-) eef.bof./

ref:qof;Orf. eif,pldofvduf;vmh: awplof;pdlif:ydlif:O[uGj,eef.

ref:qof;ylifOifacj;uGmrf: ruf:ref;yAefydlifrdlif:oj;
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wuf.awvh;Ogefvduf; xlofiluf;eh. ul;auj.auj. eef.bof./
vdlofaOeef.Orf.
Orf.cdkfef:p[;tgefuefq[.uGj,e[:umyf;ymefxlyf:rdlof: sw,tofumef
rmef;umefrdlif:? e[:pmif;e[:apj? umefpAwf:OSef;rmhsv;
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arjoh.eef. Orf.cdkef:vlifOdkyf,Ogefyefqdlof:
(qhm:'j;)
OSef:ekrfeef.bof./
 wD;eh;auj;vh;pefxSif; qaI:]vlifpmef} rdlif:emh:eef.
clef.uGj.vh;wSrf;oh. yyf.zkdef clef.uGj.rl,qkrf:wh:
vAyf;pAef:ykdef:wh ulnf:eif,uof, wSrf;oh.oj;vduf;xlofiguf;
wlofygwf:aw. yAefqof;vlif Odlofplrf,'j.irf:rdlif:
auj.tgef,sw,Omif;clif;yAefrj:rdlof;yD y.c(1313-1316) aObof./
pAwf:Omif;qgrf: ymh:olef. vgif;vkuf.zkdef.bAef.si;wh:
tefoj;yAef]yuf:ydlifOD,wdef zldefwrf:ref;} eef.aObof./
sw,wif;vh;rdlif:wkrfuSef<wh: yguf;urf:Omrfehsv; vduf;wh:
xlofiguf;eh.vh;pef pldof;pdlif:rj:umyf; ymefedlif;aO
Odkyf,rD:rj:awj,xdkifoef:rdlof;eh.bl,/

vuf:xmefOmuf;aO,ref:aw. plif:vmh:wD;rdlif: tj,Omrf,

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rdlif:rmof:vlif tefwlofqof;Odlfofuj,'j. tofrj:aO ySif:wdkfof:oh.
wD;rdlif:wlef;Olefcrf: awj,ckefapjcrf:wh:
ul;Odkyf,Odkyf,ul;ymefymef qdlof:eef.vh;yAefrmhwgif:
ydkef:oh.auj;oh;bof./ eguf;aOeef. wD;cSyf:pdefowf.oj:
tduf,yj:ckrfyj,pAof; qdlof:udlwf:rD:oh.
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eef.bl,auj; oj;vh;pefrD:vuf:xmef awj,oef:rdlof;eh.bl.bof./

rdlof;qof;Odlofcmef'j. sw,vh;cdkef;yAefqof;'j.rdlif:rmof:
rdlof;at,wD, (1311) eef. vh;bl, apjuof,wD;oAif:emif:tD,
omh:eef.rdlof;at,wD,(1312)eef. cmh.uGj,wif;oAif:aq;ph:bof./
rldof;eef. qof;Odlofcmef,'j. vh;tofvduf;vmof;vSuf;
q[.qgrf:vduf;xlofiguf;bl,bof./ rdlof;at,wD, (13140)
yluf:wif;apjcrf:aq;vmef.aOvh;cdkef;yAefqof;
rguf,cmofrmof:vlifbof./ (ydkef.cdlof:wh:sv; ydkef:rdlif:wh:)
O. umyf;ymef vduf;urfbAef: vduf;wh:teftrf,rD:rmhOAif
vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
 umyf;ymefvduf;urfbAef:qrf.-
vh;yAefrj:bgef.ydlof;Odluf:Odloferfsv; umefrmef;umefrdlif:
eef.bof./ omh:vifrdlfif:rguf,cmof:rmof:vlif tSefpSif:tgef,rj:eef.
rdlif:OSefoDsv;wif:rdlif:rmof: vh;yAefymifwdkuf:uefaO
pAwf:p[;vgif;zgrf.plrf;wh:auj;vl.? xmef;q[ckefwh:auj; vh;wSuf,
bmh;uefaO auj.Ogefauj.pAef:vduf;auj; at,rj:/ ulef:pl.vduf;cofauj;
vh;ymh;zD Odluf:Odlfofsv; vduf;vmh:auj; vh;bAef:yAef
vduf;wh:trf,rD:yuf:ydlfifOif? yAefvduf;wh: trf,ploftrf,pmif<
vduf;xlof,iguf;auj;trf,yAef vduf;wh:wlofrlef:auj;Orf.yh,q[;?
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eef.bof./ Orf.xSif;umyf;ymefeh.aw. awvh;oj;yAefumyf; ymef
rdlif:tlefuof:Okuf.bkif; yAefOdkuf: yAefOdlofeef.bof./
vduf;vmh:wh:auj; trf,yAefOgefuef trf,vh;q[.uefrj:OifaO
trf,vh;pldof; pldif:pdlif:Oifrj: eef.bof./

