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OwfhuRif;rdlif;vMh/ u.if;rl;crf;auMj [mif@vDvFyfjuef wif;wmif;uMj,lb,Ofh/ orfh[Fef;
OBhwMbawrlef@qfgyef[Of;/ qmB;qdlif;emif;qdlif;cOfwif;erf [mifjcldifjoM;c.ef;OBh ul@
zfgref;,lb/ vBjyBwmif;cdkefjw.wf;,fgbedlifj qifbzFOfwjD u.if;rl;/ cfgj=dOfhOBhndwf;edlifj
eifbuOfb/ wDjnefcyfhOBhwifbeifjeefh n.efuefeifjnOfwDj,lbzfgref;? wrf;OBh
yef erfholrfjauMhwOfjtvj zkpfbaoqkyfbudef v.ifjr.Bj ayM;,.rf;ugMburfjz.ifj,Ofh/
wDjefg;Omif; ydlefjcmByM;rmufbolrfjtvj urfjz.ifjauMjodkOfjudef/ yDje.ifhrdlif;vMhcOfauMj
rM;vAifhqMbuMh rmufbolrfja[MbylufhOBh nmyfjvDue d feMb,OfhanMj/ wmif;udefauMj vBj
udef? qldif;auMjtwbrlef@qfg,Ofh/ wmif;uMjqdlif;eBh [Of;yAefyDje.ifhwB;rmOf;urfjz.ifj
awy.ifb,lb/ urfjz.ifjauMj awnrfby.ifb/ yDje.ifhwB;vliftwh nmyfjnrfby.ifbao
ndwf;/ [Of;wif;cwf;qfgaox.rfb qifby.ifbndwf;ndwf;u.pf;/ ayM;vmwfjugmrf;twh
[Of;y.ifbaowMhauMj ayM;+ifhugmrf;rM; nrfby.ifb,Ofh/ [dkif[dkif qifbvBjx.rfbtvj nrfb
ayM;r.efj= ayM;cwf;qfgx.rfbvDvD y.ifbwif;erf,lb/ qdlif;nefuMjrlef@qfgaeeefh
yAefqdlif;wB;ydkef;qOfjZMhrdlOfju.efb/ rdlif;eldifjtvjrdlif;edlifj wdkuf;uefzef;eefh y.ifb
r.ufjeefhu.pf;/ wif;wlpf;tujumifulef;erftvj cwf;qfgx.rfbauMj awMhtwhy.ifb
u.pf;,Ofh/ wlpf;qdlif;,Ofh ckdef;cdkefjvlwfhcdkef;/ qdlOf;nOfykefjz.ef;olifbcFufbeefh
,dyf;wif;rlufbcgmufjoAifao oyf;vFif;teyef ydkef;YzM;ydkef;rdlif;vMhauMj ref;yAef
ZmBbtcbtvj nrfby.ifboif/ =hOMjoyf;vFif;v.ifjydkef; nef[Of;zFOfeefhu.pf;,Ofh/
ugmrf;tcbauMj awMhtwhOMj udefcOfjudeferfhao nrfby.ifberf/ wif;cAOfvFif;rmOf;
y.if;uef nrfbwArfwlefjxFOf/ urf;urf;qfgqMh v.ifjydlefjnrfbvmwfjugmrf;wB; oyf;vFif;
yef[Of;eefh,Ofh/ rdlOfjawrdlOf; cdkef;vlif;rM;ql;vlwfhauMj n.efb[mB;ekrfbrldif;vMhcOf
Plecf m0f
14 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
nOfwif;wmif;uMjwlifhwufholifboifb[Of;rdlOf;rM;,lb/ vkufhrdlif;vMhn.ufbrM; rD;r.ufj

omrfqlOf@rlif;,Ofhtvj eFwfjcdkefjvlwfhodkyfbcmOf;wmif; =uf;rlif;zFOf+wfjrdlif;rmOf;
(olpfbvD),Ofh/ =if;vFrf;nefyef[Of;wif;oAifjvdkOfjeBh qdkOfjoAif,fgb? uM@cefokif
OMjokif,Ofh/ rdlOfjcdifbeefh rM;eyfhwlpf; erfhidkef;eldifjauMh wluf;edlifjcdkef;omrf
rdkefb[Mj[Aif,Ofh/ qefh=if;vFrf;yAefwkrfbvmOfoDbvkufj/ cdifbeefh rdlif;rmef@[Of; yBbrD;
=if;vFrf;qdlifheef/ clOf;wdkOf;zMjqAwfhzMjrB@ yAefnefwMbwdkOf;edlifjy.ufju.pf;/
wmif;udeferfholrfjqdlOf;eBh v.ifjoFefjofgauMj wArfxlefjeMb,Ofh/ rD;v.ifj,lyfj,.rf;
ref; rdlOfjcdkejf clOfvBqmufj awMhclOf;cdkefjvlwfhvlif;vlwfh ulef;qfghefg;=if;vFrf;cOf
nrfbarMq.BjxFrf? okrf;wmif;[Of;,Ofh/ edlifjOef;odkOfhedlifjndwf; clOf;erfrM; orfhvBj
awMhckdefjawMhvlif;eBh ,myfbqfgawh,Ofh/ nrfbyM; qmB;oFifZMh wif; qmB;vFiftwh
cdkufhvlif,Ofh/ nmyfberfh,Ofh vlOfbudefcOfjcrfj/ ayM;udef,Ofhorfh awvBjwlpf;
v.ifjrlef@qfg nefwDjaeref; yAefymifbvlifwmif;vif=if;vFrf; cOf[mifj[Fef;OBh,Ofh/
awudefcOfj crfjvBjvlif;ql;qefho.if/ [Of;wif;oAifjqdlOf;eBh uOfrM;rfg;rM; zFOfn.ifj
udef,Frfh qifb[efuefq.wfbq.wfb,Ofh/ yAefwmif;[Of;[dkOf nrfbeef yDje.ifhwB;wmif;
vfg[dkOf Olpf;OmB;wif;erf,lb/ nmyfj=hquf;,lbauMjyM;wif;erf/ yDje.ifheMjzdlufbcOf?
usMbymefb? OFwfherfh? rdlif;vmOf;auMjyM;/ yDje.ifhrdlif;xB; nrfbyAefrM;/ u.yfjydlOfj a&M;uMb
]oM;} eefh,Ofh/ udefcOfjzuf;auMj ref;yAefwMbyDje.ifhul@rldif;rdlif;tvj {jayM;
xkufbomBvdefhwB;eBh ,myfbOBh,Ofh/ rDbcOfjzuf; awrD;r.ufjoDb[Mjodyf;? rmufbrBhrmufb
w.ufb? erfholrfjerfhOmef cyfhcdkifOBhyef wArfxlefjylefhvdlOf,Ofh/ wif;nefyDje.ifh
wmif;rdlif;wB; [Of;uyf;umBbvlpfjuM@cef awvBjrM;cOfjymifukrfvlifeefh ayM;OlefhrFefj
nef[Of;vBj,lbvBjudef vBjugMbvBjrM;qdlOf;eBhao vDnmBydlefj,Ofh/ idkef;nef[Of;vBj
+rfrM; edlifjauMhwluf;=uf;rdkefb[Mj wif;[Of;awvBjrM;yFwfbuOfjOef; uM@e.ef;wif;
nrfbuM;,Ofh/ yDje.ifhwB;wmif;[Of; ayM;awOBjYzM; wluf;auMhvmBoFeftwh nrfbao
Plecf m0f
vmB/ nrfbwufhoAifwufhoD/ rdlOfjvAOf yAefulef;rM; awcdkef;vBjrM;x.rfbwlpf;ydkef;

cdlOf;qOfjuOfbeBh nmyfjao;vmBvlifvmif,Ofh/
udefcOfjcrfj,Ofhvlif;wmif;wfgj yBql;ymifrlef@oldOf; wmif;vif=if;vFrf;/
wifbzfgwifbref; [Mvldufjeifj,Ofh eldifjqlOf@uFyfhurf;n.efbao ymifrlef@odlOf;twb
,Ofh/ wmif;uMjwB;,M;wB;oM;? wB;vFrf;? wB;odyf;o.ifyef;eM; ndufbyM;qkrf;rlef@qfg
rdlif;rmOf;cOf rlef@qfgvFyfjxkufbqfgul@auMheB wlpf;eMjauMj=hvDeMb,Ofh/ rdlOfj,Ofh
odrf;ymifnOfwif;wmif;uMju.if@r.if;yefbwlifb n.efcOfjuMjwif;erf ref;rlef@odlOf;qfg
eMb,Ofh/ cAOfvFif;rmOf;cfgjuMj nrfb,dlefhvBjtvj cOfjuMjq.rf;awhawhOMjOMj ayM;
nrfbrD;wmif;r.Bjref;,Ofh/ umifcrfjodyf;nAwf;rlif;qifbodrf;ymif cdkefjwDje.ef;/ u.yfj
=dOfheMbtvj wrf;=OfauMj vyf;urf;vAOf,Ofh/ oAifz.if@zFif@umifefgeBh rM;,MhpM;
wMe.ef;awh,Ofh/ uM@yBb,dyf;arM;,lbwduf;wduf;/ wif;o.ifauMhvkufh,OfhauMj wM
wif;yBbcfgjrdkef;vDvD/ ayM;nrfb[Awf;zfg; ydlefjorfhawvBjyfgh[Of;,Ofhtvj rmifhwif;
o.ifauMh/ u.uf;=OfayM;cfgjavMbuef,Ofh/ wM;eMj,.rfholyf;auMj nrfbwef;,duf;rmefb/
qmB;oFifZMhayM;rM;w.BbZuf;wl,Ofhtvj nOfclOf;wuMhclOf; ,Awfjofgbwdlufjndkwf;zfg;
zfg; aovlif;udefcOfjz.ByM;wmif;udef wDjqefhwfgjanMj/ awcfgjudefrdlefqdlifh cOfjo.B;
wB; uyf;xlOfbzl;twh uBOMjuBao awvBj[Awf; yDje.ifheMjzldufbcOf urf;edlifj,Ofh/
udef,Ofh cdkef;nOferfhxlOfb x.if;vlif;acM;? wlpf;rlif;rdkOf; qdlOf;yldefjudef,Ofh ayM;
rmifh,lb[mif;zfgref;/ xkif;eMjzldufbcOf udefwmif;udefwmif;,Frfh ydlefjnrfbyefvdlOf
aowMhauMj nef[Of;wM[efnOfrM;wmif;udeftwh nrfbrlwf;vBj? wif;o.ifauMh rmifh
cwf;qfgudef/ udef,Ofhcdkef;cdkefjnOfwldufjclOf;/ nrfbrD;ulef;xFrfnOf/ vmufjvmufjx.if;
x.if;{jayM;xdkifwDj cljvBqmufjauMj uBOBheifbuOfb/ uwfhuM@ wif;pM;qmB;oFif ZMh
wif;qmB;vFif rM;nOfq.Bju.efbndlOfj/ zFOfwDjvfg [efoifauMj yAefnefcfgjvBjrlwf;rlwf;
tvj rdlOfjvAOf,myfbqfg awMhcdkefjawMhvlif;,Ofh/
Plecf m0f
16 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
n.efuefcdkefjedlOfvlwfhrlwf;,OfhauMj omBvlwfhvlifn.ufbwDj=if;vFrf;rM;
,Ofh/ umifefgqOfh n.efugMbOBju.if;rl;=OfrmOf;/ n.eftvbwlpf;wDj[mif;oMb? wdkif;crf;
vlif qdlOf;eBhu.efb/ rdlOfjzFOfwdkif;crf;vlif yDje.ifhwB;wDjeefh rlef@qfgyef wif;wmif;
uMjaonrfbuM; vAifhyM;cOfjefganMj/ udefcOfjefg,Ofh n.etf vbvAyfj[Aef;wlpf;wDj
ckrfyMb[AOfjqOfjnl;wdifb nefnOfykwfhxoMboeMb rM;rdlif;wB;eefhcMjanMj/ vBj
cdkefjxdkifedlOfv.BokifcljvB rD;yAefodufjr.ufjomrfymufbymBtvj =dOfhayM;nrfbcfgj vmwfjugmrf;
vBj,Ofh/ rdlOfjzFOfwmif;edlOf vBjrkifjwlpf; [efwmif;[if@vDxkifhrmOf; wlpf;ayM;okwf;
omBwMugmifjvDeMbcMj,Ofh/ rdlOfjrD;wDjedlOf wif;YoMbqmB;omifbnmBj tvj yDje.ifhulef;
vlif nefyM;efg;qkrf;nOfykefjz.ef; [Awf;ymifukrfvlifauMhedlifj omifbawMbrM;tvj
nkyfbyM;v.ifjrdlif;auM;qrfbyDbeBh yAefrdlif;rmOf;eBeefhtvj qkuf;aox.rfbwif;[dkif
eifbuOfbanMj/ rdlefcMj,mrfj=hrM; yAefrldif;r.ufbcmOfrmOf;vlifu.pf; tvj qkuf;x.rfbYoMb
qmB;omifbnmBj wif;ulef;vlifrdlif;c.efeefh wif;[dkif,lb,Ofh/ ydkef;nefeefhtwh
u.yfjydlOfj rdlOfjrkdefhodkef;u.efb wB;[Of;wFrfjrmBrM;OBheefhnrfbrD;/ ydkef;nef[dkif,mOf;
ylefhymufbyD@ymBqdlOf;eefh u.pf;yAefndif;uvAwfjcOf wFrfjrmBrM;/ nefydkef;wB;[Of;
wB;wFrfjeefh vBj,mrfj[efyDjqmB;ZMj vrf;wdkef;[MnOfefg;yyfhYwM;rlb vfgrlbeefh
,Ofh/ rkefqOfjwB;[Of;auMj wFrfjOBhwif;erfeefhauMj [efuAyf;+rfw.rf q.rf;,lb
anMj/ rdlef[Of;,lbwmif;xkifhrmOf;orfh urfjz.ifjarMwlpf;qdlif;nefyDje.ifh wB;rdlif;
c.efvAefjqdlif;eefhauMj urfjerf yAefydkef;wB;[Of;eifbuOfb/ ulpf;eMb nefvfg nef
rFefjref; nefvfgtwh nrfbrFefjeefh rmif@y.ufj cMjayM;urf;urf;xlyf;rFefjeifbuOfb
anMj/ rdlOfjvAOfauMj r.ufbcmOfrmOf;vlif[dkOf auM;qrfbyDb[M;eefhtwh cMjxmifbtwh
rdlOfjumyfjoMboeMb=dOfj=dif;eefh aw,mrfjyAefauM;qrfbyDbrM;ao xdkifrM;rdlOfjqOfjwB;
[Of;=dif; rdlOfjqOfjodlOfcmefbZMheefh awyAefr.ufbcmOfrmOf;vlif,lOf; C eBhyAefefg;
qfguOfcMjxmifbeefhauMj nrfb,mrfjnkyfbzfgnrfbxmrfzfgrM;/
Plecf m0f
vlif;q.rf;cljvB v.Bvlifwdkif;crf;rM;v.B;v.B;,lbanMj/ cOfjcrfjudefwDjn.ifj

olefr.ufbrldif;rmOf; yM;wif;v.ifjrlef@qfgaou.efbanMj/ cOfjzuf; nefyDje.ifhrldif;rmOf;
cOfvAifheBh xkufbomBvdefhul@auMheB wlpf;zdlefcOfjauMj=h,lb,Ofh/ udefauMjudef
wlpf;auMjwlpf;wmif;uMjwmif;+ifh/ arM+ifhugmrf;urfjerfeBh yAefoAiftcbao ofgbacMj
wB;aowMhauMj [Of;nrfby.ifb? rdlefx.rfbugmrf;tcbu.pf;,Ofh/ wmif;uMjwif;erftwh
nOfuMjq.rf; ugmrf;tcb? w.Bbtcb? ekifjclOf;wB;y.BbnFifjy.BbnFOful@nef/ wB;cdkwf;umyfj[dkOf
tcb[Awf;yefckdwf;umyfj[dkOfauMj nrfbvmrf;vBj,Ofh/ ymBjaovdlOf emif;,dif;wB;[Of;cmOf
ayM;ekrfbwkw;f ekwf; orfhy.BbnFifjy.BbnFOful@auMh/ qdlOf;yDje.ifhwB;[Of; vkufhwmif;[Of;
ugMbeBh wlpf;cwf;wMvmufbvmB;OBh,lb,Ofh/ rmOfbwB;omOfwB;n.efb qkrf;rdlif;rmOf;rM;
+ifhugmrf;wB;ymefrfgb o.ifomrfykufj/ clef=Oforfh,mOf;,mOf; eMjn.efborfhrlef;rlef;
wMorfhyM;omB,krfh? ekifjyM;odlOfjwifjnFifjn.efbtvj [mif@vD efg;wMul@auMh,lb
,Ofh/ yAe[f dkOfauMj,Mb wmif;uMjnefvBjwlpf;eBh ref;vFwf;oFOf;ao nlefjn.efb/
cyfhcdkifOBh nefeldifjtvjnefedlifj vDwlpf;eMbtvj cOfjqfgul@auMh,lb,Ofh/ udef
,Ofhwlpf;,Ofh ckdefjedlOfvlwfhzfgref; odkyfbcmOf;wmif;rdlif;c.efanMj/ rdlOfjzFOfrdlif;c.ef
ayM;vyf;odifb,Ofh n.efuefnmyfberfhvmB@clOf; ckdef;awvBjugMbwlpf; qkrf;yDje.ifh
wB;wfgjclif;awrlef@qfgyefeefhanMj/
n.efuef eFwfjnmyfberfhvmB@clOf; [mifjcldifjzfgref;ao vlif;wmif;wfgj=if;
vFrf; ulef;wif;erfqdlOf;yfghauMjyfghuef/ qdlOf;nrfbyfghvBjauMj n.ufbugMbyAefqkrf;yAef
qkrf;/ yBwmif;xdkifwDj n.ifjnrfbayM;uBayM;qrf =if;teiOf;wlifheefh,Ofh/ zFOfwDj
=if;teiOf;wlifhrdlif;c.efeefh nOfn.ifj,lbeldifjqlOf@uFyfhr.ufjeefh ymifrlef@qfgcOf
twb,OfhanMj/ vBjwlpf;wmif;uMj yDje.ifhwB;wfgjclif; ul@orfbul@ydlif oAifugmrf;auMj
vDx.rfbnlefjnlefjn.efbn.efb/ oArfjo.Bao;okiful@auMh/ [Awf;[dkOfugMbvldufjrM; zAifb
uef ayM;wmefbeBh nrfb=h,Ofh/ wmif;uMj yDje.ifhwB;,M;wB;oM;? wB;vFrf;? wB;edlOf
xOfjekrfbomrfymef vBjwlpf;aq;eM;anMj/ wmif;uMjnefwmif;[Of; yM;q.rf;ugMbrlb
Plecf m0f
18 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
aq@erfhcrf;auMj uMjaecMjanMj/ ayM;nOfwmif;uMjrM;wFufjuefeBqdkif wmif;[Of;

