OSifObmrf

OSifObmrf rmh - (3)

The Light of Siam

yDwh:

2108

yDOj,Oej,
2557

yDcIdw.f
2014

OSifObmrf

OSifObmrf rmh - (3)

2013

**********

qkdo;f yyf.tdwf,rldo;f wD;tdwf,-

OSiO
f bmrf rmh- (3)
vldef January? yD 2014
Nif:ayj.vduf;qef.qgrfrpj,rukw.f ?
rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/
ygu;f urf:ekdif;
wif:erf2000 yyf.
pmif;cldif;yyf.qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:qkdef;
Qof;Okqdef,e OSiaf uj,rldif:
Qof;eef,wdb aej,crf:
Qof;nj,eOj,rd oef:vD
qof;wduf.cnj,e crf:OfG
pmif;ej;Oldo;f yyf.qof;nj,eOj,rd qkdef:zlduf,
wdwf:awj,ul;vgif;vgif;-qof;odqw
d f.w vmofpAif
qof;oj,bj,r bAefqGf
Computer:
vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: rdil :f uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

Email:

sengsiam2011@gmail.com

acj;Oif
,
OS
ifObmrf

yyf.]]OSiO
f bmrf (The Light of Siam) rhm-(3) }}eh. bl,e[:
su;wmif:bmyf,zkw
d f,tdwf:tD;aO trf,zgi:f vldov
f h;wmif:cwf:q[ zl;
cyf.ckid yf yf.sv; qif,vh;uD;tguf,rj: P;zl;vlvduf;pof:cof vh;Okyd f,vl
xSif;bof./ yyf.OSiO
f bmrfe.h xku,f wif:zl;vlvduf;pof:cof ruf:ref;
yefpSif:aO qif,vh;Okyd f,cwf:qfG qSu,f wmif:N.yefzl;vlvdu;f pof:cof
xSif;bl,cldo:f cldo:f b[:b[:bof./ bkrf,brfoj; awyAez
f gef:vDwgef;wj,
yD;egi.f wh:sv;vduf;vmh:wh: trf,vmh:ekid ;f auj;vmh:ekid ;f bl,/
e[:yyf.]]rhmOmrf}}eh. pmif;ej;Oldo;f ref:vh;tofpmif; ]]qef.
qgrfvlirf pdwlef:}} eef.O[,oh. ySif;eif,acj;bldif:tmef: yyf.vduf;OSif
ObmrffrDd: ]]awtmef:Okyd f,tofvgif;qef.qgrfe[:rlid :f xh: ekdif;yDedkif;
qef.qgrf pAwf:ej;Oldo;f yyf.Oldo,f yke
d .f ref:aO awcwf:q[Oykd f,rkw
d f;
qef.qgrfe[:rlid :f xh:yefzl;vlvduf;pof:cofuGj,rldof:ej;}} ehatj;/ bkrf,
brfoj; awyAefacj;rkef: ]]wj,urf.xSrfe[:umefpe
A :f umefOgef qldo:f c[;
rj:vAyf;pAef:pkdof rj:ckde;f qef.qgrfe[:rlidf :f xh: }} ehsv; qif,vh;tof
pmif;qef.qgrfsv;vgif;qef.qgrfref:aO Okyd f,rkw
d f;yefrj:eif,eh
bof./
xSif;wmif:ekid ;f auj; vgif;oj;vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: vh;tguf,pAe:f
vduf;rj:ymefOykd f,ymef? xkid b
f mrf:vAof rmifqdlo:f Orf.yAefcl:OgefefG:
qef.qgrfauj; pefrD:rj:tdwf:tD;bl,bof./ tefe.h yAefpSi:f rmuf,Nofq[
wj,vkuf;pAef:pof:rlod f:ej;awvh;oj;ehbl,/ ayj:xkid of ef:ekdif;rj: qldof:
i

OSifObmrf

bmrf;yAefcl:Ogefe[:rlid :f yldef;eh. awrldo:f Okdyf,qSuf,wmif:N.yefyD;egif.

wh: bmrf:rldo;f pof:rD:qef.qgrfpif:ulnf:eef.bl,/
vldoaf Oeef. umefwlif.ekdifOif,cwh:qldo:f eef.auj; vh;O[,
yj:oh. cSyf:pmif;urf;zgif;sv; tefeh.Orf.P;yAew
f D;rkif;rhmoj; vgif;
tefpof: tofzeftofiof:uefaO qgh;xSrfuefbl,wj,aO, trf,zj;
omif:uefySwf; zgi:f Mwf;xkid rf ldi:f yle
d ;f
qArftofvgi;f vDtduf,qj.eh
eef.bof./
acj;vke
d :f Okw:f awOkyd f,cwf:q[tofvgi;f Oj,Oej,ykw.f x
qof;sv;umefpAef:e[:rlid :f xh:yAeb
f [, Okyd f,yke
d sf z;wmif:N.ySi;f eif,
ygifyAefvh;eef.aO P;yAew
f D;wlid ,f ymif,rguf,vmwf; vgif;umefpe
A :f umef
Ogef efG:avj:u efG:xrf,r ekdif;qAif,ekdi;f yj;bl,bof./ acj;rkif;rhm
yyf.OSiO
f bmrfeh.sw.
yAefwj,P;rD:umefcykd f;ej;e[:umefpe
A :f sv;
bkuf.bgif;umefpe
A :f eef.bof./ OSifObmrfbkrf,brfoj;- ]]umefpAef:
eef. yAefo.h umuf,aOj:ykw
d f,zuf:wlcrf: wj,P;Mwf;xkid ;f wD;vgw;f vSof:}}
eef.bof./ ayj:eef OSifObmrfrD:yof.rhm awOkyd f,yAefwD;tefyw
kd f,
cmof,imof:umefpe
A :f aO qSu,f yefwmif:N.xSif; ySif;eif,bke
d :f rkod f:xkdif
vh;eh awtmef:Okyd f,cwf:qfx
G Sif; yDOykd f,yDbl,/ cgy;f q[xkdiq
f dlof:cof;
Nrf;wif:OAif; qldo:f tofwmif:N.? ike
d :f wgif:? tdu,f yhm:ole.f rj:qh;g OSifO
bmrfwif:erfwif:vhmaO P;cke
d ;f b[, ckyd f;ej;ul;z[ref:aOurf:/
qkrf:ygifumefyyf.vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:qef.qgrf
ukif:xAyf;? qkdif;xh:
ii

OSifObmrf
zfGyAefzfG efG:zl;wSrf;vduf;pof:
1.

qof;cl: Dr. eIdef,wj,zdyj,v OSifNdif:? qj,wd omef;Omif: ?

vmh:cj;/ XrfrjqIdb (rmef;/wh:)? M.A (Kelaniya), PhD
(Peradeniya), Sri Lanka? bmrf:vAof yAefcl:OgefwD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

2.

qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif? qj,wd omef;aOj.?

rldif:Ol;/ XrfrjqIdb (rmef;/wh:)? MA (Kelaniya- Sri
d f.pAwf:umefcle.f cGj.wj, Qkrf;- PhD,
Lanka)? bmrf:vAof wku
wD;Qef.Qgrfrpdwlef:? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

3.

qof;cl:aw,odef,wj,zdyj,v OSicf rf:wh:? qj,wd omef;uki:f Oj,?

erf.crf:/ XrfrjqIdb (wh:)? B.A Hons (BPU- Sri Lanka),
M.A (Kelaniya, Singapore)? bmrf:vAof wku
d f.pAe:f umefcle.f
cGj.wj,Qkrf;- PhD, wD;Qef.Qgrfrpdwlef:? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

4.

Qof;cl:udw.f wdOj,Ij,zdyj,v? qj,wd omef;ymif,ugi:f rl:? rldif:Ol;/

XrfrjqIdb (rmef;/wh:)? MA (MBU- Thailand)? bmrf:vAof
iii

OSPhD,
ifObmrf
wD;Qef.Qgrfrpj,rukwf.?

wkud f.pAe:f qef.qkdif;xh:/

rldif:uguf,?

5.

qof;cl:rpj,ynf:nj:? qj,wd rldif:ukdif/ B.A , MA (Kelaniyad f.pAwf:umefclef.cGj.wj,Qkrf;- PhD,

Sri Lanka)? bmrf:vAof wku
wD;Qef.Qgrfat:ySu,f ? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

6.

qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:qke
d f;? qj,wd omef;Nofej:? vmif:cldo:f / B.A
Hons (MCU- Thailand)? bmrf:vAof wku
d f.pAe:f qef. MBA
(Master of Business Administration)? wD;qef.qgrfObmrf?
rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

7.

qof;cl:ej,Iw aej,crf:? qj,wd rldif:egif/ B.A (MCUThailand)? bmrf:vAofwdkuf.pAe:f qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrfrpj,
ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

8.

qof;cl:ynf,nj,qj,I crf:cli:f ? qj,wd zjqgif:? rldif:bmif:vSi/f

B.A (WDM Academic of Arts- Myanmar)? bmrf:vAofwku
d f.
pAe:f qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f (MCU)?
rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

iv

9.

OSifObmrf

qof;cl:oef,eOD,Id cldof:ekrf,? qj,wd rldif:yef,/ B.A (MCUThailand)? bmrf:vAofwdkuf.pAe:f qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrfrpj,
ql:vj:vli:f uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

10. qof;cl:rpj,OSiz
f j.

uef,xqj,I umofcrf:? qj,wd omef;umofuil ?f

tlod f,omef;pmwf,? vmif:cldof:/ B.A (Rajabhat Suan Sunanta
d f,
University- Thailand)? bmrf:vAofwdkuf.pmif;pSef:oh.wj,Oky
pAe:f xSif;bl,/

11. qof;cl:rpj,wmef:vgwf;

wDIeynfanj:? qj,wd rldif:Omwf,/

bmrf:vAofwdkuf.pAe:f qef. B.A. (yDOD,) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:
vj:vli:f uge:f ? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

12. qof;oj,bj,r

bAefqGf? qj,wd wlef;cif;? ugBuf.sr:/ bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOD,) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

13. qof;aOj:ze

OSifcldo:f ? qj,wd omef;ej:? uAif:wki/f bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOD,) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

14. qof;odqdwf.w

OSifObmrf

vmofpAif? qj,wd omef;vof:? ukepf iA f/ bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOmrf) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

15. qof;eef,wdb

aej,crf:? qj,wd rldif:Ol;/ bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOmrf) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

16. qof;oyf.y

xkef:vSif:? qj,wd omef;awj,bgw;f ? rl,aq;/ bmrf:

vAow
f duk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOmrf) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:
vli:f uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

17. qof;odrv

vSif:ekrf,? qj,wd rlnf,awj,? rldif:egif/ bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOgif) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

18. qof;odvj,O

vmofcrf:? qj,wd omef;ej:ykif;? ykif,olof:? ugBuf.sr:/

bmrf:vAof wkud f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDOgif) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:
vj:vli:f uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

vi

19. qof;aw,qorf,O

OSifObmrf

wke
d f:pmef? qj,wd omef;uki:f vSi:f ? vmif:
cldo:f / bmrf:vAofwkduf.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDeikd f;) wD;qef.qgrfr
pj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? rldif:xh:/

20. qof;yef,wdw

Omhiof:vldef? qj,wd rldif:vlnf? oAif:rldif:bmif:?

bmrf:vAofwdkuf.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDedkif;) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:
vj:vli:f uge:f ? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

21. qof;ac,rdef,w

crf:vSif:? qj,wd ujvd? ukepf iA /f bmrf:vAof

wduk f.pAe:f qef. B.A (yDekdif;) wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f
uge:f (MCU)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

vii

qkOSri:f ygfOibmrf
fumefyyf.
*********

Zl;yefymh:olef.
(Adviser)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Qof;cl: Dr. OSiNf dif: eIde,f wj,Zdyj,v PhD (Sri Lanka)

Qof;cl: Dr. aej,crf:vj. Xrf,rOj,rd PhD (Sri Lanka)
Qof;cl: Ndif:OSif ynf,nj,azj:Uj,Zdyj,v M.A (Sri Lanka)
qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Ij,Zdyj,v M.A (Thailand)
qof;cl:qef,wdrj, qgrfpmef M.A (Thailand)

Zl;ukrf:xwf:
(Chief Consultant)
1.
2.