vduf;urfbAef:
n. umyf;ymef vduf;wh:wlofrlef teftrf,rD:rmhOAif
vduf;wh:wgef;qof.
umyf;ymefvduf;wh:wlofrlef:qrf.-
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vduf;wh: vkuf;wD:teftrf,rD:yuf: rD:ydlifOifeef.aO
yAefrj:vduf;wh:wlof rlef: rdlof;yD<(y.c1416) sv;1442)eef.bof./
ulnf:uj;vduf;eh.Orf. rD:oh.wlofsr;vduf; Odyf:ySwf,wlofaO
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uguf:sy,/ uguf:cGmh:? xD.wlif? rmuf,vkuf;cef? rmuf,vkuf;
qgnf.cofwif;OAif; eifpdkofulef:wh:pof: wh:eif,uefawtrf,qmif<
vSefudefplofuef eef. bof./
w. umyf;ymef vduf;wlofrlef: terD:rmhOAif
OmrfOAifwgef;umif
umyf;ymefvduf;wh:wlofrlef: tefyj:rmhOAif
OmrfOAifeh.qrf. rdlof;ymefqof;crf:cSef,'j. (y.c1593-1604)
wD;oAif:OSifoAif:crf(oAif:Olyf:pAof:ygif,) rD:qof;wlefxSef;
cl:oj:qof;edlif; vkuf.wmif:uAif:r[,aOrj:pj
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urf,zD,Iqof;blef:sv; yj:rj:wif:Ipmef: (1000)yj:aO
tgefplofrlef.sr:Oj,Oej, sw,yef ugif:rl: wj,ulef:rdlof:vh;uldof:brf
aOtrf,uj: rlef.ar:vduf;wh: vkuf;wD:trf,rD:rmhOAifeef. p[;yAefrj:
vduf;wh:wlofrlef: tefrD:rhmOAifOmrfOAifsv; plrf;yj:wif:
wlofsr;vduf;wh:Omrf Odyf:Ogifwlofeef.bof./
OAifOmrfOAifeef.qrf.- yAefOAifOkif? OAifumifsv; OAifwSrf,
eefbof./ bof.Orf.q[.wdlof: vfduf;wlofrlef: OmrfOAifeef.aO
ydef,yef,yD.wumef,Omrfugif p[;wSrf;yAef
zmh,wh:rj:eef.ugef,bof./
x. umyf;ymef vduf;wh:wlofrlef: terD:rmhOAif
pj;OAifwgef;umiff
umyf;ymefvduf;wh:wlofrlef: tefrD:rmhOAif
pj;OAifeef.qrf.- vh;sw,yAefrj: bgef.ugyf; Omhimhiof:vmh:
ymh:tkyf:yldif,rdlif:wh:vSuf;vmh:ySuf,ydef,rj:sv;
qif,vh;yAefrj:wj,rlef.sr: vduf;vmh:wh:
p[;vh;cdkwf:umyf;ymefeef.rj:bof./ rdlof;yD1922eD;
ckeftdif:uvAwf; teftkyf:ydlif, rdlif:wh:oh.eef. qif,vh;vSuf;vmh;
ymh:tkyf;ydlif,rdlif:wh:tefylef.rj:Odyf:yD<sv;
ymh:pl.arjvduf;wh: auj;at,oh.sv;
qif,vh;ykdwf,Ogefvduf;vmh:ymh:cdkyf:umyf;aO
wif:plif:pAef:urf,ayj:qeef. rj:bl,bof./
wD;wlef;wD:eef.aO vh;tofvduf;wh:
wlofrlef:tefrD;rmhOAifOmrfOAifeef.aO q[.wdlof:
Ogefuefbl,eef.bof./ zldof,xdkifrj:rdlof;yD y.c(1938)eef.
ugyf;ydlof;oj;wloftdif:u vAwf;coftrf,qmif;
pAef:vduf;wh:vDvDaO ukrf,vh;qlnf.bl,ulnf:sv; coftSef:tmef:aw
rlef.sr:yefvduf;wh:pof: awtofwlofvduf;tdif:uvAwf;coffeef.
avj:p[;tguf,yAefOAif wh:aO q[.wdkof:uGj,eef.qif,rD:qof;
oD.qbeef,w(ugRif:umef)aq;oAif:OSefoD yAefqof;ylif
Ogefxrf:wh:eef. qif,clif<Omif;rlef.sr: yefvduf;wh: tefOAifref:
trf,wSwf;eef. p[;yAefrj:vduf;wh:wlofrlef:OAifwSwf;
(vduf;wh:ymefr[,) tefyj:rmhOAifpj; OAifrj:rdlof;
(y.c1940)eef.bof./
omh:aOrlef.sr:vdfuf;bof.qdkif wlofqof;oD.qbeef,wj,
plrf;yj:wif:qof;vmhvmh qof;aO uGj,seqof;OSefoDpgif, qof;plrf,'j.
eef.bof./ qof;plrf;'j.qif,p[;qof; wSrfwlnf: ]uAif,udif?uSif}aO
Oj,xkOmrfurf:aO vmwf;tguf,Olyf: ref:qof;rj:oj;
sw,tofbmrf:eh.uGj, wh:pof;rD:vduf;tef trf,vh;qlnf.bof./ bof.Orf.
tgeftofqof;:Omif, cj,47yj:aOvlif: ql;plofyof; qof;'j.qof;crf;
Odluf;wD;bgif;plnf;eef.bof,/ wlofqof;crf;Odluf;auj.Oj,
xkOmrfurf:bof.aO vmwf;uGmrf:Ogifacj; eef.bof./ ref:qof;oj;
urf:eh.aw.wh:pof: rD:vduf; tefulef:wif:vkrf;'j.
vAyf;pAef:qgrf:vh;eef.bof./ ]]Orf:vmwf;xSif; qmh:tgif,az,
tofvduf;wh:eh. wmif,qmuf;aO tdwf,tguf,bof.
ydkefOlif,yefvkrf:qof;'j.rdlif:wh: ywf.ydkefuGj,
wD;owf.uRif:rkefqof; rdlfif:wh:ul;wD;wD;aOp[;tgef uefOgefaO
q[.wdkof:uefuGj,vj;}} eheef. bof./
vduf;wh:OAifwSwf;tefqof;oD.qbj.eef,w clif<Omif;rj:eef.
vh;yAeftefpldof;pldif: rj:aO
vh;q[.wdkof:uGj,e[:rdlif:wh:ywf.ydkef.pkdkifbmof:awj,
(y.c1946) cmof:wmif:24yD<ymhaObof./ xdkifrj:(1962)
qgrfOdluf:ae,odef: Odrf:tmrf:emwf; yduf.ySwf;vduf;wh:
seoj;yAefvduf;yaw, wIdwf;(vduf;qof;'j.)
trf,yefOgefe[:plif:pAef:aOtrf,uj:
wmif,wD;auj;pmrf;wmyf;ySwf;sv; vduf;wh:eh.
qif,vh;udkwf:bdkwf:ySwf;uGj,eef.bof./ (ulnf:uj;wdkuf:vh;
vuf:vgrfOgefbl,)/
e. umyf;ymef vduf;wh:wlofrlef: tefrD:rmhOAif
pluf:OAifwgef;bmrf:vAof
umyf;ymefvduf;wh:wlofrlef:
tefrD:rmhOAifpluf:OAifeh.qrf.- sw,wif;rj:e[:yD< y.c (1967-
1969)aO yAefvduf;vmh:wh: tefyj:rSwf,rmhOAifeef.bof./
vh;yAefrj:bgef.wmif:vlof, c[;p[;zgrf.plrf; qdlof.cdlof:wh:
e[:rdlif:plrf;wkrf<rdlif:rmef;eh.wif:OAfif;? qdlof:tefyAefwh:wif:
OAif;cofqdlof:eh. vh;q[uefoj;wj,p[;rD:vduf;wh:tefaw
plrf;vh;OAifvmwf;qldof.cdlof:wh: wif:vmh aO
qif,vh;rD:rj:eef.bof./
tgefaOeef. ydlof;yD<(1965-1967) vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfsv;
Oif,cj,qof;wlif. wdkef,wkuf:bgef:
P;ygh,yefvduf;wh:ehrj:aw.aw.oj;oj; cl:qmh:crf;vAuf.qif,
wSrf;uGmrf:ymefr[, yluf:wh:wdkef,rj:-
tefoj;]]yghyefvduf;wh:sv;}}ehaO pAwf:p[;wh:pof:rD:pSif:
vkuf.rj:awj, Ol;awj,xkdifbmrf:vAofbof.? Zgif:eef.
yAefymefvkif:xkef:at:(erf.crf:) wif:vkif:auBj, aqj:(OD,ayj.)
yAefzl;cof; ]]qkrf:ugef:rdlif:wh:}}(OBmef:tl:qD:)
bgef.pSif:tD:pSif:xdyf,aO
awj,ayj:vh;pAwf: ]]ymifukrfvduf;wh: ]] wD;oAif:wlef;wD: rdlof;
(13-15.01.1969) rD:Oifcj,qof; sv; vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrf?
qaI:vduf;vlifwh: cof;plrf;wif:erfsv; rldof;xmrfumifq[zll;
cdkef;pgwf;oj;- ]]wj,awq[.wdkof:vduf;wh:pof: uGj,cmof:rdlof:ej;
eef. awtofvduf;wh:uof,pj.? vduf;wh:r[,}}zgif:eef.Orf.
vh;wSif,yAefOgif,zmh,-(zmh,edkif;) vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfsv;
Oif,cj,ekrfcofoj;]]tofvduf;wh:r[,}}(xSif;zmh,edkif;) qaI:vlvduf;sv;
rkef qof;xof;cofoj; ]]tofvduf;wh:uof,}}aw,eef.rj:
zl;uwf.cSef,vduf; zl;vlif.vSef,vduf;wh:pof: vh; wSuf,uef?
trf,qgrf:uGmrf:xkif:wh:rD:oh.oj;]]rdlof;qmif.rSyf;vdef.
rj:wlofpj:tofP;vh;}}rldof;wdkof.wmif: pof:rD:eh.
pof:ukrfxAifuefzdwf:uef? trf,bgrf:rj,eawj,uef? yAefwlofbmif,
trf,vDwj,vkuf;vmef/ ymefeh.ugnf:auj; bif:q[.zgef.
(Fonts)vduf;wh:trf,cof;uef (wh:01? at,bdif:? ymifvlif? auj.qhm:
aqj,uBD,? bl,eD,clwf.)ayj:trf,pl.vh;bof./
ayj:rj:vAyf;pAef:wlnf:e[:wh:pof:
z[z[auj;pl.oj;]]vDvh;zgrf.uef vDvh;bgrf:awj, uef}} ehaOwj.
tefvh;pefbl,eh. ykef;xlyf:rdkof:pAwf:Omif;aw. trf,imh;imh;sv;
trf,yAefrj: aOyguf;? vh;pASwf:ymifukrfvlif?
ymifukrfvduf;vmh:wh:vlif ul;vmhyguf;aO
wSyf:wwf:rj:wj,q[.wdkof: vduf;plrf;uefrj:bl,
yAefvmhyguf;vmhurf:bl,bof./ wlofbmifref:
ymifukrfvlifvduf;vmh:wh: rdlof;yD< (y.c1968)
wD;oAif:wlef;wD:? ymifvlif? qef.qgrfwif:vlif wD;wj;ukif;sv;
qkrf:vduf;vmh:wh:]r} pj;wlof? acj;wSyf:wwf:rdlof;yD<(y.c1973-
74)ymifukrfvlifvduf;wh:ul;cdlof:cdlof:? acj;vh;q[ aujvduf;
vmh:iof;ikef: qdkif;wh:sv;ymifvlifcdlof:wh:ywf.ykdef.
rdlof;yD(y.c1975) ymifukrfvlifqdkif;wh: (ugif,qD,qdkif;
wh:)yD< y.c(1977-1980) awj,xkdif1985qdlof:eh.bof./
ymifukrfvlif vduf;vmh:wh: tefwj,Ogefe[: plif:pAef:vlifygifqdkif;
rldof;(.y.c2012eD;) ymifukrfvduf;wh: rdlfof;yD< (y.c2013)
qdlof:eh.aO plrf;yj: vlifygifqdkif;rdlif:wh:auj; tgefuefvh;q[rj:
wj,q[.wdkof: OAifpluf:eef .bof./
wlef:OAifwh:sv;OAiftguf;uGmrf:wh:
wleff:OAifwh:pof:eh. rdlof;ylef.rj:sv;awj;vAofeh.
ref:auj;ydlifuef ugyf;vh;rlef.sr: rj:ymef Odkyf,ymefbof.sv;
awvh;oj;cdkef;b[,rj:bl,bof.? rdlof;ylef.rj:vh;q[. rj:vduf;wh:tef
trf,rD:rmhOAifaO rlef.sr:rj:
xdkifOmrfOAifaOvh;pefxlef;xdkifrj:pj;:OAifaO urf:vdkef:rj:
tgefuefvh;q[aO vh;wluf:vlif:oj;rD:pluf:OAifaO
OAifOIayj;vh;rD:rj:bof./
ayj:rj:wlnf:wlnf:cdkef: vgif;OAifvmwf;sv;
vduf;wh:pof:qdkif wD;edkif;sv;wD;edkif;
vh;pefySuf,ydlif;uefoh.bl, cmof:wmif:ylef.rj:(60)yD<
tefvh;peftgefuefsr:vduf;wh:uof, yAefvduf;wh:r[,rj:
rldof;ymefvlifygifqdkif;rdlif:wh:eef.bof./ omh:eef.Orf.rD:
vgif;vduf;wh:ul; cdlof:cdlof:? vduf;wh:
OD,ayj.sv;vduf;wh:ugif,OD,xSif;ugef, wj,awyAefvduf;wh:r[,eh.
vh;vwf:rj: wmif:bmyf,erfbl,bof./
bmrf:vAofvh;pefuefoh.oj; vduf;wh:r[,eh.
vh;q[.OAif;wSwf;pj. trf,wSwf;pj.tef oj;eef.
pof:cj;auj;pl.uefvDbl,? bl,wD;cj;pof:aw.awvh;oj;
vDbl,ulnf:eif,uof, vh;rD:wlef: OAif pluf:OAifrj: ayj:pof:vh;q[auj;
pof:q[.qgrf: ayj:pof:trf,vh;q[auj; trf,q[.apbof.?