,kyfj,.rf;OBhwif;erfanMj/ u.yfjydlOfj qrfayM;awrM;ymifukrfvlif qifbrmifh+ifh[Muef
aozdkuf;rM;/ yDje.ifhwB;wfgjclif; nefvBjrM;wlpf;rdlOfjvAOf orfhyAefrlbyAefqkrf; wmif
wlOfwfgjclif; udefidkef;=Ofidkefao zdkuf;,lbul@Oef;tvj yFufbydlifjuefwif;erf,lb,Ofh/
wif;vBjnOfukifbrkef nefn.ufbvBjyAefrM;wmif;uMjn.efbeefhu.pf;,Ofh/ wlpf;wmif;
uMj,Ofh ckdef;vBjwlpf;qldif;,mOf;=OfedlifjanMj/ qdlif;auMj yAefqmB;qdefyOf;tvj
OmefhoFOf;omrf [Awf;qmB;qldif;emif;qdlif; vDwlpf;eMbanMj/ ayM;+ifhugmrf;rM; nrfbvBj
acMjref;auMj ayM;vmwfjugmrf;eB y.ifbvDvD,lbanMj/ wlpf;qdlif;,Ofh ydlefjn.efuef
ugMbwufhqmB;qdlif;emif;qdlif;cOf/ u.yfj[Of;rdkwfjueftvj nmef;ugMbwufh,lbauMj wlpf;
ulef;nkrfberfOBhtvj OmufjrdlOf;rM; ayM;rD;odyf;nAwf;rlif;,Ofh/ wif;Oef;nrfbrD;v.ifj
vkdOfjoOf;? =dOfhr.BjeMbtvj cfgjvdkOfj[Fif;eMb,Ofh/ rdlOfjzkufjrM; orfhawrD;ymifukrf
anMj/ [Mnmef;awcdkefj edlOfoAefjwmif;=if;vFrf; orfhOMjrdlOf;nFOfbwlpf;umifcrfj efg;
rdlif;c.efndwf;edlifjeBOMj/ wdefeBh ayM;nrfbcgfj,kufhaondwf;auMj u.yfjydlOfjvBjqfguef
tvjydlifedlifj? orfhcfgjvAyfj[Aef;wlpf; wmif;[mif@vD nefnrfb,mrfjxlyf;eefhtvj
n.efuefn.ufbyBwmif;q.rf;uefcMjanMj/ umifcrfj rdlif;c.efeBh[mif@vD ayM;nrfbn.ufb
efg;wM,Ofh/ ZB;ZMhauMj rD;OBhwif;omOf;oDbqlOf@rlif;tvj c.ifbc.ifbcAOfcAOfwlifh,Fyf;
,Fyf;auMjrD;/ =dOfj=dOfjydlif;ydlif; wlpf;ayM;wmefbumifOef;auMj vBj[eftvj wif;wmif;
[Of; ref;ydlifjuefeMb,Ofh/ ZB;wmif;eBh ayM;rdlefwlefjr.ufbwlefjrmufb? rfg@rmufbnkef
qdlOf;eBhauMj [mifjcldifjyM;q.rf;oAefjwmif;vlif orfh,fgbOMj,fgb ugmifjOMjugmifj/ wlpf;ayM;
nrfbokwf;omBwM,Ofh/ n.ufbyBugMbndwf;n.efbu.pf; ugMbpM;wif;cl;arMvlif qmB;omifb
nmBjtvjxmrf/ YoMb[Of;n.ufbrM; nmifjcfgjudefcOfjykuf;qDb orfhuyf;xlOfbeOfjr.ifj
eefhOMj/ [Of;qdlOf;eBhauMj cfgjudefeifbuOfbtvj q.Bjuef[Mn.ifjnefyDje.ifhrldif;c.ef
cOf cmBcOfjykuf;eefh,Ofh/ wB;eBhwdkef;ugMbvfgauMj [ufhrdkwfjudefwmif;udef[Of;u.pf;/
ayM;vBj zmwfbn.ifjwDj[Of;ndwf;n.efbyFufbomBvdefh,OfheB zfgzfgauMj arMo.ufjarM
Plecf m0f
[Mcdkef; wmif;udefwmif;,Frfhrdlif;[Of;,lb,Ofh/ rdlOfjvAOf n.efuef[MeBh yAefcOfjykuf;

cOfjedkifj (cOfjykuf;nmef@) qDbZB;,Ofh ofgbuyf;q.rf;erfhxlOfbeOfj? xlOfbzl;,Fef@?
z.ifiM;clOfj? qmifbpdOfhqdlOf;eefhtvj ref;vDudefeMb,Ofh/ eBhyAef wmif;udefyDj
e.ifhwB;rdlif;c.ef? cOfarM[Awf;wmif;udef qduf;cduf;q.uf;c.uf;eMb,Ofh/ rdlOfjn.efb yDj
e.ifhrdlif;c.ef wif;olifbyefxlOfbzl;,Fef@ nefnOfrfg@zuf;umwfba[MbOBh yAefw.rfyAef
w.rfeefh,lb/ wmif;udefyDje.ifhwB;ul@wDjwDjeefh ref;vDudefzfg vDudefref;/ rdlOfj
vAOfauMj [MudefcOfjykuf; wif;[dkifqifbaw[ef qOfjcmBcOfjykuf;ayM;awzAOfj,Ofh/
[ef[Of;qdlOf;eBh awudeftvj ckdef;wrf;ymB;ao qDbyef[Of;/ rdlOfjYoMb[Of; ugMbe.ufj
rdlif;eefhauMj [Mudefwmif;udefwB; rdlefrdlOfjvAOfeifbuOfbeB YoMbvmwfjtvj vBj=h
q.rf;,lb/ rdlOfjvAOf[Of;rM;rdlif;c.ef qifbawrD;vmBOef;n.efbu.pf; cOfjzuf;nefydlefj
vAifhvleefh nmyfjayM;cfgjcdkef;[M zuf;aqM;xlOfbeOfj,Ofh/ [dkif[dkifawzmwfbrdlif;
wB;tvj wmif;udefwB;eefhtwh,myfb,Ofh/ crfjeefh udefcOfjykuf;udeferfhxlOfb
,Ofh yBrdlOf;ckdef;wDj,lb ayM;awqrfrD;odyf;o.ifrlif;ymB,Ofh/ wrf;=OfauMje.ef;vyf;
urf;vAOf,Ofh/
qifbawrD;oDbrlif;ymBndwf;ndwf;u.pf; oAifz.if@zFif@ ayM;arM;rM; udif; C
udi;f C +ifhyluf;vkufh,Ofh/ nrfbcfgjwlifhnrfbcfgjekdifauMj qMjqdkefbzkwf;vkufhrM;wif;
o.ifauMh/ rdlOfjeBhtwh clOf;nrfbwyfhodrf; nrfbcmBhn.ifje.ef;/ u.yfjydlOfjrdlOfjeBh twb
ymifukrfanMj/ rdlOfjawrM;auMj wMbclOf;ekifjwmifrB@ odlOfjclOf;wB; nrfbayM;vBj[mifj
[Fef;rM; wArfxlefjvD/ yAefzfgyAefref;/ nrfbekifjzAifbuefrdlefuef/ [efyDje.ihf wB;
wmifbwDj ydlefjekifjclOf;wB;rdlefuefrM;tvj vBjckdef;ckuf;qfgvBj v.ifj,kyfj,.rf;[Of;/
rM;zfgrM;ref;? zfgawrM;zgfawq.rf;auMj nrfbvBj=h/ zFOfrdlif;c.efrM; qifbrM;[efuef
oAifjrlwf;/ [efuefwdkufhqlrf;uef,lbwduf;wduf; vBjrM;wDjzfgwmif;ref; rdlOfjvAOf qifb
rM;=yfhuefcdkef;/ wlifhwufhuef wif;yBbaq;ulef;toj/ wmif;[Of;rM; ulef;o.ifymufb
[Mjodyf; awcOfjefg;ymifukrf 50 auMh/ nefeefh wFyf;wwf;idkef;rM; [Mjymufb,.efb
Plecf m0f
20 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
u.pf;/ nefcfgjrM;zfgrM;ref; cOfjy.B;orfh o.ifymufb,.efb/ ulef;erfOMjerf,Ofh/ udkef;

auMjudkef;,Ofh/ umifefgqOfh udefwmif;udef wMbefgqOfheefh,OfhauMj [mifj[Fef;wMb
cdkefjymifukrfvlif/ qArfrdlOfj[Of;twbcOfj=if;vFrf;rM; wMbawnkyfbukrfuef zfgvfgaw
nkyfboif qdkOfjoAifzfgref; ndufbvlpfj=OfacMj v.ifjawnkyfbref;/ [Awf;yAefyyfhyAef
yyfhwif;rlwf; awrD;r.ufjxlif,fgbwmefbwmefbeefh vBjwif;[Mjodyf;auMh,Ofh/ clOf;
w.efjxlifyM;wB;? cFyf;ugmrf;Omef;oFif,Mj? ymBjcFef=def;wMbrmBw.if;ymifukrfvlifauMjw.efj
yM;ul@auMhanMj/ ,dyf;wif;xlifyyfh [mif;zfgref;ao cyfh,ByBq.rf;uefwDj+ifjymifukrf/
oAifu.if@r.if;ayM;eefjyef;,lbOBh,Ofh/ vBj[efyDje.ifhtrjekrfbrdlif;c.efcOf uMju.if@
r.if; cyfh,B[yfh[Of;cOfjymifukrf? wmif;uMjwif;[Bb wlOf,dif;arM,Mvlif [BboFifbuMj[yfh
w.efjyDje.ifhcFufb/ ekifjclOf;rdlefuef uMjzAifbueftvj vDwlpf;eMb,Ofh/ vwf;efg;
tujumifwmif;uMjo.ifzmBbao cOfjefg;+ifjymifukrfvlif/ ymifukrfvlif nefcfgjzFOfcfgjcdkefj
eefhzFOf,Ofh/ ugmifjOMjugmifj? [mifj[Fef;OBhauMjcFyfhvFyfjeMb,Ofh/ r.ufbnef[mifjcldifj
eefhauMj nrfbrD;wDjwFufjref;/ wmif;eMjokwf;awyAef yDje.ifhulef;vlif qdlOf;nef
awnkyfbukrfndufbyM;qOfjomifbcMbcOfqOfjanMj/ vldufjwDj,lbnefnrfbayM;uBayM;
qrf yM;wif;xlifyyfh wMbawnwf;oAif uFwfhoFwfh? u.ifjxBbwrf;,Ofh wlpf;wmif;
eMj wFrjf OBh=OfacMjymifukrf yAefvdufjndif;uvAwfjtvj vdufjtcb yM;vdufjwB;xlOfb
i.ufj/ ymifukrfqrfawtwb ulef;auMjcOfjrM;wduf;wduf; vBj[efwifbeifj,lb ayM;cfgj
wArfrlwf;,Ofh/ cdifbeefh qkrf;rlef@qfgyDje.ifhwB;wfgjclif; yM;wif;cldifjrlef@qfgaocOfj
rM; efg;+ifjymifukrf/ wif;rlwf; awrD;r.ufjomOf;ymBekifjOBh odlOfjclOf;wB;zAifbuefvDeMb
,Ofh/ vBjx.rfboAifw.Bbvifj+ifeefhao ydkwfbzkpfbymifukrfvlif,Ofh/ oAifnefw.Bb
ydkwfbzkpfbymifukrfeBh ayhrM;vDx.rfb/ rdlOfjcdifb,mrf;eefh efg;=eBh=hOMj rFefjqfgeMb
tvj nwf;OBheifbuOfbauMj rdlOfjvAOf ckuf;qfgvBj [Mcdkef;cFyf; orfhayM;ugMbodrf;[mBuM@
vfgauMj nrfb=h,Ofh/ ymifukrfeBh yFwfbrlif;cdkifjrldif;[Of; twbzkpfb,Ofh vmwfjugmrf;
ndif;uvAwfjtvjugmrf;tcb/ ulef;vliful@auMhauMh vrf;wdkef;[MrM;qdlOf;eefh n.ef
Plecf m0f
uefnkyfbukrfugMbzfgref;/ ulpf;eMbcmOf;,mrf;ref; eldifjauMhvBjnkyfbodyf;rAwfh/ yyfh

nefcOfqOfj awnkyfbeBh eldifjauMhrD;edlifjyyfhu.efb/ ymBjaovldOf [Of;orfhuwfhcFefb
vlifhvFefbvdufjndif;uvAwfjvD/ twbnkyfbugMb=OfacMjref; wdkufhq.rf;wlpf;yyfh,lb/
,lburf;eldifj orfhayM;cmrfjugMbvfgauMj nrfb=h,Ofh/ cdkef;zdkefh[Mcdkef; ydkwfbeMjvdufj
wmif;eMjwmif;vifao ,OfhugMbauMhauMhu.pf;/ oAifwmif;[Of;nkyfbugMb [Of;wdlOf;=hy.ifb
ndwf;edlifj,lb/ rdlefcl;arMvlifqmB;n.ifbxkef; nkyfbugMbv.ifjwB;? cl;arMvlif qmB;omifb
nmBj nkyfbv.ifjwB;crf;wDjtvj v.ifjnOfqmifhxBeM;? vkif;ydkefcrf; nkyfbv.ifjydkef;OAif;
uAif;wkif? qOfjolhcrf; orfhnkyfbv.ifjykwfhxoMboeMb nefy.ifburfjz.ifj nrfby.ifb
wif;erfcMj,Ofh/ zljuwfhcFefbulef;vliftcbcOf nkyfbZmBbtcb auMhydefbacMjorfh
ydefbyefndif;uvAwfj/ wB;[Of;orfh nkyfbZmBbndif;uvAwfj cOfckdef;ydefbckdef;tcb
anMj/
nefnkyfbanM;ugMbwif;erfeBh yAefnefuM@cef,fgvrfbv.ifjwMbwB;[Of;
wif;erf/ nkyfbv.ifjwB;orfh nrfbvmwfjugmrf;wB;/ ulef;nefvkufhwmif;[Of;rM;orfh
yAefyDje.ifhwB;wif;oAifj/ cMjwMbawy.ifbqfg wif;udef;xmefbeBh yDje.ifh[Of;twh
nrfbrD;wDjvmwfjref;,Ofh/ cMjwdkufheifjao cwfqfgx.rfb,lbu.pf; nrfbayM;[dkifqrf
awrD;odyf;o.ifrlif;vkufhwmif;vifao yDje.ifh[Of;n.ufbwmif;e.ufj eldifjauMh,Ofhedlifj
auMhanMj/ odyf;o.ifqlOf@rlif; [Of;cOfvdkOfjymifukrfao udefcOfjanMj/
rdlOfjcdifbvdkOfjeefh xlifnefofgbyyfhzfgref;eefh nOfrM;yefclOf;w.efjcMj
ayM;rD;yAefvmBauMh,Ofh/ ]eBhtwh vlOfbyefyDjarbcOfu.pf;,Ofh/ [Of;nrfbcOfjwmif;
wdkOf;ref;} OMjeBao cMjvBjclOf;w.efjerfrM;cMjanMj/ awMhyyfhqdlOf;eefhao cdkefj
edlOfwDje.ef; wmif;OlefhcrfqfgeBh qyf;cMjrM;,Ofh/ cMjauMj,myfbqfgu.yfjnrfbvlifh
vFif;vD/ yDje.ifh[Of;vmwfjugMbeBhauMjrFefj/ nefnrfby.ifbacMjref; {jeifjaox.rfb
eBhauMj ,myfbqfgeMbcMjanMj/
n.efuefzFOf wDjymifudefcOfjrM; oAifn.ufbrM;ul@=;ul@wmif;
Plecf m0f
22 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
]ugmrf;tcbauMj [Of;nrfby.ifb? ugmrf;ndif;uvAwfjeBhtwh nrfbrD;wDjvmwfj

ref;}?
]oiforfhOMj ymif ukrfvlifnkyfbv.ifjwB;OMj? ugmrf;wB;auMj nrfbyM;aoacMj?
[Of;awvBjx.rfbnefvfg}
]oifcOfOMjrM; ulef;nefuwfhvdufjndif;uvAwfj qifbawrM;eB wif;cFef;
ndwf;edlifju.efbeMb}
efg;rlbcOfj[Of; nkyfbuefeldifjauMheldifjacMj x.rfbx.rfbudefue
d f,Ofh [Of;orfh
nrfbcdkwf;qfg v.ifjnrfbvdkyfjcdkwf; nefydlefjoyf;vFif;ugMbwif;oAifj? u.yfjnrfbvAyfj
[Aef;q.rf; nrfbvlq.rf; nrfbvmwfjq.rf;tvj wluf;qfg,lb/ udefcOfjudefrmufb,Ofh
qmB;vMholpfb zFOfrM;nkyfbxFifj,Ofh/
]ayM;u.pf;awnkyfbv.ifjydkef;wB;[Of; yAefZmBbtcbwif;ndif;uvAwfjtwh
urf;rM; [Of;ulOfue l f;,.rf;xFifjugMbwduf;wduf;ndlOfj? ayM;yAefvBj wMh[Of;ugMbvmwfjxdkif
wDjulef;vlif nefcyfhcdkif[Awf;ymifukrfeBh awvD,lb,lOf;}
nefqmB;vMholpfbvmwfjrM;eBh qfgjOMjqfgj,Ofh/ [Of;auMj wdkufheifjao
Olefh,lbeBh ref;rFefjuef,Ofh/ OmBbwlpf;zdlefcOfj nefwdkufheifjudef,lbqdlOf;eefh
vBj[ef ulef;vlifyDje.ifhwB;rdlif;c.ef nefyM;efg;nOfykefjz.ef;cyfhckdifyAef ymifukrfeBh
udef,Ofhwdkufheifjnkyfbuef,lb/ efg;zdlefcOfjeefh yM;zljugmef;wfgjclif;qdlOfOf@ nef
vdkOfjugMb (odkOf@csKdOf@Okefh) qdkOfjwB;nrfbrD;auMj yAefwB;qFwfjqFwfj/ orfhyAefwB;
auMhwif;nlj[Of;/ cOf,mrfj,lb=if;[Aef;q.rf;uefrM;rdlOfjn.efb/ orfhyM;wif;vkif;arM
ugmef; yAefcl;arMvlif qefhq.rfclpf@rdefh (wif;nlj[Of; yAefauMhuefeifbuOfbeB ayM;
,OfhymifukrfqifbvBj=hcdkef;,Ofh/) vkufhwDjzdlefcOfjcMj[Of; yBrM;xdkifwDjzldefcOfj
ulef;vlifqdlOf;eefhao ,.ef;cgmifhvmwfjugmrf; ckdef;wlifhwufhnljnmOfodkOf@csKdOf@Okefh
]cMjcfgj,.ef;vmwfjugmrf;ndw;f edlifjcMj? rdlOfjvAOfcMjcOf n.efuefrM; wB;ul@
wDjwDjeBh u.yfjydlOfjOMj rD;ymifukrfvlif awnkyfbv.ifjcdlOf;ydkef;wB; nefvkufhwDjerfh
Plecf m0f
oDbtrjvlif;rM;eefhtvj cwf;qfgqlrf;ao n.efuefrM;,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj efg;ymifukrf

