Shan History in Acient Times

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1

qld of .vmef .qof ;
ykdef:wh :rldof ;rkdef .ugef,

1998 - March
2000 yyf.


2

aa,a,
,aa._aaa,
ykd ef:tefoK;eh. ref:yAefcld if;yld iftef rofrmifauK; trf,q[; aOauK.aOulef: ar:pmif;Omif;ygifckd if
tofauK; trf,qkd of; uSef,vuf:cofyAefcld if;yld if tefeuf:euf:eKeK ckd uf.vkd uf.vrf,urf,zD ,aO
wkd ef:ref:yAefrK: qgrf:qld of.cld of:ulef:cld of:z[,cld of:ref:eef.bof.? trf,eef qld of.cld of:ulef: ekd if;
cld of:eef. wuf:awvh;rD :rK:yAefrK:ykd ef:J ykd ef:tefoK;eef.bof./
uofcK;sw. yAefzl;uwf.cSef , vlif.vSef,zhm,ykd ef:auK;trf,q[; wkd uf.yAefzl;vA yf;pAef:
clef.cGK.ykd ef:auK.ekd if;ulnf: ugyf;yld of;rld efqld if.eif,uGmrf:tefoK;-
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD ; P;arKvd uf;wh:
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD ; P;N.ygif,ykd ef:wh:
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD ; P;N.pefxkd ifrld if:wh:
eheef.aOJ
eif,yAefyd kef:uof ,ymeftgefwh: wuf:awtrf,Nif:trf,phmtrf,whm eif,Nd ofyD ;egif.wh:ul;
auK.ul;wD ; ayK:awN.ygif,pef xkd ifykd ef:wh:rld if:wh:eef. ugyf;yld of;yk ef;zgef: qld of.qmwf;yefwluf:rK:
eld ofNofrK, (oK,) ykef ;wK,wh:ul;auK.sv; uK;eif,ouf.rK:pKvh;uK;oK;vh;ygifyAefeef. uofcK;qif,vh ;
ckd ef:ar:ukrf:uAyf:MrfwgrfwSrf;yAefyyf. ]]ykd ef:wh: rld of;rkd ef.ugef,}}eh. tguf,rK:zSofxkd ife[:rkd of:zl;vl
vd uf;pof:cofcK;bof./
ayK:awckuf:clef.olef.ckd ef:ykd ef:ulef: rld of;aw,wif;vluf ;vkrf ,'K.eef.qkd if awvh;N.oK;
rD :ulef:bl,ukd uf:urf,'K,rK:OD ,cld of:ehbof. OD ,cld of:eef.
(1)qkrf:cdlof:ulef:rkef,ulof:? eld of.vld if = Mongoloid
(2)qkrf:cld of:ulef:bl:Ilyf.? eld of.cmof =Europid
(3)qkrf:cld of:ulef:eD ,uvlof:? eld of.vrf =Negroid
(4)qkrf:cl d of:ulef:atK:Oxlof:? eld of.urf, =Australiodtrf,eef
qkrf:cld of:ulef:uguf,au:OAef: = Caucasian eh.bof./

3

ayK:rK:tofqgrf:ykd ef:vluf;oK;qkd if qkrf:qld of.qmwf;cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof:eh . yAefqmof:qld of.cld of:
tefb[,aOyld ef;wif:OAif;sv; aw,yAefrK:tgefwmif:yld ef; e[:cld of:ulef:urf,'K,ehbof.? ul ef:cd lof:
wh:pof:eh. ugyf;yld of;azbmeftguf ,rK:wD ; ulef:cld of:rkef,ulof:sv; wh:pof:auK; awvh;oK; pof:yAef
ulef:qld of.qmwf;cld of:b[,tefbl,ukd uf:vluf;urf'K,rK: qArfrld of;v[rld of;ugef,ehbl,bof./
wK,P;pof:pK: ayK:awvh;N. vgif;oK;wh:pof: szbmeftguf,yK:wD ; cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof:tef
oK;eef. pof:pK:xkuf,vD vh ;eyf.brf cgyf;q[xkd ifeld of zl;wSrf;ykd ef:]]vD ,cd wf.NefTwK,ulof,}}sw.sw.
bof;? OifoK;trf,rD : zl;wSrf;ykd ef:]]vD ,cd wf.NefTwK,ulof,}} ayK:ehqkd if wK,P;pK: ayK:awvh;N.iof;
pmuf;Omuf;aOwD cld if,ukd rf: ydkef:wh:pof:vD vD eef. trf,N.vh;? ayK:trf,vh;N.ykd ef:pof: vD vD qkd ifvlrf:
vSif.vlif yof,xgif:rK:zhm,wmif:v[auK; pof:wuf:aw yd ofqgrf:uGK,wmif:eef. trf,pmif.bof./
arKwSrf;vd uf;]]vD cd wf.Nef,TwK,ulof,}}eh. ayK:tofykd ef:rkd ef.Okd ef:ugef,oK;qkd if pof:yAef
qld of.ikd ef; Nd of,ch:tefvAofuefeh auK; awtrf,zd wf:eif,uof,? eef.sw.oh.aOugef, vgif;oK;
ref:rD :q[puf.td wf:vleld ofwh:pof:bl, tefoK;eef. xmif,vSif;vSif:vD bl,bof.? qld if.Nd ofsv;oK;
eef. ayK:ehwK,awyAefrK:yyf.ykd ef:wh:zkd efeh. tguf,q[tg uf,acK: cmrf,tlwf:bld ef.uef;bmyf,bmuf;
clef.cGK. sw.sw.oK;oK;aO wSrf;yAefrK:yyf.eef.bof./ yyf.ykd ef:wh:tefref:wSrf;eh. rD :oh.zhm,
tif:ud wf.ulnf:trf,uK: bif:yhmyd ef,wSrf;yK:zhm,xh:vl:ugef,? ulnf:uK; tefuofcK;ckd ef:ar:uAyf Mrfwgrf
ql.aO wSrf;eh.sw. ykd if;td ifeldof ]]ykd ef:wh:rkef,ulof:qof;}}tef zl;wSrf;vd uf ;Omrfqgrfuof; wSrf;
oh.eef.aO qif,yAefrK:yyf. ]]ykd ef:wh:rkd ef.ugef,}}eh.bof./
wK,awyAefrK: vh ;yyf.eh.auK; cg yf;q[ikd ef:vD eld of arKwSrf;vd uf; pS if:Old ofcSifsv; Nrf;
wmif:arKwSrf;vd uf;sv; zhm,clef.cGK.ykd ef:vkif:cGmefOSif? arKwSrf;vd uf; qhm:ymef:pSif:cofsw.sw.bof./
erf.qArf:yd ef,zK,OK,eh. awomefwmef,erf.elrf:tefqSwf;tef qmif,ref: trf,q[;tefoK;
eef. z[auK;awN.xkd ifuefbl,? qld if.Nd ofsv;eh. ugyf;yld of ;vh ;tofwD ; vd uf;yld ef;uGmrf:yld ef; wSrf;oh.
vmwf;oh.qld of:eef.rK:bof.? tefyd ef,oh. qld of:eh.sw. rmef,rSef:qyf:vD eK,bof.ehauK; trf,oK;
eif,uof, rmiftefrmifacK; c[;ihm:auK;awihm: c[;umwf;auK; awqmif;umwf;bl,cK;? OifoK; qof ;zl;arK
zl;N.cof pefxkd ifuGK,wD ;yld if;ref:ayK:ehqkd if cSef:awK;rlef.ar:yefaOurf:eh. bgrf.pyf.bl,? Oif
oK;qof;v[z[c[;vl c[;qd rf:wlnf: erf.elrf:qSwf;tefyh,avK:erf.vd yf:eef.aOtd wf(trf,eef)
OifoK;c[;vlzwf:wlnf: yyf.yd lifvl ifteftd ifykd if;eld ofref:aO wSrf;yd ef,oh.yyf.eh. ayK:
ehqkd if P;uofcK;vh;qD .seyefwD ;vh;wD ;N.ref:aOurf:? qkd of;yyf.eef.sw. ''Likit Hoontrakul,
the historical records of the Siamese-Chinese relations, Bangkok, No.34 Rajadamnern
Avenue, Mansion 5, 1951. P.G 137" oK;ehbof.? zhm,xh:auK;wS rf;oh.wif:erf? OifoK;qof;uof,
qgyf,Oguf;pKqkd if awpefrSef ;bl,bof./

4

qld of:zl;bmrf;vA yf;pAef:ykd ef:zl;N.ykd ef: zl;vlifvSef,ykd ef:cofsw. vgif;oK;rld of;ymefv[rkd of.
v[aOauK; wh:pof:trf,wgef.yA efcK;z[trf,wgef.bl,w[ ;zgif:irf: trf:emwf;z[rK:tefoK;eef.
awN.xkd ifuefbl,? wh:tefoK;ehauK; wD ;ygif,ref:oK;ul ef: ]]vgwf ;vS of:Oof:acK}}ehbof./
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(2697-BC)eef. wh:pof:ayK:arKaw,wif; tkyf,omef ;ygifrld if:rK:pif:acKacK
bl,bof./ ymefwh:rld of;eef. ug yf;yld of;tlrkeftrf:emwf;b[ ,aOtrf ,uK: qld of.cld of:ulef:auK;b[,erfaO
sc,sv; xkd ifwD ;sc,cof ayK:vh;bk uf.bgif;Mif.wh:oK; pof:yAefyD ;qhm:cof 1. The Tai race was the
elder brother of Chinese. oK;eh vD ,ud wf.Nef,TwK,ul of, zl ;wSrf;ykd ef: vgif;sc,sv;wh:wSrf;oh.e[:
yyf.ykd ef: tefrld efeif, vmwf;rK:yK;eld ofeef.bof./ zl;teftrf,vAyf;pAef: ykd ef:vD vD sv;Oif
zl;xmif,b[,ckd uf.sc,cofsv;Oif ]]wh:eh.sc,bAef:yAefrK: vkuf.wD ;cld of:sc,rK:}}ehbof./ wD ;sw.ref:
wh:auK; trf,vkuf.wD ;sc,bAef:yA efrK: sc,auK;trf,vkuf.wD ;wh:aO bAef:yAefrK:uld wf,yAefrK:pif:z[
pif:ref:acKacKbof./
rld if:wD ;bl, ul;wD ;egef:wh:pof:? wD ;zuf.zgef,wD ;bgef,q[ wD ;zifNuf.zifap, qK,wd
aw,ild ef;Ohmwkd ef: qld of.qmwf;cld of:wh:pof: tgefwmif:Okwf:sw. aw,wif;rK:wD ;ygwf:umif ukefvlif
(Asia) at:OBL:wD ;tld if,OSef Ohm:eef.bof.? xkd ifrK:rld of;yD < (2677-BC)eef. Nrf;Mrf:uefwh:
wif:sc, sztguf,rK:e[:qkrf:cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof:aO rK:wif;ome;yg ifrld if: wD ;wlif;umiferf.Mif;Nof;
sv; erf.bmefOD ,umifeef.aO Oof:Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:uefyAeftlnf:vD uefrK:oK;ehbof./
ulnf:uK;vgif;v[aOtrf ,oK; yAef wh:pof:vh;tgefNof erf:eK;sc,cofaO ckd ifygifpAwf:Omif;
eK;umefwKimef:rK:bl,bof.? xkd ifrK:yD <(BC-2512)eef. qof;apKcrf:wh(qof;wlefbluf ,)trf,eef
qof;OSifcAofaw,wif;yAef apKcrf:wh: e[:rld if:oSefOhm:eef.aOsv;(tkyf.yld if,zgif:irf: rld if:sc,rld if:
wh: wif:rlwf:bof.)? aw,tofrld of;ymefzgif:eef.rK: awK,ymefapKcrf:wh:vmef.qof;
Okd yf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK: ymefv[ymefeef.-
(1)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:?
(2)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tknf'h:?
(3)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkd of:?
(4)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:bk d ef:?
(5)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cld of:Old of?
(6)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:qof;?

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(7)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cd if:?
(8)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rld if:vgh?
(9)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Omrfrld if:?
(10)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:erfqof;?
(11)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:olif.wh:rld if:rmof:vlif?
(12)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rld of;ymef)qof;'K.wh:?
(13)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rld of;ymef)qof;'K.wh:uof;rld if:OmrfOd yf:Nuf:eef.ehbof./
ulnf:uK;ayK:vmwf;cld of:rh.auK; N.uK;awvh;vmwf;yK:cld of:vgh ayK:vmwf;cld of:rld if:wh:auK; aw
vh;vmwf;yK:cld of:rguf,ugef eh yAef'd if;xkif:ref:bof.? rld of;ymefwh:tgefwmif:sw. bmrf;yAefckefrld if:
sc, sv,tkyf.irf:rld if:rmef;rK:aOwK. xkd ifrK:ymefwh:awK;vAofeh.vl : wkd uf.tkyf.zuf:Oif wkd uf.irf:
wkd uf.ikrf:yKOifbl,? qof;'K.wh: qof;ckefwh: phmvhmuGK,rD :wif:qguf.qAif,v[eh trf,vmwf;seauK;
qof;uof,awN.xkd ifOkwf:bl,bof./
rld of;vAoftofughrlnf.ySwf; qof ;'K.qof;crf:ulnf:trf,uK: bK.vSofyK:apKNd ef:qld ef:wmif,cof
qof;rlwf:bof.? wkuf:wK,ayK:cgifcofsw. rD:e[:vd efauK;ckwf: tguf,Orf,seyld ef; rmifv[rmifrAof:Oif
yAefcgifpof:trf,qK. rld efeifapKvlifurf,ayK:qK. wK;ukif;(uarmZeef;awmf&ef ukef)eef.auK; yAef
cgifcofoK;eh tofcgifyld ef;pAwf:pmif;qof;ref:bl, w[;vmif;vgrfclof trf,N.wloftrf,vD thmaOtd wf:
pof:sw.vld ofaO vh;wmif:zd wf:q[ ugwf,uh,wlnf:vhmvhm trf,rD :Okef, vmwf;vh;Oifbof./
wif;tofoef:rld of;eh.uGK,eK; ayK:awbld if;pAwf:qgrf:uGmrf:tefoK; ]]qof.rmef;wh;'h: qof.
wh:vSwf,tguf ,}}aO ukrf ,vkuf.vK; ukrf,vlifwlof vkd rf:cd if: trf,tofuef oK;yK:uefyAefukrf,thm;oK;qD ,tD ,
oK;pkif ukrf,oK;auK;bof.auK;bK, uk rf,uAifq[eld ofyld ef; ukrf,oK;wh:ygwf:Mif, ygwf:tguf, ygwf:qmef:ukrf,
qSuf,szoK;wh:rmof:? wh:vlif? wh:crf:wD ;? wh:ckd efbl,wd uf:wd uf:qkd if vSwf,yh,Nif;phmauK; wh:awwhm
vhmphmySwf;rlwf:bof./
rmuf,zd wf.eef. rK:wmif,O[,qkd of:r[,yef ref:oK;rmuf,qArf:ehauK; ref:trf,qArf:rK:vh; N.
wkd ef:zAwf:bl, trf,pmif.bof.? eh.auK;rld efeef c[;yAefwh:OifyA ef wh:auK;N.uK;yld ef;wuf:Mif.wh:
ulnf:bof.? ugyf;pof:bl ,bmefcSef;uef Nnf;vg hsv; uGmrf:pof:ySuf ,yld if;uefaOwauK; vgif;oK;pof:yAef
wh:cld of:vAofuefeh. z[awrK:xAifpof:vh;? rld if:yK,yl, tK,ebl:uD ,eD ,eh ulef:rld if:cofrD :Omrfvmef.yhm
yhmaOtrf,uK: qld of.cld of:ulef:cofauK; rD :Nofvld ofvld of zK,OK,uGmrf:vmwf;cofauK; rD :qAwf:ymuf,yhmyhmaO

6

wK. ugyf;trf ,qSuf,qSuf,szuef sv; tofvh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKpif:cofbl,bof.? rld if:pof:vl: ulef:rD:
vhmqld of: uGmrf:vmwf;rD:vhmtefulnf:`/
pof:vl: trf,c[;vh;c[;bl, vgwf;vS of:Oof:acK qld if.eif,cofpK. ayK:xmrfeif,ehqkd if z[
auK;awK;N.oK; c[;vh ;tld of;ehbl,bof.? ayK:oK;pof: c[;ckd ef;b[,r[,Okif qld if.eif,cofqkd if cofpAwf:pkd of
sv; cofvgwf;vSof:ckd ef;b[,rK: tefoK;eef. qof ;uof ,xkuf ,vD vAyf ;pAef:vgif;vld if;cofaO yhqgrf:
OAef;wmif: qld if.eif,cofbl,bof./
bmrf:vAofeh.yh,wluf:vkd ef: uBKof ,ud if:pof:vD pkd of trf,N.bof.? trf,yh,xkd ifwD ;yld ef;oK;pif:pK:
]]bK,ayvmwf;uGmrf:wh: bK,ayekif;Old of;clof:wh:}}eh qld if.eif,yD ;egif.wh:e[:rld if:sc,? ulnf:uK; qlof;
zgif:yh,wluf:vkd ef:eef. xkuf,rkd ef:wKoh:bof.? ykd ef:tefylef.rK:auK; ylef.rK:OAif;bof.sv; tef
vD auK;P;toftefrofauK; P;ySwf ; xkuf ,vD tofyAef ykd ef:wgef;Og efpof:aO 'mif.uefuGK,yK;eK;
bof;/
ykwf.xqof;apK:oh.oK; ]]rh.wlefvA oftefrD :e[:umifymif,eef ayK:vlrf:vlifOmif:cBSif:yof,rK:
qkd if wlef;ref:b[,aOwauK; qmif;vlrf.ulef,yif:bl,bof.? wlef;rh.vAuf.ehg.tgef ,aOwK. ayK:cof
rK:Mrf:qk.wkrf yAefauKvAofuefqkd if vlrf:vlif:ywf.yof,xgif:rK:wmef,v[auK; trf,xd kifwD ;ud if,rh.ulef,
yif:vlrf.vh;}}ehbof.? pof:auK;eif,Nd ofvlrf:vlif ayK:awtrf,yof ,xgif :vh;eef.aOtrf,uK: ayK:c[;
ylef.vgwf;wif:vlrf:vlifyof,xgif:wg if;qkd if xkuf,vD bld if;wlef ;rh.tgef qk.wkrfuef tefykwf.xqof ;
Oif,OgefyefrK:eef.bl,bof;/
ykef;wK,awyAefrK:yyf.zkd ef ]]ykd ef:wh: rld of;rkd ef.ugef,}}eh. cgyf;q[eyf.xkd ifid ef:vD eld of
ayK;sr;Ogifqof; Nrf ;cof;TOK,cl:Ogef tgefNrf ;tlnf:auK.tlnf:aO;sv; wif:zl;qgh;xSrfpSif:ikd ef:
vkif:cGmefOSifcof wif:apKwif:Nd ef:? td uf,yK:zl;vlvd uf; puf.vd uf;wh:pof:cof wif:OAif;aO qif,vh ;
wSrf;wmif,oh.eld ofrhmzkd efeif,ehbof ./
qld of.vmef.qof;(rld if:yAif:)
22.12.97


7

a..aa,a.a,
awqArfrld of;Nd ifrkd ef.ugef,eef. quf.uBK,ovK,urf,'K,rld if:ulef: pAwf:Nd ofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK:
ref:Orf.ckd ef:pAwf:Nd ofvl.vSofyif:uGK,tefoK;eef. c[;N.xkd ifuefbl,ul;auK.bof.? rld efeheif,uof,
ulef:tefoK;eef. ref:pAef:Nd ofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK:tefoK;eef.auK; c[;N.xkd ifbl,bof.? eif,Nd ofaw
N.eef.auK; zhm,yhm:Ohm;cof qgyf,Omif;xwf:pK iof;pmuf;OK,xuK.ref :ulnf:aOtrf,uK: vgif;yhm:olef.
auK; qof;arKol ef.cof olef.tofpif:z[,? pif:ref:bl,? ulnf:uK; P;ayK:N.pefxkd if qSif;qSif;vSif:vD
sw. z[auK;trf,yh,qmif;seerf. sewlofref:vh;eif,uof,/
e[:acK;Oif,Ogef uGmrf:xrf:TzK:yAefqof;oK;oh.sw. ulef:tefoK;eh. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)
OD ,wlefcof yAefrK:oK;ehbof.? rld of;Nofykd if:ymefugef,eef. rD :ckefOmif,(Fymrf,rK,)OD ,wlefugyf;yld of ;cof
qof; ud efrSef;ch;cD ;vd efsv; tlrkefzkif:iof;wD ;wlofcofqof; phmuGK,ySwf ;aO qif,yAefrK: Nef,
pmif;sr;bd if:sv;ulef:qhm:oK;ehbof.? xSif;vhm;ekd if;Orf. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)eh.ugyf ;yld of;qBmefcofqof;
wluf:sv; qmif,yAefuGK,Nef ,pmif; ul ef:qhm:sv;sr;bd if:aO yAefrK:zK.oK.ymefulef:pof: oK;ehbof./
zK,OK,OK,OeK, cd Id wf.cofOrf. ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh.xK,ovK.ref:ukd rf:TzK:qof; zmef,
Omif;pAwf:yefrK:oK;eh? rld efeheif,uof, zK,OK,OKOeK, td wf,Ovrf,cofauK;oK; tef,vK.pK.TzK:
cofqof;eh. uK;yAefwlofrD :q[ trf,rD :q[ umifpmofvd efrld if: e[:clif:umifwif:OAif;wif:rlwf:eef. TzK:
cofzmef,Omif;pAwf:yAefrK:oK;ehaO tgefuefbkrf ,brfoh. pif:z[pif:ref:bl,bof./
pd ef,wl,cofqrf. Orf.xSif;vhm:ekd if; vluf ;clif:umifsv; ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh. ug yf;rld of;arK
TOK,vlif ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)zmef,Omif;ckd ifygifyefaO qif,yAefrK:oK;eh tgefuefbkrf ,brfoh. pif:
cofbl,eif,uof ,bof./
vgif;tefuK;oK;rK: yK;eld ofqld of:eh.sw. ref:yAefvhm:bkrf,brf zK,OK,TwK: pif:z[pif:
ref:ulnf:? z[c[;oK;OifoK;z[c[;vmwf;Oifvmwf; vgif;oK;qld of.cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof:Ogiftefsc,sv;wh:
sztguf,e[:qkrf:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,omef;yluf:rld if:yD< (2697-BC)qld of.cld of:sc,sv; qld of.cld of:wh :
eh. yAefcld of:b[,cld of:vlif rD :ukd uf:urf'K,rK: tgef,wmif:ulef:wmif,qld of.wmif:cld of:cof qArfrld of;yD <
(2697-BC)cof rD :'d if;si;zK,OK,vd uf;vhm:aO vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:umefulef:wif: OAif;auK; qef.
Okifvld ofyld ef ; e[:vluf:urf,'K,bl,bof.? (480-BC)e[:olif;umif 2,760,000sv; 2,000,000
vmef.yD <eef. wD ;ygwf:umifukefvl ifat:OBL: vgif;oK;rD :ulef:bl,Oof:rK:tefoK;eef. wK,seerf.
sewlofref: vkyf,ul ef:vkyf ,Owf:vlifiof;urf,'K,eef.sv;Oif bif:vh;pefbl,awK,rld of ;vAof
bof./


8

ia,,.a. ,a.a.aa,a,
1.'eferf. 2.bD ;uAif: 3.cD .uAif: 4.yAif:uSif: 5.uAif:wl 6.vlofvlof 7.vlifpmof 8.uAif:wl 9.Od yf:Ogif
yef:eK: 10.vmef.eK:S.C Nuf:qof;
wD ;e[:rld if:Noferf. (Hon Nan)awK,rld of;vAofclof:cgifsv; Oofpd efzKNd ef:qld of:eef.
wkd uf.ukd wf:qlrfxifoh. e[:vd efrld if:bl,? ugyf ;oK;Oofpd efzKNd ef:qld of:eh. pkd ifeK,bof.sv; ayK:vh ;qlrf
uGK,e[:vd efrld if:aOwK.auK; ulef:wh:cld of:wh:qArfrld of;ugef ,eef. bif:wkd uf.ukd wf:oh.bl, xkd ifoef:eh.
bof./ rld of;ugef,bmrf:eef. wh:sv;sc,eh.yAef ulef:bl, ud efpd rf:qrfuefsv; zK,OK,'d if;si;qld of:

9

eh. trf,ayK:pefrD :wD ;ySuf,yld if;uefvlifvmifxkd ifrK: yD<(226-AD)eef. wh:sv;sc, vh;zmwf,
umefaO wmif;omef;rld if:pif:z[[pif:ref:bof./
rld of;ymefrld if:erfqof;(Nan Chao)sv; rld if:bl,erf (Yunnan)eef. apKcrf:wh:wh:eh.
rD :oh.wD ;rld if:wK;vD (Tali)e[:rld if:bl,erfeef.bof./ rld of;ymefqof; td rf,yK,bKsc,(qkd if;;sc,)]]cGmif
uGmif}}tefyAef qld of.cld of:wh:auK.ekd if;eef. vh;tkyf.rld if:Omif;rld if:? qkd of;ref:Mif.oK; wef,bkuf.
(Than Yok) oK;ehbof.? rld of;eef. wD ;e[:rld if:sc,eh. qSuf,szuefoh. rD :bl,Nuf:rld if:/ qkd of;rld if:
qld of:eef.qrf.J
1.rld if:Noferf. - Hun Nan
2.rld if:OD ,ckrf. - Szechuan
3.rld if:ulnf;cAof - Kwei Chew
4.rld if:bl,erf - Yunnan
5.rld if:uGmifOD ; - Kwaun Si
6.rld if:uGmifwif; - Kwaun Tung
yAefqld of:eh.bof./ rld of;zgif:eef. sc,cofMif.wh:pof:oK; yD ;thm;(Ta Kou)"The elder
brother of Chinese"ehbof./ ckefapKcrf:wh: tefwif;oh.e[:rld if:bl,erfeef.auK; Mif.qkd of;oK;
]]erfqof;vlif}}oK;eh bof./
rld of;yD <(4600-BC)eef. wh:Orf.ayK:wif;rld if:apKcrf:e[:rld if:sc,aObof. wD ;bl,wh:pof:
uof,uof ,sw. yAefwD ;e[:rld if:bl,erf zhm,qmef:erf.sr;vlif bmef,OD ,umif (Yantze Kiang)
eef.bof./ rld of;yD <(2200-BC)yh myhmeef. wh:vh;vlif:rK:bl,zhm,qmef: rld if:sc,bof./

aiaaa...,a,(2697-2596BC)a,a, [ma,[ a,aaa
wlefbluf,(Tuan Yok)yAefckef apKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yld if,e[:rld if:sc,eef. yAefcld of:apK
crf:wh:aOwK.auK; ref:qof;eh.Orf.rD :q[rAwf.wK, ySif:puf.eld oful ef:ul;cld of: e[:rld if:sc,sv; yAef
ckefTwK:vlif tefyld ef;eyf.xkd if bof./ zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;sv; zhm,xwf:Omif;rSif,yef erf.ulef:rld if:
eef. ref:qof;yAefauK.pAwf:Omif; bd yf:aOK:ref:bof./ uAof ,uyf :vgif;yhm:rld if:sv; vgif;wK,tof