Qof;cl: Ndif:OSif ynf,nj,azj:Uj,Zdyj,v

Qof;cl:aw,odef,wj,Zdyj,v OSicf rf:wh:

M.A (Sri Lanka)

B.A, Hons (Sri Lanka), M.A (Singapore)

viii

ifO:xwf
bmrf
ZlOS
;erf
:

(Chief Editor)
1.
2.

qof;cl:Okre OSiv
f mof
qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:qkdef;

B.A (Thailand)
B.A Hons (Thailand)

Zl;xwf:
(The Editorial Board)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.

qof;cl:tuf.uaO,e uge:f crf: B.A (Thailand)

qof;cl:xrf,rdu ekrf,cldo:f B.A (Thailand)
qof;cl:ej,Iw aej,crf: B.A (Thailand)
qof;cl:Okeef,w OSiv
f ldef B.A (Thailand)
qof;cl:ynfnj,qj,I (zjqgif:) B.A (Myanmar)
qof;cl:ac,rdef,w crf:OSif B.A (Thailand)
qof;cl:rpj,auj:vdif, B.A (Thailand)
qof;odqw
d f.w vmofpAif (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)
qof;oj,bj,r bAefqGf (B.A, Final, MCU)

pmif;cldif;sv;cyf.vduf;wif:efG:
(The Booklet Designers)
1.

qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:qkdef;

B.A Hons (Thailand)

ix

2.
3.
4.
5.

OSifObmrf

qof;Okqdef,e OSiaf uj,rldif: (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)

qof;eef,wD.b aej,crf: (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)
qof;wduf.cnj,e crf:OfG (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)
qof;nj,eOj,rd oef:vD (rldif:Ol;) (B.A 2nd Year, MCU)

zmh,wdwf:awj,ul;vgif;vgif;
(Co-ordinators)
1.

qof;odqw
d f.w vmofpAif

2.

rd

qof;oj,bj,r bAefqGf

(B.A 3rd Year, MCU)

(B.A 3 Year, MCU)

zmh,pyf.rl,vduf;
(Articles Accumulators)
1.
2.

qof;cl:rpj,auj:vdif, B.A (Thailand)

qof;aw,qoef,w wke
d :f vSi:f (zmh,cke,f )

(B.A 3rd Year,

MCU)

pmif;cldif;ej;Olod f;yyf.
(Cover Designer)

qof;nj,eOj,rd qke
d :f zdul f, (wj;cD;vAuf:)

(B.A, Final, MCU)

ifOu:f vdbmrf
zmhOS,eA
uf;

(Computer Typists)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

qof;cl:rpj,auj:vdif, B.A (Thailand)

qof;wduf.cnj,e (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)
qof;OD,Idxrf,r (B.A 2nd Year, MCU)
qof;qj,Idw.f w (B.A 2nd Year, MCU)
qof;oyf.y (B.A 3rd Year, MCU)
qof;qede,f w (B.A 1st Year, MCU)

xi

OSifO
vrfbmrf
:efG:
ej;vduf;
acj;Oif, --------------------------------------------- (i)
ZfGyAefzfGefG:zl;wSrf;vduf;pof: ---------------------------------(iii)
qkrf:ygifumefyyf. ---------------------------------------- (viii)

umefpAef:
umefpAef:rldif:xh:urf;zgif;sv; qef.qgrfrpdwlef: ------------------- (1)
qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:Uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif
yldifumefpAef: tofvkuf;pAef:yAefOkefumif --------------------------(19)
qof;cl:rpj,ynf:nj:
xwf:Omifckdef:wlofxlyf:Okef,wlofumefpAef: efG:rldif:Odyf:yDsv; eguf;rldif:Odyf:yD - (31)
qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:Uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif
vgif;ckduf.wgef: umefyluf:ygif P;ulef:rD:erf.uwf. ---------------------(47)
qof;ukrj,I crf:qkdef;
vguf:vmh:wSrf;yyf.pAef: (vuf:Okwf,) ---------------------------- (59)
qof;oef,eOD,Id cldof:ekrf,

wmif:bkrf,brf
wmif:pefxkdifqmof:ykwf. eldofvgif;zj.zmef,zDylif------------------qof;cl:aw,odef,wj,zdyj,v OSifcrf:wh:
xii

(69)

OSifObmrf

umefykdefsz;ykwf.XOj,Oej, efG:umyf;ymef IT -------------------- (85)

qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Izdyj,v
xrf,r trf,rD:wD;Okwf:OAif; ------------------------------- (95)
qof;aOj:ze OSifcldof:
eyf.xkdof zl;yfG.yj:Oj,Oej, ------------------------------ (105)
qof;ynfnj,qj,I (zjqgif:)
bldef.uef;eh. yAefvgif;ckdef;bfG, ----------------------------- (113)
qof;ej,Iw aej,crf:
ayj:cfG;uwf:bAef bj,oh.cAef ------------------------------- (125)
qof;odrv vSif:ekrf,

ykdef.N.ul;vgif;
acj;Oif,Ogefqof;ckefapjcrf:rldif:xh:wlefxD.uof; (36) acj; ---------- (141)
qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:
vguf:vmh:qfG.qmh,vlif:wkdef:uAyf:MrfOdrf:ySif:ikdef: ------------------- (147)
qof;oj,bj,r bAefqfG
pmif;pSef:oh.xj; wj,rldof:ej; ------------------------------- (155)
qof;aw,qorf,O wkdef:pmef
ayj;sr;sv;vkuf;vmif: ----------------------------------- (167)
qof;ac,rdef,w crf:vSif:
xiii

OSifObmrf

oAif:tguf.O'dlwf.sv; owf.tguf.O'dlwf.Ykwf.XodpjI --------------- (179)

qof;rpj,OSifzj. uefxqjI
umefwlif.ekdif qof;TOj,rpj,nj,edif,w owf.rfG,? ukif:xAyf; -------------- (189)
qof;eef,wdb aej,crf:

ykdef:
Olduf;ykdef:ugif:rl:vlif zIyxlrfaq,wD, ------------------------- (199)
Qof;odvj,O vmofcrf:

--------------------------(209)
qof;yef,wdw Omhiof:vldef

A Study on Sangha Administration

in the Union of Myanmar ----------------------------------------- (215)
Ven. Dr. Seng Hurng Narindo
The Ways of Rectitude to Improve Life ------------------------ (239)
Lao Heing Vicittasara

'dif;xkif:

-------------------------------- (253)

xiv

OSicmfO
of, bmrf
Oif,cwh: pyf.qkrf;cl: M.A & B.A yD -2013 ------------------------ (261)
zkdefvduf;rgifqfGqgrf: qof;TOj,auj:odw ----------------------- (275)
cmof,Nofpkyf; ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif yguf;urf: (1) ---------------- (279)
cmof,Nofpkyf; ymifvSuf;vmh;wmif:N.vkuf;pAef:wh:qef.qgrf rldif:uguf, yguf;urf: (2)---- (291)
OAef;rmhqkdof;qof;Wj,e vl,wmef:ikdef:vkuf;pAef:r[,qkyf;xd(9) sv;
qof;wj,e yyf.vduf;OSifObmrf ------------------------------------ -- (297)

xv

OSifObmrf

No country can really develop unless its citizens are

educated. (Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013)

]] trf,rD:qkdi;f rdlif:vfGckdef;bfG,vh; ayj:oj;ulef:rldif:trf,rD:umefpAef: }}

xvi

OSifObmrf

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf,qgh;umefqgrf: qof;cl:vlif
qgrfrpj,rukwf. rldof; 16-18 May 2013

Dr.

crf:rmh xrf,rOj,rd wD;qef.

yD;egif.wh:uGj,Nrfqlrf:qgrf: vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:pyf.qkrf;cl: M.A & B.A wD;qef.

qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:(MCU)? rldof; 12 May, 2013

OSifObmrf

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:sv;yD;egif.wh: uGj,Nrfqlrf:qgrf:vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:
M.A & B.A wD;qef.qgrfrpj,rukwf. rldof; 19 May, 2013

pyf.qkrf;cl:

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: qwf:pAwf:ymifvSuf;vmh;wmif:N.(Seminar) vkuf;pAef:wh:qef. qgrf

yguf;urf: (2) wD;owf.ODOkwj:Imrf: ukif:xAyf; rdlof; 23 February 2013

OSifObmrf

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf, rldof:qgh;umef ]]ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif yguf;urf:

wD;owf.wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif; rldof; 27-29 December, 2013

(1)}}

vkuf;pAef:Oifcwh:rldif:uguf, vl,Wmef:yyf.wSrf; e[:ymifOgefvduf;wh:cmof;rh; wD;owf.Oef

wdOkuf, tldifOSefph ? oAif:pSif? aq;wgef;uAif:rh, rldof; 18 April 2013

OSifObmrf

ymifOgefvduf;wh:cmof;rh; tefqkrf:vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf, rldof:OgefwD;owf.OefySuf,?

yAif:vlif_oAif:pSif? aq;wgef;uAif:rh, yD 2013

ymifvl,wmef:ikdef:urf.xSrf vkuf;pAef:rfG,yguf;urf:(9) wD;owf.rfG,ukif:xAyf;

rldof; 25.8.2013

OSifObmrf

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:sv;wuf.uj,wh:rldif:uguf, pAef:Ogrf:vl,wmef: bldif:ql:xkdifqof;TOj,

vlifauj:odw rldof; 10 February, 2013

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf, qgh;umefefG:ygh:ao,Ouf.
qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:? rldif:xh:/

(Vesak Day 2012)

wD;qef.