vlifeBh orfhu.pf;nOfugmrf;tcb ugmrf;ndif;uvAwfj qdlOf;eBhnkyfbugMbtvj wMbnef[Of;
qdlOf;eBh rM;eBh nrfbrFefjwif;wmif;rkifjr.if;[Of;rM;? rdlefrM;rdlif;c.efao +efjudefcOfj
okuf;zuf;OmefolqOfju.pf;,Ofh? u.yfjydlOfjeB oifOMjyAefvBj cFef;awMjydefbyefugmrf;
wB;ndwf;eldifjcMj}
u.yfjydlOfjacMjugmrf;,mOf;vlif cMjvmwfj,OfhauMj vkif;arMugmef;OMj
]olyf;eBhayhrM;arM;vmwfjayM;xmefbeBh yAefvkufj,dif;zfg<}
]vkif;ckefndlOfbwlOf@osdef@ cMjanMj}
(wlOf@osdef@ nefOMjeBh yAefqdkOfjnlj[Of; rdlOfjn.efbcdkefj=if;[Aef;tcbao
vBjqdkOfjOBh)
]anM C anM C u.yfjeB qifbarMvmwfjeefheMb}
cMjauMj,krfhaocdkef;odkyfbxFifj
]cfgj{julef;vlif[Of;cOf cwf;qfgao ckdifyefwMbyDje.ifhwB;[Of; ayM;awy.ifb
vlifhvFif;vDeefhcMjanMj? oifnrfbeef eifj,lbwduf;wduf;orfhnrfby.ifboifeBh
ref;,myfb,ef;cmefqfgeMbcMjanMj}
cMjodkyfbacMjugmrf;xFifjaotvj nljnmOfodkOf@csKdOf@Okefh qifbOMjrM;
]ndlOfj C [Of;qdlOf;eBh awnkyfbuefvDvDao qifbawcdkifyef}
vBjacMjugmrf;,Ofh wlifhwufhao ckdef;rM; wDjzldefcOFj[Of;cdkef;anMj/ wif;
qmB;vMholpfb nkyfbuefxFifjndwf;n.efbao n.efuefn.ufbefg;+ifjudefcOfjrM;/ umif
Oef;edlifjrlif;ckdifj qifbckdef;twbymifukrftvj rdlOf;vdkOfjwDj,lbzfgref;/ wif;cAOfvFif;
rmOf; ckdef;nkyfbuefxFifj/ oifqlOd fhOMj ulef;vlifcOf nkyfbuef,Ofh ckdef;cyfhckdifyef
ZmBbwB;eB aw=hy.ifbwdlOf;erfrM;tvj awudkifbwmif;rM;ul@auMh,lb/ xFifjcdkef;Olefh
wlpf; u.yfjref;yAef ymifukrfvliftvj awvBjqfghwdkOf; acMjugmrf;nefruf;refjeefh
u.pf;[dkOf? rdlefacMjugmrf;wB;[Of;eBh q.ifbcOfawyefydefb[dkOf C OlefhugMbOlefhckdef;crf
Plecf m0f
24 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
qfgeMbvlif,Ofh/ zdlOfbOmB;Oef;rM; cdkef;twbymifukrfeB ulef;,.rf;ugMbwif;erf,Ofh/ yDj

e.ifhxkifhrmOf; ,.rf;erfaoydlefj,Ofh/ yDje.ifhxkifhrmOf;[Of;wif;erf cfgj=hcfgjx.rfb
ydkef;wB; rdlOfjrdkefhodkef;uOfb nefnrfb,mrfj=hrM;qdlOf;eefh rdlOfjvAOforfheifj,lb
wif;[dkifauMj nrfb=hy.ifboifvM;vM;tvj awndrfbul@qdlOfhul@ydliferfeMb,Ofhtvj
qifbrdlOf;cdkef;,lOf;/ rdlOfjawcfgjrM;ymifukrfeefh zfgauMjcfgjrM;cfgjq.rf;/ rdlOfjvAOforfh ymif
ukrfqifbawtwbu.pf; orfhayM;OmBbrdlOf;cdkef;auMj nrfbomifbxkufb,lOf;/ umifOef;eBh
nkyfbxFifjul@qdlOfhul@v.ifj rD;ulef;xOfjo.ifxOfj nMb,lbawrD;r.ufjqAwf;odyf;ymBymB/
rdlOfjwdkufholifbtvbzFOfwDjerfhwmwfbqmufjawMbvMhav;eefh efg;qfgcMj[efxkdifOMj
xOfj,OfhorfhvBjyBugMbql;wmwfbeBh rdlefcOfjefg;xdlefbefg;cldOf; nefedlifjvl;/ ulpf;eMb
wif;o.ifauMh,dyf;rdkOf;uefao yByBvdkOfjvdkOfj yAef=dOfbayM;,.Bh? eifjvdkOfjqAwfh,Ofh
qifbckdef;yB/ vBjyBcmOf;,mOf;eifbuOfb/ [Awf;oifxOfj ayM;xmefbeBh vkufjvmif;cOf
orfhy.BbrM;[Awf;oif/ ayM;umifwmif; yAefugMbaorAOf;rAOf;eB,myfb,Ofh/ wif;yBwif;Olefh
xdkifwDjwmwfbwif;[dkif ayM;nmef;Omufjcdkef; qifb[efwif;o.ifxOfjzFOfwmwfb/ urf;
eBhtwhyM; ulef;qmB;n.efbauMhedlifj? eBhyAefnefcMj[efrM; rdlOfjOM;eefh/ rdlOfjvAOf
efg;ymifukrfeBh nmBjn.efbeBh rM;ckdefjnkyfbv.ifjwlOfvdufjnefcOfayMjvkufj nOfrM;[Awf;
vuf;xmefref;eefh,Ofh/ nefrdlOfjOM; cMj[efeefh yAen f ljtrjref;/ cOfnOfyM;rM;
wlOfvdufj nefvBjwDjefg;u.rfbulef;wmBorfh zifefg;zMrmufb[defeefh,Ofh/ zMrmufb
[defeBhugMb [Awf;=;wMbofgbu.rfbulef;wmB nOfaxMcOfj,Ofhcdkef;ndkwf;OBhrM; qArfrdlOfj
u.efbn.efeefh/ auMhnefyAefnljcOf ugMb[M[if;elufhvlifaovBjrM;? vkufjqmB;ref;
orfhyAefv.efhcl;ymB;tvj vrf;wdkef;v.ifjvdufjeBhao nOfyM;rM;[Awf;vuf;xmef
ref;/ orfh+ifhyM;rM;q.rf;nljtrjref;/ rdlOfjefg;ymifukrfeefhauMj ref;nkyfbukrf,Ofh
+ifhnljtrjref;o.ifauMh ugMbwmif;eMjao nkyfbv.ifjwmif;ref;ugMb,lb,Ofh/ v.ifjvD
acM;clrfnefeldifjeBh zFOf+wfjwDjymifukrfao x.rfbv.ifjcOfvmwfjZmBbtcb ayM;,Ofh
cdkef;nOf oAiftcbydefbndif;uvAwfj? cMjnrfby.ifbrM;aoacMj/ wlOfvdufjnefcOfnOfyM;
Plecf m0f
rM;eefh rdlefwlOfvdufjurf,Aef; nefcMj,mrfj[efwDjefg;zMrmufb[defcFyf; rdlOfjymif

vdufjoFefODeefh,Ofh/ wlOfvdufjeefh cOfayMjvkufjnOfymB;OBhyef wmif;e.ufjymifukrf/
odlOfbedlOfvdefugMbwif;erf/ rdlOfjvdkOfjymifukrfeefh cMjcOfn.efuefn.ufbwmif;e.ufj vBj
[efcOf ymB;wrf;teyefOBh/ cMjwif;nmef;ugMbc.ifjpM;ofgb/ ayM;,OfhauMj eBhyAefoif
eBh wlOfvdufjoif/ cfgjrdlefnef,mrfj[efrM;oFefODeefh wdkufhOlefh,lb/ yDjnmBjvlifqmB;
ymef; rM;+ifhuyf;odkyfbyef omOfusMbymefbvmwfjugmrf;wB; ayM;rdlefwB;vDvD/ u.yfjcdkef;
wlifhwufhuef,Ofh x.wfbcFyf;[mif@q.rf;uefao vBjvlifvdkrf;wlOfvdufjeefhugMb/ zFOf
z.if;vdkOfjymifukrfqlOf@uFyfh ydlefjauMjwlifh[Of;? [Of;auMjqlrf;wlifhydlefj/ cmOf;,mrf;
vdkOfjymifukrfodyf;rAwfhymBeBh rmifh[Fif;eMb,Ofh/
v.ifjwlOfvdufjudkuf;ydkef;eBh cMjnrfbvBjvuf;xmefcFyf;[mif@oifrM;aonef/
nefeBh yAefvrfbv.ifjeBauMj ,Ofhymifukrfurf;y.ufjo.if cdkef;zFOfrdlif;c.ef q.Bjcyfhcdkif
nwf;ofgboAifcFyf;ymifukrfeefh qifbvBj=hcdkef;v.ifjwmif;ref;vDvD,Ofh/ rD;wmif;
zdwf;qfgeFifqfgcdkef; cmOf;,mrf;nefnrfbnOfvBjckdef;eefh,Ofh/ rdlOfjaw[Awf;cFyf;
iOf;[mif@oAifref;rmBw.if;n.ufbeefh rFefj[Of;,Ofhymifvdufjwif;rlwf; awugMbtvb
xkifhrmOf; u.yfjydlOfjefg;qkrf;[Of; rD;arMo.efy.wf;qmef;y.wf;n.ufb nefnrfb,mrfjzFOf
eefhtvj awn.efcOftvb/ orfhrM;rFefjrdlOfj[Awf;cFyf; wMbawofgboAifwB;vlif orfh
vlOfbulef;OBhtvj n.efuefugMbq.BjxFrf ofgboAifydefbacMjcdkef;wlOfrlef;anMj/ v.ifjoAif
n.ufb orfhyAefacMjwB;edlOfOBhtvj ref;,myfb,mef;eMb,Ofh/ vBjcwf;qfgao [Awf;
omifj [mifjy.ifq.BjxFrfauMj u.yfjacM;cMjqAyf;[Fif;eMbtvj rdlOfjnwf;ofgboAifeif rD;
wmif;uAifqfgawMbyDje.ifhx.rfbwif;oAifj,lbanMj/ acM;qAyf;eBh rdlOfjwDjymifvdufj qmufj
cgmufjoAiforfhvlh? ulef;orfherf? rmif@urf;orfh arMo.efcOf ukrfbnkyfbukrfuef,lbtvj
vBjqdkefboAifawhawhcMjanMj/ cmOf;,mrf;ymifo.efrD;odyf;Oef;? orfhawvBjo.ef
ul@ymB;ymB;tvj vBjeFwfjawheFwfjOMj,lb,Ofh/ ayM;,OfhymifvdufjauMj acM;qAyf;/ pM;
z.if;awvkdOfj orfhpM;umefxFifj,Ofhtvj qfgnrfbvDaondwf;cMjanMj/ zljx.rfb
Plecf m0f
26 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
idef;cOfawOMj,Ofh oAifqdlifheBauMj nOfrM;nwf;ofgbefg;cFyf;ymifukrfvlifeBh/ ,Mj,M

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32 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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29-10-2008
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vBjrM;xwf;wlpf;arMo.efcOf qefh=hvdufjnrfbrdlefueftvj vBj[Awf;yef
+ifjo.ef ]u} tvj ]c} ao o.efyefugMb/ wDj+ifjo.ef ]c} eefh OBharMo.efnef
nrfbayM;cdkwf;qefhvDeefhao +ifj ]u} eefh OBharMo.efnef,mrfjcdkejf ymifzdkuf;
z.efhtvj uwfhcFefbvdufjwmefbwmefbref;,Ofh/ qOfjomifbcMbcOfqOfjauMjrM; cdkefj
,lburfjz.ifj/ n.ifjo.efn.ifj[Awf;zdkuf;oef; u.yfjOmif;OwfhemefbwOkefbugmifjtvj
vDzAifbyAif;qfgeMb,Ofh/ n.ifjrdkOfhcOfj[kifzuf;auMj =OfarMjorfhyAef nefyMjefg; zlj
y.ifumefqmB;wif;erf q.BjxFrfuefao [kifvAifhugMb,lb/ nefvmufbvmB;twh nrfbyM;
emif;,dif;aoauMh/ qmB;umefbOkef; tvj qmB;qlOf;pkefh [Awf;=OfarMjvlifawMbxdkif
y.B;vdkOfjymif,OfhwlOfvDimrf;ugMb,lb/
qkrf;auMvdufjvmB;zfgref; olifbrM;yefarMo.ef xdkifwDjymifzdkuf;z.efh,Ofh
auMj vBj[mrf[myfbnOfykefjz.ef; wMbe.ef;yfghumifcrfjumifcdkef;aonrfbuM; umifOef;
auMj qFufbtzOBhyefykefjz.ef;,lb/ auMzfgauMref;eifb[dkOfayM;awyAefymifzdkuf;
z.efheefh nOfwif;idkef;w.if;cOfjomef urfhxFrfq.BjrM;ul@wDjwDj/ nefyAefqOfj=def;
auMvdufjvmB;rlbaq@twh vBjqifjcmrfb=Oferfref;ugMb,lb/ rdlOfjwdkufh[Awf;ymifvdufj
Plecf m0f
34 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
eefhauMj qOfjwMbeMhtrjekrfbvmBrlbvmBqkrf; rM;=rfj+rf;uefao vAifhvlurfhxFrf

yefugMbwif;erf/
[Of;[M;qkrf;arMo.efyFwfbauMh vBjylifo.efyefugMbawMbayM;,Ofh/ efg;[Of;
yFwfbauMheBh ,lbrdlif;wB;auMhwDjauMhwmif;ao rM;o.efyef,Ofh/ efg;ymifvdufjeefh
[Of;wluf;vdkef;OBho.ifOef; ,.efhu.yfjymB;,lbvD[Of;/ vkufhwDjOAif;vdlOfbao Oef;xDj
12-7-2004 umifefgqOfhqOfh n.ufbugMb rdlOf;zFOfwDjOwfhuRif;emefbwMbOkefb ayM;rD;
umifcrfj 6 rlif;ymB@,Ofh/ rFefjz.if;arMo.efcOf vdkOfjnmyfberfhnmyfbeB; [mifj[Fef;wMb
awudefcOfj/ cOfn.efuefrM;[yfh[Of;olifb+ifje.ef;/ e.ef;[drf;qrfqkrf;[Of;? ,lbq.rf;
vlpfjarMo.ef,dif;wif;oAifj/ wMbwDje.ef;arMo.ef,dif;wif;oAifj [Awf;OBhwDja[M
odefemB;cOf/ rD;[mefh,mOf;,mOf;OBhtvj e.ef;ayM;yAefwFOf;vlifcyfh,BugMb,lb/ [Of;
vkdOfjnmyfberfh,OfhauMj udefcOfj/ wDjrlbcOfjeefh vBjxlyf;uefaq;aq;/ vBjzmwfb
ugMb[dkiftvj wlifhuefwufhuef ayM;nrfbokwf;nrfboAifj/ yAefn.ifjwDj,lbzif=ufj
zift[uOfcMjtvj zFOfrdlOfjvfgauMj rdlefOBhyFifjeifbuOfbu.pf;/ nmyfjefg;wMeBh nrfb
vmufbvmB;rM;oif/ udefcOfj,Ofh cOfjymifo.efq.BjxFrfemif;oFif=dif; o.efOBhO.uf;n.efb
=if;[Aef;zlpf;ekrfb? O.uf;n.efbeBhauMj vDcOfjqfgcOfjacM;? O>uf;n.efbeBh yDjqmB;ZMj
wFrfjrdlOfjymif vdufjuMbvDh rdlOfjyD@ 2004 vldefxlefj=uf;eefh/ ymifvdufjuMbvDh
[Awf;wDjwyfhv.BzM e.ef;vdkOfjoOf;wDj=def;arMo.efqmB;vMholpbf tvjemif;wFifhcOf/
cOfrD;vkufj,dif; n.efbauMhedlifj qdkOfjref;+ifhOMj emif;zlpf;ekrfb/ ayM;umifefgqOfh
ayMjref;e.ef; wdkefbref;nrfbvkufhrM;u.pf;ref;/ +ifhy.ifbcmOfbyeftrjref; ]ar@
nM@} eBtwh awMbxdkif trjref;ayM;zFOfwDjref;/ ayM;trjref;zFOfwDjref; oAif
n.efboAifnDjref; arMvFufjvmB@ugMb yAef ]ar@ndlpf;} eB,Ofh/ vD[ufhydlefj awrD;
r.ufjomrfclyfbymB@/ nefref;emif;olefqgfaoydlefj yAefcFyf;O.uf;n.efb nOfofgbefg;uFufh
oFwfhn.efbref;ao x.rfb,lbul@cmOf;,mrf;/ ayM;ZB;rM; orfhzkpfbwlpf;cFyf;iOf;
[mif@oAifO.uf;vkufjn.efb nefqkrf;[Of;[Awf;OBheefh/ arMzkpfbarMndkwf;[if;u.pf;/
Plecf m0f
ayM;,Ofhcdkef;twb =Ofref;cdkef;/ efg;qlOf@odyf;omrfodyf;oDbOef; ,lbq.rf;[efq.rf;