10

erf.zhm,pAwf: vgif;zkuf,Ogrf;eef . rD :oh.e[:rkd of:ckefapKcrf:wh:bof./ rld of;ymefckefapKcrf:wh:yK:eh.
trf,wgef.vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,wmif:zd kwf,Oifvlifvmif/
zgif:vlifckefuGmif(Kung Kang)zl;urf.umefzhm,zhm,eef. bmrf;vkuf.zkd ef.ref:qof;bl,
aOwK.auK; ugyf;ref:qof;pAwf:qgrf:TwK: vgif;rSef;vgif ;xkuf ,sv; qof;td rf,yK,bK,vlifrld if:sc, ayK:
vh;tmyf;yef trf:emwf;qgrfOkd uf:vlifaO P;tgefNof wkd uf:ySwf;ul ef:Okuf.bkif; ckefuGmifcofbof./
ugyf;ref:qof; pAwf:qgrf:wmif:Okd of;sv; e[:rld if:sc,tefrD :yK;w[;ref:qof;eef. wmif:
bkif;uof:bAefphmaO xkd ifwD ;ayK:vh ;uwf:bAefvD uGK,bof./
aa.a.a,aa.(Monogoloid)
cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof: tefoK;eef. yAefulef:qld of:tefOD eld of.vld if? wKvrfaO rD :clefNof
trf,aiK:OAef; clefNof vrfoh.eef.bof./ e[:cld of:ulef: tefuld wf,ukd uf:urf,'K,rK:eh. cld of:rkef,ulof:
auK; cof;yK:yAefulef:iof;urf,'K,cld of:ekd if;/ ugyf;eh ulef:wh:auK; cof;yK:e[: cld of:ulef:rkef,ulof:sv;
vh;oK;wh:pof:rD :rK:udkuf:urf,'K,qArfug ef,? yAefcld of:ulef:iof;urf,'K,cld of:ekd if; tefoK;eef. vgif ;wmif:
ref:ref:ukd rf:oh.bl,bof./ wh:eh.yAefcd lof:b[,cld of:vlif cld of:ekd if;tefoK;eef.auK; yAefvgif;tef
qkd of; tefq[;sw.sw.bof./
wh:-xh:-wh:vmof:sv; crd ef:(urf;zgif;)cofqld of:eh.auK; yAefcld of:ulef: tefvkuf;wD ;
rkef,ulof:rK:sv; yA efOhmvld wf; eld of.vAofuefbof./
rld of;(2697-BC)tgefwmif:Okwf: wh:sztguf,e[:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,wif;omef;rld if:e[:
vd efrld if:sc,ygwf:qmef:olif;umiferf;sr;Mif;Mof;(Hwang Ho)sv; erf.sr;bmef,OD ,umif,(Yantze
Kiang)tefoK;eef.aO tkyf.irf:bl,Oof:pif:ugh:bof./ (rld of;vA ofyA efqif,owf.Jtd lif,rld if:rld if:ekd if;
aO rD :e[:rld if:sc,bof./)
rld of;vkuf;eh. yAefrld if:wh: yAefwh :auK. aw,wif;tgefwmif:Okwf:yld ef;bof./ rSef ;rld of;
ymefvAofuefwif: apKcrf:wh:wh:bl,erfsv; apKcrf:sc,Noferf.(Hu Nan)eef.bof./ bmrf:eif,
eefsw. wh:sv;sc,wkd uf.yAef tlnf:vD uef? z[yh,yK;pAwf:Okd uf:pA wf:cAefawK,z[ ohm:aOeef.wD ;
wh:bl,eh. ugyf ;oK;cof;erf.rmuf,vd efpd efzKyAif: ayK:vD vld ofsc,sv;Omif? erf.Mif;NoftefOkd yf,Ohm
q[sc, e[:Noferf.ref: rD :e[:rld if:wh:sv;Oif? rld of;ymefeef. sc,bif:vh;egrf:yK;w[;wh:aO bl,
uGK,ugef ,ehbof./
umefpAwf:zhmzhm,ygh,erf.yef ul;zhm,zhm,eef. eif,Nd ofayK:awukrf;vl rf;yAif:ayK:wh: auK.
cwf:Omif;pmif;pAef:yef ugyf ;yld of;Ohmq[sc, sr;erf.Mif;Nofeh. Nofref:rD :e[: eifvd efwh:sv;
bmrf:eef. vgif;bl,vgif;ud efwh:eh. bif:Okifvld ofsc, tefoK;eef. yhm:ykd ef:cofseoh. wD ;ref;

11

ukd rf:ref:bl,bof./ cld of:ulef:tef sztguf,rK: e[:rkef,ulof:sc,sv;wh:eh. wh:apKcrf:wh: rld if:wh:
qld of:eh. yAeftefqef.b[aOsc,bof./
a,.aa,aiaaa.. .a a,(Nan Chao)
wh:tefbl,Oof:e[:rld if:wh:(1)bl,erf? (2)OD ,ckrf.?(3)ulnf;cAof cofOmrfrld if:eh. Nrf;ygif:
uefaO qif,wif;yAefrK:rld if: erfqof;(emef,cBSof ,)tefoK;eef.bof./ rld if:emef,cBSof,(erfqof ;)
eh. yAefrld if:tefckefapKcrf: tkyf.irf:eef.bof./ rld of;zgif:eef. rSef;bmrf:vAofuefwif: ckef
apKcrf:sc,pmof,wD ,(Hwang Ti)auK.vkd ef:Okwf:wkd uf. tkyf.irf:ud efrld if:sc,bl,eef.bof./
e[:vd efrld if:bl,erfzgif:eef. sc,eif,uef wkd uf.pd rfuof:tof(trf:emwf;)tK,eK, omef;
rld if: wK,yAefckefpif:z[pif:ref:sv; yAeftefOkuf.bkif;tlef uof:oh .bl,/ ulnf:uK;J Noferf.Mif;
Nofeh. rD :e[:vd efwh:tkyf.irf:sv; vh;ulofwh:vh ;egrf:yK;w[ ;wh:oK;eh bof./
aiaaa.sa, ,,(2057-1901-BC)
xkd ifrK:yD<eef. ckefapKcrf:wh: tefvh;tkyf.yld if,
e[:rld if:sc,qof;zSef,vd efwh: xD . 7 xkd if xD . 12 eef.Orf.J
1.xD . 7 yAefqof;wD ,Od yf:yD < 2057 xkd if 2041-BC
2.xD . 8 yAefqof;wD ,ohm; yD < 2040 xkd if 2015-BC
3.xD . 9 yAefqof;wD ,rif: yD < 2014 xkd if 1997-BC
4.xD . 10 yAefqof;wD ,OD , yD < 1996 xkd if 1981-BC
5.xD . 11 yAefqof;zl;cSif yD < 1980 xkd if 1922-BC
6.xD . 12 yAefqof;wD ,umif; yD < 1921 xkd if 1901-BC
ymefqof;zSef,vd efwh:xlef; 12 qof;wD ,umif; trf,eef qof;wD ,cknfeh . tgeftof
Okd uf:uGK,wkd uf: rld if:Omifwmif;(Shang Tang)rld if:apKcrf:sc,sv; qof;apKcrf:sc, trf,c[;wkd uf:Okd uf:
aO- tof vkuf;bd if:Omofref: tefqkd of;oK; ]]rlnf}}eheef. tmyf;yefqof;wD ,umif;bof./ qif,
trf,vh;yAefOkd uf:wkd uf:uefeef.bof./ ohm:eef. ugyf;sr;ref:emif:apKcrf:]rlnf}}eh. bd yf:umuf,aOK:
ref:oh.sv; trf,qmif;ckd ifwkd uf:Okd uf:wmif:v[xSif;? tofpSif:tlrkefyK,oK,apKcrf:ref: Okwf:OAif;uGK,
qgrf:wmif:rlef;wmif:auBK,aq:qd rf,cBmrf:OK,ref: awK,Okwf:qlof;bof./

12

ckefwD ,umif; rld of;ref:wkd uf.rlef;auBK,aq:qd rf,bl,eef. ulef:rld if:cof zgrf.uefwmif,toft
rmwf;zgif:rld if:auK.ekd if; wmif,yAefzl;tgefNoferf:eK;aO qlof:uefpAwf:Okd uf:zkd ef.ql:ckefapKcrf:
qof;wD ,umif;aOwK.auK; ugyf;trf,ay.pSif:Okd uf:ref:vh;sv; vh;wluf:Ok rf:bl,bof./
yd uf.Orf.oK;ulef:rld if:clof vh;wl uf:Okrf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;ckefapKcrf:yK:eh. ukrf,rof:qgrf:
cld if;auBK,umefaq:qd rf,ref:bl,ugh:trf,tofq[O[, umefomef ;umefrld if:Oifsv; ckefapKcrf:rld if:erfqof;
trf,wlnf:vh;aO qif,vh;tof Okd uf:rK:wkd uf:awK:ySwf;qof;apKcrf:wD ,umif; xmef;ayK:vh;wluf:Okrf:
OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vd efwh:qif, bhm;apKcrf:rK:oh.e[:rld if:erfqof;aO
tkyf.yld if,uGK,bof./ rld if:erfqof;(emef,cBSof)rld of;vAofrD :e[:tld if, rld if:tmefNnf;(A Hui)eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:wD ,ud wf; zl;tkyf.irf:rld if:erfqof;eh. vh;Okd yf ,ud efrld if:erfqof;(16)yD <aO
qif,OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ Nrf;avK:uefwif:rlwf: ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rld if:ud ef rld if:sc,wif:
rlwf:ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rld if:ud ef rld if:sc, wif:rld if:wh: wif:Nd ifrD: (53)yD <rld if:bof./
aiaaa.sa,,, - aiaaa..,_a.
ohm:aOqof;wD ,ud wf: OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,bof. rld of;ymefapKcrf:xlef;OD ,auK.aw,eef.
tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf;uGK,bof./ xkd ifrK:ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;pK;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:xlef;Nuf:qof;
wD ,cluf.(Ti Kok) ckd ef:yluf:ygifOkd yf,tkyf.yld if,rld if:sc,rld if:wh:tefbmrf;rD :w[;irf:wh: rld of;tgefeef.
xSif;bof./ ymefeef.eif,uof , qof;zSef,vd efwh:wD ,cluf.eh. sr:ukrf:sw,wif;omef;rld if:aO wmif,
qld of.cdlof:apKcrf:wh:oK; ]]wh:wh:}}rld of;yD ;(2434-2365BC)eef.bof./
ohm:aO qof;zSef,vd efyK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:omef;rld if: 7yD <eef. ugyf;oK; zleftrf,wluf:
sv; ulof ulef:rld if:tkd yf:bmuf;aO-vh;pAef:ygh:ymif:zlef(ygh:Mif.zlef)ehbof./ rld of;eef.ref:qof;umof,
xkd ifzD aw,oK, tK,uK,umifpmofoK;]]OifoK;uofcK; pAwf:zd wf:aOOrf,-aOyld ifsv; trf,pAwf:trf,uBmif.
urfqgrf:TwK:ckefehqkd if cSef:awK;cK;rK:ylwf:yghomif:cGmif:yefaOurf:? rld of;eK; cK;awcwf:q[yAef,ySif
uGK,bl,? cSef:awK;bKP;wlofq[uofcK;sv; ulef:omef;ulef:rld if:cof vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,zkd wfaOurf:}}eh
aOsv; umof ,uGmrf:uwD .Od qf.qK,Nuf:yld ifaO Mif.zlefbof./
1.uofcK;awtofqgrf:TwK:xrf:ckefaO tkyfyld if,omef;rld if:?
2.wlofuofcK;sv; vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;uofcK; awP;rlwf:O[ul;rAof:?
3.uofcK;awtrf,qgrf: wmif:rlef;auBK,aq:qd rf,aO vlifvkd rf:eK;umefwKimef:?
4.apKcrf:uofcK;auK; awtrf,ayK:pA wf:ckd uf.pAwf:crf,aO ulef:q[.ulef:Ogh;auK; awtrf,oh.erf ylef.
wD ;ylef.vSefref:?

13

5.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.cmrf, cgifzmuf,clof:wgef;ud efOl:ud efvmyf;qgrf:tuwD .?
6.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.vmwf;uGmrf: Nuf:phm.uGmrf:uBmrf:(zIkOfOoK,qK,)sv; uGmrf:rofrmif trf,rD :vgef.rD :
uSefOrf ,zyvK,yK.]]eif,uK;oK;rK:acK;uwD .yK;eld ofeef. OifoK;uofcK;trf,vh;pAwf:zd wf:rK: aOqld of.
aOyld ifqkd if cSef:awK;P;IK,OD ,tk wkckd ef:vD ? 'K.zlefckd ef:wluf:? P;omef;rld if:uofcK;ckd ef;b[,r[,Okif?
cof;erf.wmif:ud ef P;vld if,rmuf;sv; P;cK;omef;ulef:rld if:wif:OAif; bl,vD ud efomefwif:OAif;aOurf:}}
oK;ehbof./}}
Nef,pmif;ckrfyK,pAof; qof;zSef,vd efwh: qof;Old ofpmof;tefOAif ;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,rld if:e[:yD < 2596-
2513BCeef.bof.? yK,pAof ;eh.rld of;vAof rD :e[:tld if(Ol;zl;)rld if:Omifwmif;bof./
Nif;pmif;ckrfyK,pAof ; qof;apKcrf:bl, teftkyf.yld if,rld if:wh: rld of;e[:yD < 2205-2198BC eef.bof.?
rld of;vAofrD :oh.e[:tld if,rld if:Oof pd efygwf:qmef:wD ;eld ofvghNnf;qh:Omef pd rf:sr;erf.bmef,OD ,umif
eef.bof./
ohm:aOacK;uGmrf:wld if,umof,uwD .Od qf.qK,ref:qof; Okwf:uGK,bof.eef. zlefvlifauK;vlif:rK:
pK,b[,pK,vlif qgrf:erf.Mif;? erf.su:sv; egifcofqld of:eef. erf.ayK:wArfuGK, ul;qguf.ul ;qAif,
bof./ ugyf ;zlefvlifwluf:rK: rldefrld of;tgefaO ulef:rld if:cofvh;pA wf:vh;Omif; umefimef:wld uf,ph;
vguf;eK:ckd ef:sv; omef ;rld if:yAeftefuwf:bAwf Old of:elofsw.sw./ ulef:rld if:cofauK; vh;bl ,auBK,
Old of:rlef;eif,q[sv; tgefuefpuf.Mrfeyf.brfxkd if qof;zSef,vd efwD .cluf.sw.sw.oK;oK;bof./
ugyf;ref:qof; tofqgrf:TwK:aO tkyf.omef;rld if:sv; omef;rld if:uwf:bAefcBmrf:OK,eK, rld ef
eef.ulef:omef;ulef:rld if:cof puf.Mrftofukif,rkefref:qof;? Mif.ref:qof;oK; ]]ckefpuf.qof:rld if:
(The well beloved sovereign)}}eh.bof./
rld of;ymefqof;wD ,cluf.(Ti Kok)eef. umefbd yf:q[.vhm:ikd ef:cofwgif:cofulnf:ulnf:sv; vh;
Mif.oK; ]]ymefidkef:wgif:}}ehbof./ cld if;bd yf:clof:wkd of:teftofikd ef: tofwgif:pAwf:oh.qld of:eef.
aw,rD :rK:rld of;qof;wD ,cluf.eh.ehbof./ ugyf ;ehsv;ymefrld of;eef. ugyf ;qof;zSef,vd ef pAwf:P;ulef:
rld if:omef;ule:rld if:ckd ef;b[, rmuf;rD :vD yAefvh ;bl,uwf:bA efq[z[ref:sv; wh:pof:ymefeef. yAef
tefckd ef;b[,? qef.OkifaOyld ef;wmif,cld of:bl,bof./


14

aiaaa..qq..,a(2596-2513-BC)
aiaaa.sa,,a,a,(2697-2596-BC)
aiaaa..aa.,
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh:wh: xlef;ekd if;(olif.wD ,)Okwf:uGK,eef. ckef]]Old ofpmof ;}}tefyAef
vkuf;qhm:apKCrf:olif.wD ,wlefbluf,qif, Okd yf,aw,wif ;cld of:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}xlef;Ogif wD ;e[:rld if:
Omifwif;(Shang Tang)rld of;vAofMif.uefoK;cBL:'L:(Chu Fu)ehbof./ yd uf.Orf.oK; ref:qof;yAef
ulef:cld of:wh:ehaOwK.auK; yK;w[;zgif:irf:ref:qof; rD :sc,quGK,ul ef:vhmqld of.vhmcld of:sv; q[ref:
qof;trf,rD :vgif;c[;cD ,eAuf:wAuf:wAifz[? oh.umefOkef,vh ;zAifyAif:uef ul;auK.cd if:ulef:? ul;wD ;ul;vSef
ehbof./
ymefqof;zSef,vd ef qof;Old ofpmof;(Seow Hao)eh.ugyf;yld of;tkyf.yld if,yluf:ygif omef;rld if:
qgrf:TwK:aObof. - zgif:rld if:vld of:bd yf:umef yK;w[;ref:qof;auK; pA wf:qgrf:ruf:rhmrD ;vguf;umefqgrf:
eif, qof;apKcrf:wrf:omif:oh.yef eef.sv; ymefeef. omef;rld if:wld of:wgef:ckd ef;b[, uwf:bAef
sw.sw./
ulef:omef;ulef:rld if:cof qif,wmif,qkd of;bgif;rkefref:qof; ]]olif.rif:TwK:}}ehbof./ ug yf;
ulef:omef;ulef:rld if: eyf.xkd ifqof;zSef,vd efsv; zgrf.zAif,yAif:ymuf,uef sw.sw.oK;oK;aO omef ;
rld if:wld of:uK; Nd of;Nd if:yld if:O[, vD auBK,sw.sw.bof./
(qof;Old ofpmof ;eh.yAef vkuf ;xl ef;Ogifqof ;olif.wD ;(Hwang Ti)wlefbluf.xlef ;ekd if;
ckefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}bof./)
ohm:aOqof;Old ofpmof;vh;ckd ef;yAef ck efapKcrf:trf,ayK:Nd ofeef. ]]ck efumif}}tefyAefzgif:
rld if:vlif qof;yK:ekd if;eef. ug yf;ref:vh;bd yf:zhm,umefyhm:rld if: wD ;vrf,vgif;ref:sv; vuf.MrfpSif:
Od kuf:aO tmif:vkuf.zkd ef.awK,ql:ref:qof;ugef,bof./ ul nf:uK;vmefref:qof; qof;Okd uf:vliftof
ykef;zgef:aO vkd yf ;wkd uf:awK:ySwf;sv; umefvkuf.zkd ef.cof trf ,wef:vh;xkd ifwD ;? vh;wl uf:Okrf:
uGK,bl,bof./
uyf:uhm,vlnf ; umefvkuf.zkd ef.eh. ugyf;umefxwf:Omif;qAuf,szrSif,erf.trf,yAif:ayK:q[
sv; yAefrK:ehbof./ qof;zSef,vd efckd ef:ar:xwf:Omif; rSif,erf.P;wArfq[ulef:rld if:cofaO tkyf.
omef;ygifrld if:sv; ymefeef. omef ;rld if:uwf:bAef Od lof:auBK,aOyld ef ;ehbof./
ugyf;omef ;rld if:uwf:bAef trf,rD :zl;bK.ulef:uof:cofsv; qof;Old ofpmof;qif,awwif;vh;qkd of;
rld if:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}vh;ihm;ihm;eef.bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vd efwh: tefOkd yf,vmrf:wmrf:uef

15

eif;apKcrf:]]wh:wh:}}rK:eef. ymefekd if;bof.ymefekd if; tkyf.yld if,wif;apKcrf:ref;ukd rf: vh;vD imrf:
xlef;qlof ;z[,ymefref:bof./
ymefqof;zSef,vd ef qof;Od lof pmof;eh. ugyf ;oK;ref:qof;bd yf:xd if:oh. erf.Mif;Nof;sv;
erf.bmef,OD ,umif Ogifsr;eh.aO xwf:Omif;qSuf,szyef e[:rld if:ul;wD ;wD ; P;vh;zAif,yAif:uef
sv; uK;wD ;e[:tld if,rd lif:ukefOD sv; tld if,rld if:Noferf.qif,wif;tgufrK: vhm:bd yf:wkd of:erf.(erf.zkif)
eheef.bof./
ugyf;ehsv; rld of;ymefeef. wD ;xkif.sr;erf.Mif.Nof;sv;erf.bmef,OD ,umifeef. yAef
vd efwD ;bl, ul;wD ;eg ef:wD ; zifNuf.zifap, wD ;sw,ild ef;Ohmwkd ef:iof; ykd ef:yl, rgef,rld if:wh:'dif;
si;wh:rK:bof./ (The original home of tai people, in 2515 B.C)
wD ;tefyld ef;Mif.uefoK; xkif.vd efrld if:OSefOhm:(Shan Si)sv; Noferf.(Honan)eh.
eef rD :pmef.awK,eh.bof./ rld of;ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}(Tai Tai)qkd if;rld if:tefNd of;Nd if:vkd of:eh.
yAefrld if:uGmif:OD <sv; Noferf.Ogifrldif:eh.ehbof./
i.ma.aa,a.aa. aiaaa..qq.. a,aa.
rld if:bl,erf rld of;ymefapKcrf:qof;Old ofpmof; rld of;yD <(2515-BC)awK,xkd if(1644-1911
BC)eef. rD :eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./ e[:yuf:yld iftkyfyld if,eef. zhm,eld ofOkwf:rD :]]qof;zSef,vd ef}}
vmyf,bl,eld ofacK;bl,w[ ;? zhm,w[;Okwf:rD : ]]vmofwh:}}tefwd wf:awK,uyf:Okd yf,ckef apKcrf:vh; urf:
vAofeef.bof ;/ yld iftefuBmrf:ref:sw.rD :eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./
rld of;yD <(2515-BC)vgif;vh;tkyf.yld if, zgif:irf:omef;rld if:e[:rld if:bl,erf(1644-1911-BC)
(1)qof;zSef ,vd ef(qof ;apKOSif) King Emperor
(2)Noferf.(No Nan)
(3)uGmif:OD <(Kwang Si)
(4)OD ,ckrf.(Sze Chuang)
(5)ulnf ;cAof(Kwei Chew)
(6)uGmifwmif;(Kwang Taung)
(7)zgif:rld if:vlif (Principal Minister)

16

uGmif:wh: (Chong Tai Minister)
(8)OrK,xd zl;P;uGmrf:N.(Vice Minister)
qh:wh:(Chi Tai)
(9)zl;wSef:apKerf:zl;rhmrld if:(under secretary of State)
xkif:wh:(Tung Tai)
(10)zl;rD :uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rld if:(Provincial of State)
(11)zl;ugef:tld if,(Provincial Chancellor)
cAwf;wh:(Git Tai)
(12)zl;ugef:zef,wK,id kef:(Provincial Financier)
ymefwh:(Pan Tai)
(13)qgrfOkd uf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)
wAef:wh:(Then Tai)
(14)apKcrf:ugrf;(Provincial Commander)
xof;wh:(Tao Tai)
yhm:tkyf.yld if,apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}rD ;qldif.eif,serK:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}cmif.
eh. Nd ifemef:awK,xkd ifyD <(139-BC)qof;zSef ,vd efOkd yf ,wSef: tkyf.yld if,uGK,rD :pK;qof;apKcrf:eh
bof./ ]]wh:wh:Tai Tai}}tefoK;eh. ygif,oK;]]vgwf;vSof:rld efq[vD eK,}}ehbof./ wh:ygif,oK;vgwf;
vSof:? Nd of;vSif:bl,aO,aO, e[:TwK:eheef.bof./
aiaa,a,aa,a,
xkd ifrK:ymefqof;]]cD ,wD , (Chi Ti) vkuf;xlef;Omrfqof;wD ,cluf.eef.? ulef:rld if:cofpAwf:ygh:
zd uf;Od uf;rif,uvK,aO bkuf.wmif,yAefqof;zSef ,vd efbof./
ymifygh:zd uf;Od uf;eef. zgif:rld if:sv;ulef:omef; ulef:rld if:cofwif:rlwf: tgefuefrK:ckd ef;
bkuf.bgif;bof./ qof;cD ,wD ,auK;vh;yAefqof ;zSef,vd efwh: ]]wh:wh:}}Nuf:rld if:eef.bof./

17

xkd ifrK:yD<(629-682-BC)eef. apKcrf:wh: vh;chm.uGK,e[:rld if:Noferf.aOsv;
aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:]]wh: cld of:Old of}}rld of;yD <(688-BC)eef.bof./
aiaaa..qq.aa. a(688-BC)
]]qof;Old of yAif:olif.}}auK.yAefvkuf ;qof;apKcrf:qof;Old ofolif.rd lif:vkd of(Lao State)bof./ urf:
eef.ckd ef:sr:aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh: - wh:cld of:Old of(Tso Dynasty)eheef.bof./ e[:ymef
eef. tgefuefchm.wD ;bl, vkuf.wD ;e[:rld if:bl,erfaO chm.uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rld if:apKerf. pd rf:wK;erf.
Mif;Nof;eef.bof./ apKcrf:wh: wh:rld if:vkd of:eh. yAefcld of:apKcrf:tefbd yf:umefzhm,rld if:xwf:Omif;
qSuf,szyeferf.eef.bof./ rld of ;ymefeef.sr;erf.Mif;Nofsv; sr;erf.bmef,OD ,umifOgifsr;eh.
rD :e[:rkd of:qof;apKcrf:rld if:vkd of:bof./
vkd of(10)tefoK;eef. wD ;ygif ,ref:rD :OgifrAof:-
(1)rD :ukif,rkefOaI,OD ,tef
(2)wlofeyf.OD , oK;eh bof./
ukif,OaI,OD ,tefqrf.-
(u)ukif,rkefrmuf;rD :vD yAef
(c)ukif,rkefrmef,rSef ;qgrf:xrf:?
(i)ukif,rkef,trf ,rD :avK:z?
(q)ukif,rkeftlef;tgef,elef:ed rf?
yAefqld of:eh.bof./
ukif,OaI,OD ,yld if,eh. yAefvhm:ruf:ref;yAefckefapKcrf:wK,tkyf.omef;ygifrld if:bof./ ayK:
trf,pAwf:qgrf:vh;OD ,yld if,eh.auK; wh:awvh;wluf:Okrf: ymefckeftk yf .ygifomef;rld if: oK;eh.bof./ wh:
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkd of:eef. tofukif,rkef OaI,(wif:uBmif.urfOdefxrf:)OD ,tefeh. oh.uSrfwl of
uSrfq[bl,wK,aOsv;qif,oK;ckd ef;b[[ ,r[,Okif ckd wf:qgrf:umyf;ymefeef.oh.bof./

aiaaa.. .a.