OSifObmrf

OSifObmrf
umefpAe:f rlid f:xh:urf;zgif;sv;
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l f:vf
qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif
qef.qgrfrpdwlef:vf

rlid f:xh:eh.yAefrlid :f tefrmuf;rD:vDrldif:ekdif;

wD;e[:ukeaf t:OBj:
qAif,qmef:oef:tgu,f ehawtrf,zdwf:/ oAif:uki:f xAyf;ehauj;yAeof Ai:f
iof;vlirf ldif:xh: wD;ukrf:urfumeftkyf.ylid f,zgi:f irf:? yAefwD;tef'di;f xki:f
xh:? umefrmuf;rD:? umefpe
A :f qkwkrfuefeef.bof./ ugyf;eefsv; e[:
uki:f xAyf; rD:qef.qgrf? Nif:pAef: wD;tefylifOgew
f mif:N.ul;ylid "f
rD:OmrfOdy:f (30) yhm"bl,bof./ eguf;uki:f xAyf; wD;e[:wmif,sq;wgef;
qldo:f eef. Orf.rD:qef.qgrfymuf,yhm vh;N.eif,ehbof./ qef.qgrfqdok ;f
vkod f:vifaO vh;pyf.ikdef:urf.wD;vliyf gifqikd f;wArfxle;f rldefqdli.f eif,
qef.qgrf ql:vj:vgif:uge:f ? xrf,rOmwf,? rpdwlef:(vf) cofeah uj;rD:?
teftrf,vh;ide
k :f urf.xSrfvlifyig q
f dkif;xh:aO Orf.cwf:q[yluf:ygifOkef,
1

OSifObmrf
wlo?f qkuf:ref;pif:ulnf:? rD:qkdo;f OAifvD rldefeif,qef.qgrf at<ySwf.
(International
Assumption
University) ?
OBdefeowf.xI
(Shinawatra University) qldo:f eh.auj; rD:wif:erfbl,/ e[:qef.
qgrfwif:rlwf:sv; acj:vduf.uBf. wif:OAif;qldo:f eef. ylifOgefyef
sw,tofyhm:Ohm<? tdef,udBefeb
D ldof,? vgif;pke;f rkef:r[,? awj,xkid v
f gif;
yluf:ygiuf e
l f:rldif:sv; zl;xgif.wAof:umefav,cmof:wmif:? ySif;eif,tef
yAefqef.urf,zj,ruf:ref;eef.bl,bof./ vldoaf Oeef. qef.Qgrf
urf;yj;erf rD:vgi;f wdwf:awj,qef.qgrfwmif,rldif:wD;e[:vluf;aO rD:
vgif;umefcle.f cGj.Nrf;rkod f:uefqdol :f eh.bof./ qkrf;blo:f "awj,xkid q
f ef.
xmef;arjpAwf:umefcle.f cGj.yj,Iul, qef.cl:arjvliw
f if:erfeef. rD:yhm:
zj,Oj, (Subjects) ygif:ref: OmrfpAifyhmbl,bof.? teftofvdu;f tif:
udwf:aO ylif:Ogefyefwj,vkuf;pAef:ul;rldif:"eef. yhm:zj,Oj,rD:bl, 350
yhmehbof./
rldif:tefte
g uf efN.xkid of j; ]]rldif:rD:rguf,ej;bkrf.}} rldif:xh:eh.
qmof:cldo:f ckeaf pjcrf:sv; vliyf gifqidk ;f cofeh. awvh;oj;cofoh.uj;cef
umefpe
A :f yAeb
f [,sw."ehbof./ qef.qgrftefqdok ;f OAifb[,e[:tj,OBj.
(50)tefeef. qef.qgrfrli
d f:xh: yj:oh.rguf;(3-4)bl,bof./ rldefeif,
Oli<f cvj<? ql:vj:vgif:uge:f ? rpdwlef:vf tdu,f wif:uOAwf,Omwf,cof
qldo:f eh.bl,bof./ (wD;eh; yDekid ;f sv; yDedik f; awqmif;vSu;f vhm;vh;
aO,")/ ayj:tofylid z
f gi:f irf:rldo;f vAoof j; ]]qgrfzgi:f vliz
f hm,qef.qgrf
2

OSifObmrf
sv;umefpAef:}}(Ministry of University Affairs) erf:Nofej;aO
eif,pdkof
qef.Qgrfe[:rlid :f xh:Orf.ayj:awcof;OAef;rhme[:vluf;Okif
vldosf v; ckw
d f:qef.xmef;e[:vluf;eef. Cofcwf:q[oh.bl,bof./ e[:
umefyhm:Ohm<? tduf,yj:cldif;q[.wkod f: cldi;f qh;g xSrfe[:umefvkuf;pAef:qldo:f
eef.auj; eif,pkdoaf wrD:wD;yAi:f ayj:q[eef. trf,oj;wD;bl,wD;Oof:?
wD;udef? vgif;awj.Oli,f wke
d :f yAet
f efcSrf.vSyf;ukdif,pmif; zmif;oh.bl,
ul;wD;ul;qAif,eef.bof./ vgif;vSuf;vhm;wmif:N.sv;vgif;Nrf;rkod f: e[:
umefcle.f cGj. e[:su;qef.qgrfwmif,rldif: trf,oj;e[;at:OBj:sv;rldif:
oef:wlu:f cof rD:oh.bl,vhm"wgef;bl,bof./ ylid w
f Suf;ref: vgif;vSuf;vhm;
wmif:N.? vgif;'dif;xkif:sv; qSu,f szwmif:N.ul;vgif;qldo:f eh. cofrD:oh.
vgif;cke
d f;Omif. ckyd f;ej;bl,aO,"bof./
ayj:awwSu;f eldif:wlnf: vgif;bl,vgif;udesf v; uj;OgefpAef:
e[:qef.qgrfu;l rldif:"qldo:f eef.qkdif rldif:xh:eh. yAefwD;tefuj;cef
xku,f aOyle
d ;f bof./ cdkef;pAef:e[:rlid :f xh:aO bif:vh;rD:wkod f.wmif:
vAyf;pAef: vgif;'dif;xkif:? yke
d :f uof,su,? Mif;seykdef:? yhm:rgef: vhm:arj
wdefarjrkod f: qldo:f eh.vh;ihm;"vl:ugef,bof./ Oifbl,wD;ulef:wh:auj.
ekdif;aOole.f Qkid f yAefzovkuf;pAe:f qef.qgrfe[:rlid :f xh:eh. bif:aw
vh;oj;rD:wkod f.wmif:vD vh;vAyf;pAe:f vgif;wh:xSif;uge,f bof./ ylid w
f Suf;
ref:rldefeif, uGmrf:vmwf;sv;'dif;xkif: tefrldefuefsv; rD:vgi;f
3

OSifObmrf
ySuf,ylid ;f uefqldo:f eef. awpefvh;ihm;"wlod f:vldoaf O tefbl,wmif,rldif:
eef.bof./ urf:eh.h awOkyd f,rkw
d f;yefqef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf tdwf:
ekdif; ySif;eif,vh;bl,e[:ref:rj: OD,yDvlod f"aO vh;wlofxlyf:wjpefrj:
eef.bof./
yke
d f:uSyf;qef.qgrfrpdwlef:vf/
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vfeh. vh;uldw,f tguf,rj:wD; Nif:bjODIdIwf.
(Siriraj) aO sw,yluf:wif;rldo;f yD(1888) ymefckefapjcrf:yj:xdpj; tef
vh;qkdo;f oj; ql:vj:vgif;uge:f eef.bof./ ohm:aOymefeef. yD (1893)
yAefwD; ylifOgefzhm,bj;bjaO tdu,f wif:yhm:Ohm< (Medical School of
Science) ehbof./ xki
d yf D (1943) rj: qif,vh;qkdo;f (University of
Science)/ xki
d yf D (23.7.1969) rj: ckefapjcrf:yj:xduof;rldo;f vAoq
f if,vh;
vhm;yefqdko;f r[, tefqyf:qkdo;f oj; qef.qgrf]rpdwlef:vf} (Mahidol
d f.crf,ylifOgef
University) wArf"bl,bof./ ulnf:uj;rldo;f vAof yAefwD;cku
yefvhm:vAyf;pAef: yj:yhm:Ohme[:wlif,oli:f ule:f sv;yhm:rgef: wif:Ozj,o
cldo:f ule:f rD:wmif:N.erf wmif:pefumG if;? rD:cl:sv;umefcle.f cGj.vDqdlo:f
eh.sv; qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vfeh.qif,vh;yAerf j: ]]wD;qSu,f wmif:N.
tefurf,zj,eyf.brf}} tefeikd ;f bl,bof./
vgif;ckyd f;ej; qef.qgrfrpdwle:f vfsw. rmifqdlo:f vh;Ogef,oj;
vh;q[.qkdo;f ayj;ckefapjcrf:(yj:rldo;f vAo)f tefyAeq
f of;uSrfrlid :f rpdwlef:vf
4

OSifObmrf
pAwf:oh.yke
d .f xmefsv;rD:vgi;f ckyd f;ej;ehbof./ ugyf;ylod f;qof;uSrfrlid :f rpd
wlef: rD:vgi;f bkrf,brfoj; ]]vgif;cke
d ;f b[,qSwf;qmif,tefoj;eef.rD:
e[:umefpe
A :f tefygiyf efcldo:f ule:f eef.ulnf:}} ehbof./
ugyf;eef bgge.f e[:yhm:umefq;hg xSrfwil ,f oli:f ule:f aO e[:rldif:
tdu,f eguf;rlid :f qif,ruf:ref;qef.qgrfrpdwle:f vf yAefwD;wlofbmif,vD
bl,bof./ Nif:bjOD,tef bl,w[;qef.qgrfaO qgh;xSrfy.[ yj:yefyhm:
bl,vDue
l :f rldif:wj, OD,vmef.yhm"bl,ul;yDbof./ Nif:pAef:bj;bj (3)
tefauj; uldw,f arjbjtefrD:erf.uwf.tgu,f pdrf:pgrf: (350) auj.bl,ul;yD
bof./ vldoaf Oeef. yhm:Ohm<e[:umefbl,vDauj; uldw,f tguf,ule:f qldo:f
arjyluf:ygisf v; vkrf:vj:yhm:bl,vDue
l :f rdil :f e[:qkdif;xh:wif:erfwif:vhm
bl,ul;yDbof./
qefqrg frpdwe
l :f vfeh. yAefwD;tefyul f:ygiuf mefpe
A :f e[:
rldif:xh: P;ul;rldif:bgrf:pyf.rj:vldofuof,sv; yAefwD;tefvrf,vgif;
wj,umefvAyf;pAe:f vSu;f vhm;e[:rldif:xh:bof./ rpdwlef:vfyAef qef.
qgrfxdeikd ;f tefykw
d f, acj:vAu.f uBfu;l rldif:" (International College)
tgefwmif:Okw:f wD;e[:rldi:f xh:bl,bof./ cmof:wmif:Omof:yDyhm ySi;f eif,
acj:vAu.f uBf vh;cwf:q[aO bdrfcl:eguf;rldif: rj:yliO
f gefyefe[:umef
pAe:f aO vh;egy,f bke
d ;f cl: yefqrk f;cl:vkuf;pAef: qldo:f rD:erf.uwf.
wif:erfbl,bof./ tefqSif;vSif:xSif;tefedkif;qrf. qef.qgrfrpd
5