rD:pluf:OAifeh.auj;vDbl, q[;z[,wD;ref:eef.ej,/
 rldof;tgefwmif: uj;ugef,tgefuof, ul;zof,ul;yguf;aw.
ylef.rj:vmhymuf, vmhpAifyDrdlif:eef. wh:pof:rD:vduf;rD:vmh
arjygifomef;arjygifrdlfif: rD:zdif;xkif:bAef,si;rj:pkdifaw.aw.-
vduf;wh:rdlof; ugef, trf,q[;vduf;wh:wlofrlef:
qdlof:qj.tefbmrf;wlnf:bmrf;vl vduf;uof,vmh:rgefcofawpl.
peful;auj.bl,/ vduf;wh:wlofrlef:effeh.
Qif,aw,wif;rj:pdrf:pgrf:rguf;Ogifymuf,yD< rdlof;ymef
apjcrf:rif:wkif:sw,wif; qmif;ayj.vduf;rdlif:rmef;eef.
qof;'j.rdlif:OAefoD qif,q[. arjvduf;vlif trmwf;rdlif:udkif
uGj,Odlof.qmuf;ayj.vduf; rD:rj:wlofvduf;qdlef:
qif,pAwf:yj:qrf;w[; qrf;ej;rj:bof./ vduf;rdlof;ugef,aw. trf,yj:qrf;w[;
trf,rD:qrf;ej;Oif? vh;qlnf.tofwduf; wduf:? Ulnf:uj;
wh:ull;cdlof:cdlof:Orf.ygif,uefbl,? vh;qlnf.vltofsv;vh;ygif,bl,bof./
rdlof;yDcIAwf.(1881)eef. rD:ckeftif:udwf:cof tofvduf;wh:
pAwf:yAefyyf.tzdxmef, vduf;tdif:uvAwf;sv;wh:yyf.edkif;bof.?
bgef.vlnf;ymefrdlif: cdkef;b[,r[,Okifrj:aO vh;vSuf; vmh;rj:
wduf:wduf:sv; eif,pdkofawcdkwf:umyf;ymef rdlif:rdlof;vAfofeh
vh;tkyf,ukrf wkrfuefaO cdkfef:sr:rj:xSif;bof./
vduf;wh:ymefuof,ul;zof,rD:oh. omh:eh.Orf.sr;xSif;
Omrfyguf;OD,zof, vduf;uof,yAefrj:vduf;r[,
O[,xSif;rmhOAifukrf,xlef;wArfwmef: xdkifrj;oef:rdlof;eh.
rD:oh.wlofsr; vduf;wh:Odfyf:ySwf, O[,xSif;sr;OAifuSrfOgifwlof
yAefrj:Omof:wlof? OIref:rD:Omof:uof;
plrf;cofwlofOmwf;wlofzSwf rD:pluf:Odyf:wlof
qdlof:eh.yAefplofq[wh:pof: vlof,pl.vlof,arjoh. ul;auj.ul;ulef:bof./
wlofsr;vduf;wh:eh. tguf,OAifvh; (580)OAif?
OIOrf.tguf,vh;OAif(3480)OAif? wlofOmwf;Orf. tguf,OAifvh;
(7200)OAif? OAifvduf;wh:wif:OAif; tguf,vh;OAif(10680)OAif?
OAiftefvh;q[.wdkof:vh;aw.sw.rD(4532)OAif?
OAifteftrf,rD:wD;q[.wdkof:aw. rD:bl,(6148) OAif qdlof:eh.bof./
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rmhwlef:OAifvduf;wh:rD:(6)wlef: rmhOAifsv;OAif
vduf;uGmrf:wh:aw. awvh;pefrD:oh.bl,ehbof./
ydkef:uSyf;qof;cl:arjvlif qof;aej,crf: rdlif:udkif
qof;wlefcl:arjvduf;wh:eh. vh;wlnf:cdkef: tefylef.rj:eef.
vh;pefqof;ynf, nj,nmef,vSwf:zmh zmh,vduf;vmh:wh:aw.
rD:oh.bl,(12)qof; omh:vdkef:vifeh.rj: vh;rD:rj:zl;uwf.
vduf;uwf.vmh:auj;erfrj:sv;vhpefrD:rj(15)qof;ehbof.? wD;ehawtof
ydkef: qof;cl:arjvduf; wh: qof;aej,crf:aO
wSrf;seuGj,qgrf:eif,vAyf;pAef:rj:eef.bof./
qof;aej,crf:eh. uldwf,pefej;rdlof;yD< yD<wh:-1951eD;
(yD<cIAwf.-1857)/ yD<aujqj, (1218)wlof; vdlefOdyf:tAwf:r[,
(7)crf:?oef:Oof qdkof;rdlof;vAuf.rdlof;tgef, eef.pgif.oj;qmh:
xkef:vj. ehbof./
wD;udlwf, yguf.wmef:vgh? rdlif:edrf tdlif,au:OD: omef;qmrf
qdkof;ayj;- ckefOmif,ynf,nj, (pgif.)pAifynf,nj
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xdkifrj:ygh:vdlfefOD, pAwf:Omif,vgif: ekif;vdlifcdkef;
yAefqof;Omif,wD;uRif:rdlif:edrfaO qof;TOj,vh;wmif,yef qdkof;
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tefyAefvduf; qef.iof;eef. vh;pAef:wArfxleff;vDimrf:bof./
xdkfifrdlof;yAefqof;Omif,eef. vh;cdkef:Odkyf, pAef:Ogeftof
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vgif;vlvgif;wSrf; ayj:vlifvSef, bof./ tj,bl.auj;b[,rj:
wmif:pl.wmif:pefauj; b[,rj:wdkof:rj:
cdkef:Odkyf,cdkef;xSif;qef.Okif vh;pAef:tofvduf;
Owf.xj,uBmrf:? ae,wduBmrf:? edbkwf.Wd uBmrf:?
umrf,eduBmrf:? tzdxrf,rj, wwf.Owdif,upuBmrf:?
wmrf,oef,eej,uBmrf:? wdef,cBj, urf,yDeD,uBmrf:? rj,uxzj,Oj,?
yj,vdzj,Oj,? Owf.uwzj,Oj, yAef vlif.vSef, ydef,yAef zmh,wh:-
zmh,rmef;vh;OAif;OAif;bof./ zgif:eef.qof;aOj:zdif,e
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uefeef. vh;udeftmif:sv; oh.uwdOqf. qj,eef. q ꧤ of;aOj:zdef,e
rdlif:egif urfOmrf OAef; ySwf;OgifOAef;? Qof;eef,wdqj,Iaw.
trf,ySwf;aOOAef;sv; wdkof:urfwif:pj;OAef;sv;
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erf.uGmrf:vDOSifvD qdkof;b[,plifvdkof:awj,
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vh;idef:auj; uSef,vuf:qlrf:vlif Olifrdkwf;erf.uGmrf: qof;eef,wdqj,I
aw.bof./