zlpf;ekrfbrM;ao yDjqmB;ZMj vBjwFrfjn.ufbr.ufbyAefrM; =if;[Aef;zlpf;ekrfb ,Ofh/
wlpf;acMjref;vl; C
plif:pAef:zlnf:ekrf,
rM;tvj ! zlpf;ekrfbn.efbndlpf;
ar@nM@ ! [Of;n.efugMb=if;[Aef;[Of;ugMb[Aef;
[Of;n.efugMbwlpf;wmif;=dOfjvFif;
v.ifj[ufhyFif;vDykefjrdlOf;eMj
eBhyAef ]u} ndlOfj? eBhyAef ]i}
nefeefhorfh yAef uMj uM; uM@
nefeBh yAef ]O} eBhyAef ]x}
nefeefhorfhyAef nM nM; nMb
wif;oAifj ! =rfj[Awf; (nM nMb nMj nM; nMh nM@)2
ymifvdufjuMbvDhwyfhv.BzMeBh cMjnrfbvBjq.rf;/ qkrf;[Of;vmwfjr.ufbyef

v.ifjwmif;O.uf;n.efbeBhao qifbvBj=hrM;/ wif;wmif;wlifhedkifref;auMj emif;oFif
=dif; [Awf;aeo.efaeugMb efg;[Of;wif;oAifj rD;yFwfbauMhrM;ylifo.ef,Ofh/ ,.efhu.yfj
[Of;qdlOf;eBh rM;ylifo.efyefao efg;vdufjydkwfbarMo.efqmB;rmOf;crf; erfhwD; eefhofgb
qdkOfjoAifrfgbyef nef+ifhqdkOfjOMj rmufbumifbyFwfbyM;ymefrfgb eB,Ofh/
efg;rmufbumifbyFwfbyM;eefh qmB;rmOf;crf; erfhwD; wFrfjOBhOMj -
twb,mrf;efg awMb,mrf;crfjodyf;rlif;vdkuf;,Aef e.ufjOmB;ao ,mrf;

nmyfberfhtvj ,mrf;udefcOfj cmOf;,mrf;wif;oAifjeBh u.pf;yAef
Plecf m0f
36 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
,dyf;urfqdkrf;tvjyyfh wFrfjcyfhrmBcmefb qfghnmefbw.if;vBjxlyf;

pM; urf;eBh,Ofh ]rmufbumifbyFwfbyM;} ymefrfgb ,dkOf;ofgb{j[Of;=h (1)
yAefarMo.efvlif qmB;ZMjerfhwlj ,dyf;rmufbumifb]ydkefh=h}ao
ydkwf;,dkOf;wDj=Ofqfg crfjOef;efgnrfbacsMh? (2) rM;xFifjarMo.efqmB;
qdkefjofgrldif;aiMh orfhawMh,dyf;rmufbumifb ]ZdifjOmif;ugmrf;} ylif
wrf;cyfhae {j[Of;ayM;=hqFifj? (3) rM;xFifjarMo.ef,dif;ekrfb
qmrfcmOf yM;nOfwif;rmufbumifbacMjoAifwFwfj nrfbyefyFwfjcmOf;
,mrf;? (4) orfhyAefarMo.ef,dif;[mefcrf; ,dyf;urfrmufbumifbu.ef
]ymB;eyfh} wFrfjcyfhylifo.ef {j[Of;vFif; xFrf[Fif;rmufbwMugmifj? (5)
rM;xFifjarMo.ef ,dif;crf;q.rfzlpf; u.pf;ref;,dyf;rmufbumifb
qefheldifj o.efnrfbyefydlifjzdwf;wmif; omif;vmif;{j[Of; y.ifbymB
awMbiOfj? (6) olwOfjarMo.ef,dif;oFif=dif; nrfbzfg; xdlif;,dyf;
rmufbyldifwFrfj uM@yBbcFrfh[dkOfql;xFOfedlifj,OfhxFOf o.if xwf;x.if
nrfbwluf;=ifj? (7) urf;eBhrmufbacMjylifxdkifqAwf; rmufb[Awf;arM
qefhiOfj qfgckefboOfjayM;ymifb rmufbumifbqAwf;eBhyAef arMo.ef
,dif;qmrfvFif;ndlOfj? (8)urf;vdkef;yAefrmufbyFwfb xFrfuFwfbv.ifjyuf;
ydlifZdifj,mrfj arMo.efrmOf;oFif cFef;arMvmwfjwmefjugmrf;O.ef;
z.ef;vDvBj]yFwfbrmufb} vBjwDj ]OwfheefbwMbOkefb} eB,Ofh/
vBj[yfhnOfqdkOfjoAif rmufbumifbyFwfbyM;ymefrfgbao odkyfbykdwfb,dkOf;Oef;awMb

Oef; awMbxdkif OefjxDj 21-7-2004 wmrf;crfj,OfhanMj/ ayM;umifcrfjrM; aw
[Awf;y.B;vdkOFjymifzdkuf;z.efhy.ufjurf;(1),OfhanMj/ umifcrfjeBh arMo.ef[Of;wif;oAifj
tvj ndufbvlpfjyDje.ifhe.ifhyDj efg;rmefjurfjz.ifj rM;ckdefjy.B;vdkOfjymifo.efcmOf;Zlef
,lb/ vBjidef;OMj arMo.ex f kifhrmOf;cOf cwf;qfgcyfhcdkif wMby.B;vdkOfjymifeBh,lbanMj/
udef cOfj,OfhauMj arMo.efcOfwif;oAifj nOfn.ifjwDj,lbzfgref;/ cOfrM;yef[Of;
Plecf m0f
wAef;n.efbauMhvFrfjvFrfj ,dyf;urfOBh[if;zfgref;/ arMo.efvlif vkif;qmB;ZMj r.ufb

vmwfjacMjugmrf;,Ofhurfjz.ifjao v.ifjawykdwfbymify.B;vkdOfjymifzdkuf;z.efheBh aw
nOfugmrf;nef+ifhqdkOfjOMj r.ufb{juD@ul@vlifb eefhao ykdwfbzkpfbugMb/ acMjugmrf;nef
yDjqmB;ZMj oyf;vFif;yefugMb uyf;umBbvlpfj r.ufb{juD@ul@vlifb eefhao qmrf;qdrf;
wlpf;acMjref;cMjvl;/
rguf,P;uD<ul<vlif,
! efg;wDj,lb[Of;eBh rD;OBhr.ufbrBhul@qdlOfhul@,mifb
oefcmifjv.Bwlef;[Of;vDwlpf; u.yfjr.ufbul@qdlOf;aujte
{jwmif;[mif@vDcOfOBhclefhc.yfjwFif;y.ifb
uyf;,Bq.rf;tuj=pfjerfhvB
C r.ufbrmufbnmB@+rf zFOfq.wfb+wfjxdkifwDj,lbrldif;uB
ydlefjc.Bnmrf;q.rf;v.ifjqdlOf;eefh ul@wDjrD;nmB@r.ufb+rf[dkef;
ul@wDjrD;oAifcmOfbcdlOf;wB;
! qmB;,dif;ekrfb[mB;[Of;yAefclOfjr.ufbvrf;,.wfj
qdlOfhcdlOf;okifyAefv.efhuFefbcdlOf; rD;[Fif;OBhxlefjwArf
awckdefj,fgbrfgbokif qdlOfhZef;awodkyfbyfghqdlOfhidlefjcdlOf;ugMb
awMb+wfjayM;qlOf@cmOf;,mOf;uB
C ekrfb,fgbnAef[Fif;uAOfjvdrfbzefj {jOmefjrdlif;[Fif;udkrf;
wkrfbr.ufb[Of;{juD@ul@vlifb (ul@wDjrD;nmB@r.ufb+rf[dkef;
ul@wDjrD;oAifcmOfbcdlOf;wB;)
Plecf m0f
38 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
auMhwFrfjugmrf; yAef oldOf,dyf;urf; nef+ifhqdkOfjOMj qmB;xkef;an; rdlOfjvAOf

,lbwDjuMbaebwMbao cdkef;zkpfbeMjumef wDjckpf@rdefhOBhanMj/ wFrfjOBhqArfrdlOfj
ymef ]r}[MjwlOftwbwifj 1968-69 eefhanMj/ ,dlif;nmef;ref; v.ifjcfgj{jr.ufb
nefrD;nmB@+rf+rf[kpf;[kpf; {jref;ayM;uD@v.efhq.wfbwif;rdlif;wB;/ vmwfjr.ufboyf;
vFif;,Ofhaotvj nOfZB;r.wbf vyf;odifbzdwf;zdwf;anMj/ ayM;,OfhauMj yDjqmB;
ZMj wBjwAef;vFrfjnefref;,dyf;eefhao [Of;qdlOf;eBh n.efuef ugMbwdwf;qyf;ayM;
vFif;ugMbwif;oAifj ,OfhauMj ydkwfbzkpfbZB;vFif;rM;/ rdlOfjwdkufh wBjZB;awMbayM;vFif;
[Of;[M;arMo.efwif;oAifj n.efuef+ifhugmrf; r.ufb{juD@ul@vlifb anMj/ ayM;,OfhauMj
+ifhugmrf;nefvBjqdkOfjOMj ,Mbvdkr;f cdlOf; vkif;crf;uM(wlefj[kif;) nefnljarM,Mvlif
qmB;crf;vAuf; wFrfjOBheefhanMj/ u.yfjydlOfj acMjugmrf;,Mbvdkrf;cdlOf;eBhauMj rdlOfjwdkufh
+ifh,lbeefh yDjqmB;ZMj cdkef;r.ufbvmwfjacMjugmrf;xFifj v.ifjOMj ,Mbvdkrf;cdlOf;eBh nMb
,lhnomufjref; omrfodyf;yD@rdlif;ymB@,Ofh/ u.yfjydlOfj rD;ymifzdkuf;z.efhao qifbcdkef;
n.ufbrM;? yAefumg rf;nefrD;erfhw.ef; z.ef;vDwMbwB;[Of;vlifvmif,Ofh/ arMo.ef[Of;
wif;oAifj n.efuef+ifhugmrf; ,Mbvdkrf;cldOf;eBh rdlOfjo.efeefhnrfb ayM;wldOfhqfgauMj
rdlOfjwdkufh[Awf;y.B;vdkOfjymifeBh x.rfboAifarMo.efcOf+ifh erfhvFrfhref; zffgvBjqdrf;
wlpf;auMj =hul@auMhrdlefuefref;wdkef;,.efh=Ofqfgul@ulef;,Ofh/
bj,vdkrf:cdlof:
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;)2 cdlOf;[Of;auMj,MbyFwfj
{jnAef;nmef;refjwMbaob v.ifjwmif;rlef@OBhzmBbvif
V-1 ugMbo.efvdufjvmB;wDjrdlif;ydlefj
cdkef;rM;[Awf;umefwMbOmefjrdlif;[Of;ugMb
{jref;ayM;vDaon.efw.ef;aouOfb idef;tvjqdlOf;qmB;ekrfb
Plecf m0f
idef;tvjqdlOf;,dif;ekrfb [Of;z.rfhuefcwf;qfgugMb
,Mb{jcdlOf;vBjwluf;wFrfboltvj
[Of;eBh,if;xkufbvBj[Awf;u.efb
CHO (,Mbayvkdrf;)2
V-2 zefjqifbrefj z.rfhqifbyAefugmrf;ulef;xOfjeBhqdkOfj,lb

u.yfjulef;,Aef;cdlOf;qifb[mB
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;)2
V-3 o.efwMbawvBjyAefykefjrdlif;[Of;
Oef;edlifjrD;umefimef;ayM;ayhwlOf
,Mbay{jyAefv.ifjvdkrf;cdlOf; z.if;eMjrdlif;vldif
nAef;nmef;[Awf;ykefjrdlif;[Of;ugMbeB
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;)2
V-4 rmif@auMhcfgjOMjxlOfbeOfjwB;rAef
xmrfwlpf;vl;ref;auMjudefxlOfbeOfjwB;,fgb
oifqdlOfhzfgauMjugMb,dlifjq.rf;cOf nefqdlOf;eefhrD;v.ifjoif
wMbykefjrdlOf;eMj imeftvjqdlOf;qmB;ekrfb
idef;tvjqdlOf;,dif;ekrfb ayM;=h[efvFif;rM;eB
,Mbayvdkrf;cldOf;idlefjqOfjuOfb
xFrfq.Bj[Fif;tvjwMhedlifboif[Awf;ugMb
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;)2
Plecf m0f
40 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
V-5 ugMbeMj{jcdkef;wlpf;wmif;vif [Awf;oif{jwlpf;cdlOf;qOfjuOfb

,Mb{jydlefjvBjnM;vM;[Of;avMb qdkOfjqdlOfhcdlOf;[Of;udlwfb,fgb
u.yfjidkef;crf;auMj,MbcmB
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;cdlOf;[Of; ,Mbayvdkrf;rldif;[Of; qmB;,dif;zfgnrfbOMj

{jckuf;qfgvBjwMbaob qlOf@nAef;nmef;[Of;yBbwArf)2
V-6 xFrfnrfboif{jyAefykefj[Fif;rldif;Oef;edlifjrM;
ol[Of;wufhrlef@ausMb ,Mbaycfgj[Mykefj[Of;u.pf;
rD;rmufjrM;awqlrf;odlOf;[dkOfeMb rdlif;ayM;nrfbofg
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;)2
V-7 nlljawMbvkufjorfhawMbvmef ayM;wdkufhOMjnmef;cdkefj,fgb

{jckdwf;vBjuefodkyfbumef
CHO (,Mbayvdkrf;) ,Mbayvdkrf;cdlOf;[Of;
ugmrf;,Mbvdkrf;cdlOf;,OfhauMj odkyfbao uMjaeyefnefarMo.ef,dif;n.efbcOf

[mifj[Fef;OBh wmif;uMjwB;ul@rAOf;rAOf;yAefcdlOf;vAOfeefhanMj/ wmif;uMjeBh yAefqOfj
uOfbtwbo.efvAifhn.ufbrM;n.efwmif;okwf;aowMhauMj rdlOfjvAOfauMhedlifjwif;auMh
eldifj xFifjrDbxFifjuD;ref; cFef;vDwlpf;ckdwf;umyfjckdwf;ymefrM; wArfxlefjrM;tvj vBj
qlrf;q.rf;/ ylefhrM;omOf;yD@ymB@eefh vBjzdkuf;o.efyefn.efb,dif; auMvdufjvmB;tvj
ZdifjtijwB;rlbaq@ao vBjugMbuMjae y.B;o.ef;erfhrdlif;c.ef wDjrldif;tcbrM;/ twbnOf
eefhao yD@rfgbwB;ul@yD@yD@ nOfwmif;q.BjxFrf qmB;n.ifbxlpf;? qmB;omifbvlbcOfao
odkyfbcyfhcdkifrM;xFifj,fg;,fg; awMbrdlOfjvAOfvBj[efugMb,lb wDjrdlif;wB;wif;erf/ ayM;vBj
[ef wmif;uMjarMo.ef[Of;,OfhauMj vBjx.rfbidef;oAifugmrf;zlj+ifhugmrf; qdkOfjoAif,fgb
Plecf m0f
qmB;oFifq.rfZMh? qmB;ekrfbqmB;? qmB;cArfcrf;? qmB;oFifq.rfrmOf;? qmB;omBZlef? emif;oFif

vdkef;crf;? emif;rlpfz.if? emif;crf;e.ifh? emif;anvD tvj ,dif;rlOf+rf? ,dif;,dif;cdlOf;
cOfqdlOf;eBh rM;+ifhugmrf;rlef@qfgyefy.B;vdkOfjymif[Of;/ awMbxdkifodyf;rlif;cdkijf vBjvdkOfj
odrf;ugMbauMj arMo.ef[Of;qdlOf;eBh nrfbayM;yAif;qfg/ u.yfjydlOfjnrfbvBjy.ifbcmOfbxdkif
ZmBb vlify.ifqdkifjcOftvj nrfbayM;[wf;[Awf;vdkuf;/ wDjxkifhrmOf;eBh u.yfjydlOfjOMj
cdlifjqmufj xkifhrmOf;[mif@vDeBh qOfjc.ifref;yAef =OfyOfjauMjvdufjvmB;tvjZdifjtij
wB; qmB;omrfrdlif;xD;tvj zljy.ifumefZmBbrlef@qfg qmB;xke;f rsdefhcMjtvj [Awf;oif
auMjimBjcMjanMj/ awOMjzlj+ifhugmrf;wif;erfeefhauMj ref;ugMbrD;wDjxkifhrmOf;urfj
erftvj yAefnefOMjy.B;vdkOfjymif[Of; vBjrlef@odlOf;wArfxlefjugMb,lb,Ofh/
rdlOfjzkufjrM; umifefgaw[Awf;ymifemrf;y.B;vdkOfjymif,Ofhao arMo.efcOfaw
rdlOf;=def;zfgref;? awvBjzmwfbuef,Ofh/ u.yfjeBtvj ymifrlef@odlOf;,OfhauMj nkyfb
uefvmwfjawMbuef nrfbokw;f nrfboAifj/ oAif+ifharM+ifhugmrf;cOfauMj ayM;yef;vlif
OBh,Ofh/ awMbayM;rD;o.ifqlOf@rlif;umifefgqOfhauMj urfjz.ifjwif;wdkufhnkyfbuef,lb
ndlOfj/ e.ef;auMj[dkOfawvyf;vBjeMb? awOMjugMbaysMbq.rf;cOfauMj nrfbyAefvBj? aw
qfghcOfvdkOfjauMj nrfbodlOf;OMj,Ofh/ ,.efhu.yfjefg;Oef;vlifodyf;o.ifOef;eBh twbnOf
=Ofefgrdlif;yBbvFif; wdkufhvyf;odifbz.rfhzFrfh 4;45 rlif; vBjvkufhul@auMh [Awf;zdkuf;
oef; awMb 6;00 rlif;/ yefv.ifjwmif;vAefj{jcOfrlef@qfg/ rmif@y.ufjauMj +ifharM
+ifhugmrf; uMjq.rf;uefauMjyM;/ awMbrlefjawMbrDb? vlrf;xlOf;vlrf;x.if; qdlOf;eBhtwh
nrfbvBj[Awf;rM;yef/ efg;odyf;o.ifOef;eBh Zlefwluf;umifefgqOfh nrfbvBj[Awf;zdkuf;
oef; rD;yAeo f Db[MjOef;vl;u.efb/ zdkuf;oef;,OfhauMj vdkOfj[Awf;v.ifjrlwf;ofgwDj,lb
wDjoOf;wif;oAifj? okufjeMjoDwMzfgref;,OfhauMj z.BcOfjefg,Ofh/ efgqOfhcOfjz.BeBh
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auMj rDbcOfjzuf; arMcyfhcdkifyefeMb,Ofh/ arMo.ef 150 qrfqrf ndufbvlpfj[Of;
tvjzljy.ifumefwif;oAifj awrD;r.ufj 200 ,OfhanMj/
Plecf m0f
42 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
v.ifjvAifhvlxkifhrmOf;auMj vmufbvmB;OBhcMjanMj/ edlifjOef;edlifjoFef zfgcfgj