OSifObmrf
wlef:vf vh;ykdw,f xSi;f Nif:pAef: vAyf;pAef:yhm:rgef: (Music College)
aO rD:vgi;f wdwf;awj,uefwif: ule:f qldo:f qkdo;f OAifb[, yhm:rgef:e[:
vluf;bl,bof./
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f eh. yAefyj:wD;tefe:[ OAef;rhmcle.f cGj.b[,
qef. Qgrfvlif(9) tefe[:rlid :f xh:bl,/ qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf vh;pyf.
ikdef:qhg; wD;vliyf gifqdkif;xh: erfvlod faOqef.qgrfwmif,tefeb
h of./
ugyf;eef sv;yD (2010-2011) eef. vh;pyf.idkef:qhg;wD; vlifyig f
qkdif;xh: 350 vmef.omwf,bl,bof./ e[:yD 2013 eh. vh;pyf.vmef.
ref:pAifyhmbl,bof./
rpdwlef:vfeh. rD:vgi;f yefpSif: vgif;xmif,pmif;vgw;f vSof:
e[:umefpe
A :f sv; e[:yhm:umefole.f eef.bof./ wif;sw,yD 2007
eef.rj: qef.Qgrfrpdwe
l :f eh. yAefqef.qgrftefvgwf;vSof: (an
autonomous institution) yluf:ygiq
f wf:umefpif:ulnf: ygif,oj;trf,q[;
vliyf gifqdik f;xh: ukrf:xdif:eef.bof./ ohm:aOeef.rj:auj; qef.qgrf
rpdwlef:vfrD:umef ckyd f;ej;vhm"tefbl,bof./ e[:umefcle.f cGj. tefuAof,
]]Okef,vh;Okef,yAeuf le:f }}eef.auj; rD:awj,ayj:xkid q
f rk f; PhD
aOsv; awvh;oj; yAeftefpjbmyf,e[:tj,OBj.wD;ekid ;f bl,bof./
Oifqdlo.f uGj,vAyf;pAef: apjwlnf:vduf;qkid f awvh;pefacj;rkef: tefrD:
e[:apjwlnf:vduf;wif:erfwif:vhm/ wlob
f mif,ref:qkdif acj;rkef:rmif
6

OSifObmrf
tef qef.qgrftefeikd ;f sv;tefedki;f Nrf;rkod f:uefaO qSu,f acj;
rkef:pjuefeef.bof./ ugyf;eefsv; rldee
f if, E-database, E-book,
E-journal, cofqdlo:f eh. ayj:trf,q[;vkuf;pAe:f trf,eefayj:trf,tof
rhmvkuf;pAef:aOcof;pjayj:ehqdkif wkdef:trf,vh;eef.bof./ vldoaf O
eef. yyf.cle.f cGj. (Thesis) tefvkuf;pAe:f bof.uGj,e[:cmof:wmif:pj;yD
qldo:f eef.auj;vldoaf OrD:yyf.ref:oh. cofbif:tofOykd f,pAwf:yAef Digital
file oh.aO yAefwD;tefpAwf:pjacj;rkef:vh;ihm;xSif;tefei
kd ;f bl,bof./
bgef.umefpe
A :f auj;ckyd f;ej;rj:aO vkuf;pAef:auj;wlnf:vdu;f
erfrj:vldouf of,sv; wif;sw,e[:umifyD 2013 rj:eh. apjwlnf:vduf;
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vfydkw,f wif;sw,umife[ 7 rli:f awj,xkid w
f Ai;f cke
d :f
bl,bof./ tefeh.rde
l uf efyw
kd f,OAe;f wmif: P;vkuf;pAef:rD:wkod f.wmif:
rj:q[.wmif:N.e[:apjwlnf:vduf;erfvlod fuof, awvh;oj;ehbl,bof./
vldoaf Oeef.
wj,awcof;pje[:tgef:vh:(online)vh;vDvD
eef.auj; qef.qgrfrpdwe
l (f vf)rD:Ohmuyf:Okdyf,uefoh. wif: (EBSCOwww.ebsco.com)bl,bof./ ayj:pjyyf.e[:tdef,wlo
d f,eSwf.qkdif yyf.rmif
tef download tofvh;vhm" ySi;f eif, EBSCO yefoh.eef.bl,bof./
tefe.h ayj:trf,tofrhmqef.qgrfrpdwe
l f:aOpjqkdif trf,cof;vh;
e[:oSyf.Ohm.cofvh;/ EBSCO yAefurk f,yeD,ayj.tguf,yAeyf yf.vduf;aO
ySif;cofyAefvh;eef. rmiftefauj; tofqSu,f yefe:[ tgef:vhm: wD;e[:
7

OSifObmrf
qef.QgrfaOwD;"aOrldif:"e[:vluf;eh.bl,bof./
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf(Mahidol University) eh. Wlofabj;
ref:q[.]]MU}} ehaO e[:eef.wD;e[:oAi:f vliuf ki:f xAyf;rD:Ogit
f ef
wD;ekdif;rD:e[:ymifuguf,ehg. (uGmif;-28 at,u) xSi;f wD;ekdi;f Orf.yAef
zbj:xh: (uGmif;- 78 at,u)/ vldoaf Oeef.bmefuki:f xAyf; 24 uD:
vlof: Orf.rD:omif:iof; qef.qgrfvlifOj,vj:bj: (main campus: uGmif;520 at,u) e[:sq;wgef;ecge:f yxlrfbl,bof./ eguf;aOpdrf:uki:f
xAyf; bif:rD:xSif; omif:qef.qgrfxSi;f Ogit
f ef? e[:eef. wD;ekdif;rD:
e[:sq;oAif:ecge:f Ooef (uGmif; 672 at,u) aO tefedik f;Orf.
rD:e[: sq;oAif:uef,qeyl:ID: (uGmif; 2370 at,u) bl,bof./ wD;uSyf;
ref:qkdif rD:omif:qef.qgrfpj;tefurf:vAofbl,bof./ trf,ayj:pdik f bif:
wkud f.ykw
d f,r[,xSif;tefeikd f; wD;qif,owf,(sq;oAif:) trfeqvle
d :f
e[:zmuf;tD, Omefeef.bof./ ayj:Ogef,yj:tefe.h awyAeNf uf:
tefuGj,bof./ ugyf;eefsv; e[:umefpe
A :f ynf,nj,rldif:xh:eef. qef.
qgrfrpdwe
l :f (vf)eh. yAefwD;vlifyig q
f kdif;xh:vh;q[b[,oh.sv; vliyf gif
qkdif;xh:qif,urf.ikdef:erfaOyle
d f;wif:rlwf:bl,bof./ trf,rD:qef.
Qgrfv[ vh;ide
k :f vlifyig f qkdif;yAi:f qef.qgrfrpdwlef:vfaOyD vh;N.eif,
eh/

OSifObmrf
ylid fcgw,f zgwf;qef.qgrfvlirf pdwle:f vf
ylid cf gw,f zgw;f qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f bmrf:vAof rD: (17) cej.
1
(Faculty) teftofykef;zgef:wj,umefclef.cGj.sv; yliO
f gefwif:Ogif
zhm,eef. bof./ vdol faOeef.rD:xSif; (9) auj (Institute)2 teftof
ykef;zgef: wj,umefcle.f cGj.vhmh "/ tdu,f rD:xSif;acj:vAu.f ufB (college) (6)
tef urf;erftofye
k ;f zgef:ylifOgeyf efvhm" rD:yj:xSi;f Okef,umif
(center) (9) wD; wj,bkuf.bgif;umefpe
A f:ckw
d f:qef. (Academic
service) P;cky
d f;ej;ehbl,bof./
Ody:f qAwf:cej. (17 Faculties)
cej.(Faculty) Ody:f qAw:f wD; teftofykef;zgef:ylifOgef
tdu,f wmif:cle.f cGj.qldo:f eef.rde
l e
f if,zhm,cAof; (1) (Faculty of
Dentistry). (2) zhm,auj,Omif;ylu:f ygif (Faculty of Engineering: EG)
(3) zhm,Odif,odw.f vgrf.sv; yke
d .f xmefue
l :f (Faculty of Environment
and Resources Studies: EN) (4) zhm,qkrf;cl:? (Faculty Graguade
1

Faculty: zhm,xh:oj;]]cej.}}? zhm,rmef;oj; ]]rpjxje}} ehbof./

Institute: rl,qkrf:ygifumefyhm:ynfnj,cde
k f;qef./ zhm,xh:oj; ]]OxjyefumefOudk f,Oj}}

zhm,rmef;oj; ]]ydif,nj,zkef.zBLof:wlof:wSwf.ab:tzhg./

OSifObmrf
zhm,acj;rkef:sv; wdw:f awj,cldif;qmuf;? (Faculty of
Information Communication Technology: ICT) ? (6) zhm,wli,f oldif:
yhm:rgef:vgwf;vSof: (Faculty of Liberal Arts: LA). (7) zhm,bj;bj;
umyf;ymefr[, (Faculty of Medical Technology: MT). (8) zhm,bj;bj
wD;Nif:bj Ij:rj:xdywD: (Faculty of Ramathibodi Hospital RA). (9)
zhm,bj;bjwD;Nif:bj OD,IdIwf.? (Faculty of Medicine Siriraj
Hospital; ST) (10) zhm,arjvkrf:vj:? (Faculty of Nursing; NS) (11)
zhm,vmef.bj;bjtguf,? (Faculty of Pharmacy PY) (12) zhm,blwf:
bjwlo?f (Faculty of Physical Therapy: PT) (13) zhm,yhm:bl,
vDue
l :f rldif:? (Faculty of Publish Health: PH) (14) zhm,yhm:Ohm<?
(Faculty of Sciences; SC) (15) zhm,yhm:Ohm< e[:wlif,oldif:ulef:sv;
rekwf:Of? (Faculty of Social Sciences: SH) (16) zhm,yhm:bj;bjygw:f
wgef;xkif.rh;? (Faculty of Tropical Medicine: TM) (17) zhm,blwf:
bjyhm:Ohm< wj,Owf: (Faculty of Veterinary Science: VS) qldo:f eh.
bof./
Studies; RG) (5)

uof;auj

(9 Institutes)

uof;aujtefoj;eef. rldefeif, (1) aujtj,OD,bef, ykef;wj,

yhm:bl,vDce
kd f;Oif.? (Asian Institute Health Development; AD) (2)
aujwj,bkuf.zlrd f.erf.q[ e[:umefpe
A :f ynf,nj,? (Institute for
10