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e[:Omif,umef:tgefwmif:sv;? xkdifrj:yD< auj:qj,vh;(1240)eD;eef.
tj,bl.qof;vh;(22)eef vh;xGmuf;vlif:uRiff:aO vh;rdlof:
bl,qgrf:ayj;sr;aO vh;qdkof;oj;Omif,yef,ehbof.
vh;xkwf,wSrf;vduf;tguf, rdlefeif, vduf;bmwf,erf.? vduf;Ol:wgif:?
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rdlif:udkif qif,tguf,rj:pjcmhwD;ygh: vdlefOD,rlnf,awj,
erf.wAif:ygwf:ygh:TZj:rdlif:udkifaO Omif,yef, qrf.
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zdkif:wkrf.tkrf,vgrf. eif;xgrf,qkuf:xgrf, ayj:trf,pef plofpefwlofref:
qof;vh; bof./ bmrf:eif,eef. tefyAefulef:xmrf:umefe[:apjvkif:
uRif:Omif,omif, bl,omef;vghvdkif; zmh,yj;oef:
vkif:uRif:Omif,omif,eef.sv; vh;rdlof;yBj. vduf;avj:use,wd
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vh;yBj.vdfuf;yefvduf;OD,vodeduf.O zdkefedkif;bof./
wif;tofbmrf: eef.rj: vh;qdlof;vdkof:plif tguf,OAifoj;qaI:eef,wd
ehbof./ omh:ygh:xgrf,vduf;r[, OD,vodeduf.OBbof.?
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ydliferf.wAif:Omh:pdif: vhgqmif.qdlof:eh.bof./ omh:rl,vdfuf;bof.
qof;'j.vlifckef Omif,ugef:auj; tofpAwf:vkuf;tgef,e[:apjaO
yefidkef:qmh, ekdif;umwf,OgifyBj: rof,yefp[; vh;uGj,wif:v[bof./