rM;qMbuMhauMj [yfh+if;wkif;cmrfbnOfao cyfhcdkifvAifhvlrM;,lb/ auMwlifbOAif;zfgref;
urfhxFrfrM;eefh ndufbvlpfjnefyAefqOfj=def;auMrlbaq@ qifjcmrfbaovAifhvlrM;
,lb/ trjekrfbul@qkrf;qkrf;? qkrf;=OfyOfj? qkrf;zljemrf;efg;? qkrf;zljy.ifumefcOfauMj
nOf[Fif;qOfjwMbeMhaovAifhvlrM;,lb/ =Ofy.ufh=OfzmBb=OfrmOfb qkrf;qOfj=dOf;qdlOf;eBh
auMj urfhxFrfvAifhvleifbwmif;=hzfgref; y.ifbqfg[efxdkifrM;,lb,Ofh/ wmifwlOfarM
o.efwif;oAifjao c.yfjqfg,fgb,gfberferf,Ofh/ u.yfjydlOfj ref;yAefymifzdkuf;z.efhn.ef
wmif;okwf;tvj yDjyDje.ifhe.ifhzfg nrfbayM;rM;w.efjoifcOf/ [Of;[Awf;odlOfjokyf;
147 zdkefaow.efjyefrM; arMo.eful@auMh/ wmifbwDjqdlOf;nefrD;qfgcfgjw.efjyef
eefh rM;w.efjclOf;w.efjcOfvBjwif;erf/
umifefgrdlif;vFif;vlwfhuM;rmefjzfgref;qkrf;zfgref; ayM;zFOfOBh,Ofh/ udefcOfj
z.B,OfhauMj 8;00 rlif;twbymifemrf;y.B;vdkOfjymifzdkuf;z.efhy.ufjurf;(1) cmOf;ZlefcMj
anMj/ =OfyOfj qmB;omrfrdlif;xD; {jarMo.ef[Of;qdlOf;eBh edlifjauMhawvBjvAifhn.ufbrM;
arMo.efo.ifauMheB wdkuf;olef;vmwfjugMb,lb/ y.B;vdkOfjymifauMj nOfwif;ugmrf;,Mbvdkrf;
cdlOf; odrf;ymifugMbanMj/ arMo.eful@wDj ymifbomB;? xkifhv.B=OfodlOf? odyf;uOfjrmefj? erfh
crf;? aq@vmefh rM;[yfhugMbzfgref; udkwf;[Of;qdlOf;eBh n.efuefugMbodkyfbvdkOfjwDjvkrf;
auMvdufjvmB;rM;/ rdlOfjwdkufh,lbxkifhrmOf;eefhvkrf;auM wif;yBb,OfhvDvD rdlOfj[Awf;auM
eefh yM;wif;cAOfvFif;rmOf;? emif;vMhOkef;cOf n.efuefaoMbolef; wMbidkef;w.if;urfh
xFrf yAefauMauMb,OfhrM;tvj Olefhcdkef;ckuf;qfgvBj,lb,Ofh/ rdlOfjauMbauMeefhauMj
nrfbcfgjwmifbzdkefvdufjoifao,.ef;rBhoifrM;/ nOfidkef;yDje.ifh[Of;wif;oAifj=rfjuAyf;
qlh+rfw.rfuefaonrfbuM; rmif@wDjauMj vBjqdkuf;ao[Awf;rM;/ vdkef;okwf;rM; yAef
[Of;[M;eifbuefu.pf;tvj nefqdkuf;eefh qdlOf;rD;idkef;auMjyef qdlOf;nrfbukrfbeefh
auMj cdkef;,.ef;{jyAefv.ifjurfhxFrfyefauMj rD;rM;,lb,Ofh/ rdlOfjefg;rdkOf;=OfyOfjauM
vdufjvmB; yAefqmB;,.wfjumBbOef;eefh umBb,OfhrM;cMjanMj/ rdlOfj,.wfjumBbOef;yBboAifj
Plecf m0f
eefh ref;uBhvmwfjOMj ]efg;[Of;wif;oAifjeBh rfg;ofgbidkef;vlberfaoydlefj,Ofh}/ qfgj

,lbanMj? cOfyAefarM,Mvlifao ndufbyM; arM,MqmB;,D@nFef vBj,lifaqbweMbcOf
,lbauMj nmyfjofgbauMh[Mjrdkefbu.pf;,lOf;/ cdifbeefh [MjrdkefbnefOMjeefh {jayM;ofgb
vBjauMj nrfbimBj/ cMjvBjofgbrM; idkef;oFefyFwfbrdkefbeBh ofgbyAefomrfy.ufjanMj/ u.yfj
ydlOfjidkef;eBh qlh+rfaoofgburf;ndwf;ndwf; vBjnOfyM;[Awf;cFyf;ugmrf;yD@rfgbwB;eefh
nOfqdkOfjqdlOf;eefhao ofgbugMb,lb/ urfjz.ifjtwh awxmifbOMj[Awf;cFyf;eBhimBjao
awrD;erfhrFwfjerfhw.ef;eBauMj awMbrdlOfjvAOfcFyf;qdlOfhcdlOf;eBh nrfb[mrfh,mrfjvBj
wdkef;vmif;ref;eB qdlOf;,mrfj[Awf;rM;eefh =haovmyfbugMbwif;erf,Ofh/ qOfjuOfb
cfgj{jqdkOfjoAifauMrlbaq@tvj y.B;yD@rfgbwB;=dOfj=dif;rM;eefhao vBjnOfqdkOfjauMrlb
aq@ wdkef;vmif;qOfjuOFbao [Awf;n.ufbcFyf;yD@rfgbwB;rM; edlifjyD@eldifjcFyf; [mefh
awMb[MjyD@,Ofh/ ,.efhydlOfjqdlOf;nefnrfbarM[Awf; orfharMxmifbOMj nOfidkef;auM
[Awf;eefh ydlifedlifjorfhaoho.rf;ugmrf;eBhugmrf;eefhauMjrD; ayM;[Awf;ao aoho.rf;
eefhtwh awqif@qdkefbcmrfbvBj,lbaowMhauMj rdlOfjvAOftwhudef;qfg,lb,Ofh/
zlj+ifhugmrf;auMj nmyfjOMjnrfbayM;cfgj+ifhugmrf;ymB;rdlif;eBauMjOMjrM;tvj vBj,dkwf;ugMb
awMbxdkifrdlOfjvAOf,Ofh/
vBje.ef;efg;auM wif;qkrf;vBjtvbwDjymifbomB;? erfhcrf;? rdlif;rmOf; qdlOf;eBh
,Ofhao rdlOfjOef;xDj 28-7-2004 eefh vBjcdkef;rdlOf;rM;wDj=def;zfgref; cMjanMj/
c.yfjqfgxdkifwmifbzdkefw.if;rmBOBh efg;qlOf@ymefqOfjuOfbeBh qdlOf;nefq.Bj xFrfcyfhcdkif
[Awf;omifj ymifvdufj{jayM;,OfhwlOfvDimrf;ugMbvDvDeefh,fgb,fgberferf,lbcMjanMj/
c.yfjqfg,fgb,fgberferf xdkiful@auMhul@ulef; ul@rlbul@qkrf; ul@rmefjrmefj,lbcMjanMj/
25-7-2004? ymifzdkuf;z.efhuRufhtr;
Plecf m0f
44 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
ymifzdkuf:zgef.qof;rldif:egif
wDjnef[Of;[Awf;ymifzdkuf;z.efhyD@eBh yAefOwfhaqM;wDhuMb&Lifbu.pf; eifb

uOfbcMj/ yD@eBh yAefy.ufjurf;omrf? Oef;twbref; 17-2-2005 awMb 3-3-2005
Oef;[dkifref; 15 Oef;? vkufj[Aef;arMo.efwif;oAifj rD;158 auMh? arMo.ef,dif;rD;
87 auMh? arMo.efqmB;rD; 71 auMh? yAefarMo.efwlefjwD; 5 auMh? uRufhtr; 94 auMh?
ymifbnl; 38 auMh? oDbayMhrD; 9 auMh? e.ifcAOf 13 auMh? OAif;vdlOfb 1 auMh rM;ckdefj[Aef;
o.efugMbcMjanMj/
wDjOwfhuRif;aqM;wDhuMb&LifbeBh yAefn.ufbvAifhcl;arMwB;vlif[Of; qOfj ydifb
pMbazM;uMh(rdlif;olj) zljuwfhcFefbydefbyDhwDhumwfhomrfu.if ZmBbwB;eefh o.efn.ufb
wDjeBhugMbcMjanMj/ qOfjnMbavM;uMh(oFefOD)auMj yAefwDjOwfheBh eifbuOfbaonrfb
uM; rdlOfjvAOfqOfjeifjuRif; qOfjOkefbeDhwMheBh nMb,lh awrD; r.ufj 37 clyfb? vBjOMb
17 OMb orfhyAefqOfjeifjuRif;vBjodyf;yD@eBauMj rdlOfjn.ifbylefhyxrausMbeefh ywf;
ydkefhrdlif;rmef@ vBjol;xDhedlifjanMj/ eBhaonrfbuM; rdlOfjyD@ 2097 eefhvBj[yfh
nOfcl;oMboeMhxwfhoMhxrfbrMbq&d, xFifjcMjanMj/ OwfhaqM;wDhuMb&LifbeBh
twbwifjrdlOfjyD@auM;qMb 1263 vdlefodyf;o.ifv.ifj/ qOfjeifjuRif;yAef qOfjnl;
reDhwMh twbwifjrM;awMbrdlOfjvAOf qOfjeifjuRif;qOfjOkefbeDhwMheBh yAefauMh
xlefj 15 qOfjcMjanMj/ wDjOwfhwDjuRif;eBh qOfjOkefbeDhwMh[Of;tvj qOfjqmif;
qOfjomifbcOfwif;oAifj qlrf;odlOf;[yfhw.efj[Of;cMjao nrfbvBj ydkifjndifwmif;q.Bj
wif;erfcMjanM;/ u.yfjqOfjOkefbeDhwMh[Of; y.ifbqfgedlOfvdufjvmB;wB;[Of;cMjtvj wMb
cMj[Of;cOfzkpfbymifvdufjeBh vBjwmif;urfhxFrf wDjqOfj[Of;cOfawhawhcMjanMj/ {j
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wMbawyAefymifzdkuf;z.efheBh nefvBjv.ifjurfhxFrfvrfbv.ifjaoydlefj yAef

qmB;wmef;r.ifbtvjemif;ekwf;cOfcMjanMj/ ymifzdkuf;z.efhuRufhtr;eBh oifOMj u.yfjqmB;
wmef;r.ifbcOfao qifbyAefvBjrM;,OfheBauMj nrfbzdwf;aondwf;cMj/ qmB;wmef;
r.ifb? qmB;crf;ausMb? qmB;vFOf;zmBcOfwif;cMj ,mrfjvBj=hquf;ruf;qdkOfj ckdefjymifvAyfj
[Aef;nefnl;wAif;vlefb rM;ydkwfbwDjerfhcrf; rdlOfjyD@ 2003 eefhcMjanMj/ rdlOfj=h
quf;uefeefh zfgawxmifbawvBjrM;yAefauMh wmif;OlefhrdlefuefeefhcMjvMb/ ymif
vAyfj[Aef;eefhauMj ref;nrfbqfgjOMj yAefZmBbwB;? ref;yAefZmBbrmef@/ ,.efhu.yfj
qmB;nl;crf;tvj emif;elef;qdkefjcOfao qifbvBj[Awf;yAefvBj cdkefj[Aef;rM;oDbOef;
cMjanMj/ vBjrdkwfjudkOf;uef,OfhauMj rdlOf;cdkef;wDj,lbzfgref;/
rdlOfjawzFOfy.B;yD@rfgbwB; vBjidef;OMjaw[Awf; wDjndlufbuRufhtr; wDjOmefjcMb
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cOfjy.B;yD@rfgbOmefjcMb/ u.yfjydlOfj ref;yAefnlpf;auMh[Of; qOfjumef;,.wfj n.ef=Ofemrf;
eMjao[Awf;tvj [Of;yDje.ihf xkifhrmOf; ndufbyM;qkrf;xkifhrmOf;[mif@vD rM;rlef@odlOf;
yef ugMbawMby.B;ayM;,OfhanMj/ rdlOfjy.B;cdkef;rM;=yfhxlyf; qmB;wmef;r.ifbcOfxFifj? ckdef;
rdkwfjudkOf;uefxFifj,Ofh/ rdlOfjyD@yD@rfgbwB; 2003 wMbrlbqkrf;[Of; vdkOfjoOf; wMbidkef;
u.ifumifqkrf;[Of; cmByM;clOf;wB;tvj yAefnefv.ifj,myfbqfgwif; oAifjeefh qmB;wmef;
r.ifbcOf q.BjaujvdwfjyefugMb,lbwif;erfcMjanMj/ y.B;yD@rfgbwB; OmefjcMb,OfhauMj wif;
yDjqmB;ZMjndufbyM;cAOfvFif;rmOf;? emif;rlOfofg=dif; a[Mjvlwfholifb[Of;rM;tvb=def;
qmB;wmef;r.ifbxFifjy.ufjedlifj,Ofh/ ydlifedlifjo.ifwmif; awvBjxlyf;yDje.ifhykifbOlOf;ao
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uef,OfhanMj/ wDjymifnyk fbuefeefh cyfh,BOef;wMbawugMbymifvdufjul@wDjwDjeefh
,Ofh/ vBjrM;=yfhxlyf;=OfyOfjykifbOlOf; vkif;csdwfhnl;cOfao nkyfbukrfuef wFyf;wwf;
ayM; ,Ofhumifckdef;qrfqrf awzmwfb uefeefh qmB;wmef;r.ifbxmrfOMj
Plecf m0f
46 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
]yDjqmB;ZMj C ymifzdkuf;z.efhwMb[Of; yDje.ifhuRufhtr; nrfb[Awf;yefvBj

[Mh} eBtvj yDjqmB;ZMj wdkufhOlefh,lbeefh [Of;w.yfbyefqmB;wmef;r.ifb
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odkyfbvmwfjxFifj
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]v.ifjymifzdkuf;z.efheBh v.ifjidkef;w.if;ref; cMjawnOfykefjz.ef;cMj?
wmifbrAOf; cdkef;awvlOfboifxFifj} OMjeBrM;cMjtvj
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wmifbrAOf;ref;nrfbayM;vlOfboifxFifj,Ofh? vlOfbyAefyDje.ifhuRufhtr;cOf cdkef;nkyfb
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wFyf;wwf;,Ofhtvj rdlOfjzkufjrM;+ifhyM;zlj,fgbulef;vlif efg;OmefjrM;nkyfb
uef,Ofh wFyf;wwf;n.ifjtvj wMbwkuf;,.ef;wmifbzdkefndufbvlpfjumeful@v.ifj
v.ifjaotvj vBjn.ufbyAefrM;ymifzdku;f z.efhy.ufjurf;edlifj wDjuRufhtr;,Ofh/ ymifzdkuf;
z.efhy.ufjurf;edlifjeBh twbrdlOfjyD@ 2003 eDj? [Awf;wDjOwfhaqM;wDhuMb&Lifb
eifbuOfbcMjanMj/ yD@y.ufjurf;edlifjeefh vkif;qmB;ZMj? vkif;crf;ymifb? qmB;rmOf;oFif?
qmBoFifrdlif;? qmB;r.ifbxkef;? yMjvmOfofg,dif;? emif;oFif=dif;? emif;nDbv.efh,dif; wif;
oAifjrD;uOfjauMh,Ofh/ q.rf;eifbrdlOfj[Of;nkyfbukrfuefeefh {jyDje.ifhuRufhtr;cOfqmrf;
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rmBcyfh qdkOfjymifzdkuf;z.efh Oef;zdkuf;z.efh wMbcmOf;[dkif

1 rdlif;uAif;wkif 14-1-2005 awMb 28-1-2005 15 Oef;
2 rdlif;rdwfj 4-2-2005 awMb 14-2-2005 11 Oef;
3 uRufhtr; 17-2-2005 awMb 3-3-2005 15 Oef;
4 aq@nl? oFefOD 5-3-2005 awMb 17-3-2005 13 Oef;
5 rmefjqmifh? rldif;,B 19-3-2005 awMb 31-3-2005 13 Oef;
6 rdlif;wdlef;? erfhy.ifj 1-4-2005 awMb12-4-2005 12 Oef;
7 awMv.ufj? wmifh,mef; 14-4-2005 awMb 27-4-2005 14 Oef;
8 rmefj[B;? wyfhqkrf;(1) 30-4-2005 awMb 13-5-2005 14 Oef;
9 rdlif;a,M 16-5-2005 awMb 29-5-2005 14 Oef;
10 OAif;wlefjwD; 1-6-2005 awMb 14-6-2005 14 Oef;
11 v.BzM? wyfhqkrf;(7) 18-6-2005 awMb 1-7-2005 14 Oef;
12 xkifhrmOf; efg;vdlefxlefjqAwf; 15 Oef;
ayM;cyfhckdif,OfhauMj v.uf;cyf;rmBOef;wMbymifzdkuf;z.efharMo.efvdufjvmB;
wB; 2005 eBholifbxdkif ul@wDjzfgref;,Ofh,OfhanMj/
rdlOfjwDjymifzdkuf;z.efhuRufhtr;eBh ref;[mrfhvmufbvmB;OBhanMj/ [Of;+ifh
arMzAif;ugmrf;wB; arM,Mvlif qmB;crf;vAuf;tvj ar;emif; emif;arM ,Me.Bhe.BhwdefbcOf
q.rf;rM;vAyfj[Aef; cOfjo.efyefugMbanMj/ efg;yD@ 2003 qrfokwf;eefh vBjidef;OMj
arM,MqmB;crf;vAuf; nrfbayM;,lbvDeBtvj vBjugMb=yfh xlyf;wlpf;xdkifrM;cMjanMj/
Plecf m0f
48 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
wmif;yAefYoMbeBh yAefwDjefg;n.uf; wDj[drf;ndefwMeefh ayM;nrfbomifbawMbeB