18

vkuf.wD ;bl,erfaO chGm.uGK,ykd ef.umifzif,erf.bmef,OD , umifrld of; 2696-BC xkd if 2683-
BC.
xkd ifrK:apKcrf:wh: rld if:vkd of: vh;chm.uGK,wif;e[:ykd ef.umifsr;erf.bmef,OD ,umifbof.eef.-wh:
eif,uef vh;pAwf:Okd uf:ql:uefrK:bof./ wh: wh:vkd of:vh;chm. apKcrf:eh.auK; ugyf ;vh;yAef Okd uf:wkd uf:
zef:uefsv; ]]qof ;Old ofyAif:olif.}}tefyAefvkuf;qof ;]]Old ofolif.}}rld of;2692-BC eef.eh.bof./
ugyf;qof ;]]qof;Old ofolif.}}vh;sy.Okd uf :sv; vh;Okd yf,ud efapKcrf:wh:cld of:Old ofsv; apKcrf:wh:
vkd of:uGK,wif:Nd if(15)yD <bof./ rld of;yD < 2600-BC zgif:eef. apKcrf:sc,wD ;rld if:emef,ylof,(Nang
Po)e[:tld if,Noferf.ygwf:tguf,eef . vh;pAwf:Okd uf:ql:uefwif:apKcrf:wh:wh: teftkyf.yld if,rld if:sz:
tld if,Noferf.eef.bof./ Okd uf:eh.sw. trf,q[;Okd uf:cGmuf;rld if: yAef Okd uf:qmrf:pSif: qmrf:erf.uwf.
wmif:cSef,uefulnf:ehbof./ ulnf:uK; - rld of;ymefeef. pSif:wh:b[,ukd ef: cSifvSif:eK,sv; Okd uf:sc,
cof trf,wd kuf:sy.Okd uf:wh:aOyguf; Okd uf:wh:pof:sy.ulnf:ulnf:sv; wh:vh;yAefqof ;zSef,vd ef tkyf.
yld if,eld ofrld if:sc,rld if:wh: wif:rld if:rK:bl,bof./
aiaaa.. .,[ma, [mg' .2357-2257a BC
rld of;ymefeef. yAefzgif:sc,sv;wh:? wh:awK,wh:aw,wif;ymefOkd uf:]]awK,Ol ;}}cwf:pSif:
sc.cAifpSif:uefsv; Mif.oK;]]yAefymefwh:Ol;}}trf,eef yAefymeftefsc.cAif,pSif:Okd uf: wkd uf:uef
ayK: tlefomef;tlefrld if: trf,xmwf,aOyg uf;sv; vh ;Mif.oK;]]ymef wh:tknf'h:}}eh qof;apKcrf:wh:
]]qof;Ol ;}}(Shu)aw,wif;yAef rK:qArfrld of;(2357-BC)ehbof./
qof;Ol;eh. yAefvkuf;qof ;apKcrf:Od lof yAef vmefqof;wlefbluf,(Mif.) qof;OSifcAofbof ;?
rD :egif.qhm:auK.ekd if;qkd of;]]qof;qmif.}}? ugyf;sr;ref:qof;whmySwf; qArf vAuf.qArfOSifsv;ayK;qof;Okd yf,
sr;r[,xSif;? urf:eef. sr;Okd yf,sv;wif:egif.qhm:ref:qof;wAuf:eAuf:sy.eK,sv; qof ;Ol k;eh. rld of;
vAuf.rld of;vSifwluf:bmuf; cmefq[sw.sw.? ulnf:uK; - ref:qof;bld ef .uef;tofaO pAwf:yefwmif:
vD wd uf:wd uf:sv; ohm:vifrK: sr;Okd yf,sv;egif.qhm:qof; ckd ef:puf.Mrfqof;rK: awK,qof;ayK:vh;yAef
apKcrf: qof;rld if:tknf'h:eef.bof./
ymefrld of;tknf'h:(Ew Pi)eh. ugyf;oK;erf.Mif;Nof trf ,ayK:ukd ef:rld efuof,bof.sv; wD ;
ygwf:oef:wluf: rld if:sc,eef.erf.wK,ulef:rld if:q[.wkd of: trf,ukrf,vlrf ; eif;Nd ofe[:omef;e[:rld if: aw
vh;q[.wkd of:erf.ukrf,vlrf;wArfeef. ckefapKcrf:qof;Ol;qif,q[.zl;wmifwlof tefyAefckefzgif:rld if:
vlif]]ckefbl (Yu)}}tofykef;zgef:aO pAwf:Omif;sv; yef pK(yBOeK,)vgif ;erf.eh. tofrld efq[
ulef:rld if:sv; omef;rld if:uwf:bAwf Old of:OK,sw.sw.bof./
ohm:aOckd ifOmif;pAwf:P;omef;rld if: uwf:bAwfvD bof.vD imrf: qof;apKcrf:Ol;auK; tofegif.
qhm:ref:qof; qmif.(Chang)eef.oK; ]]rld if:qmif.ol(Chang Wu)eheef.bof.? rld if:apKcrf:tef

19

Mif.oK;qmif.oleh. cof;yK:e[:vd efNoferf. ygwf:qmef:uGmif:OD <ygwf:Mif,sv; uGmifwif;ygwf:wluf:cof
qld of:eef.ehbof./ qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol ;eh. olef.oK;egif.qhm:qof; ]]qof;qmif.}}eh. pAwf:Omif;umef
rld if:vh;aO ref:qof;ehsv; qif,vh;tmyf ;omef;rld if:trf:emwf; pmif;apKyefegif.qhm: wlefwlof
ref:qof;sw. ugyf;trf ,wd wf:Mh:aq:qdrf,ckefaO trf,uK:? Orf.c[;pKwmif:vD ykef;wlofuof,sv;
qif,vh;tmyf;apKcrf:aO tguf,xld ef,uGK,pAwf:IaO:uBmif.urfOrxK.TwK:awK,OAif;umrf,egef:rld if:uGK, e[:
ymefeef.bof./
cef,xK,cmyf;wlofqof ;Ol ;eh. egif.qhm:ref:qof;]]qof;qmif.}}Okd yf,tof vkrf:vK: zifoh.eld of
vgh(Kiew Yi Shan)]]ud of,bhm;Oef}}eh:tld if, ]]ed if:blef:(Nang Yoan)}}eef.bof.? ulef:yhm:
ykd ef:cof wSrf;oh.oK; ]]qof ;apKcrf:wlefeh. yAefckeftef ulef:omef;ulef:rld if: puf.Mrfqlrf:ySif:sv;
tofukif,tofrkefyK:ekd if}}ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]tlnf'h:}}trf,eef ]]qmif.ol}}eh. sw,wif;
rld of;yD <(2255)aO ogwf:ohm:vl.vSof uGK, rld of;yD <(2303-BC)eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol;eh.vh ;eif;ud ef rld if:(wif:sc,wif:wh:)wif:NdifyD <avK(48)yD <eh.bof./
aiaaa..aa.ia[ma,[a a..aiaaa. .. g.aa.a (BC 2939-2365)
ymefapKcrf:wh:ckefumifegif. qof;apKcrf:wh:cld of:Omifbkd ef:(Shang Okyin)eef. vh;uGK,
tkyf.yld if,apKcrf:sc,ykwf;wD ;bl,qof ;apKcrf:sc, rld of;yD <(2158-BC)aO tkyf.yld if,ud efrld if:uGK,(13)yD <
vkrf:vkrf:rld of;ymefeef. vh;tkyf.yld if,omef;rld if:vAuf:vhm;chm.rK:sw,ehbof./
yK;w[;ref:qof;ef. rD :zgif:rld if:vlifOgifauK. Mif.oK;]]ckefNif}}sv; ]]ckefNof:}}? cKOgif
auK.eh. ql.MrfpSif:Okd uf:aOsv; tmif;ckd ef:zkd ef.ref:qof;bof.? ugyf;yK;w[ ;Nof Od kuf:cofulef:vlifzhm,
yhm:rld if:cof urf;zgif;sv; ckd ifpKwmif:Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:ul;zhm,ul ;wmif:bof./
qof;zSef,vd efqof;ckefumifauK; ugyf;oK;omef;rld if:tleftmefarKrK:eK,sv;qif,Mif.tof
qof;uSrfrkd of:qof;bkd ef: rK:qgh;xSrf yef omef;rld if:ref:qof;bof./ qof;bkd ef:eh. yAefqof;uSrfrld if:
wrf:q[apKOSif tgeftofapKcrf:wif:rld if: yAeftefvAofuefsv; yAefqgrfOkd uf:vlifzl;tgif,Okd uf:
yK:ekd if;ulnf:trf,uK: zhm,tkyf.yld if,omef;rld if:auK; uwf.cSef,eK,sv; rD :tlrkefzkif:iof:aq,qK,b[,eK,
aO qif,vh;wA uf:eAuf:tgif,sy.ul ef:tlefuof:e[:omef;e[:rld if: bAefphmuGK,wif:rlwf:eef.bof./
yhm:ykd ef:zhm,sc,cofwSrf;oh.oK; rld of;zgif:ckefzgif:rld if:OgifauK.vkuf.zkd ef.eef. yAefOd kuf:e[:
rld if:('h:e[:)qgwf,uGK,ul ;wD ;? ugyf;erf.uwf.cSef,pwf:pmef qof;uSrfrld if:aO omef;rld if:ckd ef:uwf:bAef
vD ? Orf.vh;wld of:cGmuf:eK;vSefvd efyAef omef ;rld if:xSif;ugef,eh bof./
qof;uSrfrld if: qof;bkd ef:eh. ugyf ;oK;ref:qof;pAwf:P;omef ;rld if:wld if:uK:ckd ef;uwf;bAefckd ef:
rld efeif,yuf:uof,yld ifvifsv; qkd of;OSifref:qof; ukd uf:ykd ef:oh.oK; ]]zl ;tguf,Okd uf:qgrfpmefvlif qof;

20

bkd ef:}}(Yun the Conqueror)ehbof./ ugyf;eefckefumif qif,vh;bkuf.bgif; wgyf,ukif,au:ql:ref:
qof; P;yAefckefcrf:ugrf;(zl;tgif,Okd uf:vlif)ehbof.? szyefomef ;rld if:]]rld if:vkd of:}}P;ref:qof; tkyf.
yld if,zgif:irf:bof./
apKcrf:wh:wh:rld if:vkd of:rld of;eef. rD :e[:rld if:z:]]Nsz:(Hu Peh)}}apKsy.eef.eh.bof./
apKcrf:wh:vkd of:eh. ohm:eef.vh;chm.uGK,wif;wD ;rld if: Nsz:ygwf:qmef:(vkuf.ygwf:wluf:chm.uGK,)uhm:umiftef
yAef apKcrf:wh:yluf:ygiftkyf.irf:eef.bof.? erf.srf;uhm:umifeh.yAeferf.sr;tef vhql:sr;erf.
bmef,OD ,umif eef.ehbof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:bkd ef:eh. sw,wif;rK:rld of;(2939)xkd if(2365BC)aO Okwf:phmuGK,bof./
qof;ckefumifyAefauK.aw,wif;aO qof;zSef,vd efwh:tkyf.yld if,uGK, ]]22}}wlefwif:Nd if
yD <avK:yD <(644)yD <sv; ymefapKcrf:qkrf:eh. qlof;bkd ef:bmof:sw.sw.ehbof./ ymefeef.qif,
vh;Mif.oK; ymefwh:bkd ef:ehbof./
aiaaa..aa.a,(1122a 250-BC)
ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;(Chou)eh. szoh.rD :Omrfymef
(1)rld if:qof;ygwf:wluf: 1122 xkd if 771 BC
(2)rld if:qof;ygwf:tguf, 770 xkd if 426
(3)rld if:qof;ygwf:tguf, 425 xkd if 250-BC
(ymefwh:uof;rld if: trf,eef ymef yAefOkd uf:vlif )
(4)ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:wluf:(1122-BC)e[:ymefeef. ckefapKcrf:ud efrld if:uGK,(12)yD <bof./ ymef
apKcrf:wh:rld if:qof;eh. qof;apKcrf:Od lofoAif:olif. tefyAefvkuf;qof;Old ofolif. aw,wif;yAefrK:rld of;yD <
(1122-771-BC)eef.bof./ ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:e[:rld if: OSefOhm:oAif:qmef:eef.bof./
ugyf;zkif:Od efxrf:qof;yK:eh. b[,pSif:eK,sv; tkyf.irf:qgwf,uGK,eld of rld if:wh:rld if:sc, ul;wD ;
ul;vS efbof./
qof;Old ofolif.eh. rD :vkuf;vmif:erfaOwK.auK; tefykwf;wd efwmifrkd of:ref:qof; tef
xkd ifqd uf:xkd ifqgrfeh.yAef qof;Old of oAif:olif.ulnf:bof./

21

qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. rD :yef,nK,yhm:tkyf.irf:vkd of:vifeK,sv; ymefrld of;eef. wh:rld if:
qof;cof uGK,wkd uf:wh:rld if:vkd of:qif,sy.vh;vD imrf:aO xd if:omef;rld if: qof;apKcrf:qof;vD imrf:bof./
wh:rld if:vkd of:eh. ugyf;trf ,vh;pmif;pS ef:oh.auK;yld if,ekd if;? ugyf;pSif:Okd uf: trf,imrf,uefauK;yld if
ekd if;sv; vh ;Okrf:Okd uf:wh:rld if:qof;cofbof./
qof;ckefOd lofoAif:olif.eh. rD :wmif:N.b[,wmif:pefuGmif;aOtrf,uK: - yAefzl;uwf:cSef,eK;
umef zhm,tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:vD auK.ekd if;sv; ymefeef. rD :qkd of;OA ifb[, vkd of:Nifsw.sw.? vhm:
tkyf.irf:yef,nK,ref:qof;eef. wSrf;yAef yyf.yAefzkd ef tofOgifyefulef:omef; ul ef:rld if:P;yAef
yuf:yld if]]vhm:bld if;}}bl,bof./ yyf.tefref:qof;wSrf;oh. wmif:erfqld of:eef. tefuBK.cSef,eK,yld ef ;
eef. yAef yyf.tefqkd of;ckef vD sv; vgif;vhm:yluf:ygifomef;rld if:eef .bof./ yyf.qld of:eh. ckefrld if:
wif:erfcoftgefuefbd yf:uSrfrK: ymefz[ymefref:eef.bof./
yuf:yld iftefref:qof; oh.yAefvgif;euf:vkd uf.vrf,eef.yAefyuf:yld if wK,awOkd yf,y[.vlvgrf
wlnf: qld of.cld of:Nd ef:bof./
e[:yuf:yld ifeef. wSrf;oh.oK; qld of .cld of:apKcrf:cof rD :oh.yAefymuf,yhmeef. awK,qlof;vkuf;
ymefvmefOkd yf,wmrf:vmrf:uefawtrf,vh;yefphmvhmxSif; vgif ;ekd if;Orf. cld of:z[cld of:ref:awvh;tof
uefoK; yK:uefyAefawtrf,vh;sw,eK;Nd ef:qgrf:ulef:wmif,cld of:eheef.bof./
aa.aa.aa,aa.a,a_.
ayK:yAefcld of:Nd ef:tefvAofuef ul yf.ul;yAefNd ef: pAef:P;cld of:ild ef;z[ref:sz;erfvh;bl,?
e[:ymifcSuf,awvh ;ekif;clof:OD vSif P;rD :qld of.vld wf;pmefehbof./
aa.aaa,aia.aa a.a.
e[:yuf:yld ifeh. ulef:wif:vhmawvh;rD :q[ cmofO[zld uf,qkd ef;sv;rD :Od ef xrf:TwK:aO pAwf:
Omif;umefimef:ul;vgif;vgif; pAwf:vD vh;vD pAwf: phm.vh;phm.tefoK;eef. awvh;bkrf,brfbd yf:wkd of:ul;
auK.ehbof./
a,' a,sa,:
uyf:uhmvlnf; vgif ;'if;si;xkif:qmrf, zhm,zK,OK,aO]]qof;ckef}}pAwf:oh .yef eif,Nd ofulef:
rld if:awvh;rD : wmif:N.rD:rhmrD ; arKtofukif,OaI,omef;rld if: qld of.cld of:quGK,eef.bof./
aw,tofumefvl ,? umefOmif;? umefuK.? umefchm? umefulyf.ul;Mrf:Ogifqld of:eef.bof./

22

a,i.ma.a a.
e[:zgif:irf:zSef,vd efref:qof;eef. rD :oh.rld if:Nuf:rld if:bof.? e[:uK;Nuf:rld if:eef. rld if:z[
rld if:ref: tkyf.irf:ugef:acKugh:z[ugh:ref:? ulnf:uK; - zl;tkyf.yld if,omef;rld if:eef. yAefqof;apKcrf:
auK.vld uf;uAyf:wmif,yefbof./
vhm:eh.vh;oK; rld efuefwif:vhm;tk yf.yld if,rld if:vkd of:eef.bl, vh;pef eif,ehbof./ e[:rld if:
cofab;rld if:rld if:eef. zl;tkyf.irf:rld if: rD :rld efeif,yK;w[;eh.bof./
(1)uSrfrld if:vkuf;qof;apKcrf:(Prince)
(2)uSrfrld if:qgrfOkd uf:vlif(Duke)
(3)uSrfrld if:zhm,yhm:rld if:ul;yld ifyld if(Marquis)
(4)zhm,qgyf ,xwf:omef;rld if:(Ohmvyf .)(Earl)
(5)zhm,zef,wK,id kef:wgif:(Viscount)
(6)apKcrf:ugrf;zhmygifumef(Baron)
a,aa.a,a,a a.
vgif;oK;qef.eK;umef z[b[,aOz[eheef.rD :oh.Ohmpmif.(OhmqK,yK,)OD ,pK;bld if;bof./ qof;
zSef,vd efOrf. pwf.Ohmpmif.vld ifsv; yK:wif:wkrfOSif? qld of:bl,yK;w[;eef. Orf.O[,wkrf,OSifcAof
eef.bof./ omef;tld if,tefvAuf.qld of:eef.sw. qof;zSef,vd ef qSuf,sz vkuf;vmefref:qof;
tkyf.irf:ugef:arKpif:ugh:bof./ ymefrld of;eef. vuf;ref:qof;auK. tefvh;tofykef ;zgef:zhm,xwf:
qgyf,tld if,rld if:(Earl)eef. vh;uGK,tkyf.yld if,xkd ifrld if:(Chosen state)qof;OSeftefyA efrld if:ulof:ID :bK:
rld of;vAofeh.bof./
ymefapKcrf:]]rld if:qof;}}eef. ugyf;yld of;wrf:omif:yuf:yld if uK.chmuyf:Okd yf,eguf;rld if:sv; 'd if;
xkif:omef;rld if:yAeftefckd ef;b[,uwf :bAefsw.sw.bof./ qof;uSrfrld if:tefvh;uGK, tk yf.xkd ifrld if:ulof:
ID :bK:eef. qkd of;oK;(Ki-Tse)qof ;chm:Old ofehbof./
yK,pAof ;Omif:cSif: qof;chm:Old ofeh. wkd uf.ukd wf:rD:oh.bl,e[:tld if,]]olif.bmif:}}rld if:ulof:ID :bK:ygwf:
eld ofeef.ehbof./

23

ohm:aOeef. xkd ifrK:rld of;(1115)xkd if (1079-BC)eef. vkuf ;qof ;apKcrf:Old ofOAif:olif.
vh;ykwf ;wSef:apKcrf:rld if:qof;bof./ ymefvkuf;qof ;eh.auK; trf,vh;Okuf.vh;bkif;sv; wluf:wS rfwluf:
abK;yld ifv[eif,uof,/ bif:vh;uyf:Okd yf,eguf;rld if:xSif;rld if:ekd if; tefMif.]]rld if:tK,emrf,(An Nan)}}
rld of;vAofyAef]]oAif:uSofoSwf.emrf:}}? qkrf:uyf:Okd yf,oSwf.emrf:cof bif:tofqmif.zld uf,rK:bkd ef:wgef;yef
qof;cd if:olif.(Cheng Wang)apKcrf:rld if:qof;ugef,bof./
qof;cd if:olif.eh. vh;eif;apKcrf:ud efrld if:uGK, wif:Nd if(37)yD <bof./ ohm:aOeef. wif;
tof(1078)yD <vkrf:vkrf:? qof;zSef,vd efwh:pof:Okd yf ,ykwf ;pmif;wS ef:apKuefrK: rD:(5)wlefrld ef
eif, seoh.yK;w[;eh.bof./
apKcrf:wh:wh: rld if:qof;ymefeef.J
1.qof;umifolif.(Kan Wang) 1078/1053-BC 26yD<
2.qof;olif.(Chao Wang) 1052/1002 51 yD <
3.qof;rl,olif.(Mu Wang) 1001/947 BC 55 yD<
4.qof;ckefolif.(Kung Wang) 946/935 12yD <
5.ckefthm;olif.(I Wang) 934910 25 yD <
aia.a,
ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:sw,wif;tkyf.irf:rld if:wh:rld if:sc,rK: pmef.awK,yD <(BC-856)ayK:vkuf.
ymefrld of;vAofeyf.uGK,awrD : (2,000)yD <yhmrld of;ymefapKcrf:cdif:(Chin State)eef. sc,cofrK:bl,
Oof:vlnf ;wh: e[:rld if:umefOl;(Kan Su)zgif:eef.wh:auK.yAefzl;tg efNof erf:eK;sc,bof./
sc,cofoK;cofyAefulef:rK:r[,(New born Chinese)ehbof./ ulnf:uK;oh:vkd ef:rK: sc,cof
tlrftkd eftofwh:rld if:vkd of:e[:tld if,Noferf.sv; Nsz:aObof.? Okd yf ,Ohmvld wf;uefehsv; tofwh:
bAefyAefsc,uGK, oK;ehbof.? wif:tofymefapKcrf:olif.wD (Wang Ti)rK:apKcrf:wh:auK; vh;bAef:
yAefapKcrf:sc,uGK,aO sc,cofwif;yAefapKcrf:sc,(Nofykd if:)tgefwmif:Okwf:oK;ehbof./
First Generation Emperor
Some authors misunderstood the real fact and misrepresented their
statements that in about 850 BC.(about 2000 over year ago)the Chinese (New
Born Chinese)came to establish themselves in Kan-Ss. Afterwords Chinese

24

started aggressions upon the Tai who had their original homes (Lo State)in Ho
Nan and Hu-Peh.
acK;uGmrf:yK;eld ofeh. vh;pefrK:e[:yyf.(The Chinese Classics)ykdef:sc,tefzl;wSrf;
vd uf;(Jame Legge)wSrf;oh.e[:eK;vd uf;(110-111)eef.bof./
aiaaa.a,. aa.a,a.m a,[ma,[aa.aa (770-BCa426-BC)
ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:tguf, trf,eef rld if:ckefOld ofeh. qof;apKcrf:]]ykd ef:olif.(Ping
Wagn)}} sw,wif;rK:aObof.? yAeftefrld if:b[,ulef:ukd ef: sw.sw.eefaOwK. ugyf;rld if:
bl,pd rf:Mrf:cof rK:wkd uf:tofrld if:uAif:tmef: trf,eif rld if:OSefOhm:tefyAefoAif:apKcrf:wh: wh:rld of;
ymefugef,eef.sv; apKcrf:wh:pof: vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,eh.bof./ apKcrf:sv; oAif:wh:pof:auK;'h:rh;
ySwf;rlwf:rlwf:oK;ehbof./
rld of;ymefeef. ugyf ;oK;wh:apKcrf:rld if:qof;ygwf:wluf:rK:wd uf:awK:rld if:qof;apKcrf:ygwf:tguf,
sv; ymefapKcrf:rld if:qof;ygwf:tguf,auK; Okwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, rld of ;yD <(706-BC)eef.aObof.? ohm:
eef.xkd ifrK:yD <(696-680-BC)eef. qof;olif.cmh.apKcrf:wh:uGK,wif;e[:ykd ef.umifNoferf.aO ckd ef:
sr:aw,wif;yluf:yAef apKcrf:wh:rldif:qof;(ygwf:umif)vSuf;vhm;yAef rld if:ckefOld ofxSif;ehbof./
acK;Oif/ /ymefrld of;eef. sc,cofrD :bl,e[:rdlif:umifOl;? oAif:apKcrf:cofOrf. yAefoAif:
]]emef,ylof(Nan Po)}}ehbof./
ymefrld of;eef. qof;zSef,vd efwh:pK;qof; vh;Okd yf,ykwf ;ud efrld if:ckef Old of rD :eif,yK;w[;
eh.bof./
1.qof;phm:olif.(Hi Wang) 681 xkd if 677-BC 5 yD <
2. qof;ohm:olif.(Hwei Wang) 678 xkd if 652-BC 25 yD <
3.qof;Omifolif.(Siang Wang) 651 xkd if 619-BC 33 yD<
4.qof;cd if:olif.(King Wang) 618 xkd if 613-BC 6 yD<
5. qof;cGmefolif.(Kuang Wang) 612 xkd if 607-BC 6 yD <
wif:pK;qof;rK:avK:uef (75)yD <

25

ymefrld if:wh: ]]rld if:ckefOld of}}eef. ugyf;oK;omef;rld if:uwf:bAefOld of:OK,rK:sv; vd uf;vhm:?
'd if;si;wh:auK; vh;pefckd ef;Omif.ckd ef;OkifrK: swsw.oK;oK;? ymefrld of;eef. zl ;rD :yef,nK,wh:auK;
erfukd ef:rK:sv; yef,nK,wmif:arKwh:auK; cdkef;b[ ,qgrf:rK:sw.sw.oK;oK; rld efeif,yef ,nK,zhm,
vlof,Olif'D (Philosophy)quGK,eef.bof./
cl:arKvlifqof;wSrf;tguf, yAefyyf.yAefzkd efeh. rld efeif,vgif;oK,wK.pd efwl,(Hindu's
Bramanism) quGK,eef.bof./ cl:arKvlifxSif;auK.ekd if; qkd of;oK;(ulef:qld of:)ayK,rK:rld of;yD <(551-
BC) uld wf,e[:rld if:wh:vkd of: tld ifOmifwif;eef.aObof.? eif,Nd ofulef:cld of:wh:awrD :wmif:arK erf
ukd ef:rK:eef. wSrf;yAefyyf.yAefykd ef:]]zhm,vlof,Olif'D }}eef.oh.erfeSef,? qld of:tefvkd of:vifeK,
eef. yAefzkd efyyf.tefwSrf;vg if; ]]xkif:'d if:ulef:pK;yld if}} Five Human Relationships
eef.bof./
vld ofeef. qof;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qld of:}}eh.qgh;xSrfumefyhm:yefyef,nK,vgif;ekd if;wSrf ;
oh.zkd efvd uf;uBmrf: rD:eif,eif,yK:w[;eh.bof./
yyf.vd uf;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qld of:}}wSrf;oh.sv; tefqgyf,Oguf ;vSrf:pKpefurf;zgif;-
1.ckefrld if:sv;ukif,OaI,(King and Subject)
2.xkif:qmrf,vgif;ayK;sv;vkuf ;(Father and Son)
3.uyf;yld ifuyf:Okd yf,yD :sv;egif.(Borther and Brother)
4.olwf;TwK:zlofsv;sr:(Husband and wife)
5.vhm:wd wf:awK,tlnf:vD uef(Friend and Friend) yAefqld of:eh.bof./
uyf:uhmvlnf;vgif;yef ,nK,zhm,qK,Id uf.wK. OgefwlofOgefq[qld of:eef.auK; wSrf;tguf,oh.
Oif,Ogefulef:wif:vhmbl,rD :wif:erfbof./ rld efeif,yef,nK,qK,Id uf.wK.tefMif.oK;Two
principle article subject eheef. rD :rld efyK;w[;eh.bof./
CHUNG=to conform with righteousness in quality or character.
SHOO=to show forgiveness in spirit or conduct.
wD ;ygif,vSif:
(u)cGmif}} yef,nK,vhm:wK,awuBmif.urfqgrf:xrf: P;wlofq[uwf.cSef,/