omh:rj: Orf.vh;rdkwf;udlof;uefwif: qof;'j.ckefrkif,aO

vh;yAeftlnf:auj. vDuefbl, bof./ trf,pkdifOif ckefapjcrf:rif:wkif:
qif,pgif.tofqof;uSrfrdlif: qof;ckefrkif, rldof:bl,e[: apjcrf:
(rmef:wav)wldfif:wj:vldof,ehaO rdlof;bmrf:eef.
qof;uSrf;rdlif:qof; ckefrkif,auj; auj.b[,rj:bof.? qof;'j.vlifrdlif:udkif
ckefOmif,ugef: qif,tofvkuf;qmh: qof;uSrf;rdlif: qof;ckef rkif,eh
eif,pdkofawykwf;wSef:wmifpmif;apjvh;ehsv; vh;Olifqof;ckef
rkif,eh.vlif:uGj,wD; (rmef:wav:)wdlif:wj,vdlof,bl,bof./
rdlof;yD<(1243) vdlefOdyf:tAwf: vgif;(7)eef.
vh;vlifrdlof:qgrf:Olif, qof;ckefrkif,eh.
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(qaI:eef,wd)tgef,qmh:e[:apj auj.edkif;sv;e[:Odyf: Ogifauj.eef.
vh;udkwf;oh. OD,auj.aO wj,ySwf;au.eef.Olif,bof.?
cdkef:cdkef;rj:bl,bofffffffffffff./ Omif,eef,wdauj; vh;bl,rdlif:
rmef;aO bl,Oof:e[:apjcrf:qgrf:qof; ckefrkifehaO
vh;pAef:ydif,nj,wif:arj ]]tefyAeft ekuD,w eekuyBj,
Oav.yj,wj,zmh, rmef;wifvmhaOzkduf:tofqgrf:wD; wlnf;cBdK,
av,cBdK, bwk bumef: ywf.ydBj,blof:wbj:}} rof,udkwf:rof,cif.
wif:arjySif: uefwif:zl;pl. (Oj,Olofawj,) rdlif:rmef;coffeef.bof/
bmrf:eef. cgyf,clyf,xlef;yDrj:sv; xkdifrj:yD<auj:qj,(1244)eD;
vdlefOdyf:vgif;pj;crf;oef:qef (wemif:vj,) wAifcdkef:qmh.
bmrf:eef.qof;vlifckefOmif ugef:vh;plrf,yl,egef:sz:uGj,bl,bof./

xdkifrj:yDauj:qj,(1245)eef. qof;uSrfrdlif:qof;ckefrkif,
tefvlif:uGj,bl,wD; (rmef: wav) wj:vldof,ef. pdkifvh;OmrfyDaO
vh;vkuf;rdlif:rmef; yguf;rj:cdkef:aO qof;uSrfrdlfif:
qof;ckefrkif,auj; vh;cdkef;yAefqof;'j.aO
vh;qdkof;oj;qof;'j.ckefrkif, ehbof./ omh:rj:Orf. vh;ulyf:ul;uefwif:
vkuf;bdif:vkif:ugBif:qdif,ehbof./ tefqof;'j.tofuGj,eef. Orf.yAefqll.
qof;qaI:Omif,eef.wdbsv; qof;qaI:eef,wdauj; rdlefudeftrf,omef
egef:trf,vh;sv; pdkifrj:tdwf:edkdif;aO vh;ymh<tguf,rdlif:udkifaO
xdkifuGj,rguf,rh vmif:cdlof: qdlof:eh.bl,bof./ trf,pkdifOif
rdlof:pgwf;rdlif:emh:aO vh;wArfvduf;yBj.vduf; wD;qof;'j.rdlif:
emh:bl,bof.? omh:eef.Orf. wSrf;vduf;cAoftgef,aO
Olif,yefwD;qof;emif: qmrf:crf:bl, bof./ xdkifrj:yDauj:qj,
(1249)vdlefOdyf:tAwf:r[,eef. ej;tguf,oj,eef. qof;'j.ckefrkif,
qof;'j.rldif:udkif Olif,ulef:uGj,pgif. Qof;qaI:eef,wdqj,Ij.
rj:cdkef:wD;rldif:udkif qgrf:vlnf; ul.Olof,qkifql:ugif:rl:qkifpj
qof;'j.ckefrkif, tofyD;emif:cAef;wgif.]emif:crf:ul,} tmyf;yef
qof;qaI:eef,wdqj,IaO pAef:yAefyD;clnfqof;'j.aO
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qof;emif:crf:ul,yAefvkuf;zmhyD;? Qof;'j.ckefrkif,
yAefvkuf;zmh,egif.? qof;qaI:eef, wdqj,I
vh;yAefyD;clnfqof;'j.ckefrkif,bof./ tefvh;yAefqldif.eef
bgef.vlnf;wmif: ch;q[qof;'j. p[;ayj:qdkef;bAefvDyAefwD;uef
ydlof;tefqof; 'j.vh;tofrSef;ql.rmh ql.puf. tlnf:auj.aO wj,vDuefeef.
Qof;'j.qof;yD;emif:wlofuof, egyf,bdkef;cdkef: wSef:ehbof./