OSifObmrf
Innovative Learning; IL) (3)

aujvAyf;pAef: Okef,vh;Okef,yAeuf le:f

sv;vgif;irf:bAef (Institute for Human Right and Peace Studies;

IHRP) (4) umefvAyf;pAef:yldifcgw,f zgw;f e[:wloO
f wf.woj,? (Institute
for Molecular Bioscience; MB). (5) aujvAyf;pAef:zhm,tj,pj,Iwmif:
ude?f (Institute of Nutrition: NU). (6) umefvAyf;pAef:eyf.Nofue
l :f
sv;cle.f cGj.e[:wlif,oldif:ule:f ? (Institute for Population and Social
Research: IPSR) (7) aujyhm:cldif;qmuf;vSuf;vhmh ;sv; bkuf.urf.erf.q[?
(Mahidol Institute of Technology Transfer and Innovation:
f j;pldef:rle:f ?
MITT) (8) aujqldo.f qmwf;wj,vkuf;tge,f sv; yluf:ygie
(National Institute for Children and Family Development: CF) (9)
aujcle.f cGj.zj,Oj,uGmrf:vmwf;sv; zdi;f xki:f e[:at:OBK:? (Institute for
Languages and Cultures of Asia; LC)

qldof:eh.bof./

Nuf:acj:vAuf.uBf (6 Colleges)
acjvAu.f uBfNuf:tefeef.qrf. (1) zhm,qwf:umef? (College of
Management; CM)(2) zhm,ph,wki
d ;f ? (College of Music; MS) (3)
zhm,vAyf;pAef:Oj,Oej,? (College of Religious Studies; CR)(4) zhm,
umefvAef;pSi:f yhm:Ohme[:umyf;ymefr[,? (College of Sport Science and
Technology: SS). (5) acj:vAu.f uBf qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f ul;rldif:rldif:?

11

OSifObmrf
(Mahidol University International College; IC) (6)

qj:Okwj:?

(Rachasuda College; RC)

acj:vAu.f ufBvj,

qldo:f eh.bof./

uof;Okef,umif ( 9 Centers )
Okef,umif (9) wD;tefoj;qrf. (1) ykef;wj,vAyf;pAef:Okef,vh;
ule:f sv;wlif,oldif:cke
d ;f bfG,? (Center for Human right and Social
Development: CHRSD) (2) Okef,umifykef;wj,qwf:umef erf.uwf.
z[:zhm? (Center for intellectual Property Management: IP). (3)
ykef;wj,oh.euf:eldouf mefpe
A :f ? (Completive Education Center: CE).
(4) Okef,umifbj;bjyDue
g :f crf:? Golden Jubilee Medical Center(GJ)
(5) Okef,umifbj;q[.wko
d f:umefyhm: ynf,nj, qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf?
(Mahidol University Wisdom Application Center; WA) (6)
wj,ukrf:umefzhm,bj;bjqldo.f qmwf;? National Doping Control Center:
DC). (7)
Animal

Okef,umifzj,wwf: blwf:bj,Owf:? (National Laboratory

center; AC) (8) Okef,umifcle.f cGj.wj,vgif;irf:bAef?

(Research

Center

for

Peace

Building:
(Mahidol

apjwlnf:vduf;Okef,umifsv;bgifwmif:N.?
Library and Knowledge Center: LI) qldo:f eh.bof./

12

PB)
(9)
University

OSifObmrf
vkrf:wD;uyf:Okyd f,
umefvkrf:auj; yAefydlifvlifwj,qef.qgrfsv; vduf;cof;vdu;f
tgu,f qlod f:eef. wke
d :f awvh;cof;tguf,e[:vkrf:bof.ugef, qif,bof.
umefeef.bof./ wD;uyf:Okyd f,cofqdlo:f eef.auj; e[:vkrf:qldo:f eef.
auj; (1) vkrf: Nofyof;qef.qgrfvlifrpdwe
l f:vf? (Office of President:
OP) (2) vkrf:cgif,OD,qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f ? (Office of the University
Council:
UC)
(3)vkrf:zgi:f wSef:ceqef.qgrfrpdw
d le:f vf?
(Mahidol University Faculty Senate: FS) (4) Nif:pAef:qSif;
(Mahidol
University
vSi:f ul;rldif:
qef.qgrfrpdwe
l f:vf?
International Demonstration School: MUIDS) qldo:f eh.bof./
ylid fckud f.vuf.cej, qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf
(Emblem) zmifpmif;yAec
f gyf,ODOgrf,e[:umif? cgy,f eguf;rD:wlof
vduf;yj;eldof ]]twfwje> tkyr> uaI}}/ yj;w[; ]]rpjodxbj:vh:rpd
wlef:vf}} ehbof./
-Mahidol University (MU) qkdo;f ygw:f ? tSrf,bl, yAefqef.qgrfrpd

wlef:vf/
-Motto: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.
13

OSifObmrf
-acj;brf/ ygifOmif;yefwif:erf rldee
f if,qof;uof,c[;P;yle
d ;f ygifOmif;
yefqof;uof,eef.wj./
-Attna upama kare: twfwje> tkyr> uaI (yj,vd)/
Philosophy: True success is not in learning but in its application
to the benefit of mankind.

yhm:olef.cyf./ bldif:rhmrmef,rSef;eef. trf,q[;umefvAyf;pAef: ulnf:uj;

yAefvhm:q[.wkod f:umefpe
A :f P;rD:zgef:vDwj,qlod f.qmwf;ule:f wif:erf
eef.bof./
Determination: Wisdom of the Land. (ykde.f zSe,f vdefwmif:N.)/
Vision: Mahidol University is determined to become a worldclass University.

acj;rkif;rmh / bef,q[o.h P;qef.qgrfrpdwle:f vf yAefqef.xmef;urf,

zj,/
Mission: To excel in health, science and arts and innovation for
the betterment of Thai society and the benefit of mankind.

14

OSifObmrf
acj;bldif:tmef: / P;ckud f.wgef:yhm:bl,vD?yhm:Ohm<?yhm:rgef: tdu,f yefpSif:
bkuf.bgif; P;wlif,odil :f qmof:xh:vDckdef;sv; P;rD:zgef:vDckduf.wgef:wj,
cdol f:ule:f /
Mahidol University Core Values Organizational Culture.

vgef.uSefuj;cef qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f sv; tefuAo,f uyf:e[:'di;f aujNrf;
Omif;/
Mastery

uwf.uSi,f /

Altruism

pefxikd z
f gef:vD wif:erf(oj,wyIpdw)/

Harmony zgrf.Nrf;/
Integrity erf.uwf.Oko
d f;blo:f /
Determination bef,q[/
Originality iof;ij,qke
d ;f qmif,
Leadership

(e[:wmif:N.r[,)/

zl;erf:/

Strategies
1. Research Excellence
15

OSifObmrf
2. Teaching and Learning Excellence
3. Health Care and Service Excellence
4. Internationalization

omif:zSefumef
1. P;cku
d f.wgef:e[:umefcle.f cGj./
2. P;cku
d f.wgef:e[:umefyliO
f gesf v; umefvAyf;pAef:/
3. P;cku
d f.wgef:e[:umefyliO
f gesf v; umefvAyf;pAef:/
4. wrf:omif:P;yAeq
f ef.urf,zj,/
acj;vlyf:vif
ayj:rj:wlnf:yldifumefvAyf;pAef:e[:rldif:xh:sv; qef.qgrfrpd
wlef:vfayj:ehqdkif umefpe
A :f rldif:xh:cke
d :f qef.xkid f rguf;uj;pkdoe
f h aw
vmrf:N.bl,/ xSif;yldifekdif;auj; vliyf gifqdki;f rdil :f xh:vh;ykdif;tdif qef.
qgrfqlid .f pkdo?f Orf.urf.xSif;ide
k :f wgif:qldif.pkdof sw,uGj,vhm:ylu:f ygiuf mef
omef;rldif:qldo:f eh.ehauj; vh;pefqSif;vSif:oj; umefpAef:eef.yAef
acj;vkud f.vrf,oh.bl,bof./ ayj:bkuf.umefpe
A :f yhm:ynf,nj,auj; ule:f
omef;ule:f rldif:NuGmif; wjuGmif;rj:? rD:wmif:N.e[:urf,zj,rj: trf,vh;wluf:
vj; wluf:vke
d :f ? trf,vh;ej;vAu.f wjehg.e[:urf,zj,eef.bof./ vldof
aOeef.vkuf;pAef:wmif,rldif: qldo:f rj:pAef:vduf;vhm:e[:rldif:xh:auj;rD:
16

OSifObmrf
erfce
kd ;f rj:vldo,f uof,bl,ul;yDyDbof./ tefe.h ref:sewD;ygif,oj; vliyf gif
qkdif;xh:cof wkdef:bef,q[wjbkuf.bgif;umefpe
A :f P;Okdy,f ckde;f b[,
wlod f:wgef:rldo:f ej; ckw
d f:qef.urf,zj,ehbof./ urf:vke
d :f acj;uGmrf:tef
ae,Oef,ref, aw:vj:oj; ]]umefpAef:eef.yAef cldi;f q[.wkod f:vD
tefrD:pSif:euf:vlif wj,vSu;f vhm;urf,zj,}}eh ukdif,vDtofq[O[,oh.
vD"eef.bof./ cgw,f bgw;f ygwf:xSi;f Orf. wh:trf,ukdif,vDvdrk f:yj:
]]umefpAef:eef.yAefumuf,aOj:wj,ykw
d f,zuf:wlcrf:vlif ykef;wj,vgw;f
vSof:}}eh eef.bof./
***acj;rkef:cmof,

vgif;qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f wD;uGmif;ref:wlnf:wD;oSyf.
Omh.wj./ OifOleq
f fG wlnf:wD;1. www.mahidol.ac.th
2. www.mahidol.ac.th/en/faculties.htm

17

OSifObmrf

Be wise. Treat yourself, your mind, sympathetically,

with loving kindness. If you are gentle with yourself,
you will become gentle with others. Lama Thubten
Yeshe

rD:wif:N.aO Ogef,wj,wlo?f Q[? oef:e[olef.pef

rD:yefacj; rAwf.wj,sv;? Oifqof;uof,rD:vgi;f vDeh
qof;uof,awyAef vgi;f vDvlnf;ulef:wmi,f auj.bl,/

ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odwdwf.w (ukefpAif)

18

OSifObmrf
yldifumefpAef:tofvkuf;pAef:yAefOkefumif
Learning-centered Leadership (LCL)

qof;cl:rpj,ynf:nj:
qef.qgrfat:ySuf,

uGmrf:erf:

vguf:ylid vf hm:ylifOgefpAe:f

teftofvkuf;pAe:f yAefOkefumif

eh. yAeyf hm:ole.f ckud f. Murphy (rldo:f

ZD:) (2006), tefyAefcl:Ogefe[:pli:f pAe:f wD;rldif:tar,Iduj:vh;wSrf;
oh.? yldifumefpe
A :f e[:plif:pAef:aw,tofqef.iof;? qef.Okif? awj,ayj:
xkid q
f ef.qgrf/ e[:vluf;rldo;f vAof tgefuefcwf:q[qgrf:ylid uf mefpe
A f:
LCL eh./ ugyf;oj;pli:f pAef:sv;qef.qgrf e[:vluf;umyf;ymefbmrf:vAof
yle
d ;f sc.uefqdok f;OAif wj,P;pli:f pAef:sv;qef.qgrfcof ayj:awrD:
qkdo;f OAifeef. vhm:ylifOgefauj;vlof,cSrf.? vlof,ckw
d f:umyf;? ayj:vhm:ylif
OgefcSrf. vkuf;pAef:auj;rD:erf.uwf.? Oifoj;rD:qkdo;f rD:OAifrj:bof.eh
vkuf;pAef:auj;awwlod f:erfrj:/
zl;wSrf;vdu;f vh;tofyldifumefpe
A f:tefeh.rj:awj.wh,ch;aeauj; ugyf;
ylod f;oj; bmrf:vAofzl;wSrf;vdu;f wkud f.Okyd f,pAef: PhD zhm,yhm:ynf,nj,
(Learning-centered Leadership)

19

OSifObmrf
sv; wkud f.tofvgi;f eh.yAefzkdefvduf;wmif,
wj,awvh;qkrf;cl: PhD sv;? wkud f.rSef;zgif:wSrf;vgif;eh.bl,sv;
qif,ckdef:tofrj:awj.wh,ch;ae wj,wh:pof: tefOlefqv
[ gif;umef
pAe:f umefOge?f trf,eef qldo:f tefwkduf.pAwf:cl:Ogee
f :[ pli:f pAe:f
ayj:vh;pl.qgrf:bof./ vguf:yldifvhm:ylifOgeftefe.h tofq.[ e[:ylid uf mef
pAe:f vduf;rkefqof;auj;vh;? tofq.[ e[:yldifumefpe
A :f e[:pli:f pAef:vlif
ygifqdik f;auj;vh;/
(Educational Leadership)

ylid fumefpAef: LCL yAefOif

vguf:yldifumefpAef:teftofvku;f pAe:f yAefOkefumif (Learning Centered Leadership) eh.yAefvgu:f yli
d v
f hm:yliO
f gefe:[ plif:pAef:tefoh.
erf.euf:eldov
f kuf;pAe:f bof.? e[:vguf:yldif:vhm:ylifOgeftefe.h cl:aw
vh;tofqO
[ [,vku;f pAef: wj,P;vkuf;pAef:rD:erf.uwf.eef.bof.? cl:ul;
auj.Orf. awvh;oh.wlofcofrldev
f kuf;pAef:ekdi;f auj.aO cke
d :f tofwmif:
blyf;bgrf:rj:yAefwgef;Ogef? pj:vhm:au;vdw;f yefpjuGj,? cl:Ogefawvh;
zknf,rmuf,plofqa[ OpjpAe:f pl.tofwmif:arjr[,"bl,wj,aO,? awtrf,vh;
ole.f oj;wloq
f of;uof,yAefcl:Ogefeah Otrf,xgrf,yle
d ;f ? ylid v
f lirf ef:wj,
P;pli:f pAef:pof:ayj:awckde;f b[,aO vkuf;pAe:f auj;awuwf.cSef,? cl:
Ogefauj;awrD:erf.uwf.eef. e[:vhm:ylifOgef LCL eh.oh.erf.euf:
wD;cl:vlif(Principal) tefbdy:f urfpli:f pAef:wD;v[wD;eef;? ule:f tef
20

OSifObmrf
awrj:yAefcl:vlif trf,eef zl;tgepf ol fe:[ pli:f pAe:f eef.vlof,yAef
ule:f pl.vgif;umefpe
A f:? pl.vgif;ynf,nj,? rD:erf.uwf.? tofqO
[ [,e[:
ej;umef? trf,q[;oj;yj:oj,Oej,c[;pAwf:umefynf,nj,aOrj:pAwf:ulnf:
wloq
f of;uof,Orf.trf,rD:qef.vduf;qef.vhm:? trf,arjtky,f yldif,sw.?
pAwf:uGj,auj;tofvhm:ref:vkef;ulnf:? ayj:pof:c[;OgePf ;yle
d ;f arj wlof
pof:auj;vlof,arjoh.tgefwmif:? eif,pkdopf il f:pAe:f awckdef;b[,sv;vkuf;
pAe:f auj; awrD:erf.uwf.eef. ykef;zgef:wkdef:rD:eldopf ol frj,cl:vlif
e[:pli:f pAe:f wD;v[wD;eef;bl,? ugy;f oj;wj,awvSu;f vhm; ydef,ySifvguf:
vhm:ylifOgefe[:pli:f pAe:f sv;? wj,vlduf;pjcl: tefrD:erf.uwf.cof;rj:e[:
pli:f pAef:eef. umuf,aOj:ref:bl,wD;cl:vlifbof.? Oifpw
A f:qgrf:vgu:f
vhm:ylid t
f efe.h vDimrf:qkdif pli:f pAe:f wD;v[wD;eef;auj; wke
d :f awrD:
vkuf;pAef:uwf.cSe,f erfaO? vkuf;pAef:auj;Oldo:f qgrf:vdu;f vhm:? cl:sv;
wif:vku;f pAef:rldefyD;tguf,egi.f uef/ vguf:yldifvhm:ylifOgef tefaeoh.
e[: LCL eh.uGmif;cGmifoh.sv;? vldoaf Oref:vmwf;aevhm:ylifOgefe[:
pli:f pAef:ul;Orf,OSefydlifbof. LCL bif:vmwf;yj:yhm:ylu:f wif;pli:f pAe:f
sv; Mif;pAef:vdu;f P;cSrf.vSyf;qldo:f eh.vl:uge,f ? vgif;zkuf,wlef;rh.
wlef;rguf,sv; vhm:pAw:f omif:rmuf,eife[:plif:pAe:f qldo:f eh.bif:vmwf;
ae/ ulnf:ej,wD;eh;sw.awtofpol fqr[ ef:rj:ch;aeulnf:? plofpky;f
ref:tefoj;eef.qrf. yAefvgu:f ylid v
f hm:ylu:f OgefySwf,rAo:f
tef
Murphy Oyf:vSi:f oh.wgef;eki
d ;f e[:yyf.ref:eef.bof./
21

OSifObmrf
vguf:ydlif 8 rAo:f e[:yldifumefpAef:umefOgefe[:

LCL:

vgif;olef.pefuoA f,vlnf;umefpAef: (Vision for Learning):

efG:vgu:f ylid uf mefpAef: tefaeoh.efG: LCL eef. zl;tgepf ol f rldef
eif,cl:vlif (Principal) e[:pli:f pAe:f wD;v[wD;eef;awvh; ole.f cdkiyf gif
vgif;cke
d f;b[, (Development) e[:pli:f pAe:f bl,wj,aO,? awtrf,vh;
bl,vhm? vgif;uyf:Okyd f,uef? vgif;qh;g xSrfuefqdlo:f eh.auj; awvh;oh.
vrf,vgif;? zl;tgepf lofe[:pli:f pAef:wD;v[wD;eef; awvh;qkuf:ref;
qgrf:blid :f tmef:tefrD:oh.aO cwf:q[pAwf:qgrf:P;rD:vgi;f vSu;f vhm;vD
rj:vldofuof,? awvh;arjplnf:qkrf:cl:yj;w[;cofpefvDqrg f:aO pAwf:qgrf:
eif,tefbldif:tmef:oh.? zl;tgepf ol fawvh;arjyefpSi:f q[ule:f yj;w[;?
awvh;bgef:wmif:pefxikd uf le:f yj;w[;uAof,vlnf;vgif; ckde;f b[,wj,pli:f
pAe:f ? eif,tefole.f oh.aOc[;pAwf:c[;yAeferf.wgef:zgef:vD pli:f pAef:
qof;uof,eef.awvh;arjcwf:q[P;ref:yAerf j:/
1.

vgif;yliO
f gef (Instructional Program):
zl;tgepf ol fe[:pli:f pAef: qgrf:eif,tefaeoh.e[:vguf:yldifuoA f,vlnf;
[ [,umefylif
umefpe
A :f e[:vguf:yldifumefpe
A f: LCL eh. vlof,vh;tofqO
Ogefvku;f pAef:erf"? wj,P;umefylifOgefayj:awckw
d f:umyf;? cSrf.vSyf;
rj:eef. zl;tgefplof(cl:vli)f vlof,vh;cof;uGj,qhg;cl:tefbl,yj;w[;cof
2.

22

OSifObmrf
arjpAwf:vguf:yldifyliO
f gef (Lesson Planning) ? zl;tgefplofawvh;pAwf:
aewlob
f mif,ref:uAo,f vlnf;vhm:ylifOgef? vlof,uh.cof;uGj,vAyf;pAef:wlnf:
(Observation)vhm:ylifOgefcl:yj;w[;auj.v[auj.eef.? rldo;f pefvgif;ckde;f
b[,? vgif;bly;f bgrf: z[yAefpkod f zl;tgepf ol fawvh;tofvgif;wmif:
qldo:f eef.rj:tkyf,tlo:f wlid ,f ymif,uefwif:cl:yj;w[;aO? pjvguf:vhm:au;
vdwf;uGj,/
vuf:Okw,f umefpAef: (Curricular Program):
zl;tgepf ol fawvh;arjvlduf;pjvuf:Okw,f (Curriculum) wj,q[.
e[:Nif:pAe:f P;cSrf.vSyf; ukdif,tmyf;qgrf:umyf;ymef? Oifvuf:Okwf,umef
pAe:f tefv[vDar:? vDtofrj:Ogefqrg f:ehauj;p[;rD:vgi;f tkyf,ukrfuef
wif:cl:yj;w[;aO pAwf:uGj,urf:vAof? vguf:vhm:ylifOgefauj; awvh;ae
qgrf:?
awvh;pAwf:qgrf:eif,tefrD:oh.e[:vuf:Okw,f p[;wArf"xle;f "?
vldoe
f ef. e[:vguf:yldif LCL eh. cl:auj.v[auj.eef. awvh;tofq[
O[,vku;f pAef:z[ref:? vlof,vh;qgrf:wlnf:vkuf;pAef:oj;auj.v[uwf.cSef,
zhm,v[? auj.v[blyf;bgrf:zhm,v[? cl:awvh;tgeuf efcof;uGj,qhg;ar:yef
p[;vkuf;pAef:auj.v[auj.eef.vh;pAef:ckw
d f:ylde;f / zl;tgepf lofawvh;rD:
vgif;xwf:Omifwlnf:wj,aO,oj; vuf:Okwf,tefwkud f.q[.wkod f:e[:pli:f
pAe:f tefv[tefeef. qgi,f vDrD:vgi;f vSu;f vhm;? awvh;qSwf;xwf:
wlnf:erf.uwf.vkuf;pAef:bl,wj,aO,/
3.