26

(c)Ol;}} yef ,nK,zkd uf:pwf:q[zld uf,qkd ef;cmofO[sv; rD :wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;vD /
e[:yyf.cGmef? Ol;Ogifyyf.eh wSrf;oh.aq:sw.sw./
vhm:uBmif.urfqgrf:TwK: rld efeif,yK;w[;eh.oK;-
(1)P;rD :q[aq,weK,vD
(2)P;rmef,rS ef;qgrf:xrf:
(3)P;rmuf;rD :vD yAef
(4)P;wmif:pAwf:wmif:uBmif.vD
(5)P;rD :q[ed rfsv; yghomif:cGmif:yef eheef.bof./
ayK:wlnf:vgif;qld of:tef vmwf;rK:bof.qld of:eh.sw. vh;pefymef wh:rld of;eef. rD ;zl;
uwf.cSefzK,OK,vd uf ;vhm:sv;cl:arKvlif zl;wSrf ;vd uf;erf ,bl,aOtrf ,uK: - vgif ;vd uf;vhm:'d if;si;
auK; yAef tefckd ef;b[,qef.Okif ckd wf:qgrf:umyf;ymefbl,eheef.bof./
(rld of;ymefeef. wh:awq[.vd uf;sv; uGmrf:vmwf;qld if.Nd ofeheef. zl;uwf.cSefcof vD
OggufpKsw.sw./ zl;wSrf ;vd uf;/)
rld of;ymefapKcrf:wh: rld if:ckefOld ofeef. ugyf;oK;ulef:N.ulef:arKvd uf;vhm:erfsw.sw.sv;
omef;rld if:cld of:ulef:qmof:wh: yAeftefb[,rmuf;ckd ef;Okifsw.sw.bof./
aiaa.a a.a[ma,[aiaaa..aa,aa.425-BC/250-BC
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rld if:qof;(wh:wh:rld if:ckefOld of)vl.vSof uGK,aO qof;zSef,vd efwh:
pof:eh. ugyf;yld of ;trf,xd if:vh;tl pSif :zgif:irf: ]]tSrf,zK,bK,(Empire)}}sy.vh;sv; apKcrf:wh:vh;
wSuf,bhm;yAefoh. uof;rld if:bof./ ymefeef.ugyf ;zgif:irf:ulnf: z[,ulnf :ref:sv; vh;Mif.oK;]]ymefwh:
uof;rld if:}}trf,eef zgif:eef. ugyf;wh:eif,uef pd rf trf:emwf;uefaO uofwkd uf:r[: r[:zef:uof
pAwf:eefsv; ]]ymefwh:Okd uf:rld if:vlif}}ehauK;Mif.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tefyAefugef ;yAefvkif:? zSef,vd efwh:tefyA ef zgif:irf:tefvAof
(Empire)eef. tofvl.phmwSuf,bhm;uGK, rld of;yD <(425-BC)eef.eh bof./

27

ymefwh: wh:uof;rld if:eh. yAefrld if:awK,rld if: trf,eefapKcrf:awK,apKcrf: pAwf:Okd uf:ql:
uef pd rftrf:emwf;wif:cld of:pd rfcgyf,erf.vSefvd efuefsv; Orf.ayK:yAefOkd uf:yA efOld of tleftlef
arK:arK: Orf.ayK:qgwf,uGK, ul ;wD ;ul ;wmif:ehbof./
ugyf;ehsv; qof ;zSef,vd efwh:wh:(awyAefqof;apKcrf:qof;qhm:olif.wD ,)ayK:trf,xd if:sy.
vh;sv; vh;wSuf,bhm;uefySwf;rlwf:eef.bof./
vgif;ref:sw. - ugyf;uSrfrld if:vlifNuf:rld if: tefrD :e[:zSef,vd efapKcrf:wh: rld if:ckefOld of
eef. z[trf,xgrf,z[wkd uf:uefzef:uefsv; wh:vh ;wSuf ,bhm;uef yAefwh:uof;rld if:(KUO)trf,
eef wh:Okd uf:rld if:vlif(Warring-State Period)rK:ehbof./
e[:qgrfOkd uf:vlif tefqkd of;OAif b[,qld of:eef. szrD :oh.Omrfymefbof.? e[:Omrfymef
eef.-
1.ymefxlef;ekd if;(12)wlef
2.ymefxlef;Ogif(5)wlef
3.ymefxlef;Omrf(7)wlef rD :rK:eif,ehbof./
qgrfOkd uf:vlifqld of:eh. erf.uwf.wmif:cSef,cofqrf.-
1.uSrfrld if:zl;tgif,eld ofOkd uf: Nuf:rld if:Powerful Marquises
2.uSrfrld if:zl;tgif,Okd uf: wif:omef;wif:rld if:Martial Prince
3.uSrfrld if:zl;tgif,Okd uf: e[:rld if:apKcrf: Herolic Lords oK;ehbof./
e[:Omrfymefeef. xkd ifrK:ymefvkd ef:Okwf: ymefxlef ;Omrfeef. apKcrf:rld if:Old of? rld if:
bkd ef:? rld if:cd if? rld if:ohm:? rld if:pmef? rld if:wif;? rld if:vkd of:? rld if:vghsv; rld if:wlif;qld of:eh. szyAefoh.
uof;rld if:qld of:eh.bof./
e[:uK;qof;uSrfrld if: qgrfOkd uf:vlif qld of:eef. qgrfOkd uf:vlifcld of:cdif:? cld of:Old of? cld of:Omif?
cld of:olif.cofqof;qld of:eh. rD:qdkof;rD :OAif vkd of:vifNifNef; vgif;uwf .cSef,sw.sw./ e[:qgrfOkd uf:
qof;qld of:eh. qof;cld of:cd if:eh. rD :trf:emwf;tefb[,aOyld ef;ehbof ./ ugyf;ehsv; qd kof;ref:qof;
oK; ]]cd if:Old ofOmifolif.}}ehbof./

28

qof;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.yld if,rld if:OD ,rld if: rld of;yD <(307)xkd if(254-BC)eef.aOwmif:Nd ifref:
rD :uGK,(54)yD <bof./ qof;yK:eh. yA efqof;teftk yf.yld if,eld of rld if:wh:rld if:sc, urf:vkd ef:Okwf:eef.
ehbof./
ohm:eef.xkd ifrK: ymefqof;apKcrf: ]]cd if:Old ofqmif.olif.}}eef. ugyf;oK;ckefsv;ulef:rld if:
z[auK;yK:oK,OK,eK,wmif:Olifzhm,Okd uf :eK,sv; eif,Nd ofpSif:Okd uf:awukd ef:pSif:uSef,cSifeef. rld if:z[
rld if:ref:tgefMrfpSif:Okd uf:aO pmif;pSef:oh.z[ref:bof./
ugyf;yAefymefOkd uf:ymefOld ofsv; zl;uwf.cSef,zhm,Okd uf:cof ayK,rK:rD :rK:erfsw.sw.? ymef
eef. zgif:rld if:vlifrld if:Old of]]ckefol if.qhm:}}wSrf;oh. ]]vhm:pmif;pSef:Okd uf:}}ehrD :oh.uyf:ykd ef:pmef.eh.sv;
vh;oK;ulef:wh:ymefeef. qef.Okifbl,ehbof./ ymefeef. yAef ymeftefqgrfOkd uf:vlifcof bd yf:
trf?emwf;zgif:irf:omef;rld if:bof.? qof;zSef ,vd efsw.yAef qof;zSef,vd efsepmif;ref:ugh:eh
bof./
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(378)xkd if (369-BC)ymefqof;apKcrf: qof;wD ,olif.eef. rD :cl:arKvlifwh:
xSif;qof;ekd if; qkd of;oK;]]yl ,ugef:qkd of;}}ehaO bl,e[:tld ifrld if:Omifwif;cl:arKqof;eh.wSrf;oh.vd uf;erf
sw.sw.? yyf.vd uf;ykd ef:sv; yyf.vd uf;]]yuf:yld ifvgif;wmif:uBmif.wmif:urf}}eef. yAeftefrD :qkd of;
OAifsw.sw.bof./ yyf.zkd efeef . yAefpmuf;b[,wD ;rhmwgif: ]]tkyawulwf:rhmsv; yef ,nK,wmif:N.}}
cld of:wh:rld if:ymefeef. sw.sw.ehbof./
e[:yyf.eef. wSrf;Oif,oh.oK;-
1.P;cwf:q[pKyef,nK,wmif:N.wmif:arK
2.P;N.pefqld of.b[,pmuf;TwK:rmef,
3.P;qgrf:tofyuf:yld ifcl:arKvlif
4.P;qgrf:OAef ;wmif:cl:arKvlif]]rif:qkd of;}}ehbof./
rld of;yD <(320BC -138BC)eef. rld if:Old of? rld if:Ol;? rld if:qof;? rld if:pmef? rld if:ohm:? rld if:
bkd ef:cofNuf:rld if:eh. zgrf.Nrf;pSif:Okd uf:uefaO rK:wkd uf:awK,rld if:cd if:ehbof./ ulnf:eK,pSif:Okd uf:rld if:
cd if:ref;uSef,eK,sv; cofwkd uf:trf,sy.vh; rld if:cd if:? qof;zSef,vd efrld if:cd if:vh;vrf:zgif:rld if:vlif
auK.teftgefNof yld ef;rK:wkd uf:eef. tguf,yhm;omef;rld if:ref:uGK,ySwf ;bof ./
e[:zSef,vd efwh:uof;rld if:ymefeef . rD :oh.ckefrld if:apKcrf:(7)wlef? ugyf;uof trf,xkuf,r[:
r[:trf,rSef;uofvh ; urf:urf:pd rftrf:emwf;qmuf;uef yefvgif;Okuf.bkif ;tlefuof:wkrf.wld of.qof;zSef ,
vd efsw.sw.ehbof./

29

zgif:rld if:vlifauK. tefqof;zSef,vd ef]]cSef,cd if:olif.}}vkd yf;vrf:ref:tguf,rld if:eef.
ref:yAeftefq[vrfeK,aObof.? uGK,Olef:wkrfqof;apKcrf:tgef,coftefukd wf:Nuf:rld if:cofauK;xgrf,
tofuGmrf:Olef:wkrf zgif:rld if:vlifOl;cd if:eef.aO pAwf:vd uf;uAefuSef , zgrf.Nrf;vkuf.zd kef.oK;ehaO
bof.? qof;ckefzgif:rld if:vlif pAwf:Nofyof;]]xK,eK,xd yf.ywd }}rld if:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:rld if:eef.bof./
zgif:eef. zgif:rld if:vlifqefckd ef;r[, e[:rld if:cd if:Orf.tofvhm;vd if.qgrf:bK.qgrf:uof: P;
rld if:Nrf;wkrfNuf:rld if:cof vl.vSofwSuf ,bhm;ySwf ;bof./
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(312BC)e[:Nuf:rld if:eef. rld if:Ol;xgeftguf,ySwf;cofaO ukd wf:oh. Old of?
pmef? ohm:? bkd ef: pK;rld if:ulnf:bof./ ohm:eef.cofpK;rld if:eh. cgef;pSif:aObof. rld of:wd kuf:awK:rld if:cdif:
xSif;urf:ekd if;bof./ eefaOwK.auK; ugyf;pSif:Okd uf: rld if:cd if:vh;pmif;pS ef:oh.yef;uSef,eK,sv; tof
rld if:zgrf;Nrf;cof wluf:Okrf:uGK,ehbof./
xkd ifrK:yD<(317BC)eef. Nofyof ;rld if:Nrf;wkrfuef vh;egef:az:uGKaOsv; tofrld if:
zgrf.Nrf;pK;rld if:cof wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,aObof.? ohm:eef.xSif;xkd ifrK: rld of;yD <(214-256BC)eef.
e[:zgif:(59)yD <eef. qof;apKcrf:rld if:cdif: ]]ckefcmefolif.}}tofpSif:Okd uf:aO uGK,wkd uf:awK:Nyf;Od rf:
tofrld if:pmefsv; ulef:rld if:cofwhmOD ,rkd ef,(40,000)yhmbof./ ohm:eef.Orf. wkd uf:tofrld if:qof;xSif;
sv; ulef:rld if:cofwhmuof;rkd ef,(90,000)yhmbof./
urf:eef.qof;zSef,vd ef emef olif.Orf. vgrfulofqgrfOkd uf:vlifrld if:cd if: teftgefuGK,
wkd uf:Od rf:zSef,vd efwmrfwloftguf,yhm;rld of:Mif. tofOkd uf:tefud kwf: Omrfrld if:qld of:eef. rK:wkd uf:qgrf
Okd uf:vlifrld if:cd if: tefyAefvkuf;qhm:qof;eef. cdkef:ehbof./
ulnf:uK; Okd uf:qof;zSef ,vd ef qof;emefolif. trf,tgif,vh ;aO vh ;wluf:Okrf:egef:az:
uGK, e[:ymifOkd uf:eef.ehbof./ ugyf;qof ;zSef,vd efemefolif. vh;ud efrld if:uGK,(59)yD <aO egef:
az:uGK,sv; vkuf ;qhm:qof;tefyA efqgrfOkd uf:vlif rld if:cd if:eef. Okdyf,ykwf ;wD ;bl, qof;zSef,vd ef
uGK,bof./
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(356-250 BC)eef.qof;wkif:ckefvh;ckd ef:yAef qof;apKcrf:rld if:cd if:bof./
ymefeef.oAif:apKcrf: rD ;zhm,tguf,Noferf.? ohm:eef. qof;wkif:ckefeh. wef:vh;tkyf.omef;rld if:(7)
yD <ugh:aO - vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;qhm:qgrfOkd uf:vlif rld if:cd if:wkd uf:zd kef.Od rf:toftrf:emwf; ref:qof;
aObof./
e[:rld if:vlifuof;rld if:eef. rld if:vlifqAwf:rdlif:cofeh. pmif;pSef:wK,wkd uf:awK: Nyf;Od rf:tof
trf:emwf;ref: ukd rf:wK,yAef qof;apKOSif e[:zSef,vd efwh:uof;rld if:eef. z[z[ref:ref:bof./
e[:qAwf:rld if:eef. z[auK;trf,xk uf,rSef ; qof;qhm:rld if:cdif:sv; cofqof;Nuf:rld if:qif,zgrf.pSif:uef

30

ref:uSef,aO rK:wkd uf:zkd ef.rld if:cd if:sv; yguf;eh. qof;rld if:cdif:vh;Okrf:Okd uf:yefcofqof;Nuf:rld if:
bof./
wif;tofyD <tefrld if:cd if: vh;Okrf:Okd uf:rK: Nrf;uefaw,wif;apKcrf:wh:]]wh:vkd of:}}xSif;eh
bof./
aiaaa.. aa.a. ma, ai.aa.a,/aa. 224 BC.
xkd ifrK:yD<(224BC)eef. ohm:aOrld if:cd if: vhm;wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof.eef .auK; trf,awwif;
ref;vh;Nd ofyAif:q[? vh;szvhmbhm;uef yAefuGK,Ogifrl,Ogifqkrf:oh.bof.? rld of;ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:
wh: chm.uGK,wif;e[:rld if:OD ,ckrf.bof.? qof;uSrfrld if:vlif rld if:vkd of:yAef zl;tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:ehbof./
ohm:aOOd kuf:rld if:vlif bAefogwf;uGK,bof.eef. ulef:wh:cofvh;cmrf,wmrf,Okd uf:rK: erfNd ifeK,
eK,sv; tofqmef;vgif ;Okd uf:uGK,aO tgefuefbl,uwf:bl ,bAefz[ ref:ulnf:sv; omef;rld if:auK;
tlef;elef:wSrfabK:uGK,sw.sw.? ugyf;z[auK;c[;bl ,uwf:bl,bAeftrf,pAwf:Okd uf:pAwf:Old ofsv; qif,
sztguf,uefoh.yAefOgifrl,Ogifqkrf:eef.bof./
1,qkrf:tgefwmif:]]wh:rld if:wlif;}} wh:qld of:teftrf,ch;zmwf,wD ;bl,uof, wD ;Oof:rgef,eef. tgef
uefukd wf:cmif.bl,Omif;ud efOof: e[:rld if:uof,e[:vd efuof,cd kef:qld of:eef. Mif.oK;wh:rld if:wlif;bof./
wh:vkd of:(Lo)qld of:eef.sw. wh:vkd of:blef:tefbl,e[:tld if,zl;cSef,(Lo Yuan in Fu Kain
District.)
2.wh:vkd of:ykd ef: tefbl,e[:tld if,bl,erf(Lo Ping in Yun Nan District.)
3.wh:vkd of:ql: tefbl,e[:tld if,bl,erf(Lo Yzu in Yun Nan District.)
4.wh:vkd of:pmof; tefbl,e[:tld if,ul nf:cAof(Lo Huo in Kwei Chew District.)
5.wh:vkd of:qmif; tefbl,e[:tld if,uGmif:OD <(Lo Chang in Kwang-si)
6.wh:vkd of:ySif tefbl,e[:tld if,uGmifwif;(Lo Pang in Kwang Tung)
7.wh:vkd of:wkd ef: tefbl,e[:uGmifwif;(Lo Ting in Kwang Tng)
awK,xkd ifrld of;eh. wkd uf.ukd wf:rD:oh.bl,e[ :rld if:wh:oAif:vlifqld of:eef.aO wkd uf.vh;pefvmwf;
uGmrf:wh:bl,bof./

31

qkrf:Ogifwh:qld of:eef. trf,xkuf ,rSef;uefwif: qof;apKcrf:rld if:cd if: qld of:rD ;q[teftrf,
c[;cmrf,bl,cmrf,yAefulef:omef;ulef:rld if: tefbl,yK;w[ ;rld if:cdif:eef.aOsv; tgefuefyK:uefchm.uGK,
e[: rld if:Noferf.? uGmif:OD <sv; uGmifwmif;eef.bof./ ohm:rK:qkrf:eh. cofcdkef:wmif,qkd of;cofoK; ]]wh:
rld if:vgh(Hilly Tribes)}}ehbof./
ohm:aOeef. tgefuefchm.uGK, wmif:ygwf:qmef:Noferf.aO uGK,aw,wif;apKcrf:wh:oK;
]]Od yf:Ogifql.wh:}}eef.xSif;bof./ wh:qld of:eef.yAefrK: qld of.cd lof:wh:sv;vmof: rld of;ymefeh.bof./
wh:qkrf:eh.yAefwh:qld of:tefOof:rK: e[:rld if:qmif.olqArfrld if:(2255-2206BC)eef.bof./
vgif;wmif:iof;ykd ef: tefulef:wh:vh;cGhm.yhm;eh. awrld of;ymefckefapKcrf:wh: qof;OD olif.wD ,
eef. ugyf;yld of;ckd ifOmif;pmif;ygifwK,omef;rld if:ref:qof; P;ckd ef;b[,qgrf:ymefeef.bof./
(wD ;wSuf;)ckd ifOmif;pAwf:OSef;wmif:vlif rld if:awK,rld if:uGK,rK:pKuefsv; ckd ifOmif;pAwf:auK,
wif;zKurf,ySif:vlif tef yAefcld of :vlifuGmif;vSefvd ef tefqkd of;OA ifvkd of:aOyld ef: e[:vluf ;eh.
eef.bof./
umefqld of:eh.ugyf;oK; vh;toftAefpSef:ulef:erfeK,tK:vK: yD <ygif:ref:auK; Nd ifeK,sv;
ulef:omef;rld if:cof trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefsv; trf:emwf;qof;zSef,vd efaO qif,vh ;tgefuefchGm.
wD ;ud ef tguf,omef;tguf,rld if:uefbof./
zKurf,ySif:vlifeef. wmif:bmof:rD: OgifpAifpK;ymuf,(2500)vuf:aO wmif:eKwmif:uGmif;
ref: cD ,rK.OmrfwloftSefsc.uef eld ofref:vh;vD vD ehbof./ ugyf;oK;tofpSif:ulef:aO pAwf:Oif;sv;
ulef:rld if:vh;vl.vh;whm/ ugyf;eK;umefeh. tmef,Nofbmefrld if:uGK,bl, e[:rld if:tK,erf? OD ,ckrf.? ulnf:
cAof Omrfrld if:eh.bof./
zKurf,ySif:vlifeh. vh ;yluf:wif;rld of;(215BC)ymefqof;apKcrf:OD ,olif .wD ,(Shih Wang
Ti)sv;qgrfOd kuf:vlifrld if:OSef(General Meng Tien)ehbof./
ymefeef. ugyf ;ulef:rld if: trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefckefaO tgefuef Omefcwf:ckd ef: urf;
zgif;auK; tguf,yhm;bmefomef ;rld if:uGK,uefsv; qof;zS ef,vd efq[vrf aO xmif,xld rfzd wf:eld ofulef:
omef;ulef:rld if:sv; vh;wD .ngyf:pSrf whmySwf; ulef:N.ulef:vuf:e[:rld if:erfqof;bof./
vd uf;vhm:yhmay,zkd efuBmrf: wmif:N.wmif:pefwh: tefzl;uwf.cSef,cofwSrf;oh. qld of:eef.
auK; tofqkwf,'h:zof'h:ySwf;erfeK,eK,? ugyf;eh vd uf;vhm:sv; zl;arKvd uf;cld of:wh:ymefeef.
vh;vl.vh ;Okrf: ugyf;qof;zSef,vd efwh: OD ,olif.wD ,erfsw.sw.bof./

32

ohm:vkd ef:vifrK: vh;ukd wf:cmif.oh. cld of:ulef:wh:eh.vhmvhmulnf:aO Okd yf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK:
yAefwh:xh: - wh:vmof:ymefeh.bof./
ohm:aOwh:Nuf:rld if: tefyAefcld of:apKOSifapKcrf:ymefqof;OSifcAofaw,wif;rK:rld of; (2512-
2435BC)eef. ulef:cld of:vh;tg efuef tguf ,bmefwD ;bl,aO yh m;rK:bl,qgrf: Oefvghsw:ukif:
e[:xld ef,e[:vgh tefMif.uefoK; wh:rld if:vgh(Hilly Tribes)ehbof./ awwif;yAefuof ;ql.wh:eh
bof./
ymefrld of;yD <(224BC)eef. ugyf ;oK;sc,wif:wh: vh;qAyf:q[wD ;uef aO wSuf ,bhm;uef uGK,
sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; wh:pof:vh ;Mif.cofoK; ulef:bl,wD ;wSrf ;wD ;yAif:(Plateau)ehbof./
aiaa,.. ._a.aa. a,a ,aaa,..
rld of;ymefeef. qld of.cld of:wh:rD ;qkd of;cld of:oh.vhmqkd of;-
1.rd of trf,eef rmof: (Miao or Meow)
2.bmof: (Yao)
3.vhm: (Lai)
4.ref; (Man)
5.b[, (Yi)
6.zl: (Fu) (Lu) (Leu)
7.wkif: trf,eef uGmif; (Tung or Chang)
8.vmof: (Laio or Lao)
9.cD , (Khi or Kho)
10.vkd of:vkd of. (Lo-Lo)
11.el.b[, (Nu-yi or Kiu-yi)
12.ckefqhm: (Chung-china or Lung China)

33

e[:qld of:eh. Mif.uefaO vh;szuefzmwf,bmefuef yAef uGK,Omrfrl,qkrf:-
1.cld of:wh:erfqof;(Nan Chao)
2.cld of:wh:xh:(Tai-Thai)
3.wh:b[,(cld of:wh:vlif) (Tai Yai)
aiaaa.. aa.,aa.
rld of;ymefeef. qof;rSrfrld if:qof;rldif:cdif: tgefNofaOapKcrf:wh:vh;chGm. wD ;rld if:vkd of:rkd ef.
umif,uGK,awwif;e[:rld if:OD ,ckrf.eef.bof./ qof;apKOSifOD ,olif.wD , tofwif:pSif:Okd uf:(600,000)Nuf:
OSefvld ofaO uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tofrld if:Old of(Naz:-Noferf.)tld if,bl,erf ygwf:qmef:uGmifOD ? uGmifwmif;?
ulnf;cAof? ygwf:Mif,sv; rld if:vkd of:qld of:eef.bof./
ohm:eef. qof;rSrfrld if: rld if:Odlofsv; rld if:vkd of:cof Nrf;ygif:uefaO uGK,awwif;apKcrf:r[,
wD ;e[:tld if,OD ,ckrf.eef.ehbof./ ugyf;eh ymefapKcrf:wh:rld if:vkd of: vh;ogwf:ohm:uGK,eef.bof./
aiaa.,ma,[,aa.,[
1.ckd ifOmif;aw,pAwf:wmif:vlifOkd yf,yg if:uef e[:Nuf:rld if:sv; ulef:rld if:wkuf.bmuf;cmefq[sw.sw.bof./
2.q[P;zgif:rld if:vlif(3000)vkuf.wD ;wK;ukefphm:(Kuan Hi)(rld of;vAofrD :e[:tld if,wD ;bd ef:Oef, (Ti
Yin San)ygwf:qmef:)cD ,Nof:uGK, wmif:tguf,Okd of;Ok ofwK, uGK,qgyf,pKOguf;vSrf:]]bK;bK}}trf,xof;trf,
whmehbof./
Omrfzl:auK; uGK,xkd ife[:ukefumiferf. Orf,rkuf;wIK,yqD .zd uf.aObof.? uGK,pAwf:IaO:? I
pmef:bl,wD ;ukefbD ;ykef.sv; aw,omef;aw,rld if: trf,ckd ef:rK:ql: qof;zSef ,vd efaOyguf;ehbof./
3.Omrfolif.ulef:zhm,Mif.cof urf:urf:rK:wkd uf:rK:awK:sv; wK,awuSwf,sc,ap.if;omef;rld if:eef. q[P;
qgrfOkd uf:vlif qof;rld if:OSif tgefNofyluf:wif; zKOmif.urf,ySif:vlif(The Great Wall)tefbmof:
vuf:ygif:(2500)OgifpAifpK;ymuf ,? Okif(12)? xkd if(29)ay,eef.bof ./ P;pAwf:O[ ,yK:]]wS yf.cAif,Okif}}
(Tower)wK,y[.bmrf:rkif;wlnf: Owf:sv;zl;cAefeef.bof./
qgrfOkd uf:vlifrld if:wAef:(trf,eef )rld if:OSef(Meng Tien)eh.yAef zl;arKauK,Omif;
(Engineer)e[:cld of:wh:ymefrld of;eef.auK.ekd if;bof./

34

4.(214BC)ckef apKcrf:OD ,olif.wD ,olif.oK; yef,nK,wmif:arKtefpAwf:P;ulef:wmif:vhm uwf:bAef
eef.aObof. Orf.awwkrf.wld of.trf:emwf;qmuf;ref:qof;eef. ref:qof;pmrf;ySwf;zof'h:ySwf ;
urf;erfbof./
ulnf:uK; vd uf;vhm:? yef,nK,tef uyf:uhm,vlnf ; vgif;bK;bKsv; 'd if;si;qld of:eef.sw.
trf,yK:eif,uof? yefOgefyef wSrf;yd kefsz;bl ,ehbof./
5.cl:arKvlifcofsv; zl;arKwmif:arKvlifcof(4600)OD ,pAifNuf:ymuf,auK. vh;cmrf,wmrf,whmref:qof;aO
vh;Okrf:tOmuf ;uGK, wif:vd yf:wif:vSifySwf ;rlwf:bof./
6.vkuf;qhm:vlifref:qof; qof;ckefqld if:auK; ugyf;rD :oK,OeK,wmif:Olifzhm,vd uf;vhm:sv; ref:qof;
xmif,zd wf:aO yefwmrf,wluf:cguf;ySwf;bof./
7.(210BC)rld of;wkd uf.uGK,qgyf,xwf: e[:oAif:OSefOhm:eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;ulef:puf.qld of.qmwf;cof
rgwf,ySwf ;tOmuf;ref:qof;uGK,sv; vh;OAif ;umrf,egef:az:uGK,aObof./ qof;zSef,vd efolif.wD ;eh.
sc,cofyefqkd of;ref:qof;oK;(Ur Tsu)ehbof./
ohm:aOOD ,olif.wD ,OAif;umrf,uGK,aObof. xkd ifrK:yD <(209-207BC)eef. zgif:rld if:vlif
qof;uof; yD ;thm;qgrfOd kuf:vlifzl;Ol;tefyAef vkuf;OD ,olif.wD ,ckd ef;tkyf .irf:omef;rld if:bof./
ulnf:eK, ymefqof;uof;eh. trf ,wef:vh;tk yf.rld if:vD vD ? ugyf;oK;(OD ,b[,)vmefqof;OD ,
olif.wD , tefyAefulef:qrfq[ ref:qof; ckd ef;uBmrf,tOmuf;ref:qof;sv; vh ;OAif ;umrf,uGK,aOeef.
bof./ ohm:aOymefqof;OD ,olif.wD ,eef. apKcrf:wh:eif,uef ukrf,pd rftrf:emwf; wD ;eif;uefbl,
ulnf:aO Orf.rSef ;rld of;rld if:cd if:trf,rD :sv; rld if:Old of? rld if:pmefcof Ogifrld if:rh.Mrf:uefaObof. rK:
wkd uf:awK:Od rf:ySwf;rld if:cdif:sv; ymefapKcrf:rld if:cd if:wif:ymefrld if:OD ,olif.wD ,auK; vh ;Okwf:phmohm:rgwf,
uGK,e[:yD <(220-204BC)eef.bof./
aiaaa..iaaa.(220-204 BC)
1

rld of;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:e[:rld if:wh:wif:erf vh;wSuf ,bhm;uef yAef OmrfwD ;oh.-
1.wh:rld if:olif.?