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omifbnmBj? yDjqmB;ZMj? qmB;an;r.ifbtvj qmB;vmOfofg? qmB;n.ifbpkefh? qmB;ugmef;cdlOf;
vFif;cOf qdlOf;eBhcMjanMj/ rdlOfjcdifbeefh arM,Mvlif qmB;crf;vAuf; rD;=def;OBhauMhvAOf
u.p;f cMjanMj/ Zuf;wlauMj zkpfbOBhcFyf;vAOf/ +ifhymOfbtvj wlOfarM,MrM;zkpfb Zuf;
wlyefcMj,Ofh/ rdlOfjeefh cMjvBjvmwfj rM;{jrdlOf;tvbq.rf;vAyfj[Aef; wlpf;ymifzdkuf;
z.efhaoymifymif? ayM;zFOfeB YoMbawaysMbrM;? rdlif;wB;ul@wDj wDjawzFOfrM;? ayM;
cfgjvdkOfjymifvfgauMj ckdef;vdkOfjao ayM;cfgjq.rf;auMjcdkef; y.ifbcmOfb[Of;rM; vBjvmwfjOBh
wDjYoMbrM;,Ofh/ [Of;OlefhOBhulef; nef[ufhwB;auMheldifj cfgj{jref;[efwil fbOlif;wB;
nefvBjwlifh,Fyfh,Fyfh,lbeefh,Ofh/ qdlOf;nefqdkefb[Fif;ao wlifh,Fyfh,Fyfheefh
auMj awcfgj[efYoMb,lbeifbuOfb/ rdlefqdlifhulef;eMjOmefjwMolefulef;vlif[Of; uB
,mefuefwif; yDjyDje.ifhe.ifhao cdkef;rM;qfg;cdkef;wlpf;xdkifckdef;eefh,Ofh/ Oef;xDj
18-2- 2005 qmB;wmef;r.ifb rM;[yfhYoMbwif;YoMbr wDjOAif;vdlOfb? [Of;q.rf; uefrM;
awMbxdkifuRufhtr;/ u.yfjydlOfjuRufhtr;OAif;vdlOfbugMbrM; Oef;vAOftvj zFOfuRufhtr; wluf;
vdkef; nmyfberfhudefcOfj wDj=def;qmB;wmef;r.ifb (odlOf[MjwlOf) cOfao qifbugMbwDj
ymifvdufj OwfhaqM;wDhuMb&Lifbeefh,Ofh/
twbcrfjzFOfeefh yDjqmB;ZMj uyf;odkyfbrdkwfjyefarMo.efcOfao cl;arM,M
oifbvmwfjacMjugmrf;urfjz.ifj,lb,Ofj/ arMo.ef[Of;qdlOf;eefhauMjqlrf;? cl;arMa,M
auMj awnrfbrD;wDjvmwfjref;,Ofh/ qOfjeifjuRif;wif; qOfjqmif;cOfauMj yef
n.ifjwDje.ef;vdkOfjcl;arM,McOfo.ifauMh/ rdlOfjzkufj rdlOfj[dkOf; wMbcl;arM ,Mwif;o.if
auMh ofgbOBhyefcmOf;,mrf;wMbo.efr.ufbvmwfjacMjugmrf; efg;v.uf;,mrf; o.ef[Of;,Ofh
anMj/ cl;arM,McOfjyefo.ifcmOf;? ar;cl;arM,M cOfjyefcmOf;edlifj? ,lbe.ef;ugMbo.if
cdkef;ao rdlOf;cdkef;ugMbcMjanMj/ wlpf;cl;arM,MeBh nmyfjaysMbodlOf;qfg u.yfjref;vBj
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52 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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acMjugmrf;OMj ref;nrfb,mrfj[efaoy.ufj v.ifjOMjwB;[Of;auMj rD;vmB;o.efqdlifheB?
ref;nmrf;aonOfukifbeB,Ofh/ vBjidef;acMjugmrf;ref;ao ,def;acM;clrfqfgvAufheMb/
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qmOf;cldOf;[Of;nefeldifj/ cOfvmwfjugmrf;cfgjimB;eifbxB;OMj? rdlOfjrdkefhodkef;u.efb qmOf;
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58 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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nrfbxmwfb/ efg;wMnmyfj[ef,lbawMbrdlOfjvAOf/ efg;=auMj eifbidef;,lb,Ofh/ cfgjidef;
xFifjtvj urf;urf;cdkef;n.efuefcDb ayM;yAefvmBy.ufjauMj nrfb=h,Ofh/
OmB;Oef;rM; vBj=hv.ifjwmif; nrfbqmif@twbymifvud fj,Ofh/ vBj=hOMj cOf
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60 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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emrf; efg;auMvdufjZdifjwB; wlifbOAif;rlbaq@ qmB;u.ef;cdlOf;vFif;OMj rD;OBhymifvdufjcmOf;
ZlefeBOMj/ cfgj{jq.rf;vAyfjwlpf;ul@ymifymif/ qdlOf;nefykdwfbugMb edlOfOAif; efg;Omefj
wif;rlwf; wdkufhrD;,lbodyf;uOfjymifeB,Ofj/ rmifrmefjauMj wdkufhcyfhckdifOBh wMbaw
ydkwfbzkpfbxFifj,lb/ efg;oDb[MjOef;eBh ulef;rD;ykefjz.ef;efg;auM awrdlOf;vAyfj[Aef;
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qOfjuOfbeBauMj nOfcOfjrkef;olifbwrf;yefao ylefhrM;xkifhrmOf;/ rdlOfjvAOfumef,Ofh
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62 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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ref; nefcOf[ef,lbao ulOfnrfb=heefh,Ofh/ wlpf;nmyfjcOfjqfgrFefj=cOfnrfbuM;
vBj=hyM;q.rf;v.ifjawhref; nefcOfnrfb,mrfj=hrM;qdlOf;eefhtvj auMhvBjr.ufbae
yefeefh vmwfjawMbayM;xdkifuOfjrlif;cdkifjauMj nrfb=hwDj=dOfhr.Bjoif,Ofh/ rdlOfjcdkef;
zFOfwDj=def; ayM;rD;odyf;rlif;ymB,Ofh/ OmB;eefheBh qmB;nmBjudlifb (rldif;wdif) zFOfrM;OBh
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64 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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72 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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yDje.ifhwB;ul@wDj vBjcdkef;=yfhuefefg;ymify.B; n.efuefqlrf;odlOf;,lb,Ofh/ wDjnef
rmef@cOf =yfhxlyf;uef? wDjuvM;cOf=yfhxlyf;uef vBjugMbxlyf;rM;aowMh wDjwB;=yfh
xlyf;uefeBh ref;yAefwDjy.B;eBhu.pf;,lOfh/ efg;ymify.B;eBh wmif;uMjwif;+ifhugmrf; wlpf;
x.rfbaoudefcOfjcrfj? ofgbazudefnOf[if;zfgref;/ wMbawudef vBjqkuf;cyfh,Buef
nOfudefnefxkufbqfgzfgref;? oifyAefrdlif;[Of; ayM;cyfh,BuefudefeB wif;awy.ifhwfgj
y.ifhedlOf,Ofh/ rdlif;cOfeefh twbnOfcOfjxmiferfh cyfh,Buef? zfgnrfbylefhnrfbyFef
uef/ v.ifj,dlefhuefjawMbuefeBh wArfxlefjvDeMbawh/ oifwkrfhpM;awMbuef? cfgj
xmrfoifoifuefauMj ulrfju.rf;e.rf;ql;uefeefh yAefnefv.ifjvD[ufhnefeldifj,Ofh/
y.B;auMj twb[Mjrlif;awMbxdkifodyf;rlif;cdkifjymBeefh cyfhrmBcOfauMj vDcOfjqfgeMb,Ofh/
qefqfgyDje.ifhcOfjy.B;,lbeB wlpf;y.B;awMayM;,Ofh qifbvkufheefh vBj[efvuf;xmef
ref;,Ofh/ ylOfbzdOfbauMj +ifhugmrf;rmef@ nefudkuf;uAOfbqmOf;cdlOf;wB; rFefjqfgqdlOf;
eefh odyf;qAwf;ykufj? yDje.ifhcFufbcsmif; olifbwdef;yMb rM;+ifhq.Bj[Awf;cFufboDb[Mjykufj?
qmB;oFifq.rfZMhorfh udefpM;erfhcFiferf[dkOf nefclOfjerf[dkOfauMjnrfb=h twb+ifh
ref;oAifcfgj[myfbugMbndwf;eldifj? vdkef;okwf;rM; qifbcdkef;n.ufboAifqdkefjrM;/
odyf;rlif;cdkijf ymBeefh ,Ofhy.B;ao n.efuefodrf;q.Bj/ yDje.ifhwlpf;y.B; aw
n.efuefvkufhrdlOf;? qdlOf;nefudkwf;,lb vkufjn.efbnefugMbcdkefj[Aef;? [Awf;umefwDj
eefh awMhwifbzAOfjodrf;urf;vAOf? rdlOfjzkufjrM; zfgauMjnrfbwef;? vlOfbcdkefj[Aef;?
vlOfb[Awf;umefzfgref;/ wDjeefh oifo.ifOef; nrfbvBj[Awf;umefeB wMbudefayM;cfgj
,myfb? oifo.ifvdlefnrfbrD;umefeBtwh ,.ifb,OfheBOMj/ cmOf;,mrf;eBh wMbcOfvrfb
v.ifj nrfbrdlefuefwif;[Of; eyfh,rfcmOf;,mrf;/ zfgzfgauMj vFwf;vFwf;oFOf;oFOf;
Plecf m0f
74 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
wlifhwlifhwdkefbwdkefb eifbnrfb=dOfhnrfbr.Bj/ nefeuf;wlOfeuf;cdif; [Of;vBjoDb[Mj

Oef;eBh nmyfjrOfrM;ndwf;eldifj,lb/ wMbcOf v.ifj=rfbvlrfjulef;eBh ref;wArfxlefjeMb
tvj awMbayM;odyf;nAwf;odyf;o.if emif;,dif;auMhvAOf ugMbrM;auMj nrfbyAefoif/
urfjz.ifjvkufjn.efbemif;omOfwB;[Of; odyf;nAwf;rlif;qifb,OfhumefauMj rD;wif;erf/
umefauMj umifOef;umifcdkef; rD;o.ifrAOf;eifbuOfb/ [Of;orfh umifefgauMj OMjefgqOfh?
ayM;wmrf;crfjorfhOMj nrfbomifbawMb,OfheBtvj v.ifjawqfghcmOf;,mrf;[Of;anb
ugMb/ wMbcwf;qfg [Of;orfharMvlifvkdrf;xFifjtvj [Of;vBjokrf;v.ifjcdkefj,fgbwif;erf
,Ofh/
cOfn.efuefzAOfj,Ofhodrf;,Ofh u.yfjcmOf;,mrf;auMj eFwfj[dyfjeMbtvj qmB;
oFifq.rfZMh nrfbayM;vBj+ifherf/ cdkef;,dyf;wif;wdifbao +ifhugmrf;rfgbref; nefyBb
yAefn.ufbeefh/ ayM;,Ofh [Of;auMjnkyfbawMbcOf ndwf;n.efbw.efj vBj[ef[ufh+rf
uef z.rfhofgb[Fif;[Awf;y.B;tvj qlrf;OMjqlrf;? ulpf;eMb v.rfv.rfcD u.yfjOmB;rM;ulOfvdkrf;
rdlif;[Of; ulOfrkdwfjrufhwmif;cdkefj,fgbydlefjao vdkrf;rdlif;cmefqfg[Of;ugMb/ wDj,lb[Of;eBh
rdlOfjvAOf cFufbyAefqOfj=def;,Ofhtvj cfgj,.ef;{jarM[MymB;ypfbpMbwArfxlefj idkef;
w.if;[M,OfhwArfxlefjeB {jcdkef;arMOmufjOmBbckdef;rM;rdlif;[Of;aourf;/ nOfZdifj,mrf;
[ufh+rfcmOf;,mrf; cwf;qfg[Awf;umefeefhao oifrM;cdkef;rdlif;[Of;auMj awnrfbndkyf;?
wArfxlefjvBj,lbeB oifbndwf;n.efbw.efj/ awwFrfjn.ufbugmrf;qlrf;q.rf;v.rfcDeefh
u.yfjrdlOfjvAOf yBbwef;,OfhvDvDtvj yBbqmif@ofgbwFrfjq.rf;rM;,Ofh/ ,.efhrdlOfjeefh
cmOf;,mrf;wMbawrdlOf;=if;vFrf; vlwfhwFufboDborfhayM;yfghOBhtvj vBj[drfcmOf;,mrf;
vmwfjugmrf;ao vBjrdlOf;=if;vFrf;cdkef;/
,Ofhy.B;,Ofh cOfolifbtvbul@wDjwDj Oef;xDj=uf;awMbuOfjeBh e.ef;=if;
vFrf;ao emif;crf;an; ckdef;rM;[yfhugMbe.ef;=def;ref;/ c.yfjqfgxdkifwif;rlbwif;qkrf;
ndufbyM;e.ifh,dif;emif;crf;an;cOftrjvkufj qfg,dkef;,mOf;q.BjolifbodkOfhyef cdlOf;qfgh
wdkOf; qmB;omBnkif; tvj qmB;n.ifbr.if;? olifbxdkifrav;oD;,dlOf; emif;oFifr.if;? [Awf;
Plecf m0f
yefODbqMbclOf;w.efj qmB;wkrfoFif emif;qAifrlef;? [yfhw.efjolifbvAifhvl? w.efjclOf;

w.efj? ugmrf;w.efjul@auMhauMh c.yfjqfg,fgberferf rmBwrf;OBh,lb,Ofh/ xFifjyD@odkyfbyD@
rM; {jvBj[Awf;y.B;wB;qFwfjqmifb? udlOf;rmifbodlOf;qfgul@auMh? z.rfhawMhqlh+rf? uAyf;w.rf
{judkuf;ydkef;? ,dkef;,mOf;rdlOf;eMjaourf;vlpfj/
Plecf m0f
76 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
rdlof:q[:yD;egif.rdlif:xh:
e.ifhqmB;cFefjrmefjcFefjrdlif; cfgj{jyDjemif;ref; rdlOf;tvbrdlOf;qfg;cOf? yAefyDj
e.ifhuefrM;edlifjqlOf@eldifjqmwfjauMj yBb,mrfjvBjxlyf;uefaoy.ufj? vBjZlef;wdwf;
awMbuefu.pf;? +ifhtvbu.pf;,myfbayM;wmefbeBh eifb[mif@qfgayM; nrfb,mOf;,Ofh
eefhtvj vBjyAefrdlOf;olbrdlOf;qfg;rM;,Ofh/
qOfjuOfbauMj wFyf;wwf;qfg ayM;y.ufjeBh uOfnrfbyAefugMbtvb,OfheB wmifb
y.ufjrM;nrfb{jvBjrD; awnrfbvmwfjcdlOf;,Ofh? wwf;qfg,Ofh vBjrdlOf;tvbauMhvAOf
u.pf;/ eifb[mif@nrfbayM;cfgj,krfbwlOfqOfjuOfb? [Awf;oiftvj rdlOfjugMbodif@uylOf@
eefh yAefvlifqAwf;auMh rdlOfjvAOf[Awf;emif;vFOf;wFifbwlOfrwfhqfgOBhOMj ydlefjnrfb
,mrfjzFOfrdlif;[Of;aoy.ufj wif;rM;qfg; eifbrdlif;xB;u.pf; awcMbvMboifeB y.ifbcmOfb
e.ifhqmB;ql; 26-7-2008 umifefg 9;00 rlif; {jrM;[yfhwDjrdlif;u.ufbeBao yAeftvb
rdlif;xB;,OfhanMj/
vBjOMj=hquf;ruf;qdkOfj,mrfjvmwfjawMbefg;Zlef;u.pf; yBb,mrfjxlyf;? ref;
awrM;[yfhwDjrdlif;u.ufb? eMjumefn.ufbrM;eBtvj {jyDje.ifhoDbayMhauMheldifjrM;[yfh
[Of;? [Of;auMjnrfb,mrfj[efref;? ref;auMjawMjeifbeef? awnOfwlOfvdufjndif;
uvAwfjnFrfb(M) wFrfjymBhao[yfhOMj? ndkrf; C urf;eBhtwhpM;,Ofh ul@y.ufj,mrfj
[ef ydlefj[yfhuefqdlifheef? ayM;=yfh[efuefeBcOfqlrf;odlOf;? ,mrfj[efydlefjrM;/ rdlOfj
vAOf pM;z.if;[M;,Ofhurf;eBh/ vmwfjnmBje.ifhOBh,lb/
]ayM;rfg;nrfbrM;[yfh? yDjemif;rfg; awugifylugifyM efg;ymifb=dOf;rdefrdlif;u.ufbeM}
ref;OMj{jwrf;qfgwrf;acM; awMbayM;awvlif;ymifb=dOf;rdefwMjukifj awrD;
v.ijf wrf;qfgoif rBjqfgxMjeifbuOfbndlOfj? rlOfcrf;OMj ]yDjarb auMhvAOf nrfbulOf[M;?
ymifb=dOf;rdefrdlif;u.ufbeBh ,fgbvldOfaoodif@uylOf@ndlOfj} ,krfhaow.yfbrlOfcrf;rM; vBj
Plecf m0f
,lb? wrf;qfgeBauMj cdkef;Olefhwlpf;wlOfqOfjuOfb wif;ugmrf;ndif;uvAwfj r.ufjudefcOfj