23

OSifObmrf
vgif;qSwf;xwf: (Assessment Program)
d :f uyf:uhm,vlnf;vhm:
e[:ylid f LCL eh. oh.erf.euf:vgif;rle.f ar:cke
ylifOgefu;l rAo:f ? uAo,f uyf:vgif;eh.vgif;rle.f ar:xwf:Omif;cke
d :f vhm:ylif
Ogefauj; zl;tgepf ol fawvh;tgepf w
A f:tgeO
f mif;? aw,tofxwf:
Omif;cke
d f: vhm:ylifOgefMif;pAe:f v[Mif;pAef:eef.? awvh;uAyf:acj;rkef:
(information) vgif;wli.f ekdifsv;ej;umefpi
l :f pAef:wif:rlwf:? vkuf;
pAe:f auj.v[ye
A pf dkof cl:auj.v[blyf;bgrf:qldif.pkdof awvh;pAwf:acj;rkef:
oh.rlwf:? acj;rkef:tefuyA f:oh.eef. awyAefzgef:vDwj,ckdef:ar:wlnf:
cke
d :f vgif;bly;f bgrf:-cke
d f;b[,e[:pli:f pAe:f wD;v[wD;eef;?
acj;rkef:
tefuAo,f uyf:vgif;bly;f bgrf:? vgif;cke
d ;f b[, vkuf;pAef:auj.v[auj.eef.
awvh;yefayj;sr;vkuf;pAef:pl.qgrf:aO? p[;rD:vgi;f wlid ,f ymif,uefaOpj
vhm:au;vdw;f yefpjqgrf:uef/
4.

wlif,oldif:Oliuf mefpAef: (Communities of Learning):

zl;tgepf ol fe[:yldifumefpAef: LCL awvh;arjole.f wj,P;rl,qkrf:
cke
d ;f b[,ckw
d f:umyf;bl,wj,aO,? awvh;tofqO
[ [,wj,P;ule:f yj;w[;uwf.
cSef,bl,wj,aO,/ e[:plif:pAef:tefqof;uof,tky.f ylid ,f eef. zl;tgef
plofawvh;wlnf:qgrf:wj,aO,oj;vkuf;egif.way: trf,eef cl:auj.v[
wkud f.blyf;bgrf:zhm,v[ehaO? awvh;pAwf:yefymifzkud f:zge.f yef? pj
vhm:qh;g yefP;ule:f yj;w[;rD:erf.uwf.bl,wj,aO,? zl;tgepf ol fawvh;
5.

24

OSifObmrf
arjyefpSi:f q[ule:f yj;w[;aO? Oyf:vSi:f aeP;cofygi,f q[ej;umefP;wSuf,
vSi:f ? p[;ule:f pAw:f umefyj;w[;cofOlipf jwmif:pl.O[,wlofwj,aO,/ vgif;
bl,Oof:auj;awvh;zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uef? arjbl,Oof:qgrf:umef? wj,P;
rD:vgi;f zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uef? pAwf:umefcof;wdefcof;rkod f:uefeef. zl;
tgefplofawvh;cwf:q[O[,pSi:f aOzkduf:zge.f yef? P;ule:f yj;w[;ul;auj.
pefxikd of j;ul;auj.rD:ykef;zgef:? pAwf:qgrf:ayj,vOD,pli:f pAef: trf,oh.
ej;vAu.f ej;b[,/
6.

qSuf,ej;umefyefsv; q[.umef

(Resource Allocation &

Use):

vldoaf Ovgif;vlvgrfvgif;yliO
f geb
f of.
zl;tgepf ol fe[:pli:f pAef:
bif: vlof,arjqwf:umef wrf:omif:ule:f yj;w[; e[:Mif;umefu;l xj,ej.?
vlof,arjqSu,f azyefej;umef
P[;ukid ,f tmyf;wif:erf.uwf.auj.v[auj.
eef.? cl:auj.v[uwf.cSef,zhm,v[? vli.f vSef,zhm,v[eh vlof,rD:vgi;f
xwf: wlnf:aOqif,tmyf;yefej;umef? ule:f teftrf,ayj:arjumef?
tefvlof,pjwmif:pl.xSif;auj; zl;tgefplofawvh;qwf:pAw:f ymifzkud f:
zgef.cmof:ygw:f / vgi;f qSu,f azike
d f:wgif:wj,q[.e[:Mif;umefv[Mif;umef
eef.auj; vlof,oh.qSwf;qmif, arjwlnf:ej;umeftefv[vrf,vgif;
vlof,q[.qhm,erfat,/ vgif;cldif;q[.clof:Ohge:[ P;umefP;umefeef.auj;
p[;wlnf:qgrf:vgif; ukid f,tmyf;qif,yefOokd f./
25

OSifObmrf
'dif;xkif:e[:rl,qkrf: (Organizational Culture):
wj,awpAwf:P;ule:f e[:rl,qkrf:ayj:cof;yldiv
f Aofuefauj; yAefye
k ;f
zgef:zl;tgefplofe[:pli:f pAef:v[pil :f pAe:f eef.eif,uof,? pli:f pAef:ekid f;
vifyAefrj:bof. zl;tgeaf wvh;cwf:q[ygif,vSi:f aeule:f yj;w[; ul;xj,
ej. P;oh.erf.euf:ej;umeftefyefo.h z[ref:? P;cwf:q[pw
A f:qgrf:ej;
umef? arjac.uefpAwf:umef? Oifoj;ule:f yj;w[;ul;xj,ej.pl.ej;umefz[
ref:bof.yefcofcwf:q[pw
A f:umefvgw;f "vSof:"/ zl;tgefplofsv;ule:f
yj;w[;ul;Mif;umef awvh;oh.ej;umeftefrD:oh.euf:"ej" oh.rldefumef
Oke,f wlof? trf,pAw:f trf,vh;/ wj,P;vkuf;pAef:sv;cl:cofayj:awrD:
erf.uwf.? arjqh;g xSrfuefeef.auj; e[:ylid fumefpe
A :f LCL eh. zl;
tgefplofwkdef:rD:ykef;zgef:bof./
7.

vgif;uyf:Omefe:[ wli,f oldif:ule:f (Social Advocacy):

eif,pkdorf l,qkrf:pof:ayj:awrD: vgif;cof;tguf,uefwif: wmif,rl,qkrf:
sv;zl;tgepf ol fe[: LCL awvh;arjcof;tguf,yle
d ;f ? zl;tgefplofvlo,f
arjuyf:Omefwmif,rl,wmif,qkrf:? vlof,arjcof;pjzl;b[,ule:f vlie
f :[ omef;
e[:tlid ,f ? qArfMif;umefvlifyig q
f dki;f trf,eefe:[ vkrf: vldoe
f ef. vlof,
uh.uGj,yefOazj:Twj: e[:ymifyefwmif:pl. tefwmif,rl,wmif,qkrf:pAwf:?
trf,eef vlof,uh.zdwf;rguf,zl;wmifwloyf le
d ;f rj:yefwmif:pl. tefaw
8.

26

OSifObmrf
yAefzge:f vDwj,pli:f pAef:pof:sv; vkuf;pAef:cof/ xSif;vgif;ekid ;f plif:
pAe:f tefqrg f:yldif LCL eh. awvh;oh.vgif;zAi,f yAif: uAo,f uyf:vlnf;
qmof:cldo:f ? ekdi;f pli:f pAef:rD:qmof:cldo:f erfuj;pkdof ekdif;pAwf:P;vkuf;pAef:
vh;vSuf;vhm;wmif:pl.uef? vgif;rD:ule:f cldo:f erfsv; zdif;xkif:erf? aw
pAwf:P;vkuf;pAef:arjcof;tguf,yle
d ;f aO wlif,oldif:cofauj;awuGmif;cGmifrj:/
wj,P;rD:vgi;f zAif,yAi:f uefeef.auj; yAefyke;f zgef:zl;tgefpol fxSi;f
eif,uof,? Oifzl;tgefploftrf,wgef.pAwf: trf,vmwf;aeeh qmof:cldo:f
erfauj;trf,rD:zgef:vD? cSef:awrD:vgi;f wSuf,bhm;erfaO qmif;rD:
vgif;oh.ej;vAu.f ej;b[,eldouf efrj:eef.bof./
vlyf:vif
vguf:yldifvhm:ylifOget
f eftofvku;f pAef:yAefOkeuf mif(Learning
- Centered Leadership) eh.tofuGj,q[.vh;(Apply)e[:yldifumefpAe:f vh;
A :f Oif,cauj;
ul;rAo:f "? trf,oj;e[:pli:f pAe:f vliyf gifqdkif; sv;e[:umefpe
cof;yj:? rldo;f vAoaf yj:pof:rj:wlnf:umefpe
A :f vduf;Oif,cj, trf,oj;rldif:rmef;
rldif:xh:? vkuf;pAef:bgrf:vlif:erfu;l yD? ylid fvhm:ylifOgefsv;vuf:Okw,f
auj;yh,rD:vgi;f vSu;f vhm;? vkuf;pAef:auj;trf,ayj:yj:q[yj:acj:? vliyf gif
qkdif;auj;trf,qmif;cof;uGj,wlnf:qh;g sw."? ugyf;yAefumefpe
A :f Oif,cj,eh
sv;vliyf gifqkdif;trf,rD:tj,ej,uGj,vSu;f vhm;ydef,ySifyef rldefumefpAe:f
e[:pli:f pAe:f vliyf gifqdik f;/ oj;eefaOwj. bl,wD;zl;tgepf ol ftrf,eef
27