1
ymef apKcrf :wh:(Omrf rldif :)eh. zl;wSrf ;ydkef :]]cdif :O[(Chen Shou)}}wSrf ;oh.rldof ;yD< 225-297A.Deef .bof ./ ]]qkdof ;cG mef qldif (Lo Kuan Chang)}}auK;wSrf ;rhmoh.
ykdef :apKcrf :wh:(Omrf rdlif :)eh cSrf .vSyf ;eK,sv; zl;wSrf ;ykdef :cof ayK:vh;uSyf :tof vhm:wSrf ;ref :bl,bof ./ C.H Bre with Taylor ul ef :rldif :oef :wluf :auK.ekdif ; auK;
ydef ,wSrf ;zhm,tif :udwf .oh.oK;]]ykdef :wh:trf ,eef vkdof :}}ymef rld if :rldof ;eef . wSrf ;oh.oK; vh;pef sc,sv;wh: wSuf ,bhm;uef uGK,aO zgif :wh:vh;oh.wD;bl, wD;uef wD;erf .wD;vdef
yAef ohm:]]ymef Okduf :rldif :vlif }}sv; ymef wh:Omrf rldif :eef .bof ./


35

2.wh:rld if:Ol;?
3.wh:rld if:ohm: ehbof./
ohm:aO ymefapKcrf:rld if:cdif:wSuf,bhm;uGK,bof.eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: qof;vD wh:(Chao
Lieh Tai)aw,wif;yAefrK:apKcrf:wh: rld if:Ol;ehbof./ qof;vD wh:eh.
yAefzl;tgif ,Okd uf:(Hero)auK.ekd if;bof./ ref:qof;sv; wif:qof;cGmefqld if:qgrfOd kuf:vlif
zl;tgif,Okd uf:wif:vhm Nrf;Mrf:uef aOsv; wkd uf:Od rf:tof apKcrf:sc, e[:rld if:pmefvh;xSif;bof./
urf:eef. qof;vD wh:bluf.bgif;wmif,tofckefurf.vhm;trf,eef ckef rif:yAefzl;rD :uGmrf:N.
(zl;OrK,xD .)aOsv; tofref:tgefNofpmif;pS ef:Okd uf:ulef:rld if:bof./ ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:sc,
rld if:pmefvh;bl,yK:w[; qof;apKcrf:wh:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:qof;vD wh:rld if:pmefeh. apKcrf:ref:qof;
rD :wD ;e[:oAif:cSifwlof e[:rld if:OD ,ckrf.eef.bof./ ohm:aO ckd ef:awwif;apKcrf:bof. OmrfyD<tgeftof
Okd uf:rld if:vlifaO uGK,wkd uf:awK:apKcrf:rld if:olif.cofbof./
uGK,wkd uf.sy.rld if:olif.ehaOwK.auK; vh;Okrf:nmef,apKcrf:rld if:olif.sv; vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:yD <
eef.bof./ wef:vh;ud efrld if:OmrfyD <ulnf:bof./ ohm:aOqof;vD wh:rdlif:Ol;OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.? e[:yD <
(222-262BC)qof ;apKcrf:qof;pmof;wD , ykwf;wD ;eif;apKcrf:wh:rld if:Ol;bof./ qof;eh.ug yf;ref:
qof; wkd uf:auK.vAuf.bl,sv; zgif:rld if:vlifckefurf.vhm:yAef zl;OrK,xD .aO vh;tkyf.ykef;zgef:tkyf.
irf:omef;rld if:bof./
ohm:aOqof;pmof;wD , ckd ef;yA efapKcrf:bof. yD <eef.qof;rif:pmof;apKcrf:Ol;rld if:olif. - rK:
wkd uf:cgyf,erf.vSef,vd efref:qof;(pmof;wD ,)wD ;tld if,ygwf:qmef:bl,erf sv; tld if,rld if:tgefurf;zgif;
tefrD :w[;apKcrf:wh:bl,Okif tefrD :e[:ygwf:qmef:rld if:OD ,ckrf.? rld if:bmefuof;? ulnf:cAofygwf:qmef:
cSef;rld if:ukefrld if:cofOmrftld if,Omrfrdlif:eh. Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:zl;cAefapKcrf:rif:olif.eef.bof./
teftrf,zgrf.qgrf:sw. yAefrld if:bkd ef:qmif; yofOmef;bl,erf yg wf:qmef:olif.umifeef.
bof./
zl;ugef:tld if,bl,erfauK; cmrf,awK,Ol;wkd uf:awK:sp.uif;omef;rld if:bof.? ulnf:eK, oAif:wK;
vD yof:Omef;ygwf:qmef:eef. rmif:pmof;rld if:olif.Od rf:tofySwf;bof./ ohm:eef.ckefref:tefyAef
qgrf:Okd uf:zgif:rld if:vlif tgefzkd ef.vrf:wkd uf: zl;cSef,rif:pmof;sv; rif:olif.vh;Okrf:Okd uf:aO vh;
cmrf,wmif:wD .ngyf:wD ;e[:ymifOkd uf:wK;vkd of:Ohm:zhm,tguf,Noferf.clif:eef.bof./ ulnf:eK, ohm:vifrK:
ckd ef:ygh,ckd ef:bl, eif,uof,bof./
ohm:aOqof;rif:pmof;rld if:olif. vgwf;tguf,uGK, e[:rld if:ckefrif: rd lif:yof:Omef;bof./ qof;uGK,
bl,zhm,wluf:erf.clif:aO ckd ef:pif;pSef:Okd uf:wK,wkd uf:awK: zl;cAefphm.bof./ rld of;yAefygh:wkd uf:uefzhm,

36

tguf,clif:eef. ulef:Okd uf:zhm,yof:Omef;cof vh ;xkuf ,wmrf,emofeluf.sv; vh ;vl.Okrf:uGK,wif:erf
bof./ wK;vkd of:Ohm:eef. rld of;vAof rD :e[:qAifMif,oef:wluf: rld if:yof:Omef;eef.bof./
ckefrif:eh. ugyf;vSef,uBK.eK;vd efsv; tgeftofOkd uf:cmrf;erf.clif: zSofuGK,e[:rld if:olif.
trf,eif rld if:rif:aO wkd uf:awK:tofrld if:olif.wh:bof./ ohm:aO wkd uf:sy.rld if:olif.wh:bof.eef. cdkef:
wkd uf:ygwf:wmif:vif qgrf:Omyf,erf.clif:eef.sv; rld if;ymefyAefymifOkd uf:rld if:olif.sv; rld if:yof:Omef;
eef. Mif.uefoK;Okd uf:Omyf,erf.cl if:ehbof./
qof;rif:pmof;auK; ugyf;vh;Okrf:rld if:olif. yefckefrif:rld if:yof:Omef;sv; vh;qgrfOlif ,ckef
rif:cof xkd ifrld if:yof:Omef;aO qif,ckd ef:rK:omef;rld if:uof,bof./
rif:pmof;eh. yAefapKcrf:wh:? rld if:wh:? rld if:vghtefbl,wD ;rld if:bl,erf aO cGhm.uGK,wD ;rld if:olif.
ygwf:qmef: ugyf;umefOkuf.bkif; qof;olif.wD ;eef.bof.? ymefyof:Omef;eh. yAefymefrld if:Ol;? rld if:
wh:e[:ymefwh:Omrfrld if:eef.bof./
xd kifrK:yD<(262-AD)eef. apKcrf:rld if:ohm:(Wei)pmif;pSef:Okd uf:OgifiK:aO uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:
tofrld if:Ol;sv; Od rf:tofapKcrf:qof;pmof;wD < ymefapKcrf:wh:rld if:Ol;auK; vh;ogwf;ohm:phmuGK,aO zgif:
eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:pmof;wD ,auK; vh ;ud efrld if:(40)OD ,Od yf:yD <bof.? tofOAif;umrf,uGK,aObof.? cld of:
apKcrf:ref:qof;auK; Okwf:OAif;uGK,bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:rld if:Ol;auK; vh;bkd ef:bmof:uGK, qlof;(98)yD < rD:apKcrf:ud ef:rld if:uGK,Ogifqof;
bof./
ugyf;Oifsv; wh:vh ;cGhm.tguf,yhm;wD ;bl,uof , rK:bl,zhm,ygwf:qmef:vK,ehqkd if trf,qkd of;sv;
oK; Okrf:Okd uf:aOyhm;tguf , rld if:rK:trf,qkd if;? tgif,Okd uf:sy.Okd uf:bl,aOwK. ugyf;oK;trf,ch;Okuf.bkif;
umefrld if:umefwkd uf:awK:uefaO c[;bl,wmif:uwf:bAefeef.sv; qif,vh;vlif:rK:bl,xkd ifwD ;sr;erf.
clif:wD ;tefwh:pof:bl,rld of;vAofeh.bof./
ymefeef. wh:pof:ph,ugifph,rgif:aO wkd uf:Okd uf:eh.bof./ ugifcAwf,(tefbmif:cofq[.bl,rld of;
vAofeh.)yAefugifckd ef;Okd uf:wh:pof: rld of;ymefeef.ehbof./
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,bof.eef. apKcrf:wh:rld if:Ol; vh;vlif:rK:aw,wif;
apKcrf:wh: rld if:ohm:e[:yD <(262-AD)eef. xSif;urf:ekd if;eh.bof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:pmif;wD ,cld of:
apKcrf:wh:rld if:Ol;eef. vh ;yAef Okd uf:tefqgrfOkd uf:vlif qof;ckef vhm:sv;ckefrif: wmif:ckefOmrf

37

tld if,Omrfrld if:cofawK,Ol;wkd uf:awK:uefeef.bof./ ohm:vkd ef:rK: cofOgiftld if,eef. vh;Okrf:Okd uf:
sv; omif:cld if;yefqof;ckefrif:rld if:Ol;ehbof./
aiaaa.. aa.ai.(220-264 AD)
ymefapKcrf:cd if:(AD 265-419)cld of:qof;apKcrf:Ol;yK:ygif:(15)yK: wif:pkd ifyD<ygif:(154)
yD </
ymefapKcrf:ohm:(AD 220-264)qof;apKcrf:Old of'h:ud efrld if:wmif:pkd if(46)yD </
ymefapKcrf:wh:rld if:ohm:eh. yAefwh:qld of:tefukd wf:oh.bl,e[:rld if:OD ,ckrf.? bl,erf? ulnf;cAof
sv; rld if:wlif;cof aw,wif;yAef rK:bof./ yd uf.Orf.oK; vh;wluf:wmif:bmuf;cmefq[aOwK.auK; ugyf ;
trf,c[;zmwf, wD ;bl,wD ;ud efuof ,sv; tlwf:bld ef.cmrf,bl,yAefqgrf:umyf;ymefrld if:rld of;eef.aO zgrf.
Nrf;uefaw,wif;yAefrK:omef;rld if:bof./
qArfrld of;ymefolif.wD , cld of:vkd ef:rld if:cd if:eef. ukd wf:bl,e[:omef;e[:rld if:aO cmrf,wmrf,wmif:
bmuf; wmif:zmefcmefq[aObof. zgrf.uefpmif;pSef: wK,wgyf,wSef:ckd ef:Odkuf:vkuf.zkd ef.(aw,wif;
yAefOkd uf:rluf:)bl ,bof./ eif,pkd ofomef;rld if: awvh;vgwf;vSof:eef. cwf:q[O[,pSif:sw.sw.bof./
ohm:eef. cofNuf:rld if:zgrf.Nrf;uef aw,wif;yAef rld if:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;(Six Chos)aO
tkyf.omef;oh. wmif:vgwf;vSof:pif:z[pif:ref:bof./
rld if:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;wh:qrf.-
1.rld if:rif:ph:qof;(Mang Hi Chao)
2.rld if:cdif:Omifqof;(Chien Sang Chao)
3.rld if:wld if:Omrfqof;(Teng Shan Chao)
4.rld if:yD<qhm:qof;(Che Chai Chao)
5.rld if:qhm:vlifqof;(Shi Long Chao)
6.rld if:rif:Old ofqof;(Meng She Chao) yAefNuf:rld if:ehbof./
rif:Old ofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh. rD :wmif:qmef:rld if:bl,erf(Yunnan)(rld of;vAof
Mif.oK;)rif:Nof(Mung-Hua)rD :zhm,tguf,rld if: yof:Omef;(Pao-Shan)/

38

rld if:erfqof;(Nan-Chao)ehauK;Mif.(qof;tefbl,zhm,qmef:)oK;eh bof./
AD. 660-674
ckefapKcrf:tefpAwf:ckefwD ;rld if: rif:Old ofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh.Mif.oK; qof;rif:
qhm:el.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)oK;ehbof./ ref:qof;eh.yAefcld of:Nd ef: rif:(Mung)ref:qof;
tofvkuf ;bd if:cld if;Nd ef:CGmif(Chang)cofatK;/ ayK;emif:bd if:Orf.yAef ckeftkyf.tld if,(Prefect of
Chien Ning)ehatK;/ ref:qof;egef:az:(whm)uGK, rld of;yD <(AD 674)eef.bof./

AD. 675-711
vmofOSifbkd ef: (Lo-Sing-Yen) ckd ef;apKrK: ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;rif:qhm:el.zl;
(Mung-Si-Nu-Fu)aO tk yf.yld if,eld of rif:Old ofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)/
AD. 712-727
OSifvmof'h:(Sing-Lo-Pi)ckd ef;apKrK:? ref:qof;yAefvk uf;qof ; vmofOSifbkd ef:(Lo-
Sing-Yen)ref:pmyf,yefeK;umef vlifpif:qof;olif.sv; qof;ol if.bgef:cGmif(Yuan-Chung)
rld if:wif;(Tang)yefref:qof; tld if,vd eftefekd if;? tefrD :zhm,qmef:aq;cgef(Sye-Chuan)
eef.bof./ Orf.tmyf;yefqkd of ; OAifvD tefMif.oK; wh:wd ifomif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)eh.bof./
a, a.
1. qof;olif.bgef;cGmif(Yuan-Chung)(qof;olif.rh mqAwf:)(7)rld if:wif;(Tang)qkd of;ref:qof;
eef. rD :xSif;tefekd if;? Mif.oK;wif;rld if:olif.(Tang-Ming-Wang)ref:qof;eh. rD :wmif:OlifoK,
OeK,vgif ;uK;wmif:phm,sw.sw.? ref:qof;vld uf;tof ulef:ekrf ,tgef ,(300)auK.aO Ogef yefvgif ;
uK;wmif:arKbl,bof./
2. vgif;bAef si;tefyluf.wd ef P;vAuf.rK:eef.? ayK,zkwf:yAefrK:ymefqof;olif.eh.bof./
vkuf;bd if:qld of.cld of:ulef:vlifcofulnf:vh;yluf.wd ef? qld of.cdlof:teftrf,q[;qld of.qof;qld of.ckefeef.trf,
vh;yluf.wd efehbof./
AD. 728-747
'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)Mif.oK; rif:clnfbD ;(Mung-Kui-Yi)eef. yAefvkuf ;wh:wd if
omif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)bof./ xkd ifrK:(AD 734)eef. 'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)wkd uf:tofrld if:

39

pK;qof;aO pAwf:ckef? tofrld if:wK;vD pAwf:rld if:iof;vlif? rD :e[:bl,erf/ ckd ef:wmif,qkd of;rld if:tefr[,
Mif.oK; wK;rld if:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)aObof./ qof;'h:vmof uof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)ud efrld if:pkd ifuGK,
(20)yD <bof./
a, a.
qkd of;rld if:tefoK; wK;rld if:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)eef. sw,qK.Mif.rld of;yD <(AD.738)/
xkd ifrK:(AD 794)qkd of;rld if:vh;uGK,aO ckd ef:Mif;oK; erfqof;uof;(Nan-Chao-Ko)ehbof./
AD.748-779
uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)ckd ef ;apKrK:? ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;vmofuof;(Lo-Ko)ayK;
ref:qof;egef:az:uGK,aOref:ckd ef:cdkef;yA ef ckefapKcrf:rK:bof./ ref:qof;eh. uwf.cSef,zhm,
vgif;wkd uf:Okd uf:? yefref:qof;eh. qkd of;OAifwK;rld if:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kao)rD :ukif,rD :rkefrK:ulnf:aO
trf,uK: cdkef;auK;ckd ef;b[,r[ ,OkifrK:sw.sw./ ref:qof;tkyf.rld if:uGK,(32)yD <bl,bof./
AD.780-795
bD ;rkd ef:Od ef(Yi-Men-Sin)ckd ef;apKrK:? ref:yAefvmefqhm:qof; uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-
Lo-Fung)bof./
vkuf;qhm:uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)tefMif.qkd of;oK; zlif:Ohm;bD ;(Fung-Chia-Yi)
eef. egef:az:uGK,sv; auK.yA efvmefbD ;rkd ef:Od ef(Yi-Men-Sin)qif,vh;ckd ef;apKrK:xSif;zof,
ekd if;bof./
qof;olif.ac, tefMif.oK;td rf,yK,bK,xSuf.cGmif(emperor-Tech-Chung)(rhm10)pyf.Nrf:
ckefwh:qof;bD ;rkd ef:Od ef(Yi-Men-Sin)aO yefqkd of;OAefr[,Mif.oK; erfqof;olif.(Nan-
Chao-Wang)eh bof./ ug yf;ehsv; qof;bD ;rkd ef:Od ef(Yi-Men-Sin)vhm;qkd of;rld if:ref:qof;P;
Mif.oK;erd qof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)ehbof./ qof;bD ;rkd ef:Od ef(Yi-Men-Sin)tkyf.rld if:uGK,
(16)yD <bof./

a, a.
vkuf.wD ;ymefckefapKcrf:eef. uGK,rld of:eK;? qkd of;rld if:wK;rif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kou)tef
yd ef,Mif.uGK,erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kou)ehbof;/

40

AD.796-812
Od efuof;cAif;(Sin-Ko-Kian)ckd ef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rld if:uGK, 17 yD </
AD.813-818
cAif;vmofOd ef(Kian-Long-Sing)ckd ef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rd lif:uGK,(6)yD </
AD.819-823
cAif;vhm:OSif(Kian-Li-Seng)ckd ef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:qof;eh.yAefegif.qhm:tgef,
qof;cAif;vifOd ef(Kian-Lung-Sing)ref:qof;tkyf.rld if:uGK,(5)yD </
AD. 824-858
pif:qAof:(Hung-Jew)ckd ef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rld if:uGK,(35)yD </
AD.859-877
xSef;vif(Tien-Lung)ckd ef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? xkd ifrK:yD <(AD.870)wlofref:qof;cD
NofOkd uf:aO uGK,wkd uf:tofaq;cg ef(Sye-Chuan)aO Od rf:tofrld if:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof.?
ref:qof;tkyf.rld if:uGK,(19)yD </
AD.878-902
vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)Mif.oK;'K.(Fa)ckd ef; yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? xkd ifrK:(AD.881)
qof;olif.rld if:wif;(Tang)(rhm 19)tefMif.qdkof;oK;td rf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)vlif:
rK:wkd uf:tofrld if:aq;cgif(Sye-Chuan)e[:rld if:wh:uGK,? qof;wh:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)vh ;ild if.tguf,
uGK,wD ;oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof ./
ohm:aOwyf.Okd uf:qof;olif.td rf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)ckd ef:rld of:uGK,bof.qkd if
qof;wh:pof:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)ckd ef:Od rf:oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)yguf;Ogif? qof;olif.ac,cof
trf,ckd ef:rK:wkd uf: ugyf;omef;rld if:wif;(Tang)wkd uf.Okuf.oh./
a, a.
xkd ifrK:(AD.902) umyf;omef;ymefrld if:wif; (Tang)(ymefckefapKcrf:auK.vkd ef:Okwf:)
yAefoh.eif,ehbof./

41

qif;olif.rld if:wif;(Tang)tefMif.qkd of;oK;vhm:cSuf, bmif;(Li-Kek-Yang)eef.rD :vkuf;
uAyf:auK.ekd if; Mif.oK;vhm:cld if;Olnf: (Li-Chuen-Sui) ref:cD ,NofOd kuf:aOuGK,wkd uf:tofoAif:uAif:wl
(Cheng-Tu)e[:rld if:wh:/ wkd uf:uBmrf:sw.sw.? wyf.erfqof;(Nan-Chao)wluf:Okrf:uGK, b[,b[,
erferf cld of:Nd ef:rif:(Mung)teftkyf.yld if,erfqof;cof (Nan-Chao-Kuo)auK;tofcmwf,uGK,rD :
eif,ehbof.? ckefapKcrf:wh:tkyf. rld if:erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)uGK, 165 yD </
AD.907-939
ymef(AD.907)awK,xkd ifymef(AD.939)eh.Mif.oK; ymefrld if:ehg.pK;rld if:bof.? The
Five Li Hle Dynasties qkd of;rld if:pK;rld if:eh.qrf.-
1. vSwf,wKvSif:
Latter Liang
Ndif 16 yD <
2. vSwf,wKwef:
Latter Tan
Ndif 13 yD<
3. vSwf,wKOSif
Latter Tsin
Ndif 11 yD <
4. vSwf,wKpef
Latter Han
Ndif 4 yD <
5. vSwf,wKqof;
Latter Chou
Ndif 9 yD<

53 yD <

AD.903-927
cGmifrhql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckd ef ;yAef ckefapKcrf:/ ohm:aOrld if:erfqof;uof;(Nan-
Chao-Kuo)vluGK,/ cGmif,rhmql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckd ef;yAefckefrK:? ref:ckd ef:Od rf:tof omef;
uof,rld if:vif? ckd ef:sr:wmif,qkd of;rld if:oK; wK;Okd ifNofuof;Ta-Siang-Ho-Kuo aOtk yf.rld if:uGK,(25)
yD <bof./
AD. 928
qof;OSefOAef;(Chao-Shan-Chen)ckd ef;yAefckef apKcrf:rK:? ref:pd rftofwD :bl,ckef
apKcrf:e[:rld of:Nd ef:cGmif(Chang)cof Mif.oK;wK;wAef:pd efuof;/ Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo ref:vh ;
tkyf.rld if: yD ekd if;? tlnf:auK.ref:tofref:whmbof./
AD. 929-937
bmifumef;OSif(Yang-Kan-Chen)ckd ef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? bmifumef;OSef (Yang-
Kan-Chen)pd rftofwD ;bl,ckefapKcrf:e[:rkd of:cld of:Nd ef:qof;(Chao)aOtkyf.rld if:uGK,(8)yD </ vhm;
qkd of;rld if:uGK,Mif.oK; wK;bhekd if;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo.)/

42

AD.938-1094
wld ef:qkd of;ykd if:(Tuan-Sze-Ping)ckd ef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? pdrftofwD ;e[:rkd of: wK;bh
ekd if;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo)cofaOtkyf.rld if:? vhm;qkd of;rld if:Mif.oK; wK;vD uof;(Ta-Li-Kuo)cld of:
Nd ef:wld ef:(Tuan)coftkyf.rld if:uGK,(157)yD </
a, a.
bmrf:eef.wD:rld if:sc,eh.yAefohm.ymefrld if:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmqSef ,22)(AD 960)ymefOgif;
(Sung)eh ,szoh.Ogifwgef ;
1.wgef.Mif,Northern SungNd if (166)yD <
2.wgef;qmef:Southern SungNd if (152)yD < ymefOgif;? (Sung)wgef;Mif.ohm:vkd ef:eh. Ten
Latei period of Northern Sung was named as "The dark age of the Sung
dynasty"Mif.oK;ymefOgif;(Sung)vyf:Od if,/(vyf:Od if,tefoK;eef . ref:ygif,oK;tlef ;tgef ,?
ref:trf,rD :pSif:? ref:trf,ckd ef;b[ ,? r[,O[Oifsv;vh ;Mif.oK; ymefvyf:Od if,bof.)ymefeh. ckefapK
crf:cofauK;trf,rD :erf.wd eferf.rkdof:Oif? wmif:N.auK; trf,erf? wmif:pefauK;trf,uGmif;? ckefapK
crf:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmySwf ,sv;rhmuof;Mif.qkd of;oK;tlnf:cGmif(Hwei-Chung)sv;cd ef;cGmif;(Kin-
Chung)ehbof./
AD 1095-1096
uof;OSifwh:(Kao-Sheng-Tai)ckd ef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:pd rftofwD ;bl,ckefapKcrf:
e[:rkd of:cd lof:Nd ef: wld ef:(Tuan)cof? vhm;qkd of;rld if:Mif.oK; wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chang-Kuo)ref:tkyf.
rld if:uGK,(2)yD </
AD1097-1253
wld ef:cGmifOmef; (Tuan-Chang-Shun) cdkef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ohm:aOuof;OSifwh:
(Kao-Sheng-Tai)egef:az:bof.? wld ef:cGmifOmef;(Tuan-Chang-Shun)ykwf;tofwD ;bl,
ckefapKcrf:aO ckd ef;Okd yf,cld of:Nd ef :wld ef:(Tuan)cof? ref:bK.ySwf;qkd of;wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chung-
Kuo)aO ckd ef:wmif;qkd of;r[, Mif.oK; wK;qD .uof;(Ta-Ji-Kuo)cdlof:Nd ef: wld ef:(Tuan)coftkyf.
rld if:uGK,Nd if(157)yD </
wld ef:Okd if,Old of(Tuan-Shing-She)eh. yAefzl;tkyf.rld if: wK;vD uof;(Ta-Li-Kuo)
ymefvkd ef:bof.? ckefrkef,ulof:(Mongol)tefMif.qkd of;oK; NyD ,vhm:(Hu-Pe-Lei)tefeef.uk yf:

43

vhm:crf:(Kublai-Khan)auK.tefsw,wif;cld of:rld if: bgef;(Yuan)eef. (Li-Kuo)qof;wld ef:
Od efOhm(Tuan-Shing-Shi)trf,sy.vh;aO vh;tmyf;omef;rld if:uGK,sv; wld ef:Od efOhm(Tuan-
Shing-Shi)auK; q[trf,vD aO egef:az:uGK, tofrld if:wK;vD (Ta-Li)wh:pof: wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof./
Old if,wd lif:rdlif:vliferfqof;(Nan-Chao)eh. tof,cld of:Nd ef:Nuf:Nd ef: tkyf.yld if,rK:wif:Nd ifrD:uGK,(515)
yD <bof./ cld of:qof;apKcrf:wh: e[:Nuf:Nd ef:eh.(AD738)awK,(AD1257)eh. yK:rD :rld efe[eif,
yK;w[;eh.bof./
AD
cldof :Ndef: qkdof;rldif: yD<Ndif
738-793
(Mung)rif: (Ta-Mung-Kuo) wK;rif:uof;
56 yD<
794-902
(Mung)rif: (Nan-Chao-Kuo) erfqof;uof;
109 yD<
903-927
(Chang)cGmif (Ta-Sing-Ho-Kuo)wK;rif:uof;
25 yD <
928
(Chao)qof; (Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo)wK;wAef:Nd ifuof;
1 yD <
929-936
(Yang)bmif (Ta-Yin-Ning-Kuo)wK;bdef :ek d if;uof;
8 yD <
937-1094
(Tuan)(a)wldef: (Ta-Li-Kuo-{former})wK;vDuof;
175 yD<
1095-1096
(Kao)uof; (Ta-Chung-Kuo)wK;cGmifuof;
2 yD <
1097-1253
(Tuan)(a)wldef: (Ta-Li-Kuo)wK;vDuof;
152 yD <
Total
525 yD<

a, a.
1. (BC 2205)bl,erf(Yun-nan)eh.Mif.oK; vld ifcAof(Liang-Chew)ehbof./ rld of;ymef
ckefapKcrf:Okd yf,pK.(Ha-dynasty)eef.rD :rld if:wh:pof: Mif.oK;rld if:bl.(Yu)ehbof./ Od kif,wld if:rld if:
bl.(Yu)eh.w[;ref:rD : rld if:uof;rldif:? e[:uof;rld if:eh. rld if:bl,erf(Yun-nan)trf,eef rld if:vld if
cAof(Liang-Chew)eh. yK:rld if:ekdif;bof./
2. rld of;(BC 249)awK, (BC224)eef. (rld of;ymefqof;(Chou)qrfawOkwf:aO ymef
Od ef(Chin)qrfawsw,eef.)? rld if:Old of(Tso)sv; rld if:Od ef(Chin)wkd uf:uefpSif:sw.sw./
rld if:Old of(Tso)Okrf:uGK,? Nofpmef vlifrld if:Old ofOl;eif;uA of(Tso Chunang-Kiao)vkuf;wD ;ulnf;cAof
(Kwei-Chew)aO Okwf.rld of:ckd ef:uGK, rld if:bl,erf(Yu-nan)Nofpmefvlif cGmif,cAof(Chang-
Kiao)rK:pAwf:ckefapKcrf: wD ;rld if:bl,erf(Yu-nan)ehbof./ rld of;eef. qof;apKcrf:rld if:Od lof
(Tso)wluf:Okrf:uGK,e[:rkd of:rld if:Od ef(Chin)cofbof./ ugyf;ehsv; rld if:bl,erf(Yu-Nan)eh. rld if:
wAef:(Tien)ehauK;Mif.bl,bof;/ qkd of;eh. Mif.ulyf:egif.wAef:(Tien)tefrD :e[:bl,erf(Yu-
Nan)eef.bof./

44

aiaaa..aa.aa,(650AD)
The Chao on the South or the Southern Provinces
ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;rK:qArfrld of;ymefwh:uof;rld if:(1253 BC)ulnf:uK;ymef
eef. yh,yK:yAefomef ;yAefrld if: tefref;uSef,? xkd ifrK:yD < (650AD)qif,vh;aw,wif;yA efomef;
yAefrld if: tefref;uSef ,bof./
ugyf;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAeftef Nd of;Nd if:yld if:O[xSif;zofekd if;sv; td rf,
yK,bK,wh:auK; b[,uGmif;uGK,sw.sw./ rld of;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:yAef qof;olif.b[,(Wang Yi)bof./
(The Great and the powerful)ehauK; yAefwh:sv;sc, cSef uefwK,yAefb[, sw.sw.oK;oK;
eef.bof./
rld of;ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof; wkd uf.Nd of;Nd if: e[:rld if:bl,erfeef. yA efrld of;ymefapKcrf:sc,
rld if:wif;(Thang)bof./
ymefeef. rld if:wh:qkd of;oK; rld if:wAef:trf,eefrld if:OSef(Tien)ehaO oAef:apKcrf:wh:
yAefoAif: oAif:'D ihm:(Phi Ngai)oK;ehbof;/ apKcrf:sc,cof bif:vh;rK:Omuf;cgifzmuf,(Expedition)
aOpAwf:(ally)tlnf:vD uefwif:wh:sv; bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrf;pSif:Okd uf:wh:wK,qhg;wkd uf: rld if:OmrfvSrf
ul;rld if:(Kuming Tribes)eef.ugef,ehbof./
rld of;(AD 650)qof;apKcrf:wh:pAwf:vD sv; qof;apKcrf:sc, vh;zd wf:xAifyefpKuefsv;
qld of.cld of:wh:(5000)pK;pAif vld of tefbl,ud efe[:rld if:sc,eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;cD ,eAuf:wAuf:wAif sw.
sw.oK;oK;ehbof./
zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;trf:emwf;qmuf;wh: ckd ef;OkifeK,sv; tkyf.irf:xkd ifrK:zd of:wgif,tl,
tefyK:e[:rld if:rmef;(Myanmar)rld of;vAofeh.ugef,bof./ ohm:eef. ckefapKcrf:erfqof;vh;awwif;
yAefrK:ymefapKcrf:wh:ref;uSef ,(qkd of;qof;rif:Old ofMang She)vD eK,bof.sv; td rf,yK,bK,wh:wmif:
rlwf: uGmif;cGmifeK, aw,tofwld if:rK,uK.xK.(Magada)ygwf:tguf,rld if:wD .ySwf.(Tibet)qAif,Mif,oef:
tguf,rld if:urf,ayK:qK.(Annam)qAif ,,Mif,oef:tguf , qAif,qmef: oef:wluf:xkd ifrld of: rld of:zd of:(yBL:
Pyu)bof.
rld of;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:oh.OgifwD ;-
1.pd rf:wK;vD zl:(Taili Fu)
2.pd rf:bkd ef:ckd ef;(Yung Chang)

45

a,i.ma.aa, a a.aa,
trf:emwf;tliof:qkd if;rld if:(Empire)erfqof;eh. b[,uGmif;eK,vlif vmifaOtrf,uK: Nrf;
Mrf:uef? zgrf.zAif,sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; vgif;vhm:tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:ehauK; wSef ;eSwf ;vD eK, zhm,
eld ofOkwf:rD :qof;apKcrf:qof;aOsv; tkyf.yld if,umefvlif:rK: yAefxmef;v[xmef ;eef. zhm,w[;qof;
apKcrf: rD :zl;wSef:apKcrf:zgif:rld if:vlif qof;uSrfrld if: vkuf.wD ;apKcrf:szyAefvkrf:vliftgef , zhm,v[
zhm,eef. rld efeif,zhm,Okd uf: zhm,rldif:zhm,rmuf;rD :? vkrf:zhm,ulef:rld if:oK;ehbof./
ulnf:uK; vkrf:zhm,ulef:rld if:cofeef. rD :tcGmif.Okef;vgwf ;vS of: wK,uyf:Okd yf,apKcrf: vh;
vld ofyld ef;urf:vAofbof./ rD :xSif;qkrf:ekd if; qkrf:tefeef.Mif.oK; ]]Omif;(Sang)}}ehbof./
a,ma.aa.a.a.
ulef:Okd uf:ul;auK. vh ;ekif;Old of;vSifsv;ulef bmof:? wyf.Okd uf:vlifekd if; tefrD :OD ,wyf.OD ,
qgrfaO rD :trf:emwf;pif:z[pif:ref:bof./ Okd uf:y[.sc,az:qgrf:apKcrf:-
(1)Mif.oK;uwf.Ol;(Kutsu)ygif,oK;wyf.Ohmpmif.trf,eefwyf.qK,yK,ug yf;oK;cof O[,qK,yK,vSif yAefwyf.
tefuwf.cSef,aOyld ef;ehbof./
(2)wyf.Ol ;whm(Suti)wyf.Okd uf:sp.uif; cgyf,erf.vSefvd efyK;vSof:aO awK,Ol ;vh ;ul;bmrf:eef.
bof./ cgyf,erf.vSefvd efauK; qS uf,szoh.yefqgrf: xmef;ulef:bof./ zl;ygifumefrld if:auK;vh;vd ef
(40)OD ,Od yf:wlif;atuK.ehbof./
wyf.Okd uf:Ol;whmcofeh. cofbd yf:]]umifsp.}}teftofcof;qkif,pAwf:oh.eef.bof./
(3)ulef:Od kuf:cSef,omif,qK: (Wang Tsa) trf,eef wh:oK;tef bl,oef:wluf:sr;erf.cgifeef.
uwf.cSef,zhm,wkd uf:Okd uf:sw.sw.aOtrfuK: sr;bd if:cofauK; pAwf:Okd uf:wkd uf:awK:zl;cAef vh ;bl,eh
bof./ e[:vguf:vhm:tkyf.yld if,omef;rld if:eef. rld if:ugef:acKNuf:rld if:cof pAwf:vkrf:szrld if:z[rld if:ref:
tefMif.oK;]]vkrf:sztefqD . uGmrf:N.uGmrf:vD P;ul;rld if:rd lif:}}ehbof./
e[:uK;vkrf:szNuf:rld if: ekd if;tefekd if;tefeef. rD :zl;ygifrld if:]]OrK,xD .}}zl;rD ;uGmrf:N.
ekd ofrld if:eef. Mif.oK; ]]cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)}}eef.bof./
oAif:apKcrf:wh:erfqof; oAif:wAef:trf,eef rld if:OSefymefeef. qof;rif:Old ofbl,wD ;
oAif:'D ihm:? wK;vD? wK;Nof;? wK;vD zl: qld of:eef.bof./


46

a,i.ma.aa,s, a,a. a. aa.gaa.a.g._a.a a.. aiaa,aa..[[
1.cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)
2.zgif:rld if:vlif]]OrK,xD .}}zl;P;uGmrf:N.
3.ckefrld if:OrK,xD .vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yld if,Nuf:rld if:vlif
4.vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yld if,Nuf:rld if:vlif
5.rld if:OSef? bl,erf? erfqof;? wK;vD ? wK;Nof;? wK;vD zl:
a,,a,a.s, .aii,a.ai.aa,
ulef:wh:ymefrld of;eef. vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:rD :td if,OaI,bd ef,si;ckd wf:qef.ymefulef:sw.
sw./ arKvmwf; arKqKarKbl,arKud efarKqefq[yld ef;sv; z[z[auK; ch;rK:egrf:ql:wh:sw.sw./
ymefeef. ulef:wh:qld of:tefbl,Oof:wmif:rld if:erfqof;(Nuf:rld if:vlif)sv; yAeferf.ekd if;q[vAof
uefeef. awrD :rguf;OmrfOd yf:(3)vmef.yhmyhmehbof./
clof:ekif;wmif:ohsv; wmif:uGK,wmif:chmauK; ugyf;wh:ymefeef. arKpAwf:arKawK: clof:vhm;
cld of:sz:bof.sv; tgefekif;tgef uK.chmclof:sz:eef.bof./
arK,uld ofrD :e[:tld if, ]]ukefrld if:}}sv;wh:ymefeef. arKbd yf:arKq[.wkd of:vgif;uld ofsv; ygwf:
wluf:(bkd ef:qmif;)rD :yK,rh.xld ef,vkd uf .vlif tefrD :rh.tguf,ceferfsw.sw.eef.bof./ ymefeef.
wh:arKcD ,rK. uwf.uBmif.sw.sw.oK;oK;? ymefeef.bd yf:umif,xkd ofMuf, yAefvmuf;emuf;ap.uif;erferf?
ygwf:wluf:bd kef:qmif;eef. arKcrf:auK;rD ;erfsw.sw.ehbof./
rld of;ymefeef. ayK:oK;qof;apKcrf:tguf,omif:apKcrf:eh. vh;pmif;rK.zd luf,ySwfwlofaO tof
pAwf:rif,uvK,umefvD qgrf:emif:apKcrf:bof./ Ogifzmuf,cmif;ref:qof;Orf. vh;tofclefel uf.bkif:pAwf:
qgif;rif,uK,vK,aO rkif;uif;? Orf.yK:wKrmwf,vmyf,vSof:sv; xlifyK:OD vSif teftofclefeluf.ud ef
yKpAwf:oh.eef.bof./
sr;qof;apKcrf:Orf. vh;yK:xlifclefeluf.OD rlef, sr;qof ;apKcrf:eh.Mif.oK; Od efol:
(Tsin Wu)ehbof./

47

ugifvkuf;(Nnf,)eh. Mif.qkd of;oK; ug ifcAwf,tefOkd uf:wh:coftofphm,cd kef;eK;Okd uf:
rld of;e[:yD <AD.225 eef.bof./
a,a,a,a..aa
qof;apKcrf:vh;ekif; Old of;bmof:vl if teftofeifOld ofpAwf:oh.eef.sv; yA eftefrD :
zkif:vD wlnf:wKsw.sw. zl;bd if:cofoh.Nofbgh:ihm:sc, wkd of:sy,Nysv:? OSifcAof? OSifvSifaO ekif;
clof:vhm:clof:sz:tef Omyf,rhikd ef:rhcrf:qld of:eef.bof./ ymefeef.(ugyf;yh,vh;uGmrf:Oif,OgefOK,O
eK,ykwf.xsv;)emif:bd if:cof rld of;yAefOmofsw. vgwf ;vSof:xmif,pmif;bl,aOwK.? ayK:aw,eK;Nd ef:
bof.ehqkd if zlofwhmrld of;v[auK; vh;whmqgrf:rld of;eef. rld efuvK:zmrf:cof rld if:td ef:wd bK:rld of;ugef ,
ehbof./
acK;Oif,/ /zlofwhmrld of;v[auK; sr:awvh;whmqgrf:tefoK;eef. ayK:rK:wlnf:e[:yyf.ykd ef:
cld of:wh:sv; ykd ef:rld if:wh:tefarKwSrf;vd uf; cld of:OSifwSrf ;oh.eef.sw. trf,yK:ulef:blof:blof:trf,
eef trf,q[;ykef;ulef:wif:OAif; yAefykef;wK,qof;wK,ckefsv; zl;rD ;qef. zl;rmuf;zl;rD :cof
ulnf:ehbof./


48

aia,a,
ulef:wh:ymefeef. tofolof:q[.vmuf;xhaO xhOlefeK:? auK.ekd if;bd yf:rmuf;xh auK.ekd if;
Orf.qkifolof:ehbof./ qArfqof;qA rfckef vh;pAwf:umefeK:ul;auK. ugyf;yefpSif:umefzkuf,Ogrf;sv;
cof;erf.wmif:ud ef rmuf;vld ifsw.sw.? ulef:omef;ulef:rld if:cofvh;OGmif :cgef,eK:wD ;qof;apKcrf: ekd if;
yD <Ogifykef;v[ekd if;ykef;v[bof./ xkd ifrK:yD<(600AD)eef. cld of:apKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAefrK:
cld of:rif:wh:ehbof./
qof;apKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yld if,rld if:erfqof;Orf.-
1.Old ofvlifrld if:(Tso-Lung-Mung)
2.umefwkd ef:rif:(Kan-Tung-Mung)
3.rif:OD el.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)
4.vmofOSifbAef:(Lo-Sing-Yen)
5.OSifvmof'h(Sing-Lo-Pi)
6.Old ofvkd of:uof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)
7.uof;vkd of:'kif:(Ko-Lo-Fung) yAefqof;wlefqld of:eh.bof./
a.i.ma.aa.aia a.aa,
1.uGmef:wh:(Chong-Tai) ckefrld if:(Minister)
2.qh:wh:(Chi-Tai) urf.ckefrld if:(Viceroy administrating 2-provinces)
3.xkif:wh:(Tung Tai) zl;erf:e[:qkd if;(under secretary of State)
4.yl,wh:(Pu-Tai) zl;rD :uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rld if:(Provincial Governor)
5.cAwf;wh:(Git-Tai) zl;ugef:tld if,(Provincial Chancellor)
6.ymefwh:(Pan-Tai) zl;ugef:zef,wK,ikd ef:(Provincial Financier)
7.wAef:wh:(Tien-Tai) qgrfOkd uf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)

49

8.xof;wh:(Tao-Tai) ylpAiftkyf.Ogiftld if,(Regional governor governing 2 Chews)
a.aa.ai.aa, aa,aiaaa.aa.(Mung)
rld of;yD <(AD 748)eef. uof;vkd of:'kif:(Ko Lo Fung)aw,wif;apKcrf:wh: wD ;oAif:wK;
vD zl:bof.? zgif:erf.ref:qof;uGK,uAyf:Okd uf: e[:rld if:wD.ySwf.(Tibet)sv; rld if:sc,(China)urf:
eef. ckefapKcrf:sc, trf,rD :pSif:Okd uf:sv; trf,awK,Ol;ckd ef:qof;rif:apKcrf:wh:aO bgef:pAwf:
tlnf:vD uefbof./ ugyf ;irf:iof:tlrkefzkif: wh:pSif:b[,e[:ymefeef.eK,sv; ymefqof;rif:rld if:vlif
erfqof;(apKcrf:wh:)eef.yAef (The great Mung Empier) tlefrkeftrf:emwf;uGmif;b[,Okif
Okwf:ehbof./
rld of;zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;uvK:wlIuD ,cof rK:uof:e[:rld if:sc,sv; rld if:sc,auK;yAeftefOkuf.
bkif; tleftmefoh.bl ,bof.? ckef apKcrf:wh:uof;vkd of:'kif:auK; ugyf ;vh;yAeftlnf:vD uefwif:sc,sv;
vh;qgh;xSrfuefsp.uif;cofbl ,bof./ vgif;oK;wh:wif:sc,vh;pAwf:tlnf:vD uefeheef. qof;apKcrf:uof;
vkd of:'kif: vh;wSrf;oh. vd uf;pd ef P;vluf ;urf,'K,ayK:N.qgrf:bof./ zl;wSrf;ykd ef:Memik Rocher
tefwSrf;yd kef:bl ,erfeef.oK; vd uf;pd efwh:eh. bif:wkd uf.rD:oh.bl, e[:rld if:wK;vD zl:awK,xkd ifbmrf:
eh.ehbof./
ohm:aOqof;apKcrf:vkd of:'kif: egef:sz:uGK,aObof.eef. ugyf;qof;uSrfrld if: ]]'kif:uhm,}}
(Fung Kai)OAif;umrf,uGK,tgef wmif:ayK:qof;sv; zl;yAefvmef qhm:uof;vkd of:'kif:qof;qhm:]]thm;rl,
Okef,(Imohsun)}}ckd ef;yAefqof ;apKcrf:wh:rld if:erfqof;bof;? rld of;ymefeef. wh:vkd of:sv;wh:tK;
Nrf,cofMrfpSif:Okd uf:uefaO uGK,wkd uf:awK:rld if:sc,bof./
ulnf:uK;Omif:acBK.xmif,vAuf.sc,aO trf,pmif;cld if;Okd uf:oh.vSyf;vgh.sv; trf,tgif,vh ;sc,cof
bof.? wh:e[:rld if:wD .ySwf.sv;wh:rldif:tK;Nrf,(tKNrf)cofeh. vh;wD ;bl,qef.vD rD :pSif:Okd uf:wK,pmif;
Okd uf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;cofcSef ,pA wf:pof:cof trf,tofuGmrf:qof;apKcrf:sv; qhm:apKcrf:thm;rl,Okef,
auK; trf,tgef yefpSif:cofaO uyf:Okd yf,yAeftlnf:vD sc,rld efuof,sv; rld if:sc,rld if:wh:auK; yAef
tefuwf:uwf:bAefbAef rld efrld of;ugef ,bl,bof./ e[:yD < 994ADe[:vld efpK; qof ;apKcrf:wh:
thm;rl,Okef ,vkd yf ;wkd uf:ySwf;wh:tK,Nrf,cof qld of:tefrK:rD:e[:rld if:erfqof;eef.bof./
wD ;ymifOkd uf:vlifclofvAuf:(Iron Bridge)wD ;zif,erf.bmef,OD ,umifygwf:eld of zhm,wluf:bl,
erfeef. yAefygh:wkd uf:vlif tefekd if;sv; ulef:Okd uf:wif:Ogifzhm, wluf:Okrf:erfeK, ayK:yAef
vld wf;yAef bmifuGK,rlwf:ehbof.? wh:tK,Nrf,cofauK; ugyf ;vh;Okrf:Okd uf:vl ifcmif.eef.sv; tofpSif:blyf
bgrf:sw.sw.aO trf,qmif;rK:uof: Okd uf.bkif;tleftmefarK:ar:xSif;bof./ rld if:bl,erfauK; vh ;bl,
wmif:uwf:bAef rld efyuf:uof,yld if,vifbof./

50

aiaaa.s._a. aiaaa..aa,
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(808AD)qof;apKcrf:wh: thm;rl,Okef, OAif;umrf,egef:az:ugK,sv; vk uf;
qhm:vlifqof; uSrfrld if:]]Ol.clof:ckef? rif:Old of? yof:Od ef}}ckd ef;yAefckefapKcrf:qlof;cmof:yD <ekd if;ugh:sv;
vkuf;qhm:qof;]]cGmefvkif:OSef(Kung Lung Shen)ckd ef;yAefqof;apKcrf:bof./ qof;vkif:eh.auK;
ugyf;oK;qgrfOkd uf:vlif cd kef;uBmrf,qD ,od wf. tOmuf;ref;qof ;sv;qof ;cGmefvD sv; egif.qhm:qof; qof;
zmifbkd ef:cofOkd yf,tkyf.irf:uGK,bof./
zgif:bmrf:eef. qof;qgrfOkd uf:vlifauK.ekd if; vkuf.zd kef.pd rftoftrf:emwf;qof;sv; yAef
uGK,ymefqgrfOkd uf:vlif tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:bof./ qgrfOkd uf:vlifauK.eh. uG K,wkd uf:rld if:sc, tld if,cSifwlofsy.
aO ngyf:wD .toferf,bd if:ekrf,qhm:sc,cofsv;wif:ulef:N.ulef:arKzl;rD :uGmrf:N.cof wif:erfrK:q[.
pAwf:(yefumefwh:e[:rld if:wh: rld efeif,tefvd uf;vhm:'d if;si;sv; umefawK:Nuf,awK:clof:qld of:eef.
bof.)umef:imef:qgh;wh:ehbof./
sc,cof tefvh;cmrf,wD .ngyf:rK:eef. rD :rguf;pK;pAif (5000)ehbof./ xkd ifrK:yD<(AD859)
eef. qof;Od efvlifvmefqof ;apKcrf: thm;rl,Okef , ckd ef;yAefapKcrf:wh: erfqof;bof./
rld of;eef.wwf:cmwf,ySwf; vgif;uyf:Okd yf,uefwif:rld if:sc,sv; ykd ef zmof,oK; ref:qof;
yAefqof;zSef,vd eftkyf.yld if,rld if:sc, rld if:wh:wif:OAif;ehbof.? ckd efyluf:wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:yof:Od ef
ehbof./ rld of;ymefqof;Od efvlif eef. wmef;qof;uGK,wkd uf:rld if:sc,sv; Od rf:tofoAif:vlifOgifoAif:
(tKerf-Annam oSwf.emrf:-Vietnam)bof./
qof;apKcrf:wh:qof;OSefvlifeh. vh;egef:az:uGK,rld of;(AD 874)ug yf;wmif:yAefrmuf,Nofq[
eef.bof.? ohm:aOeef. qof;rif:'K.Okd yf,ykwf ;wSef:apKcrf:bof./ qof;wlefeh.auK; bd yf:vhm:
yuf:yld ifyof:Od efaO tk yf.irf:rld if:bof.? xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(889AD)eef. vkuf;qof ;qof;Okef ,'K.
cdkef;ykwf;apKcrf:wh:bof./
rld of;ymefeef. wD ;e[:rld if:sc, ugyf;oK;yAef Okd uf:rld if:vlifbl,sv; vg if;uyf:Okd yf, uGK,rK:pK
uefwif:wh:auK; tofcmwf,uGK,bof.? rld of;yD <(889AD)ugyf;oK; qof;Okef,'K. egef:az:uGK,sv;
ymefapKcrf:wh: rif:wh:erfqof;auK; tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, ugyf;trf,rD :zl;Okd yf,wSef:eef.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:cld of:rif: rld if:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;tofqof ;rif:OD rK:awK,xkd if ymefqof;
Okef,'K.vh ;Nd if:Nd ifemef:uGK,e[:qlof;ySwf ,ymuf,(800)yD <yhmbof./ e[:yD <(936AD)eef. qgrfOkd uf:
vlifcof tgefuefpd rftrf:emwf; awtkyf.irf:omef;rld if:sv; apKcrf:wh:erfqof; P;ayK:Okd yf,wmrf
vmrf:uGK,xSif;eef.bof./