udeferfh orfhawvmwfjawMbyDje.ifhxB; rdlOfjyD@ 2000 eDjeefh ayM;wkufhc,Ofh
y.ufjeldifj,Ofh/ oAifn.ufbnrfbrdlefuef cfgjvBj,Mj=OfcBj vmwfjuefwif;[dkifauMj nrfb
y.ifbuef? vkdef;okwf;rM; ,OfhwDjaewdefaerdkOf; qifb,OfhumefrM;/ ugmrf;xB;auMj
nrfbarMaoacMj/ nOfZlef;umwfh wDjqOfjc.if SMM rM;ao OBhyAefqfgnkefbwMb
qOfjuOfb/ qArfrdlOfjawn.ufbymifb=dOf;rdefwMjukifjrM; ayM;vmB@OBhZlef;umwfhxB;,Ofh
tvj vFyfjawnrfbudef;qfgoif? awcOfjymifb=dOf;rdefwMjukifjauMj SMM cOfq.Bjyef
olifbxdkifwmif;edlOf? cwf;qfgcyfhcdkifyefawMbxdkifref;ayM;wrf;qfg c.yfjqfg,fgbvlifvmif
,Ofh/ awMjnrfbqfgj qmOf;cdlOf;[Of;auMj u.yfjvBj[Awf;umefcFyf;ugmrf;awMbueftvj
umefimef;wDjwMjukifj awMbayM;awn.ufb nrfbvBj=hq.rf;oif/ 26-7-2008 aw
n.ufbtvj 25-7-2008 qifbzFOfwMjukifj? q.Bjcyfhckdifyefwif;oAifj idef;qlrf;odlOf;
awh,Ofh/
zFOfelOd f=dOf;rdef eMjnef=hquf;nrfbrD;aoauMh? wdlifbumOfbv.rf,.ef;ol;rM;
umifefgqOfh {jvBjxlyf;pM;ulef;=hquf;aourf;eefh? urf;eBhtwh uBOMjuB,Ofh/ edlOf
=dOf;rdeforfhvBjeifjpM;q.rf;cdif;nDbwvDbauMhedlifj? ydlefj,krfhawMb[Of; [Of;,krfh
awMb,krfhao awMbayM;zFOfrdlif;u.ufb? nrfbqmif@vmwfjawMbzfg/ wmif;udefwmif;
,Frfh nefydlefjvAifheefhauMj udefoAifjrlwf;,Ofh/ oDbodyf;[MjrAwfhauMjrD;,Ofhtvj
=dOf;rdefvlif;/ efg;rdkOf;twh rD;Zlef;OBh,lb? rdlOfjugMbnOfclOf;eefh wlpf;[mif@[efyAef
emB;rmef@auMhedlifj wif;vkufj,dif;ref;? ugMbyBq.rf;ref; wDjvdlufjclOf;eefhwif;wDj
aerfg@cmrfjrdlif; ref;uBuef orfhn.ifjref;erftvj vmwfjawMbref; rdlif;u.ufbeBhyBb
,mrfjzFOfaoy.ufj OMjeBao q.rf;ref;cyfh,B ydlefjqFwfj,Ofhn.ufbwmif;e.ufj? nmBj
e.ifhqmB;OMj auMhawrM;[yfheBh awnOfwlOfvdufjnFrfb wFrfjofgbymBhao[yfheefh
qkuf;OmBbayM;q.wfbauMj nrfb[efaoymBh? ymBhnef,kufh,lbwif;erfeBh nFrfbnrfbyM;
aowlOf? ndkrf; C uOfwif;rdlif;u.ufbeBhtwh xlyf;uef,Ofh? urf;eBh [MnOfrmBZlef;rM;
Plecf m0f
78 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
awodkyfbql;nmBje.ifhqmB;? ref;qmB;orfhOMj rD;uAif;rBb C nM; C wifjqfgwifjacM;ao

aeydifbpMbyefuOf,Ofhurf;eBh/ +ifh+ifhurf;vfgauMj nrfbrM;? +ifhtvbu.pf;,myfb
ayM;wmefbeBht[,lOf;? OlefhayM;q.wfbq.wfbaq;aq;? ndkrf; C nrfbrM;[yfhauMj
qmif@ugMbyAefoif xmrfydlefjcDbvlwfhrdlOf;=if;vFrf;ndlOfj/ ymBhnef[yfhcFufbeefh wlpf;
ayM;q.wfbq.wfb? awrD;omrfoDby.ufjauMjnrfb[ef? [MrmBZle;f awodkyfbql;nmBje.ifh
qmB;? emB;rmef@auMj zlOfref;rM;[yfh wdkufhyBbugMbu.yfj[Of;yBb[ef nefrM;[yfh[Of;/ rmB
Zlef;auMjwAuf;,Ofh OmBb=Ofwlpf;xFifj efg;tujumifymBhwif;erf [efwlOfvdufjndif;u
vAwfjOBh wlOfnFrfbeefh,kufhcdkefjrM;v.B;v.B;? Zlef;nefwAuf;,OfheefhauMj nrfb
odkyfbwAuf;xFifj,Ofh? qlrf;odlOf;,kufhrdkOf;yBq;l awMbyDje.ifhrM;[yfheefh? vBj=yfhxlyf;
,Ofhtvj wlifhwufhemB;rmef@,Ofhao yBq.rf;yDje.ifhnefrM;[yfh? Zlef;wDjyDje.ifh
wMjukifjauMjcOfjrM;? ref;auMjxFrfrBjqfgyef ulOfnrfbpM;wif;ulef;rM;[yfheefh,Ofh/
efg;ymifb=dOf;rdef =if;vdkOfj,fgbOMj,fgb udkifbayM;OMj efg;an;osM;eBh ,fgbaoydlefjeefh
,Ofh/
xlyf;yDje.ifhrM;[yfheefh,OfhauMj vBjodkyfbvmwfjawMbnmBje.ifhqmB;? ref;
cyfhckdiOf Bhyef {jcdkefjcDb=dOf;rdefxdkifuAif;rBbOMj/ yDje.ifhrM;[yfhorfhvlOfbcOfjumef umif
Oef;oDbrlif; =dOf;rdeforfh[Mjrlif;? vBjyfgh,lboOf;egf;=if;vdkOfjoOf;ymifb=dOf;rdefeefh
umifefgawMbOmB;Oef; awMbayM;xdkif[Mjrlif;qrfauMj cOfnrfbydkefzmOfboif qldOf;aw
rdlOf;uAif;rBb eifjyfgh,lbOBhwArfwif;+ifj wDjeifjayM;nrfbrD;,Ofh/ [Mjrlif;vlOfb[MjrAwfh
eefh ydkefzmOfbrM;OMj =dOf;rdefyBbawMjwef; awvBjyfghxFifju.efbeBtvj awMbayM;
=uf;rlif;qifbvBjn.ufbwMj=dOf;rdefrdlif;u.ufbrM;,Ofh/ qAwf;rlif;qrfqrf zFOfuAif;rBb x.if;
clOf;n.ufbwmif;e.ufj vBj[ef yDjnmBjoAif+rftvj e.ifhqmB;nefyBb,mrfjxlyf;aoy.ufj
ndufbyM;e.ifhyfghtvj vmef,dif;n.efbo.ifauMh/ yDjnmBjoAif+rftwh ,mrfjxlyf;uef
wmif;xkifhrmOf;tvj =hquf;uefOBh,Ofh/ e.ifhyfghcyfhvlwfhawMbxkdif=def;cOf/ uAif;rBb
eBh uwf;uwf;,Aef,Aef [yfhw.efj[Of;,lb,Ofh/ zFOfwDj=def;nmBje.ifh vBj=yfhxlyf;
Plecf m0f
yDje.ifh[drf;+rf; nef=hquf;rdkwfjudkOf;uef wmif;rdlif;[Of;urfjz.ifj qlrf;odlOf;nkyfbukrf

uef nefcOfcfgj=hcdlOf;rdlif;[Of; vBjvmwfjyefwif;erf,lb,Ofh/
e.ifhqmB;e.ifhyfgh n.eftvbOBjYzM;ndef;xekef;? rsMhoydufh? u.if;rl;ckefa[M
crf;tvjemif;a[Mcrf; (nefulef;rdli;f [Awf;vlbyef) olefr.ufbzdkuf;olefvlufjolef
owf;tvj wDjvDtvbaq;aq;? wmif;udefyDje.ifhxB; nefyBb,mrfjvBjudefauMj vBj
udefrM;wif;erfaonrfbuM; e.ifhyfghauMj arM[Awf;cOfjzuf;wB;vDvDtvj wArfxlefj
ul@v.ifjv.ifj,Ofh/ {jayM;n.ufbvBj=def;eldifjy.ufjeBh ref;nrfbimBjimBj? ayM;n.ufbrM;
,OfhauMj =hwmif;vifawrD;v.ifjc.ifjcrf,Ofh/ ayM;ukrfbu.pf;Olefhwmif;vif,lbtwh
awnrfbyAefugMbvfgrM;vfg,Ofh/ u.yfjeB wMbOMjawcfgjrdlOf;rdlOfjeBhrdlOfjeefh wdkef;nrfb
vmwfjaoacMjaourf; y.Bbqfgref;cfgj+ifhtvbayM;wmefbeBh wrf;qfgwrf;acM;ao
tvbOMjtvb ,lbo.ifomrfOef; yDjnmBjoAif+rforfhOMj ref;rD;umef awzFOfrdlif;Zmif?
[defwFufb? Omefjrfgbwlefj[kif;? trjomB? uAif;[B;? trjovdef;? trjov.i;f eBtvj q.rf;
rdlOf;tvbcmOf;wmif;o.ifcdkef;omrfOef; vBj+wfjzFOfaq;aq;,lb,Ofh/ q.rf;yDjnmBj
oAif+rftvbeBh ayM;nrfbqfgjulef;qfgzfg;wlOfzfg;eBh q.rf;,myfb,Ofh/ oifOMjyAefemif;
,dif;nlefjnlefjn.efbn.efb awugMbvlOfbyfgh awrM;vlOfb+ifheefhtwh nmyfjyDjnmBj
awnOfy.BbyFwfjumifwmif;,lbnrfb[mifh/ cMjyAefemif;,dif; nrfbzfg;nrfbxldif;eB vBj
cwf;qfgq.rf;awhawh,Ofh/ q.rf;yDjnmBjtvbOmefjwB;[Of;twh vBjzFOfaq;vDeMb?
vlwfhauMjcyfhao wDjvfgyAefwDjvfgoyf;vFif;q.rf;wif;wmif; eifb[mif@nrfbqfgjzFOf
rdlif;xB; rdlefcMjtvbefg;rdlif;wB;eefhu.pf;,Ofh/ zFOfwDjvfgauMj yAefeMjwB;wif;oAifj
vmwfjugmrf;wB;awMbuef? ulpf;eMb vkufjn.efburfjerftwh nOfugmrf;xB;vmwfjawMb
uefwif;erf,Ofh/ yDje.ifhwB;nef,lbefg;rdlif;xB;? yDje.ifhwB;,lbefg;rdlif;tcb vmwfj
ugmrf;nOfoAifacMjxB;acMjtcb avM;erfvMbvdlOfao[Of; wB;nef,lbefg;rdlif;rmef@,lb
,Ofh/ (awcfgjwFrfjwB;nef,lbefg;rdlif;wB;eBauMj C ) vkufjn.efbvAufhnefudlwfbwDj
rdlif;xB;twh ugmrf;wB;awMhtwhOMjarMu.pf;,Ofh? urfjerftwh nrfbvBj,Ofh/
Plecf m0f
80 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
yDjnmBjoAif+rfn.eftvb cmOf,mrf;y.wf;y.wf;orfhvBjtvbq.wfbq.wfbeBh
c.yfjqfgxdkif,fgb,fgberferfawhcMjanMj/ yDjnmBjOMjref; nrfb,mrfjolifbzfgtvbrM;ao
y.ufj? eBh,.efhOMjyAefyDje.ifhqrfqfg,mefuBemef;rM;qfg;ueftvj qifbolifbeBtvj rD;
wmif;c.yfjqfg,fgberfwmifbzdkefrmBwrf;efg;qlOf@ymef,lb,OfhanMj/ vBjq.rf;yDjnmBjeBh
,.rf;ao ule;f odkuf;ndwf;n.efbu.pf;,Ofh ayM;OMjvlif;vlwfheBauMj vlOfbeFwfjvlif;
OB;OB; ayM;vlif;,OfhauMj ]wlpf; C wlpf;? cfgjxmBboifauMjxmBb? ayM;,Ofhawolifb
xFifjwDjedlifj} olyf;auMjoyf;oFif;aeyef u.ifjxmBbref;auMjref;xmBb? ayM;,OFhnOf
nef[Of; ckdef;xmBbyef[Of;? ,.rf;aoyByBvFefjvFefju.pf;,Ofh/ ckdef;rM;Olefhwlpf;
rdlOfjvAOfayM;nrfbnOfu.ifjxmBbcdke;f wlpf; cMjzFOfwDjvfgwDjeefh rmif@wDjcMjayM;nrfb
w.if;,Ofh/ yDjnmBjvlifeBh wif;ref;yAefulef;,mrfjtvbrdlif;[dkOfauMjnrfb=h,Ofh wmif;
udefwmif;,FrfhauMj vdlufjaoqifbyefudef? eifbcMjorfhyAefulef;cfgjqmrf;udefeefh
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Plecf m0f
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82 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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84 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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Plecf m0f
awyAefwB; =hv.ifjwB;eefh wif;awvBjcwf;qfgvlifvmif,Ofh/ ayM;nljtrjref;

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86 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
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vuf;ymBymBeefhndlOfj/ efg;qfgwdkufhOlefhOBh vkufjn.efbqdlOf;eBh aw+ifhuOfugMbvfgeBao
q.rf;auMjq.rf; wlpf;[drf;+rf; rkifj[efokrfhvAuf;,mOf; rD;yAefwFOf;yAefwFOf; u.yfj
wmif;auMjuFrf;tvj cMjvBj,dyf;vlwfhcdkifjcOfvDvDudkrf;udkrf;wmif;vifeefh,Ofh/ zFOf
wDj=def;okrfhvAuf;qdlOf;eefh cOfudkwf;vlwfhckdifjyef wDjeMjokrfhn.efbvifedlifj rD;
[mefhodlOfbOBhedlOfref;? vlif;vlwfhckdifj,Ofh qkuf;aoOmBbwlpf; nef[efwfgjwMeBh
yAefwDj,lboOf; qOfjarMauMb arMrdkOf; arMymef; cOfwif;oAifjOMj/ anM; C [Awf;
yefvmB;rdkOf;=def;[mif@vDn.efb arMrdkOf;ref;orfh vBj,lbeifbxAifeM;vAuf;? vDy.ifbckdef;
Plecf m0f
OMj qOfjarMjudefarMjrmifjeB eefh[dkOfaeMj/ arM[Awf;arMomifjwB;[Of; nOf[Fif;

idkef;ao qfgherfhuwfhwB;[Of; wDj,lbref;twh rdlefwDjrdlif;[Of; cFef;aormef@odlOfb
wmif;tr;wmif;eefhu.pf;,Ofh/ cMjzFOfvdkOfjwDjokrfhn.efbeBh yAefwDjvkufjn.efbcOf
rD;r.ufjodyf;ymB wdkufhvAefj,lbtvj vBj=hOMj yAew f Djn.ifjo.ef[Aef;yefeefhanMj/
nrfbayM;[dkif vBj=yfhcdif;tubcOfyAefwB; vBjnkyfbvmwfjw.ifjxmrf v.ifjcMjcfgj=heefh
rM;wif;erf/ vBj=hOMj yAefyDje.ifhwB;[Of;wif;oAifj awrD;r.ufjo.ifymufbymB? arMjcOfj
,fgbaoOmefjn.efbrdlif;[Of;? rD;oFifbrD; ao;n.efb cmByM;ul@rAOf;rAOf;? cMjwif;vBjudefrM;
cOfjeAOf tvj xlOfbZl;clOfj edlOfhuBbclOfj u.efbanMj/ udefedlOf[mefh cOfo.ef[Aef;
yefvkufjn.efb? wDj[mefhokifn.efbeBh rD;ymBh nefyefwmif;=hyMhOBhwif;erf? cMj
xmrfwlpf;nrfbuM;u.pf; [Fif;odlOfekrfb yDje.ifhwB;[Of; nefrD;,lbwDjeefh rM;qFufb
yefv.ifjvD=hwif;erfeBanMj/ u.yfjydlOfjOMj vBj[Awf;nOf[Fif;qfghOef;awMb Oef;tvj
v.ifjymB;=hymB;[efulOfnrfbwArfxlefj? v.ifjokefbvBjokefbyAefrdlif;eefh ydlefjrD;oif
auMj cOfvBj=hq.rf; wDjyDje.ifhwB;[Of;eifbuef rM;oifbr.ufbvmwfjyefeefh,lb,Ofh/
arMjcOfjo.ifymufbymBvldOfvldOf orfhOMjyAefwB; wif;oAifj rM;rD;efg;tujumifyDje.ifhxB;
[Awf;umefauMbomifjvAifhw.ifh/ v.ifjOlefhqdlOf;eBh rM;rD;,lbefg;u.uf;=OfcMj yefbwlifbOBh
anMj/ ,lbrldif;[Of;cfgj[Awf;umef [MumefwMbvAifhw.ifh,myfb idef;OMjrdlif;xB; ayM;cmrfb
,myfbvBjeB vBj+rfidkef;,lbeBtvj n.efuefcmBhrM;ymefrM;/ uOf+ifhrfg; rgf;+ifhuOf
eifbvDOmefjvDrdlif; rM;,lboOf;q.rf;uef wkufh,mufjauMj vBjidkef;eifb[Fif;[Awf;vBj
eifbrD;erfhuwfheefhanMj/ nrfbarMoifaondwf; arMawMhu.pf;auMj ayM;vBjidkef;
[Of;oFef oFefymB,Ofhtvj yDje.ifhwB;[Of; qifbugMbrD;rdlif;xB;erf,OfhanMj/ wlpf;
zfgauMj eMjofgqfguD@ rD;cMjauMhvAOfu.pf;,Ofh acM;clrf q.rf;ul@v.ifjv.ifj/ wDj[Of;
n.ifj[Of;c.if[Of; vBjwrf;yFwfj ,mefzmwfbvBjrM;[Awf;cMj qfghyDje.ifh[Of;/ rmif@urf;
auMj awMj,lbwmif;[Of; cfgj[Awf;wmefb[dkOfauMj nrfbrD;umef? rD;,lb[Awf;eBauMj nrfb
ayM;udef? [Awf;umefauMj nrfbv.wfjvFOf;? eM;=def;a,;rD;auMj vBjwrf;yFwfjao
Plecf m0f
88 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
rM;,lbrldif;xB;/ urf;urf;vBjidef;OMj ugMb[Awf;umefrdlif;xB; rldif;xB;eefh pM;vDvD,Ofh