ydlifyAefqof;'j.cofqrf.(1)qof;'j.vlif? (2)qof;uSrfrdlif?
(3)qof;aej,OSif? (4)qof; aej,crf:? (5)qof;aej,idkef:?
(6)qof;aej,rdlif:/ ayj:tofegif.bdif:qof;'j.vh;qdkof; aej,ikdef: ehbof./
ayj:qof;'j.vlifegef:az: qof;uSrfrdlif:ykwf;/ ayj:qof;uSrfrdlif:bof.
qof;aej,OSif,? ayj:bof. aej,crf:? aej,idkef:? aej,rdlif:
cyf.qSef,ykwf;uefuGj,rD:eh.bof./ wiftofbmrf: eef.rj:
qaI:eef,wdauj; trf,rD:z[pgif. Qof;clnf'j.ehauj;trf,oj;?
tgefuefpgif.oj; ]qof;aej,crf:}pAwf:ehawjxkdifbmrf:vAofbof./)}}}

qof;aej,crf:sv;emif:crf:ul, ygif:uefrD:rj: vkuf;bdif:auj.ekdif;

vkuf;qmh:auj.edkif;/ auj;b[,vh;qdkof;emif:rBj.qdif,?
zl;qhm:auj.vAuf.qdkof; qof;ckefvl, Ogif,auj.eh.bof./ auj.egif.
qmh:eh. wmif,oh.yAefqof;aej,rdlif: ehaObof.?
eguf;aOOgifyD;egif.eh.trf,rD: xSif;bof./

qof;aej,crf:eh yAefulef:uwf.cAef,vduf;vmh:auj.ekdif;aO
bof.vlnf;wmif: uwf. vduf;qof;sv; qof;auj;vh;xkwf,
wSrf;vduf;vmh:ymhay,wh:pof: sv; Odrf:ySif: 'dif;si; vduf;vmh:
uwf.vif,uj,erf.uGrf:cSrf.vD Z[vh;xgrf,vh;idef:auj;q[Oldof:
cSrf.vDxkdifygwf,Oh; idef:bof.ch; ifdef:xSif; aoj:pj,I vduf:cduf:
qgefcgef ch;q[vh; rdlefzknf,yef wmif:uwf. bAefq[eef.bof./
eif,pdkofiof;ildef;wdkef:wh: awpl.ydkef:Tzj:eef. Qof;aej,crf:
wSrf;tguf, vduf;ykdef: Tzj:]]vduf;qdex yuj,OeD,}}
ref:qof;wSfrf;oh. vif,uj,ref:qof; ayj:vh;idef:auj;rdlefwjpef eef.bof./

qof;aej,crf: (qaI:aej,crf:ehauj;oj;)
yAefauj.wSrf;tguf,vduf; ]]qdeqyuj,
OwD,}} rdlof;tj,bl.qof;vh;(39)eef. rSef;rldof; yD<auj:qj,vh;
(1257)wlof? (21.9.1915) vdlefOdyf:tAwf:r[,(7)crf:? oef:Oof
qof;vh;OAif;umrf, egef:aZ:uGj,wrf;wD;rdlif:ukdif ckrfyj,pAof;
ref: qof;aw. vh;pefrD:bl,wD;rldif:udkifbl,bof./

yyf.zdkefvduf;qof;aej,crf:tefvh;wSrf;oh.aw.tefvh;pefaw.
rD:bl,13yyf.-

1. avj:ueD,wd/
2. OD,vodedOfOB/
3. pj,qj,pD,wwD,yeD,/
4. Ij,aqj:oj,w /
5. qdewf.x yuj,OeD,??
6. qdewf.x yuj,OeD, Olnf,ay,omif,??
7. ao,Omef,Twj, erf.uGmrf:ygwf: /
8. ao,Omef,Twj, erf.uGmrf:bmof:/
9. rpj,quf.eu/
10. cef,xwD,ay,w Opl,yuBmrf:/
11. cef,xwD,ay,w sr,awj,cRwf;cmef:/
12. Ij,pl.sr.awj, baOj,cRwf;cmef:/
13. aw? q? Ok? ae? r pj;zdkefqyf:uef/ vh;pefrD:oh.bl,
(13)yyf.ehbof./
 e[:vduf;vlifeh. tefyh,pjpefrD:xSif;ugef,bof.oj;eh/ vdlofeh.
vduf;bgh;rD:xSif; vduf;bmwf, erf.? vduf;rmuf,Omif,vgif:?
vduf;rmuf,rdlif:? (pgif.Ij,qomif,rdlif:emh:) vduf;cAof
vduf;zmuf,wgef;emif: sr:qdlofeh:bof./ qof;aej,crf:eh.
wSrf;vduf;bgh; tguf,erfaO vduf;vlifehbl,bof./