51

urf:eef. qgrfOkd uf:vlifwlef:yAif:qld of.cdlof:sc, rK:pAwf:ckefrd lif:erfqof; wD ;oAif:wK,vD zl:
bof./
aw,tofymefeef.rK: awK,xkd if(1300AD)qld of.cld of:sc,(cld of:wlef;)cofOkd yf ,tkyf.irf:
omef;rld if:erfqof;uGK,bof./
rld of;ymefsc,wlef;yAif:cof tkyf.irf:eef. tliof:trf:emwf;qkd if,rldif:(Empire)wh:erf
qof;auK; vh;wSuf,bhm;uGK,ckd ef:xSif;zof,ekd if;? yAefuGK,rld if:sc,? rld if:wh:? rld if:rmef;ehbof./ qof;
zSef,vd eftef oK;eef.auK; ukd wf:oh.qkd of;OAif;vhmvhmulnf:aO yA efymefqgrfOkd uf:vlifcof tkyfyld if,
omef;rd lif:bof./ qgrfOkd uf:vlifcofauK; tofpSif:Okd uf:tefvAofaO tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:sv; xkd ifrK:yD <
(1300AD)eef. ugyf;oK;qof;apKcrf: rkef,ulof:wK;wK;(Mongol Ta Ta)cof rK:wkd uf:Od rf:tof
rld if:wh:sv;ymefapKcrf:wh:auK; vh;ogwf;phmuGK,xSif;zof ,ekd if;bof./
rld of;ymefeef. ckefwh:tefyAef vlifygifqkd if;eef. yAefqlwD ,'K.? qof;olif.? 'K.olif.?
zbK:olif.? qof;olif.wh:? olif.wh:'K.qld of:eh.bof./
xkd ifrK:ymefapKcrf:]]wlefOmif,ukd ef:(Twan Sang Gin)}}rld of;yD <(AD 1236)eef.
rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cof ;rK:wkd uf:ay.uhm:wif;(Ki Tang)? elOmef:(Nu Chan)xSif;bof./ Okd uf:sc,
cofauK; rK:wkd uf:uof:rld if:wK;vD zl:vlif rld if:erfqof;xSif;ulnf:trfuK: qof;zSef,vd efrld if:rkef,ulof:
omef,ul.cmef,(Wan Gu Khan)Orf. q[.qgrfOkd uf:vlif ulyf:vhm:crf:(ul,yvSif ,cef,)rK:wkd uf:rld if:bl,
erfwh: xSif;ehbof./
rld of;zgif:eef. yAefymefOkd uf:rkef ,ulof:wK,wK,cof pSif:b[,vlifeK,sv; tSofpKwkd uf:Od rf:
tofrld if:sc,? rld if:wh:sv;rld if:tefrD :pdrf:Mrf:e[: ukef,vlifat:OBL: qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,eef.bof.?
ugyf;oK;pSif:Okd uf: rkef ,ulof:cofb[,eK,sv; wh:pof:auK; tofwmif:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)Okd uf:aOsv;trf ,
wgyf,wSef:Okd uf:rkef,ulof:cof tof vgif;vD aO pyf.wgef ;tofsv; ulef:rld if:trf,wef:vh;yAefvld wf ;
yAefbmifomef;rld if:ehauK; trf,wef:Okuf.bkif; rkef ,ulof:wK,wK,cofauK; bkrf,qgrf:vhm:vuf:vSwf:vld rf;
vSef(Tact)Od kuf:wh:aOsv; ckd ef:rld of:uGK,vhmvhmbof./
ulnf:uK;zgif:rld of;eef. ugyf;oK;rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cGmuf;td rf,yK,bK,sv; rld if:sc,? rld if:wh:?
vh;pyf.cmrf,oK; tofcofyAefqof;yA efckefeld of cgyf,erf.vS efvd efeh bof./
aiaa.i.a,[aa.i.aa.[a a.aa,aa.
rld of;yAefymeful yf:vhm:cmef, yAef qof;zSef,vd eftd rf,yK,bK, tk yf .irf:e[:rld if:sc,eef.
qof;apKcrf:wh:(wlefOmifud ef)oAif:wK;vD zl: uGK,Nyf.xlyf:wif:(ulyf:vhm:crf:)uyf:uhm,vlnf; vgif;rld if:wh:
bof./ ulnf:uK; trf,wef:zSofrld if:sc,aO tofegef:az:uGK,qgrf:yg wf:wmif:sv; wmif:tmif;tmef:

52

trf,tgif;xkd ifwD ;bof./ ohm:eef.vkuf;qh m:qof;wlefOmrfud ef qof ;wlefOd efuK;vD (Sin Cha Lih)
qif,Okd yf,tof ykef;zgef:qof;ayK;aOsv; rld of:tkyf,tlof:ulyf:vhm:cmef,bof./ ulyf:vhm:crf:rguf,oK; trf:
emwf;qmuf;trf,rD :wD ;ref: ulnf:uK; oh.yAeftd rf,yK,bK,zhm,w[ ;ref: qof;zSef,vd efrkef,ulof:ulnf:
aObof.? qof;apKcrf:wh:auK; oh.yAefoK;]]apKcrf:ugrf;}}(zkbd ef,cmef,)zl;wSef:td rf,yK,bK,rkef,ulof:
wK,wK,ehbof./
ohm:aO vh;tkyf.ukrfuef wif:ulyf:vhm:crf:aObof. qof;apKcrf:wh:(Od efuK;vD )auK; vh;
yAefqgrfOkd uf:vlifMif: ulyf:vhm:crf:aOtrf,uK: P;yAefzl;P;uGmrf:N. ]]ul yf:vhm:crf:}}xSif;bof./
urf:eef. qof;Od efuK;vD auK; cD ,NofOkd uf:ulyf:vhm:crf:aOsv; tgef tofrkef,ulof:cof uGK,
wkd uf:rld if:rif: tefyAefrld if:olif.wh: tefrD :ygwf:qmef: rld if:erfqof; ymefrld of;eef.bof.? (rld of;
vAofyA efrld if:rmef;)xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(1298AD)eef.qof;apKcrf:rkef,ul of: Olif,vkuf;qhm:qof;uSrfrld if:
rld if:Omif;-rK:qgrf:sv; wlnf:Okd uf:rk ef,ulof:wK,wK,(ulyf:vhm:crf:)eef.bof;/ rld of;ymefeef. qof;apK
crf:wh:? apKcrf:sc,sv; apKcrf:rkef,ulof:cofeh. ymefekd if;uofyAefb[ ,? ymefekd if;r[:yAefb[,eh uof
ckd ef;r[:vlif:yA efuefrK: ymefv[ymefeef. vh ;pefeif,eefbof ;? xkd ifrK:rld of;yD < (1367AD)
eef. cld of:apKcrf:wh:]]Omif;}}qof;aw,wif;yAefrK: rld if:vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKrld if:wh:rld of;zgif:Okd uf:cGmuf;
rld if:cof bof.wlof;uGK,eef.bof./ wD ;rld if:sc,auK;cld of:sc,]]rd ef:}}qof;vkd yf;tguf,ySwf; zl ;cGmif;rld if:rkef,
ulof:cofaO wif;rld if:ugef:acKpif:cofbof;/
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(1381AD)eef. Okd uf:sc,sv; Okd uf:wh: qmrf:pSif:uefxSif;cmif.ekd if;bof;?
zgif:ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:wh: trf,vh;yefqof;zSef,vd efbof.? rld of;ymefrkef,ulof:cof rK:ud ef
rld if:eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;uefaO aw,wif;yAefrK:]]qof;olif.}}trf,eif qof;zK.wh:
ulnf:eheef. zl;wSrf;yd kef:erfqof; Oyf:vSif:oh.bof./
ohm:vifrK:sc,cof td keftofqof;'K.wh:bAef:yAefq[sc,cofuGK,aObof.auK; qld of.cld of:wh:rld if:
erfqof;wmif:erf vh;bAef:yAefsc,bof.? wif;eif.rK: ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;auK; vh;Okwf:OAif;
phmogwf;uGK,bof;/ ohm:aOeef.xSif; qof;olif.wh:(Wans Tai)vh;rK:aw,wif; e[:rld if:olif.ygwf:qmef:
bl,erf wD ;tefrld of;vAofMif.oK; rld if:rmof:vlifeef.bof;/
ymefeef.eif,uof, wh:xSif ;qkrf:ekd if; tgefuefaw,wif;yAefrld if: ]]Od yf:Ogifyef:eK:
(Sip Song Pan Na)}}sv; vmef.eK: (Lan Na) awK,rld if:wh:vmof: vmof:wh:tefMif.oK;
(Sukho)Okclof:xh:(rld if:xh:Thailand)rld of;vAofeh.bof./
aiaaa..aa..
ohm:aOulyf:vhm:crf:rK: tkyf.yld if,rld if:sc, wh:vh;chm.rK:ygwf:qmef: rld if:bl,erf(erfqof;)rld if:
wh:rld of;eef.aOsv; vh;pefrK: aw,yAefomef ;r[,rld if:r[, qld if.eif,(rld if:olif.? rld if:rmof:vlif? rld if:tK,

53

Orf,? umwfOK? Od yf:Ogifql.wh:? vmef.eK:)qld of:eef.bof.? rld if:rmef;trK.vK.ylI tK,Orf,eef.
wif;rD :oh.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,wd efvgh tK,Orf,sv; Nnf ;vlifylif :zhm,wluf:rld if:bl,erfeef.bof.
sc,cofMif.oK;(pD ,xK,wlof;)ehbof ;/ zl;wSrf;ykd ef:(Dr.Buchanam)wSrf;oh.oK; rld of;ymefrld if:tif:
ud wf: yAefulef:cof;tguf ,uyf:Okd yf , eguf;rld if:tK,oK,rld of;yD <(1796AD)eef.cofvh;zSof rld if:tK,Orf,?
umwf,OK rSef;zgif:rld of;rld if:tK,oK.sv; rld if:tK,Orfcof pAwf:vd uf;ud efuSef ,uyf:uhm,vlnf; cgyf,erf.
ref:vSefvd ef wif:Ogifrld if:eef.bof;/
wh:tK,Orfrld of;eef.Mif.oK; ]]yK:vS yf;}}ehbof.? wh:rld of;eef.Mif.wlofcofoK; umwfOK,trf ,
eef umwf,OD ehbof.? ulnf:uK;wh:tK,Orfwmif:rlwf:eef. Mif.oK;reD .yl,ehbof; ugyf;ehsv; rld if:
olif.wh:rld of;eef. wmif:uGmif;rK:xkd ifrmef;yl,I? tK,Orf? wmif:qmef:zSofrld if:tK,oK.? wmif:Mif,zSofrld if:
bl,erf? wmif:tguf,zSofuGK,erf.clif:sv; Noferf.clif:qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,zSof uGK,Od yf:Ogifql.wh:? Ok
clof:xh:bof;? rld if:olif.wh:vlifsw. yAefrld if:rmof:vlifrld if:ugif:sv; rld if:bmif:bof./
aiaaa.aa..aa.aia.a
rld if:olif.wh:rld if:rmof:vlifOrf. aw,wif;rld of;yD <(667AD)yAefqof;apKcrf:wh: rif:aeK,auK.
aw,wif;yAefrK:bof;? qof;apKcrf:Od yf:OgifyK:cof Okd yf,vmrf:wmrf:uef tkyf.irf:bof.? aw,tofrld if:
wmif:Mif, vlif:rK:wmif:qmef: rD :oAif:wh:(27)oAif:bof ;? aw,tofymef qof;rif:aeK,rK: qof;apKcrf:
wh: wmif,qkd of;cofoK; qof;vlif trf,eef qof;olif.ehbof;/ ymefeef. ugyf ;ulef:wh:trf,rD :q[c[;
wkd uf:Okd uf:ql:z[sv; wif;yA efapKcrf:aO bl,e[:pmif;e[:apK uwf:uwf:bAefbAef trf ,uGK,wkd uf:
wmif:v[ trf,cGmuf;rld if:xSif;wD ;v[bof;/
xkd ifrK:yD<(777AD)eef. qof;rif:aeK,egef:az:uGK,aObof. ukd wf :oh.vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof;
tefqkd of;oK; Old ofcmef,'K.sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.ehbof./
aai,' .(Sho Hkan Pa) AD777
Old ofcmef,'K.eh. ohm:aOqof;rif:aeK,egef:az:bof.? vh;ckd ef;yAef apKcrf: rld if:rmof:vlif
bof;? zgif:rld of;eef. rld if:ygwf:qmef:cofsv; rld if:rif:rld if:tK,oK.cof rK:egrf:yAefyK;w[;qof;Od lofcmef,
'K.bof;/ qof;Omrfvlif'K. trf,eef qof;qmrfvlif'K.Orf. yAefqgrfOkd uf:vlifbof;? ugyf ;oK;yD ;
thm;q[.rld of:wkd uf:Od rf:tof rld if:oef:wluf:sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.auK; uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tofyAefomef;arK
aObof; cGmuf;tguf,uGK,ygwf:wluf:uGK,zSof oAif:umwf,OK,ymefapKcrf:]]ymefOK,(Sansa)}}tkyf.irf:eef.
bof;? ohm:eef.Orf. Od rf:tofxSif;ckd ef:vwf:vghvlif:rK:ckd ef:wif:qmef:aO zSofuGK,zhm,wluf:]]erf.
vgif;}}w[;erf.cBmif:eef.xSif;bof;/ ymefeef. rld if:cBmif:cofeh. bif:yh,rD :vgif;bAef,si;aO wkd uf.
vld if:phm.vlifoh.bl,bof;? omef;OlefauK; wluf:wSrf,sw.sw.bof;/

54

qld if.eif,ulef:vld if:eK,uK.? uaw.cofbif:yh,ekif;zK;clof:awK,ymefeh .ugefbof.? ohm:aO
qof;Omrfvlif'K. uGK,Od rf:vh;rld if:tK,oK.? tK,Orfsv; eK,ucofvh;bof.eef. wSrf;vd uf;wmif,xkd ifyD ;
ref:qof; vgif;oK;vh ;tgif,Okd uf:eef.aO q[.uGK,Olif,xkd ifrld if:rmof:vlifbof;? qof;olif.rld if:rmof:vlifeh.
vh;N.erf.uwf.wmif:cSef, egif.qhm:ref:bof.sv; c[;q[zd wf:eld ofegif.qhm:ref:qof;bof.sv; c[;q[
zd wf:eld ofqhm:qof; xmif,oK;egif.qhm:qof;awckd ef:rK: vkuf.zd kef.ehaO vuf.vgrful ofoh.e[:q[bof;/
qof;iK:crf: vkuf;qof;Omrfvlif'K. Okd yf,ykwf ;eif;apKcrf:rld if:red yl,ItK,oK.bof.? rld if:
tefayK;qof ;eif;ud efuGK,rld of;tgef wmif:swyAefrld if:aeK:IK,(Nora)ohm:vkd ef:vifref:yAefrKrld if:tK,
Nrf, tefcGmuf;r[,eef.bof.? oAif:apKcrf:rld if:tK,Orf tefqof;Omrf vlif'K. tkyf.irf:rld of;eef.yAef
cld of:(Chosen)qof;OSeftefwif;yAefrK: rld if:tK,Nrf,bof./
ymefeef. trf:emwf;qmuf;rld if:olif.wh: uGmif;uGK,xkd ifzif,ymifvhm,yif:uvK:(Bangladash)
aO rld if:umwf,OK,? red .yl,ItK,oK.cof qld of:eh.rD:yK;w[; qof;olif.ckefvkd of:wh:OAif;bof.? rld of;yD <
(808AD)eef. qof;Od lofcmef,'K. egef:az:uGK,aObof.? qof;Od lofimef'K. olif.wh:rld if:rmof:vlif
tefMif.oK;olif.umifeef. tkyf.irf:omef;rld if:bof;? Nrf;umefuefrD :qof;olif.Od yf:yK: tkyf.irf:uGK,awK,
xkd ifyD <(1315AD)bof;/ xkd ifrK:yD < (1332AD)rld if:olif.wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;azyAef OD ,tl d if,OD ,rld if:
oh.bof;/
(1)rld if:olif.e[:tld if,bl,erf
vkuf.wD ;rld if:rmof:vlifuGK, cmof:wmif:pK;oef:? om:apKcrf:sc,Ol;wD ;(Tsu Ti)wlefyK:vkd ef:
egef:az:uGK,eef. cd kef;yAef yK;w[;olif.wh:? qof;olif.rif:tkyf.irf:rld if:wh:ckd ef:eef.bof;/
(2)rld if:tK,Orf red .yl,I
yAefqof;wh:qof;Omrfvlif'K. tkyf.irf:bof;/
(3)rld if:ugif
yAefqof;olif.ckefavK:wh: tkyf.irf:bof;/
(4)rld if:rmof:vlif
qof;Od lofcmef,'K. tkyf.irf:yAefoh.OD ,wD ; eif,ehbof ;/
rld of;eef. wD ;apKcrf:tK,oK. trf,rD ;ckefrD ;qof;sv; qof ;apKcrf:Old ofcmef,'K.vh;tkyf.
yld if,yK:tK,oK.bof;/ urf:eef.sr:emif:qof; tefukd wf:bl,wD ;apKcrf:rld if:rmof:vlifeef. yK:wmif:vkuf;
qhm:Omrfwlef vkuf;bd if:wlefekd if;aO rK:qgrf:xkd ifrld if:tK,oK.rK:xkd ifwD ;rld if:crf:wD ;(rld of;eef.Mif.oK;

55

crf:wD ,)rK:bl,vh;OgifyD <aO rK:aw,wif;yAefrld if:ugif? ugyf;yld of ;oK;rK:ugifwD ;eef.sv; rld of;eef.Mif.
rld if:ugif? rld if:ugifeh. rD ;zhm,wluf:erf.sr.ugif;bof;? ohm:eef.yAefrK:rld if:ugif:(...~:..)eh wD ;apKcrf:
rld if:ugifeef. vkuf ;qhm:qof;sr;rld if:OgifyK: tkyf.irf:oh.zhm,Okd uf:sv;zhm,rld if:aO yK:b[,ud efrld if:uGK,Omrf
yD <? yK:vAuf.ud efrld if:uGK, Od yf:ySwf,yD < eif,ehbof;/
vkuf;qhm:qof;sr;rld if:rmof:vlif Omrfqof;eh. yD ;thm;yAef Old ofcD ,'K.? egif.qkd of;Old ofoSif:'K.
sv; Od loftkyf.'K.bof;/ ohm:aOyD ;thm;Ogifqof;? tkyf.irf:uGK,bof.? eg if.vkd ef:Old oftkyf.'K.Okd yf,ykwf ;
apKcrf: rld if:ugifuGK,bof;? ymefqof ;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:rld if:ugif rld of;yD <(AD 1363)aO ohm:tkyf.vh;
OmrfyD <ref:qof;tofvkuf;Od kuf:uGK,wkd uf:zef:rld if:tK,oK. wD ;tefayK;qof;sv; yD ;thm;qof;tkyf.irf:
eef.bof;/
wkd uf.Od rf:vh;rld if:ql.uAif; tefrD :zhm,wluf:erf.uAof awK;vAof yAef (.. ~..)quAif:eheef.
bof;? rld of;zgif:yD <(1364AD)rld if:tK,oK.yAefoh. tK,oK.ql.uAif;sv; tK,oK.ymifbK;(ymif:bK;)ehbof.?
rld if:ql.uAif:yAef qof;Od lofcD ,'K. tkyf.irf:bof.? xkd ifrK:yD <(1445AD)eef. vmefqof;Old oftkyf.
'K.? Old ofNrf,'K.ykwf;wSef: tof wD ;bl,apKcrf:rld if:ugif:aO Od kyf,ykwf ;wmrf:vmrf:uGK,bof./
ymeftK,oK.eef. vkuf ;qof;Old ofcmef,'K. qof;Od lofcD <'K. tkyf.irf:tK,oK.? Od lofyAif:'K.
tkyf.irf:ql.uAif:? Od loftkyf.'K.tkyf.irf:ymifbK;ehbof.? ymefeef. zkif:trf:emwf;qmuf;wh:ud kef:b[,
uSef,cSef ,sw.sw. ohm:aOOld ofNrf,'K. egef:az:uGK,bof.aOeef. vkuf;bd if:vkuf;qhm:qof;OD ,
wlef Od kyf ,tkyf.irf:rld if:ugif:uGK,bof.? zgif:eef. vkuf;qhm:vlif qof;Nif:crf:ud efrld if:ugif:rif:'K.sv;
rld if:uSwf,wmif: wlefvkd ef:qof;Nif :OSif ud efrld if:bmif:sv; pd rf:Mrf:vkuf;bd if:OgifauK. zl;b[ ,yAef
ulyf.ul;uefwmif:zl;ud efoAif: trf,eef zl;tk yf.oAif:(rBAof.qK:)rld if:ugifaOsv; vkuf ;bd if:tgef,Orf.
yAefzl;xd if:zmef,wK,id kef:crf:bof;/
xkd ifrK:rld of;yD <(1747AD)ugyf;oK;rld if:awK,rld if:tguf,vgif ;zd wf:q[uefsv; qof;Nif:crf:vh;
Olif,ulef: uyf:Okd yf ,tguf ,uGK, eguf,rld if:uGK,wD ;rld if:urf,yK, trf,eef rld if:urf,ayK:qK.teftkyf.yld if,rld if:
red .yl,I tK,Orf? qof;vmefzD vgif;c[;Ogef.rd if;uefwmif: vkuf;bd if:qof;urf,yK,sv; pAwf:tlnf:
vD uefeef.bof.? qof;apKcrf:urf,yK,auK; tofwmif:vkuf;bd if:aO qgrf:rdlof:rld if:olif. wh:rld if:ugifsv;
rld of;xkd ifrK:eld ofvhgqd uf:rlofzhm,wluf:tld if,Omrfcluf.eef. vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;crf:wf; tefzd wf:q[eld of
qof;rld if:olif. y[.sp.wkd uf:qgrf:wmif:bof./
ugyf;Okd uf:qof;crf:owf;cof vh;wD ;vD tgefwmif:sv; qof;vmefzD vh;wluf:Okrf:Okd uf:ckef
crf:owf;cofaO vkuf;bd if:ckefrld if:urf,ayK:qK.auK; vh;yK:uGK,e[:rkd of:ckefcrf:owf;bof;/
urf:eef.qof;rif:olif.rld if:rmof:vlifauK; yAeftefzd wf:q[vlifvmifaOsv; pmif;pSef:Okd uf:
vrf:wkd uf: ckefrld if:qof;crf:owf;urf:vAofbof;/ qof;olif.qof;Nif:crf:auK; cmrf;Nnf;ul ,ylof ,(Kubo)uGK,

56

Mif.tofwmif: zl;ud efoAif:(rBAof.qK:)reD .yl,Iqgr:rK:xSif;bof.? rld of;vrf:ckd wf: ckefcrf:owf;eef.
yAefygh:Od kuf:wkd uf:uefsw.sw.oK;sv; Okd uf:qof;olif.oSwf;vh; Okd uf :ckefcrf:owf;aOwK. ckefcrf:
owf;sw. vuf.tguf ,yhm;aO ylef.vgwf;vh ;vD vD bof;/
ckefcrf:owf;eh. yd uf.Orf.vh;yAef ckefrld if:reD .yl,IaOwK.auK; ug yf;ref:qof;trf,ayK:rD :
q[vD eld ofyld ef;sv; ulef:rld if:trf,ayK:puf.Mrfref:qof;uK;Nd of? ohm:aOrld if:olif.tgif,Od kuf:bof.? rld if:ugif
sv;reD .yl,IOgifrld if:eh. pAwf:vd uf;ud efuSef,aO tofvgif;uwf:bA efuefbof./ wmif:uGmif;trf:
emwf;qmuf;rld if:olif.auK; zSofxkd ifrld if: aeK:Iud ,Id tefolif;umiferf.rmif:sv; erf.cBmif:eef.bof.?
ohm:pAwf:vd uf;ud efuSef,uefvD imrf:bof.? qof;Nif:crf:rld if:olif.auK;ckd ef:rld of:rld if:uof, rld if:ugifbof./
ohm:eef.trf,ayK:Nd if ref:qof;egef:az:Okwf:qlof;ymefuGK,bof ;? rld of;yD <(AD 1512)
eef. vkuf;qhm:qof; qof;yAif:'K.ckd ef;Od kyf,yAefqof ;olif.vlifaO tkyf.irf:rld if:ugifuGK,bof./ ymef
qof;wlefeh. ugyf;tgif,Od kuf:erf vlifvmifeK,sv; IweK,uSof ;OSifidkef:crf: qmif;rK.olof:uGhm:tefvh;
rK:wmif,rld if:eef. rD :erfeK,tK:vK:ehbof./
aaaa. aa.. a a.m,a,ai..
tK,OBK.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,(Indochina Southeast Asia)crf:wD ;sv; OD ,Id vif ,uK,
(OD ,Nof)quGK,qld of:eh. bif:vh;rK:pAwf:tlnf:vD rpKrd wf; rld if:olif.wh:ehbof.? rld of;yD <(1568AD)
eef. qof;apKcrf:Old ofyAif:'K. vh ;egef:az:uGK,sv; qof;Od lofclyf.'K. ckd ef;wSe:yAefapKcrf:bof.
ymefqof;wlefeh. uGK,wd kuf:tgif,rld if :xh: tgif,ay.Ogifurf:aOvh;IweK,id kd ef:crf:sv; vh;qmif.zld uf,
rK:OD wlofbof./ ug yf;eh yld ef;tgefuefMif.qof;Old ofclyf.'K.oK; qof;qmif.zld uf,ehbof./
ohm:aOeef. ckefrld if:tK,oK.Orf. vkuf.zd kef.rK:wkd uf:wgyf,wSef:rld if:rmof:vlifsv; ref:
qof;auK; vh ;yhm;uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rld if:crf:wD ; qlof;cmof:bof./ rld of;eef. way:ref:rmef<OgifauK. cdif:
wl:bif:sv; cd if:OSif:vif:Od qf.qK,vl.eld ofref:qof;sv; vh;cmrf,wD .ngyf.uGK,qgrf:rkd of: ckeftK,oK.
cofbof.? vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:rkd of:zl;cAeftK,oK.cofbof;? qof;eh.wef:vh;ud efrd lif:Od yf:uof;(19)yD <eh
bof./
ohm:eef. vkuf;qhm:ref:qof; qof;cdkef;crf:? qof;olif.rld if:rmof:vlif Okd yf,eif;apKcrf:bof.?
ymefeef.ref:qof;uGK,wkd uf:ckd ef:rldif:tK,oK.sv; vh;ygif Okd uf:ugK,zSof qkd if;tld if,sr,wl:rkef.bof.?
ulnf:eK;zgif:eef. rSef;rld of:apKcrf:sc, vlif:rK:uof:rld if:tK,oK.sv; qof;ckd ef;crf:auK; trf,wef:
Od rf:vh;rld if:tK,oK.wmif:OAif;vh;aO ckd ef:rld of:wmif:rld if:rmof:vlifckd ef:bof;/ vh;OAif;umrf,uGK, e[:yD <
(1593 AD)eef.bof.? urf:eef. qof;olif.ckef trf,eef qof ;Nif:'K. ckd ef;yAefckefqof;olif.
rld if:rmof:vlifbof./