ndlOfj/ vBj[Awf;eMjumefuFrf;auMj ayM;qfgvBjv.wfjvFOf; eifb[mif@vlrfqfgOBhanMj/ cFef;
aowmif;[Of; [Awf;auMj[Awf; [MauMj[M ZmifhauMjZmifh [Midkef;w.if;auMj nrfbayM;
udef? ,myfbzdkwfbrM; uFyfjudef;rM;tvj n.efuefzFOfrM; efg;eMjvdefxB;eBhwif;erf
,OfhanMj/ vkufjn.efbcOfeefh cMjOlefh[ef rdlOfjvAOfawMh twhOMj vBjo.ef=ho.ef
[efo.efarMugMbu.pf;? cdkefj=if;[Aef;rdlefydlefj cdkefjqefhaw [Awf;[dkOfOlefhnOf/ wMb
awqdkefb{jrdlefulef;rldif;xB; cOfawvBjqdkefbqdlifh[dkOf? qdkefbauMj q.ifbawyAefvBj[dkOf?
,dkef;,mOf;OmB;vdkef; vkufjn.efbqdlOf;eBh awyAefwB;ugMbrdlOf;eMj nrfbeef q.ifbaw
yAefxB;vBj/ rmif@auMhauMj ,lboOf;q.rf;v.ifjwArfxlefj ydlefjao eifbcfgjvdkrf;wlOf
qOfjuOfbauMj [efrM;,lb/ urfjerfurfjerftwh cfgjrdlOf;cdkef;rdlif;[Of; w.ef;yfghcmOf;
,mrf; awzFOfrdlOfjvfgeefh,Ofh/
vBj[efcOfjnluf;crfqfg wdkrfwefOlefhugifq.rf;cOf orfh+ifhaw{jugMbwlpf;
wDj,lbwDjoOf; efg;okrfhzfgref;eBOMj/ [efqmifhwif;wlOf awugMbilrf;vkrfhwlpf; q.ifb
qfgjqmifhawh[dkOfeefhu.pf;,Ofh/ nrfbxdkifefg;=def;cOfauMj efg;nluf;efg;qfgcOfauMj
nmyfjvmrf;vBj,lb/ efg;nluf;efg;qfg[Of;twh acMjxmrfnrfbrD;acMjw.yfb? oifyAefcfgj
xmrf u.yfjoif u.yfjoif eefhu.pf;,OfhndlOfj/ vkdef;okwf;rM; vBj[efwB;[Of;eifbuef
rdlOfjuOf rdlOfjrfg; arMq.BjxFrfuef arM=hwmif;[ef arModkyfbqkifqefueftvj qlrf;odlOf;
q.rf;,lb,Ofh/ rdlOf;eMjcmOf;uBeefh xmifbaw[MvBj wdkOfhwmif;ref;rM;,lb rkifjr.if;OBh
qfg,fgbofgbqfguD@xMjOBh eifbrdlOfjefg;vyf;odifbzdwf; [Mwmif;yBnrfb[ef rD;oAifvmwfj
ugmrf;wB;n.efbrM; ,dkefjrdkOf;yef vBjOufhnOfrdkOf; ref;yBbq.rf;uefrM;eefh eBu.pf;
,Ofh/
nmBje.ihf qmB; cfgj{jyDjemif;ref; rM;olbrM;qfg;wDjref;eBh rdlOfjvAOfcfgjy.ifbrM;
ndwf;ndwf;,Ofh/ ref;awOMj ulOfyDjemif;ref;c.ByDje.ifhwB;[Of; n.efuefrM;[Awf;
umefrdlif;xB;qdlOf;eefh,lOf;aeM/ wrf;qfgwMh nmBje.ifhn.efb yAefulef;rM;eBh zfgauMj
Plecf m0f
awMjrD;wmif;,myfbzdkwfbrdlefuef ,MbxmifbOMj uOfv.wfjwmif;,myfb rfg;vBjwmif;rlef@

wArfxlefjeBeMj/ erftvjanb aujvdwfjvBjwif;c.wfbcifhcrfclwf; yFufbuefndwf;
nDju.pf;/ yDjemif;rfg;auMj awMjrmif@urf;vBjidef;OMj rdlif;xB; rldif;xB; n.ufbqfgc.BrM;
avMb? u.pf;uOfugMbrgf;ugMb nrfbrD;zfg,OfhndlOfj? ayM;OMjtOj,mifbwmif;,myfbao n.ef
uefcmBhugMbrlwf; C ndkrf; C ao;vmBeifbuOfbndlOfj? ulOfcFufbyAefqOfj=def;ndlOfj e.ifh
n.efbndlpf;/ ZB;nrfbrM;vyf;odifbzdwf;auMj rD;wAef;n.efbwBjvBj[efwM,lb qdkefb
,lbvBjeefh awodkyfbomBqfgugMbndlOfj? qdlOf;nefcmBh,lbrdlif;ydlefjauMj cwf;qfgcdkefj
qefhcdkefokif ayM;yAi;f ayM;qfg,Ofh ,Mbvdkrf;OmBbwlpf;wmif;vif? orfh,Mbcfgj+ifhyDj
emif;rfg;rdlOf;,lbq.rf;ol? [dkif[dkifrdlOf;qfg;ueftvbuefu.pf;,Ofh/ rdlOfjvAOfeMjumef
qdlOf;nmBje.ifh,mrfjq.Bj,mrfj[Awf;rM;eefhauMj nrfbrD;zfgrM;q.Bjwlpf;yef? yDjemif;rfg;
auMj awuwfhvBjuM@[dkOf? uOfrmifhumef[dkOf wef;,lbwef;oOf; vBjv.rfx.rfbwlpf;eMj
umef olqdlOf;wrf;wdrf;yFwjf ugMbeefhu.efbndlOfj/ yDjemif;rfg; cif;twhnrfbqfgj cfgj{jrgf;
=hxdkifOMj ,.efhu.yfjnmBje.ifhn.efb nDbe.ifhn.efbcOf cmBh,mefymB@zmwfb ugMb,lbwDj
rdlif;,fgbrldif;vlif umef[Of;auMj[mrf;yOfb cOfbayM;nrfbidef;oAifoif,Ofh? rmif@urf;yDj
emif;rfg; umefulef;qmB;ulef;,dif; ayM;nrfbvBjOlefh? clefhrFefjcfgjyAefeefh [Awf;ugMb
auMj rD;wif;erf,lb,Ofh/ ayM;rgf;vBjidkef;cmOfbOMj yDjemif;rfg;[Awf;umefavM;zMh,fgb
eMb? umefoifauMj ref;nOfzAOfj[Awf;rlwf;eBqdkif rfg;cwf;qfg[M+rfnef[Of;cfgjvBjcfgj
yAefeefheMj/ [Of;yDje.ifh,mrfjnkyfbuefrM;,lbwMbaob nmBje.ifhndlpf; rdlOfj[efuef
auMj rfg;ukrfbolifbeBholifbeefh rmif@acMjauMj [M;nrfbwef;vBjnkyfbuef? rfg;cfgj{j yDj
emif;rfg;zFOfq.wbf zFOfaq;eefh efg;odyf;yFwfbOef; uOfwif;nrfbvBjvdkOfjaondwf;?
awMj[M;yDje.ifh wif;nrfbvBjnkyfbuefvDvD? c.ifyDje.ifh[Of; rdlefrfg;,lbrdlif;xB; aw
erfayM;wmefbeBh uOf[dkOfxmifbvMb rgf;OMj/ qdlOf;rfg;cfgj{jyDjemif;rfg;=heefh rfg;[MOBheldifj
yD@rdlif;eldifjy.ufjnrfbOMj uOfawrM;qfg;rfg;? anvmefuOfwif;yDje.ifh[Of; ayM;uOfnrfb
uBholbuBhqfg;auMj awMjulOf,mefuefeifbydlefjndlOfj? rfg;+rfidkef;rfg;edlifjyD@eldifjy.ufj yDj
Plecf m0f
90 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
emif;rfg;awrM;qfghqmBbidkef;+rfn.efbrfg;ndlOfj nmBje.ifh? ugmrf;qdlOf;nefvdkrf;vmwfjnkyfb

uef oifbuefeefh rdlfOfjvAOfrFefj yDjemif;rfg;wFrfjvdufj aw[Awf;n.ufbyyfhn.efb
nefeldifj/ ,mrfjwFrfjofgbeefhndwf; olifbofgbeefhw.wf;n.efbqdlOf;eefh nOfrM;qlh
+rfw.rfuef aw[Awf;yyfhn.efbrmBw.if;OAi;f rlbaq@[Of; twbwifjwArfymufbyD@tvj
cmOf;,mrf;ymB;r.ef;wFrfjvdufj wArf=uf;yD@,OfhndlOfj/ aw[Awf;yyfhn.efbao cfgjnmef;
[Awf;clOf;w.efjrdlOfjyD@rfgb? wDjrfg;auMj awolifbyef,lb? awcdkwf;nrfbckdwf;twhnrfb=h?
ulpf;eMb rfg;,mrfjOMj,lb? yDjemif;[Of; [Awf;oifauMj cMj=hrlwf;eBeefh ayM;uOf
nrfbolifbrfg; rfg;vBj,OfhauMj,Ofh,Ofj/ uOfwFrfjofgbyM; nefuOfnrfbvBjnkyfbrfg;rM;
urfjz.ifjeefh rfg;awvBjvlndlOfj/
nmBje.ifh[Of;eBh awolifbyDjemif;ref; tvbzmifberfhymifbvmBbeBu.efbOMj
wmif; udefymifbvmBb [Of;yDje.ifhrFefjqfgul@auMh ref;yBbvdkrf;eifbuOfbvl;/ {j[Of;rdlOf;
tvbuAif;rBb,Ofh q.wfbwmefbwmefbref;/ emif;crf;ndifb nef; emif;oFifcOfauMj
olifbwDjawM;refjawM;clOf;? zFOfq.wfbzFOfaq;eifbuOfb,Ofh/ wmif;udefyDje.ifhOFwfh
erf;auMj cOfvAifhq.uf;q.uf;a[Mba[Mb udefvDeMbawh,Ofh/ wDjrdlif;u.ufb emif;an
olpfb orfhcfgjxlyf;eBtvj vBj=hquf;ruf;qdkOfjuefao olifbtvbnOfykefjz.ef;,lb
oOf;udef,FrfhrM;eefh c.yfjqfgeMbawh,Ofh/ tvbrldif;u.ufboDb[MjOef;,Ofh nmBje.ifh
[Of;cdkef;rM;olifbyef[Of;tvberfhymifbvmBbndlOfj/ [Of;,mrfjzFOfrdlOfj 2000 eefhrM;?
ugMbrM;Oef;vAOfndlOfj/ rdlOfjvAOfawugMbwmrf;crfj awe.ef;wDjeefh ayM,OfhrdlOfjzkufj
tvbwif;Oef; wmrf;crfjc.B@cdifbqifbckdef;rM;,OfheBOMj/ rdlOfjtwbzFOfeefh wif;vlrf;
uwf;vlrf;,Aeftvj zmifberfhymifbvmBb vBjq.efbqlOf@uFyfh ,.efb=dOfh,.efbqfg? ckdef;
rM;[M=if;vFrf; wMbvdkOfje.ef;/ +ifhyM;emif;anbolpfbtvj emif;oFifn.ifbcOf rM;
tvbq.rf;uefanMj/
[Of;nmyfberfhnmyfbeB;,Ofh nmBje.ifh+ifhvAifhcOFjzuf;Omefrldif;xB;/ [Of;
rFeftwhnrfbqfgj nefe.ifh[Of;vAifheefh yAefrAOf;uM@cef,fgbokifurfjerf? [Of;nrfb
Plecf m0f
,mrfjzFOfauMj [Of;=hndlOfj/ umyfb+Bnefvdyf;ref;auMj ref;vAifh? aw[wf;udef nrfb

[wf;udefeBOMj? [wf;avMb wlpf;ref;udefao [Of;auMjqmrf;udefrM;ndlOfj? nrfbcBnrfb
ref;tvj vDudefndlOfj/ uM@cefref;awuM@eB =h,lbndlOfj? u.Bj,Mbref; idkef;ref;+rf
OBhrD;,lb? [Of;wif;nrfb,mrfjrM;tvbrM;qfg;ref;aoy.ufj? c.ufjeBhtwh nmBje.ifh[Of;
idkef;eFyfbref; awrlwf;wMbyDjemif;ref;erfwmefbwmefb,OfhndlOfj/ e.ifhyfgh[Of;olifb
odkOfhyefclOf;w.efjodlOfjo.efhrM;[mif@vDvD awvBjekifjrdlOfjyD@rfgb,Ofh/ qkrf;e.ifh,dif;
n.efbcOf yM;wif;yDje.ifhoFif=rfjuefw.efjrM;yef odlOfjo.efhwB;eefhauMj rFefjqfg
tvj awOBhekifjy.B;yD@rfgbwB;tvj odrf;OBhyBbq.u;f n.ufbwldufju.efb/
udefcOfjwlpf;wmif;uMjxB;wDjzmifberfhymifbvmBbywfhx,M;,Ofhao n.ef
yBwmif;tvbndlOfj/ yB[drf;zmifberfhymifbvmBb vBj[efemif;,dif;[mif@vDul@rAOf;rAOf;/
wlpf;wlpf;wkrfbclefedlOfhayM;uDj? yByBayM;n.ufbqfgvDulOfrM;? rmif@urf;vDnD,ifjnmufj
oAwfbauMjyAef? efg;oAefjwmif;[mif@vDzmifberfh[drf;[mwfbomB; awrD;r.ufjeldifjvuf;
eefh yBwdefayM;ulefhauMj wdkufh[efeifj,lbqkuf;,lb/ vmB;,lbvmB;oOf;eifbvBjwlpf;
iOf;wlifhnefeldifj,Ofh/ rmif@auMhnmyfjrdlefwB;[Of; vmrf;aoxmrfnmBje.ifh[Of; qifb
OMj yAefwB;[Of;wif;erf,OfheBtvj vBjwdlOf;nmrf;xFifj/ vBj=hOMj yAefwB;wif;erf
tvj cFef;wdlOF;cOfjqfgrM;xFifjndlOfj/ eifbyBqr. f;wlpf;q.rf; rdlefeMjwMoMbedlOfhwB;
[Of; zdOfedlOfhcmOfvdlrfjeBh nmyfjvBj[eferfOMjerf wdkefbauMjwdkefb,Ofh/ nmBje.ifh
[Of;ymBOMj
]yDjemif;[Of; q.ifbcfgj{jcOfvmwfjugmrf;wB;[Of;rM;[dkOf? auMhnefcOf ,mrfj
rdkwfjuefeefh cMj=hquf;? ayM;cOf[efueftwh n.ufbrM;oAifvmwfjwB;[Of; urf;vAOf
,Ofh? cMjnrfb,krfbtvj vBjpM;rM;,OfhndlOfj}
ayM;,Ofh ayM;,Ofh nrfbcfgjidef;x.rfboAifvmwfjnlefjn.efbwB;[Of; aw
n.ufbwDjolyf;emif;,dif;n.efbqdlOf;eefhrM;? cMjwif;ulOfcOfvmwfjn.ufboAifwB; rdlOfj
cMjyBvAyfj[drf;cOfeefh,Ofh/ =h,lboFufbvFufb yAefwB;,Ofh nrfbcgfj[Mvuf;xmefref;
Plecf m0f
92 | ekrf,qmrfcmof
oif,Ofh/ emif;,dif;n.efb ,mrfjo.efyefymifvdufjrmif@wDj wDjyD@eBho.ef,Ofh yD@

awrM;xmrf vBj=hugMbrdlif;xB;,Ofh/ cdkef;vBjo.efckdef;ulef;rfgbrfgbn.efb vBjpM;rM;ul@
yD@yD@eBh ,lOftc; awzFOfrM;[drf;zmifberfheBhvmBauMh? cMjayM;vmrf;OlefhrFefjugMb
,Ofh/ vBj=hOMj urfjz.ifjauMj vBjcmrfbwmif;[MumefugMbpM;yldefjvlvmB@,Ofhao yAef
ugMbauMjrD;? urfjerftwhOMj [Muderf dlif;[Of;,myfbeMbtvj ymB@rM;rdlif;xB; umefauMj[MyBb
pM; orfhpM;qdlOf;nef[Awf;umefeBhOBh,Ofhtvj uOf+ifhrfg; rfg;+ifhuOfao [efemif;
,dif;wB;[Of; rM;erfudkef;wDjzmifberfheBh,Ofh/ ,mrfjckuf;qfgvBjrM; nlpf;auMh[Of;
vmwfjae[Of; emif;,dif;nef[Awf;umefeBhao vAifhw.ifhwDjrdlif;xB;eBh wB;y.wf;
n.ufby.wf;qmef;erfaybqfg ref;vmwfjrM;acMjeBhao [M;vBjxAifuefawMbayM;cfgjqMh
ref;/ rdlOfjvAOftwh nefref;OMjeefh rFefj,Ofh/ [Awf;umefwmif; v,.if;? ywfhx
,M; qdlOf;eBh vBj+rfidkef;olifbrM;wmif;=def;zfgref; rdlOfjvAOfvBj[efvmB;cOf[Midkef;ao
rBjqfgu.yfj umefimef;[Midkef;cOf,OfhanMj/
odkyfbyBefg;OAif;vlifudkef;ukdef; ulef;nD;ayM;nrfbqmif@yBeefhtwh nrfbodkyfb
cfgj[efxFifj,Ofh/ nrfbqfgjOMju.pf;emif;,dif; vkufjn.efbqmB;wB;[Of;auMj vBj[efrM;
vDnmrf; nmrf;vDeMb,Ofh/ ulef;qB;n.efb[mifjcldifj[mifjzmifao uMj+ifhulef;eefh
ayM;wmefb[Of;zFOfefg;urfbzMbwmifbnef,Ofh/ vmufbvmufbvmB;vmB; orfhOMjrM;yAefwB;
[Of;wif;erfeBh ,def;acM;clrfeMbawh,Ofh/ u.uf;=OfauMjcBjyefb wMbawodkyfb[ef
xFifjeefh ayM;wArfxlefjvlefhylefheMb,Ofh/ wmif;[mif@vDumifcrfj rdlif;ywfhx,M;
eBhrM;okufh wkufhpM;rBjvdlwfbqfgeMb,OfhanMj/ nljtrjzfgref;auMj vkufj,dif;[Of;
vkufjqmB;[Of;ugMbrldif;xB; eldifjvdlefolifbrM;yefidkef;vmBoFef nOf+rfaoaw[Awf;=def;
ndlOfj? acMjugmrf;qdlOf;,mrfjvBjidef;rM;qdlOf;eefh rdlOfjvAOfwdlOf;y.ifbqfgrM;xFifj,Ofh/
rmif@auMh nef[Midkef;olifbrM;[Awf;=def;rfgbeefh q.ifbref;awwef;vBj,lb[dkOfaeMj?
{jvkufjn.efbwB;[Of; ayM;=hy.ifbeefh awvBj[Awf;[dkOfyef? aw{jcOfarM[MumefvAifh
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မိူဝ်းလႄႇၶိုၼ်းမိူင်းႁဝ်း လႄႈ မိူဝ်းၸႆးပီႈၼွင်ႉ ၼုမ်ႇၸၢမ်ၶၢဝ်

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မိူဝ်းလႄႇၶိုၼ်းမိူင်းႁဝ်း လႄႈ မိူဝ်းၸႆးပီႈၼွင်ႉ ၼုမ်ႇၸၢမ်ၶၢဝ်

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