aoj:pj,Ij.e[:vduf;vlif qdewf.xyuj,OeD,
erf.uGmrf:qof;aej,crfrdlif:udkif
aoj:pj,I e[:vduf;vlifeh. Qgrf:eif,vh;vAyf;pAef:rj:
uAyf:xgefrj:acj;uGmrf: tefrdlefuef? imh:uef wD;e[:rl,vduf;
qdewf.xyuj,OeD,eh.wD;cj;bof./
ckef,Oof;oof:rgif-ch:vrf? ch:ykuf: rguf,vlifpAifpj;?
pj;ymuf,OmrfwD;uD;clof:?rguf,rj;? plef:tlef? Plef:egif/ tkifzrf?
tkifblef;? tkifvlif? OlefOof: qdluf;Omrfudof? Qdluf;cdkrf:wlif,
cdkrf:zgwf;wlif,? Cdlof:qdluf;rhoAef:? ckefOof;oof:vrf?
wdkef,zmef;ulofap- iSofimif:bkyf:eAwf:? iSof:vmyf,?
Uwf.zmef;euf:eAef? imif,imif,abj;? Zmef;yguf,? idef:zmef?
vgrfzmef;eAwf:elnf,? idef:zmef;uwf:Omwf;eAwf:ej?
uwf:zmef;pAof:q[? wdkef,iSofzmef;/
uwf:- uwf:oh.igef:igef:? Qdkrf.uD;uwf:Omef,?
Uwf:q[pgef:pSef:? uwf:rlnf;? uwf:ulrfiSef:iSef:? uwf:ulrfpgif:?
uwf:bAefimef:imef:? uwf:pgrf/
rdlofugef,rdlof;rdlef.- rdlof;ugef,tgef,eh. ? uj;ugef,ylef.rj:?
rD:oh.qArfOdkef:? qArfqlof;Odkef:oj? qlof;ymefOkdef:?
Qmwf;uof,qmwf;rgeftgefylef.? Oef:tgefrgefrdkef:?
pgh:xkif:ekif:rgef? rdlof;rdlof.qdkef.Odkef:? rdlof;ugef,uof,uof,?
uj;ylef.cdkef:vif? qArfqlof;rgefrkdef:? oef:vif?
ydkef:uof,zof,ugef,/
qdlof.cdlof:- zef:Omif? Zef:OSif? Cdlof:eef:zef:plif?
ap,ildef;wdkef:ckef? Omhqldof.pdlof,wdkef:?
Qdlof.qkrf:idlef;Omhwdkef:? Idlef;iAif;cdlof:qdlof.?
Omhapjcdlof:crf:? wdkef:zef:ehg,cdlof:Omh/
tlrkef- rkefwef:? zkif:rkefplof:plof:? tlrkef? rkefiof:?
rkef:Twj:? tlOdrf,? oAif:vj:rD:tl? wef:clof:tltmh? ukifrkef:rkeferf/
puf.ySif:- q[wdwf: tgh,pgh;? ySif:puf.eSef;eSef;?
cgwf,wuf:ySif:vSif,? cgwf,cmwf;ySif:vSif,? idef:z[,puf./
Tzj:yAefqof;- Tzj:OSifvmof? Qof;zkif:rdef? crf:vSif?
rgef:qof;Omrfrdlif:? ckefOmrfoAif:? xD:cmofOmrfrdlif:?
iof:OSif? bgwf;qof;? rkefcrf:Tzj:? Qduf:zDqgrfOmif? iof;plif?
crf:qof;Omrfqdlif;/
edyf.ymef,- edyf.ymef:aq;vdkrfbof:? Zkif,vdkrfwAif;?
oAif:bkdef:? oAif:Oldof:vdkrfqgrf? oAif:ayBj,oAif:rlef;?
qgrfoAif:? oAif:iSifedyf.ymef? oAif:aw,oAif:wAif;? oAif:plif?
oAif:rguf,aujuof;/

aoj:pj,I e[:vduf;vlif
wD;ygif,Zmh,wh:
1. OmifwSifzkif:pdlif: -----
Tzj:yAefqof;?/
2. pgrfpAefrlnf:el: -----
pgrftlef;pgrftgef,?
3. umifpmoftokef: ----- e[:quBj.oIj,?
4. Odyf:tefvrf:vof: ----- e[:quBj.oIj,?
5. q[xhg, - ---- wmh? Q[cmwf,
6. udkwf,vj -----
vkuf:vofvkuf./
7. ukefumifqrf:yl: -----
ukefqrfyl,wD,yj,/
8. ul:wef: ---- vwf:cmrf;/
9. udefij ----- udefqmif;/
10. ugef:qlof: ------ tkyf.ydlif,zgif:irf:/
11. crf:ySif:plofvj ----- vkuf;cof;
12. crfySif:tluf:q[ -----
vkuf;sr;puf.ej,ej,
13 ꧤ ydkif:qj: ------ tgefwmif:
14. b[:bluf. ------
Okuf.bkif;wj,aO,?
15. rof,qdlof; -----
rof,ukdwf;rof,vdkof;
16 rpj,olif,Olnf,cgef, ------
apjcrf:qof;olif.vlif
17. cGmefiof:zl;cgh; -----
zefauj.wmh
18. si:wGj: -----
ckyf.ugrf:egrf:oh;
19. plrf;rlef;vjtl, -----
bl,Odlof:udkuf:ayj;sr;
20. Oduf.pduf. -----
wdkuf.yAef_zgif:qif,b[,
21. vdkrfvdefrdlif:vj -----
xkif.rdlif:vlifb[,uGmif;uGmif;
22. ch,'j. ----- ckefapjcrf:
23. qlof;pdkifvgef, ------
cmof:bmrf:ylef.rj:pdkifeSef,
24. O[vDel:se: -----
vSyf;vof:pmif;vD
25. wlofq[Okwf:idrf: -----
bkuf;emrf,rgwf,ogwf;bof./

zdkeftdif{{{{{{{{{{
yyf.sr;cl:cdlof:OSef-ykdef:rdlif:wh:sv;ykdef.cdlof:wh:
qof;Ol.crf: - clef.cGK.aOwSrf;wmif,oh.
vkif:wmif:su:-ydkef:vduf;wh:wD;uSrf;
vkif:ckefrpj,-yyf.ydkef:qof;cl:arjuof;qof;
qmh:'j;-vduf;uAyf:pgrfwgrf
yyf. umef;crf:Omif,Omrf
qaI: vlifpmef rdlif:emh:- yyf.zdkefclef.cGK./
ydkef:qof;cl:arjwh:pluf:qof; qof;ckefrpj, wSrf,/
zkdefvduf;clef.cGj. ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif yguf;urf:pluf:
yyf.rmh(1) vAyf;pAef:aoj:pj,Ij. e[:vduf;vlif qdewf.xyuj,OeD,
erf.uGmrf:qof;aej,crfrdlif:udkif ej;vduf; (132-149)