57

xkd ifrK:qof;ehauK; uGK,wkd uf:rld if:tK,oK.xSif;urf:ekd if;bof.? zgif:eef.rSef;rld of;ckefrld if:tK,
oK. vh;cmrf,wmif:ckefsc,cof wD .ngyf:tof rld of:rld if:sc,bof.sv; coftrf,rD :qof;rD ;ckef qof;olif.wh:
auK; vh ;wkd uf:Od rf:tof ihm;ihm;ugh:bof.eef.aO wK.ugyf ;trf,tkyf.irf:sy.vh; ulef:rld if:tK,oK.cofsv;
ohm:tkyf.rld if:vh;OD yD <eef. qof;ygh,ySwf;apKcrf:rld if:tK,oK.aO uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tof pAwf:ckefe[:rld if:bmif:
bof;? rld if:bmif:auK; yAefapKcrf:szrld if:rmof:vlifuGK,bof./ e[:ymefqof;ckefolif. rld if:rmof:vlifeh.trf,
cof;tkyf.xd if:vh; rld if:tK,oK.xSif;bof.? vh;oK;qkd of;OAifwh:olif. rld if:rmof:vlifphmqlrfuGK,e[: zgif:Od yf:yD <
vkrf:vkrf:bl,bof./
xkd ifrK:yD<(1734AD)rD :qof;olif.OgifyK: qkd of;oK;qof;rif:ayK:sv; qof;uBK,wlef:rld if:ugif
uGK,ql:ckefrld if:uId uf.eK,uK, reD .yl,ItK,OrfaO tkyf,ukrfuefawK,awzgrf.Nrf;uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tofrld if:
tK,oK.P;yA efyK;w[ ; olif.wh:ckd ef:eef.bof./ urf:eef. vh;q[uef bof. cofOmrfqof;auK;Nrf;uef
aO uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tof rld if:ar,wl:e[:rld if:tK,oK.sv;vh;tgif,sy.vD imrf:bof./ ohm:eef. qof;apKcrf:
rld if:uId uf.eK,uK.auK; tofvkuf;bd if:ref:qof; (emif:rd qf.bAefvD qlof;ab;) tmyf,rSif,qof ;uBK,wlef:
bof./
ohm:eef.qof;emif:bAefvD (uId uf.)rD :rK:vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof; cld of:Okifsv;qof;cld of:OSif/ qof;
cld of:OSif ykwf;wS ef:apKcrf:bof.? zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;qof;rld if:tK,oK.trf,rD ;sv; rD ;ulef:qkrf:ekd if;
aw,yAefrK;qld of.cld of:cof wD ;omef;ayK;rhm; trf,eef omef;rl:Od lof:eef.aO MrfpSif:Okd uf:cof wK,
awwgyf,ckd ef:rld if:olif.wh:sv; bl,vgwf;vSof:pif:acKcofeef.bof;/
zl;tgef,NofcofOrf.yAef tgif,aq,bK.ehbof;?(tefrmef;cof Nrfqlrf :bkuf.bgif;tof ukif,
rkefref:oK;yAef ]]tvgif:TzK:}}cofrld of;vAof eh.bof.?) omef;ayK;rhm;eh. Nd of;Nd if:rK:yD <(1752AD)
eef.aO tgif,aq,bK.auK; tof pSif:Okd uf:aO ckd ef:pAwf:P;rld if:tK,oK.wmif:OAif; yAefckd ef:tefvAof
uefsv; aw,wif;yAef apKcrf:tK,oK.xSif;zof,ekd if;bof;/ ohm:eef.uGK,wkd uf:Od rf:tofyK:rld if:xh:?
reD .yl,I? tK,oK. Omrfrld if:sv; rldif:tK,oK.wh:ugef,bof;/
tl;tgif,aq,bK.sv; vkuf ;egif.way:ref:qld of:eef. coftrf,q[cld of:ckefeif,uof,? ul nf:
uK;ulef:bl,e[:tld if, ayK;rhm;cofeh. cofzgrf.uefeK,sv;qkd if wD ;ayK:vh;tkyf.omef;ud efrld if:eif:apK
crf: e[:rld if:tK,oK.bof.eefaOwK. ugyf;trf ,rD :vhm:vld rf:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)tkyf.omef;rld if:sv; qld of.
cld of:omef;ayK;rhm;coftrf,bkd ef:bmof:? Okd yf,ykwf;eif;apKvh;bof;/
ohm:aO tgif,aq,bK. OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.eef. ckefrld if:tefOkd yf,ud efrld if:uGK,qld of:eef.
trf,tguf,qkd of ;OAif Oif rD :ckefugef :tld if,qld if.eif, qof;'K.qld of:yAefcld of:wh:qld of:eef. ulnf:tef
tguf,qkd of;tguf,OAifeef. ohm:vkd ef:rK:rld if:vliftK,oK.eh. yAefulef:wmif;cld of:tkyf.irf:ulnf:ehbof;/
ayK:awwlnf:ckd ef: qld of:tefwSrf;rK:yK;eld ofeef.aO rld if:olif.wh:eh. trf,q[;oK;rld if:rmof:
vlif? rld if:vAofulnf:rld if:olif.rld of;eef. b[,uGmif;eK,tK:vK:sv;

58

(1)rld if:erfqof;
(2)rld if:tK,oK.
(3)rld if:reD .yl,I tK,Orfsv; aeK:IuD Id uK.
(4)rld if:ugif? rld if:bmif:? umwf,OKqld of:eh.auK;apKcrf:sz rld if:olif.wh:eif,uof,bof./
yAefymefvAofuefwmif: rld if:olif.umif rld if:rmof:vliftefoK;eef.(Mr.Herry Yale)wSrf;
oh.oK;eif,ehbof.? vkuf.wD ;rld if:rmof:vlifaO emif;apKcrf:qof;emif:rlof crf: sr:qof;Old ofcmef,'K.uGK,
aw,wif;apKcrf:szrld if:ugif:bof.? qof;Old ofcmef,'K.Orf. aw,wif;rld if:tK,oK. ohm:vifrK:rld of;yD <
(1445AD)vkuf ;qof;olif.Old oftkyf.'K.Orf. aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:szrld if:bmif:tefqof;Nif:OSif
tkyf.yld if,eef.bof./
ykd ef:wh:olif.umif rld if:rmof:vlif tefaw,wif;rK:bof.qld of:eef.
(1)qof;ckefvD aw,wif;rd lif:rmof:vlif apKcrf:rld if:rmof: wif:Ogifrld of;yD <(80-100AD)eef.bof;/
rld of;ymefeef. wkd uf.yAefymefrld if:erfqof; trf,eef rld if:rif:yof:Od efehsv; xkd ifrK:(667AD)
qif,aw,Nd of;Nd if:yAefrld if:olif.wh:rK: ymefqof;rif:aeK,bof;/
(2)ulyf:vh: trf,eef rif:aeK, awK,uGK,qof;olif.Od yf:tAwf:(11)wlef tkyf.irf:vlifuGK, aw,wif;
tofrld of;yD <(AD 667xkd ifAD777)eef.bof;/
(3)qof;Omrfvlif'K. wkd uf:sy.sc,cofaO yAefqkrf:Okd uf:vlifOld ofcmef,'K.sv; aw,wif;tK,oK.rld of;
yD <808-1325AD.
(4)qof;emif:rlofcrf: sr:emif:qof;Old ofcmef,'K. aw,wif;apKcrf:wD :rld if:ugif tofyAefapKcrf:sz
rld if:rmof:vlif rld of;yD <839AD.
(5)qof;apKcrf:vh;tk yf.rld if: reD.yl,I? tK,Orfsv; rld if:aeK:IuD ,Id uK. rld of;1315AD.
(6)ymefrld if:olif.tK,oK. yAefOkd uf:uefeef. yAefyD <1445AD.
(7)qof;Od lofclyf:'K.sv; qof;chm,'K.uGK,wkd uf:awK:rld if:xh:/
(8)olif.wh:rl d if:rmof:vlif vh;wSuf ,bhm;ymef ayK;rhm;tgif,aq,bK. wkd uf:uefwmif:qof;cld of:OSif
rld of;yD <AD1850.

59

(9)qof;Old ofyAif:'K. tK,oK.cofrK:wkd uf:wgyf,wSef:? ulnf:eK,trf,tgif ,rSif,/
(10)qof;Old ofclyf.'K. uGK,wd kuf:rld if:xh:ygwf:w[; vh;rK:qmif.zld uf,OD wlof wmif:IweK,uSof;OSif idkef:crf:
wmif:erfbof;/
(11)qof;ckefcrfymefref:qof;eh. vh;yA efOkd uf:vlifuefwif:sc,sv; ref:qof;vh;wl uf:Okrf:uGK,e[:
ymifOkd uf:vlifclofvAuf:eef.bof;/
(12)qof;olif.umif rld if:rmof:vlif Od yf:OD ,qof; aw,wif;tof1596 xkd if1606 ykd ef:ckefrld if:rmof:vlif
cmwf,uGK,/
(13)ymefqof;olif.OD ,yK: qof;olif .wh:ygh,ySwf;rld if:tK,oK.e[:zSef,vd ef rld if:rmof:ukd wf:oh.? rld if:ugif-rld if:
rmof:vlif-reD .yl,Isv; tK,OrfeK,uK.ugh:bof./
(14)ymefrld if:tK,oK.wSuf,bhm; e[:rld if:tK,oK.eef. aw,wif;tof 1662 uGK,awK, 1672ADcmof:
Od yf:yD < yAefcmof:rld if:wSuf,bhm;uef/
(15)ymefckefrld if:rmof:vlif qof;olif .pK;qof;cof Okd yf ,wmrf:vmrf:uefuGK,wif;tofyD < 1672 xkd if1734
AD.
(16)ymefqof;rlofcrf:Nd if ugyf;oK;vk uf;qhm:qof;olif.cof trf,rD :bof.sv; vh ;tofemif:bd if:ckd ef;pAwf:
ckef]]emif:olif.}}emif:apKcrf:rld if:rmof:vlif? ymefrld of;eef. ugyf ;oK;rld if:rmof:vlif trf,ayK:rD :trf:emwf;
bof.sv; rld if:reD .yl,Isz,tguf, pAwf:rld if:ugef:acKbof;/
yhmcofrK:wkd uf:tld if,tkuf.zlof,(rld of;vAof Olnf,ylof,)tefrD :yK;w[;rld if:olif.xSif;vl:ugef ,/
(16)qof;cld of:OSif(1850AD)yAef qof;olif.yK:vkd ef:Okwf:teftkyf.irf:rld if:olif.umif? rld if:rmof:vlifvh;
wkd uf:uefwmif:tgif,aq,bK.(rmef;ayK;rhm;eef.bof;)/
(17)omef;qof ;'K.wh:uof;rld if: trf,eef auK:Orf,zD ,(1889AD)aw,wif;e[:rld if:OSefoD vlifqof;
ckefOSiftl.wd if,aw,wif;bof ;/
(17)ymefrld if:OSefoD tkyf.irf:rld if:wh:uofrld if:(1889AD)eef.-
1. rld if:OSefoD vlif
2. rld if:rmof:vlif
3. rld if:uAif:wkif

60

4. rld if:OD ,yguf.(OD ,ayK.)
5. rld if:rd wf;
6. umef,wK,IowD ,
7. rld if:ehm:
8. rld if:ugif
9. rld if:bgif;Nnf; yAefqld of:eh.bof ./
a.,aa,aa.a a
vkuf.wD ;rld if:rmof:vlifaO wh:aw,wif;vlif:rK: rld if:auK:Orf,zD ,(...~._._Kawsam-
phi)rld if:qof;'K.wh:uof;rld if:aO teftkyf.irf:rld if:uof;rld if:eef. Orf.yAefrld if:OSefoD vlifbof;/
vgif;vguf:rhmzSef,vd efpmif;ckefapKcrf: qld of:tkyf.irf:apKcrf:wh:oAif:apKcrf:wD ;wh: tkyf.irf:
rld if:sc,? rld if:wh:wmif:OAif;wmif:rlwf:/
aiaaa.. .2512-2435 BC.
rhmcyf. qkdof;qof;apKcrf : qldof.cldof:Ndef: rD <rl dif: yD <udef rldif:
1. qof;wlefbluf, Mif.qof;OSifcAof wh:wh:
BC.2512-2435
78 yD <
2. wD,cluf.(qof;Odlofpmof;) wh:wh: 2434-2365 70 yD <
3. qof;qhm: wh:wh: 2364-2358 9 yD <
4. qof;Ol;(vmefwlefbluf,) wh:wh:
BC. 2255-2303
48 yD<
rldif:qmif.ol qof;zSef,vdefwh:(3)qof; udefrl dif: 157 yD<
ymefapKcrf:wh :qmif.oltl'h:ckefsc,(2)qof;udefrl dif: 182 yD <

aa.asa.aiaaa..a.m' .
1. ckefumif(qof;bkdef:) wh:wh:vkdof :
2185-2146 BC
13 yD <
2. qof;qmif. wh:wh:vkdof :
2145-2118 BC
23 yD <
3. qof;Oldofumif wh:wh:vkdof :
2118-2058 BC
60 yD<
4. qof;wD,udof, wh:wh:vkdof :
2057-2041 BC
17 yD<
5. qof;wD,ohm: wh:wh:vkdof :
2040-2015 BC
26 yD <
6. qof;wD,rif: wh:wh:vkdof :
2014-2009 BC
18 yD<

61

7. qof;wD,OD, wh:wh:vkdof :
2008-1981 BC
16 yD <
8. qof;zl;cSif wh:wh:vkdof :
1980-1923 BC
59 yD<
9. qof;wD,ckef, wh:wh:vkdof :
1921-1901 BC
21 yD <
10. qof;wD,cdif : wh:wh:vkdof :
1900-1880 BC
21 yD <
11. qof;wD,ckefuK wh:wh:vkdof :
1880-1850 BC
31 yD <
12. qof;wD,uof; wh:wh:vkdof :
1849-1839 BC
11 yD <
13. qof;wD,'K. wh:wh:vkdof :
1838-1820 BC
19 yD <
14. qof;wD,udwf, wh:wh:vkdof :
1819-1766 BC
53 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;zSef,vd efwh:(14)qof ;ud ef rld if:(192)yD <
qof;zSef,vd efsc,(3)qof;ud efrld if :(147)yD <
aa.a.aiaaa..ias, .
1. qof;cdif:wif; wh:bkdef :
2434-2365 BC
13 yD <
2. qof;wh:uK wh:bkdef :
1753-1721 BC
35 yD<
3. qof;apKcrf :bkd ef:Omif wh:bkdef :
1720-1155 BC
56 yD<
(24)qof;
4. qof;Odef wh:bkdef :
1154-1123 BC
33 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;zSef,vd efapKcrf:wh:(27)wlefud efrld if:uGK,(645)yD </
aiaaa.a aa.ai.aia
1. ckefolif.OldofuAif:olif. wh:Ol dof
696-682 BC
15 yD<
2. qof;phm:olif. wh:Ol dof
681-677 BC
5 yD<
3. qof;uhm:olif. wh:Ol dof
676-652 BC
25 yD <
4. qof;qmif.olif. wh:Ol dof
651-619 BC
33 yD<
5. qof;cdif:olif. wh:Ol dof
618-613 BC
6 yD <
6. qof;cGmefolif. wh:Ol dof
612-607 BC
6 yD <
7. qof;wkdef:olif. wh:Ol dof
606-586 BC
21 yD <
8. qof;cSefolif. wh:Od lof
585-572 BC
14 yD <
9. qof;vkdef:olif. wh:Ol dof
571-545 BC
21 yD <
10. qof;cSifolif. wh:Od lof
544-520 BC
25 yD <
11. qof;cAef:olif. wh:Ol dof
419-476 BC
44 yD<
12. qof;bkdef:olif. wh:Ol dof
475-469 BC
7 yD<
13. qof;cSefwif;olif. wh:Ol dof
468-441 BC
28 yD<
14. qof;uof;olif. wh:Ol dof
440-426 BC
15 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:(14)wlefud efrld if:(270)yD </

62

aiaaa..aa,aa.qqaa.a,
1. ohm:vDolif. wh:qof;
425-402 BC
24 yD<
2. tgefolif. wh:qof;
401-376 BC
26 yD <
3. vDolif. wh:qof;
375-369 BC
7 yD<
4. pSif:olif. wh:qof;
368-321 BC
27 yD <
5. ODcdif:olif. wh:qof;
320-315 BC
6 yD <
6. emefolif. wh:qof;
314-256 BC
69 yD <
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)qof;ud efrld if:uGK,(395)yD </
aiaaa..aa.
1. OD,olif.wD, wh:cdif:
294-210 BC
39 yD <
2. olOkifolif.wD, wh:cdif:
209-207 BC
3 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /yAefymefwh:ckd ef:tkyf.rd lif:sc,? rld if:wh:wmif:OAif;cmif.wlef;Ogifsv; urf:vkd ef:Okwf:bof.?
ohm:vifeh.wh:vh;wSuf ,bhm;? yAefOmrfqkrf:aO tguf,rK:aw,wmif;zhmqmef:rld if:bl,erfsv; yAefrK:rld if:
wh:? rld if:xh:? rld if:vmof:eef.bof./ ohm:Omrfqkrf:Orf.-
(1)wh:Noferf. wh:rld if:wlif;/
(2)wh:OD ,tld if, OD ckrf.? ulnf;cAof? uGmif:OD <? ugmif:wif;tefOmefcwf:qof;apKcrf: rld if:cd if:olif.wD ,
sv; tguf ,aw,wif;yAefwh:rld if:vgh Hill Tribes eheef.bof;/
. . ia.AD
wh:qld of:tefzgrf.uef rK;aw,wif;rld if:zhm,bl,erf/ qmef:(206-219AD)ymefapKcrf:wh:
pmefwh: wh:Omrfrld if:(1)Noferf.
(2)OD ,ckrf.
(3)uGmif:wif;
wh:Omrfrld kif:qrf.-
(1)apKcrf:wh: e[:rld if:Odlof'h: Noferf.
(2)apKcrf:olif. e[:rld if:OD ,ckrf. umefOl;
(3)apKcrf:Ol; e[:rld if:vSof: 'h:OD ,clyf:

63

rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(27)wlefud efrld if:uGK, (426)yD </
aiaaa.aa,,a ag,aa ,aa.
1. qof;rif:OD wh:rif:
650-674 AD
76 yD<
2. qof;rif:uof: wh:rif:
738-793 AD
56 yD<
3. rif:Odefpmof;uof; wh:Omif
792-902 AD
109 yD<
4. wh:wAef:Ndifuof; wh:qof;
903-927 AD
28 yD<
5. wh:b[,ekdif;uof; wh:bkdef : 928- 1 yD <
6. wh:vDuof; wh:wlef;
929-936 AD
8 yD <
7. wh:ckdef ;uof; wh:uof;
937-1094 AD
157 yD<
8. wh:vDuof; wh:wlef;
1095-1096 AD
2 yD <
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)cld of:ud efrld if:uGK,(515)yD </
aiaaa,aa.. aa.aia.a a a.aia. - aa.aa
1. ckefvD rldif:rmof:
650-667 AD
17 yD<
2. ckefvhm:sv;qof; rldof :rmof :
667-777 AD
110 yD<
3. rif:aeK, rldif:rmof: 777 wif:apKcrf :tK,oK.
4. Odlofcmef ,'K.sv;Omrfvlif'K. rldif:rmof:
777-808 AD
31 yD <
5. olif.Odyf:qof; cldof:Oldof cmef,'K.
808-1315 AD
507 yD<
6. Oldofcyf:'K.
1315-1334 AD
19 yD <
7. vkuf;Ol dofcmef,'K.xD.1 rldif:ugif
8. vkuf;Od lofcmef,'K.xD.2 rldif:ugif
9. Oldof tkyf.'K. rldif:ugif 1364 30 yD <
10. OldofNif:'K. rldif:ugif 1445 18 yD<
11. OldofbA yf,'K. (tK,oK.rK:wkduf :Odrf :red.yl ,I
rldif:xh :? rmef;)
rldif:ugif
12. Oldof yAif:'K.(tK,oK.rK:wk dfuf:) rldif:ugif
1512-1568 AD

13. Oldofclyf :'K.(Od rf:wk duf:rldif:xh:? rldif :rmef ;) rldif:ugif
1568-1587 AD
8 yD <
14. qof;crf:ckef(Ok rf:sc,) rldif:ugif
1587-1592 AD

15. qof;olif.ckef(vkdof:oK:Ol dofNif,'K.) rldif:ugif
1592-1596 AD

16. olif.umifOdyf:yD<(trf ,vh;pefwS rf;oh.Oif) rldif:rmof:
1596-1606 AD

17. ymefqof;olif.OD,rl dif: 1.rldif:rmof:
2.rldif:ugif
3.rldif:tK,oK.
4.rldif :reD.yl,I
1617-1662 AD

18. qof;apKcrf :wh:tK,oK. rdlif:tK,oK.
1662-1672 AD


64

19. ymefqof;olif.(5)qof;
Guyaed Nawaz ckefreD.yl ,I?
tK,Orf ? udIduf.eK,u Odrf :tK,oK./
rldif:rmof:
1672-1734 AD

20. qof;emif:rlof:crf :Ndif: qof;emif:olif.rlocrf:?
emif:olif.wh:tgefwmif:Okwf :sv; urf:
vkdef:Okwf:/

21. qof;cdlof:OSif ymefolif.umif(1772)qof;olif.
yK:vkdef :Okwf :

*ymefqof;'K.wh:uof;rld if:(~...._._)auK;Orf,zD , trf,eef rld if:OSefoD aw,wif;ymefqof;tl:
wd if,(AD1884-1889)
1.rld if:OSefoD
2.rld if:OD ,yguf.(OD ,ayK.)
3.rld if:bgif;Nnf;
4.rld if:rd wf;
5.rld if:rmof:
6.rld if:vkd ef:
7.rld if:ehm:
8.rld if:uAif:wkif
9.wgif,ySif,vghvlif
Okd yf,wmrf:uGK,ymefqof;'K.wh:(36)rld if:bof.auK; ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;'K.wh: rgwf:phmuGK,rld of;
yD <(1947AD)eef.bof./
yd kef:wh:rld of;rd kef,ugef, Okwf:wD ;ehbof./
**********************


65

wD ;ygif,vSif:acK;uGmrf:teftofq[.e[ :yyf.eh.-
BC cId uf.yD rld if:yh,rD :
AD cId uf.yD rld if:rD:bof./
zkd eftd if
1.The Historical record of the Siamese Chinese relations.
2.ykd ef.cld of:wh:sv; ykd ef:rld if:wh: - cld of:OSef
3.IK,qomif, ykd ef:rld if:wh: rhm(1)? qhm:vK.tgif,
4.~,..q:.~.... .. ..q:.~: -....,


66

uGmrf:vgef.rgef:
**************
(1)ayK:oK;cmof:bmrf: pAwf:umefpof: wSrfxlef;aO pAwf:umefrSef; vguf:ref:ehqkd if yld ef;bgef:Ol:
oK; bK,ayckd ef;b[,ehaOwK. wuf:awckd ef;b[,bl,trf ,pmif./(arKykd ef:vlif vkif:qhm:tgif,xkef:)
(2)zld of,qof;uof,awukrf ,ygif.cmif:oK; vyf:Od if,eK,ehbl ,eef. wK.qof;uof,vkuf.aO tof'h:yld if:
yefsv;/ (ukef:zl;Oyf.)
(3)puf.qld of.qmwf;omef;rld if:eh. bK,ayuGK,puf.b[,OkifuGmif;vkd uf.ylef.wD ;eSef,zSof? vlof,awpuf.tof
wlofuof,? umefimef:wlofuof,? pd rf:Mrf:wlofuof, uGK,tgefwmif:/ puf.rld if:Nrf;wkrfehauK; puf.rld if:wh:pof:
aOugef ,? bK,eSwf;uGK,puf.rd lif:Nrf;wkrfywf:ykd ef.? rD ;rSwf.wK,puf.Owf .woK,wif:OAif;ehauK; puf.tof
vkuf;vmif:emif:sr: yD ;egif.rd wf.Ophmwlofuof, tgefwmif:aOugef,/ (qof;wK,xkef:)
(4)ayK:puf.omef;rld if: vlof,qgh ;xSrf umef? ayK:puf.vkuf;vmefvl of,Ogef yefyef,nK,? ayK:puf.qld of.cdlof:
zK,OK,vl of,arKvmwf;Olef:wkrf/ (uGmrf:ulef:xof;wh:)
(5)qld of.cld of:ulef:tefcdkef;b[ ,r[,Ok ifeef. ugyf;yld of;cofvl vd uf;zwf:vd uf;vhm:tld of;? qld of;qmwf;cld of:
ulef:tefvlvd uf ;zwf:vd uf;vhm:eef. cofqif,ckd ef;b[,bof./ (xkif:uGmrf:sc,)
(6)ugyf ;wh:rld of;Okd ef:sv; wh:rld of;oK:qif,rD:bof.? ugyf;wh:rld of;oK:sv; wh:rld of;eh.qif,rD :bof.? ugyf;wh:
rld of;eh.aO eif,Nd ofwh:rld of;zkuf;awrD :eef. yAefykef ;zgef:Olpof:tld of;/ (qld of.vmef.qof;)
(7)vgif ;v[aOtrf,oK; P;ref:yA efvh;ihm;ihm;eef. trf,rD :? vgif;OifauK; ayK:ugrf.oK; yAefvh ;ihm;ihm;
ulnf:qkd if uGmrf:aoK:pKIK.tefoK; ]]bmyf,eK,}}eef. awtrf,rD ;bof./ (qld of.vmef.qof;)
(8)tefpof:xlyf:wmif:bmyf, bmuf;zmefcmefq[bl,eh. trf,q[;rA of:vD thm? N.oK;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,
bmuf;zmefugwf:bl, sv;Orf. trf,cwf:q[ P;ylef.zowmif:zmefpof:eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefwmif:vD
thmsw.sw./ (cl:arKauK.ekd if;)
(9)ayK:oK;c[;P; 'd if;si;qof;uof, Nrf,irf:vh;eld ofqld of.cld of:ulef:at,cofeef.ehqkd if xkuf,vD tof
Okd uf:aO wkd uf:auK;wkd uf:? ykef ;wK,aw,wif;qkd if;rd lif: ekd if;tefeef. umefvgif;rAof:v[aOtrf,oK;
wkd ef:rmef,rSef;bl,bof.? wkd ef:qgrf:TwK:wK,aObof./ (pAif:vd wf.ykef,xvh ,aw:1834-1896)

67

(10)ayK:rK:sc.cAif,wSuf;eld if:uef wif:wlofulef:qkd if yd uf.Orf. wlof pof:vAuf.ehg.aOauK;bK, trf,
vlofq[vAuf.? OifoK; erf.xmwf;q[pof: nSrf.wSrf,abK;ulnf:bof.? xkuf,vD q[vA uf./ (xkif:uGmrf:tif:
ud wf:)
(11)zSofxmef;v[ qef.v[bof.tefoK;eef. trf ,q[;yd lifvlifref:? qof;uof,wkd uf.pAwf:Oifbl ,
tefoK;eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefvrf,vgif;yld ifvlifref:/
(12)vgif;zgrf.Nrf; tef oK;eef. ygifoK;Oif yAeftefv[? vgif;zg rf.Nrf;eh. awvh;auK,wif;qld if.
eif,Nd of`
acK;xmrftefeh.sw.wgyf,ihm; qSif ;vSif:vD bl,bof. wmif:bld if:tmef:rld efuef? vgif;
cwf:q[rld efuef? xlyf:wmif:qK.rK:auK; Nrf;uefcD ? xlyf:wmif:vDrK:auK;Nrf;uef Old of: yAefOD ,yld ifeh.
bof.? ayK:oK; cofOD ,yld ifeh.rK:Nrf;ygrf:uef zef;yAef OAef ;vA ofehqkd if pmif;zmifvgif;zgrf.Nrf;eef.
wuf:awzkwf:tguf,rK:bl,bof.? vg if;cwf:q[pAwf:Omif; ckd ifygifauK; qAuf,szyefuef pAwf:? Okrf:rK:
auK; qgh;uefcmrf,? Nrf;Mrf:uefyh ckd ef;OAef;wmif:bld if:rhm tefvAof uefayK:ehqkd if vgif;zgrf.Nrf;
eef. wuf:awyAeftefauK,wif;vh;ihm;ihm;ulnf:/ Nofyof;vliftd ef:wD ;bK:rpwf.xrK.uef,wD ,)
(13)rld of:eK; rld if:wh:awckd ef;b[, trf,cd kef;b[, tefoK;eef. rD :e[:rkd of:vuf;tgef,bd if:qhm:rld of;eh.
bof.? ayK:vkuf.tgef,wh:rld of;eh. trf,Ogef vd uf;pAef:vhm:qkd if wK,rld if:wh:awckd ef; trf,rD :oef:ref:
ayK:vkuf;tg ef,wh:rld of;eh. Ogef vd uf;pAef:vhm:aO uwf.cSef,ul;vg if;vgif;ugef, rld if:wh:rld of:eK;qif,
awckd ef;b[,vh;/ (cl:arKwh:qof;ekd if;)

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