OSifObmrf
cl:vlipf li:f pAef:wD;v[wD;eef;? cl:vlit
f efrD:tj,ej,bdy:f wlud f;vdu;f
wD;v[wD;eef;sw.qmif;pAw:f
qmif;vSu;f vhm;vh;bl,? vuf:Okw,f
ref:trf,vSu;f vhm;vh; trf,rD:tj,ej,vSu;f vhm;ehaOwj. vhm:yliO
f gef
ref:sw.qmif;vSuf;vhm;vh;bl,?
awpAwf:pkod fOgePf ;vkuf;pAef:ayj:rD:
erf.uwf.? awpAwf:pkod fP;vkuf;pAe:f uBLduf; P;vkuf;pAef:Oldof:qgrf:vdu;f
vhm:ehsw.bl,wD;zl;tgepf ol fcof? cl:vlicf ofwD;v[wD;eef;arjole.f yef
ulnf:/ e[:ylid fumefpe
A :f LCL eh.wkde:f bl,wD;zl;tgepf ol fwD;v[wD;
eef;aOqif,qmif;vSu;f vhm;ulnf:? yAefpli:f pAe:f vliyf gifqkdif;aO vuf:
Okw,f umefpe
A :f auj;vDaOwj.? zlte
g pf ol fpil :f pAef:trf,rD:erf.uwf.?
trf,rD:yhm:ole.f ckw
d f:umyf;sw.wke
d :f cke
d f;b[,bmyf,bl,?
ule;f yj;w[;c[;
vSu;f vhm;auj;trf,qmif;pAwf:pkod f? ugyf;eefsv;zl;tgepf ol ftefoj;eh.
vrf,vgif;sw." ej;umefawckdeb
f [, awcSrf.vSyf;vDrj:trf,vD wke
d :f
bl,wD;zl;tgepf ol fqrk f:v[qrk f:v[qkrf:eef.urf:vAof/

zke
d ftid f1. Murphy, J., (2006). Learning-Centered Leadership, A
conceptual Foundation, The Wallace Foundation
Publication, New York.
2. Murphy, J., Weil, M., Hallinger, P., & Mitman, A. (1982,
December).
Academic
press:
Translating
high
28

OSifObmrf
expectations into school policies and classroom practices.
Educational Leadership.
3. Murphy, J., & Hallinger, P. (1985, January). Effective
high schools: What are the common characteristics:
NASSP Bulletin, 69(477).
4. Murphy, J., Hallinger, P., & Mesa, R.P. (1985). School
effectiveness: Checking progress and assumptions and
developing a role for state and federal government.
Teachers College Record.

29

OSifObmrf

Fear paralyzes; curiosity empowers.

-Patricia Alexander

wmif:bky:f bmef;ulof rwf.wlot

f rf,ekdifvh;?
vgif;c[;N.pefvSi:f yAet
f AefpSi:f b[,vlif/
ydef,wSrf;- Qof;odqdwfw vmofpAif

Be circumspect! Whilst the sky is clean, the crowd could

be influence. Accepted the bright light appears, when you
are in the darkness. Lao Heing

'mif.oh.sv;H zgi:f umifpmofwdkuf.O[vSi:f ? rguf,ukrf;qmif;

rj:Okrf,wrfwSif:? bmrf:qof;uof, bl,yof,wD;rkw
d f:wef? P;arj
pyf.qef Omhcyf.tefylid :f vSi:f / (qof;odqw
d f.w vmofpAif)

30

OSifObmrf
xwf:Omifcdke:f

wlofxlyf:Okef,wlofumefpAef: e[:rldif:Odyf:yDsv;
eguf;rldif:Odyf:yD

Drawing assessment of Education Experiences between Burma

And foreign Countries based on ten year of personal experience.
(ymifvSuf;vmh;wmif:N.yguf;urf:(2)? wD;qef.qgrf rpK,ql;vK: ukif:xAyf;? Qkdif;xh:)

qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif
qef.qgrfrpdwlef:
acK;Oif,

zkdefvduf;eh.yAefteftofrgu,f vmwf;acK;uGmrf: wD;ymifvSuf;vmh;

wmif:N.Oif,cK,wh:? wD;qef.qgrfrpK,ql:vK:vgif:uge:f ygu;f urf:Ogif rldo;f
(23.02.2013) eef.bof./ ayK:tofwlox
f lyf:oK; ymifvSu;f vmh;wmif:N.
tefOif,cK,wh: tgefqwf:pAwf:wD;rldif:uguf,rD:Omrfyug f;/ yguf;urf:ekid f;
aw. yAefrlod f;yD 2011 e[:vldefqef,eoK,ID, oef:xd (12) trf,ayK:
wgif:vD/ ayK:aweyf.Ogef,oK; e[:ukif:xAyf;eh.aw. yAefyug f;urf:Omrf
bof./ qlof;uK;xlyf:rK:eh. tefOif,cK,wh:qwf:pAwf:ymifvSu;f vmh;wmif:
N. wD;e[:uki:f xAyf;eh.auK; awvh;oK;yAefOmrfyug f;eef.bof./ wD;owf.
31

OSifObmrf
ODOkwK,Imrf:eh.Ogifyguf;sv; wD;ymif:uwD: rdlof;yg:h yDr[,wh: yD 2107 (16.
12. 2012) eef.ygu;f ekdif;bof./
e[:OmrfwD;eef. yguf;urf:ekdif;vh;vmwf;ae ]]acK;cAif,wK.umef
pAe:f e[:qef.qgrf}}? yguf;urf:OgifOrf.yAef ]]umefpmif;pSef:vSu;f vmh;umef
pAe:f iof;ike:f rkuf.qkrf:vlifOif,cK,qkdi;f wh:}}? ygu;f urf:Omrfe.h Orf.yAef
]]wlox
f lyf:Okef,wlouf mefpAe:f e[:rldif:Odyf:yDsv;eguf;rlid :f Ody:f yD}} eh.
bof./ e[:uK;wif:Omrfyug f;eef. tefNofeK;Oif,cvkuf;pAe:f wh: vh;
bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrfaO P;rK:vmwf;yefwmif:N. trf,eef rK:cof;Nrf;
eheef. yAeftefbdef:qlrf:cgy;f q[b[,erfaw.bof./ rldo;f vAoO
f rf.
cke
d :f vh;tofzkdefvdu;f eh. O[,e[:yyf.OSifObmrf rmh (3) xSi;f ehsv;
ekdif;cSe:f qlrf:pKwD;oK;trf,rD:bof./
wlofxyl f:umefpAef:e[:rldif:Ody:f yDsv;eguf;rldif:Ody:f yD
bl,eguf;rlid :f rK:Ody:f yDaO tefvh;xlyf:rK:umefpe
A :f eguf;rdli:f ?
tefydlef;ylifOgefyefuefbl,sv; wif:umefpAe:f e[:rldif:pof: vh;vwf:
cmrf;rK: OifrK:pdof;qif;wlnf:qkdif awrD:vgi;f ]]rldefueftw
d f:tD;?
ylid ;f uefyK;erf? tefe:[ rldif:vDauK;rD:urf;zgif;? tefqj.auK;rD:wif:
erf}} eef.bof./ wK,awrD:wdok f.wmif:aOpAe:f vduf; e[:rldif:eef.
ref:trf,imh;ehauK;urf;erfygif,q[uefo.h bl,? yAefpokd fauK;vD tdifeodl f
Omhimhiof:vmh:omef;rldif:aOsv; ySif;eif,vh;pAef:rK:eef.rmifqdlo:f tef
32

OSifObmrf
q[.wkod f:vh;auK;rD:aO rmifqdlo:f Orf. teftrf,ayK:rD:wD;ygif, wK,umef
pAe:f ehauK; vh;pefwmif:erfbof./ umefpe
A :f rldif:rmef;eef. zmh,xrf,
rauK;vD trf,eef zmh,Nif:pAef:vlifygifqdik f;auK;bK, urf;yK;erf aw
vh;pAef:pdrf:Mrf:Ody:f yDugef, qif,awxkid fqef.tefruf:ref;oK;]]qef.
qgrf}}eef.bof./ ayK:tofcmof:bmrf:aOwSyf:wwf:oK;auK; trf,ayK:vh;
peftefySu,f ydil ;f uefwif:wmif,rldif:/
yefpKul;vgif;vgif;
e[:uK;vkuf;tgef,Nofue
l :f wh:pof:wif:erfeef.
tefvh;rD:
wkod f.wmif:aO OgefpAe:f vduf;P;ayK:bof.wlo;f eef. ref:trf,imh;imh;/
urf;erfawvh;peftefvkuf;tge,f qldo:f tefayK;sr; oK;vh;ygiyf Aef
eef.ulnf: vh;pefbof.umefpe
A f: awK,ayK:bof.Nif:pAef:qef.Okif
(high school)? e[:uK; vkuf;tge,f tefayK;sr;oK;vh;ygiy
f Aefqdol :f eef.
auK; tefOykd f,ckdef;vh;qef.qgrfeef. Orf.vh;pefrD:at,aOtef
bof.qef.Okifue
g ,f bof./ ugyf;eefsv;vkuf;tgef,wh:tefbof.qef.
qgrfe.h pKemef:rD:oh. awvh;oK;ehbl,bof./ xkid w
f D;rD:rK:auK; bif:vh;
pefayK; sr;yD;egi.f cofrguf,oK; ]]e[:qldo.f cldo:f pof:eh. qmh:auK.eef.auK.
eh.? bdif:auK.eef.auK.eh. yAefauK.tefvh;pyf.qkrf; tgefwmif:
Okwf:}} oK;ehbl,bof./ ugyf;eefsv; xkid frldo;f vh;cke
d ;f pyf.qkrf;eef.
ayK;sr;yD;egif. rD:qguf.v[rldif:v[auK;qlrf:Oldof: eSwf;Oguf;Mif.pKuef
33

OSifObmrf
wK,uGK,cof;Nrf; ]]ymifpyf.qkrf;}} eh.bof./ tefe.h ref:rguf,aeoK; vgif;
oK;awpyf.qkrf;eef.pof:auK;rldefydle;f ? ylde;f auK;rldefpof: eef.bof./
ymefayK;sr;trf,wgef.cke
d ;f pyf.qkrf;auK; xkdiyf mefvkuf;vmefrK: Orf.
vh;cof;ymifpyf.qkrf;cl:eef.bof./ tefe.h ayK:eyf.Ogef,wlnf: rldo;f
Omof:yDylef.rK;eef. awvh;oK;rD:vgi;f ckyd f;eK;bl,? rldo;f pof:vAu.f uh.vh;
bdef:ule:f wh:eif,ueftkyf,uefoK; ]pof:yD;egif.ygif:avK:uefwmif:rlwf:
wif: trf,wArfqef.Ody:f } eheef.trf,q[;pkdofvK,/
wD;eh;OifrK:eyf.Ogef,wlnf:rle
d feif,ulef:xh:cof? rmifcldo:f eh.
vh;uGK,pyf.qkrf;rldif:tdif,uvef,sv; tar,Idumef,qlod f:eh.rK: OgifOmrf
qlof;ule:f auK;rD:oK,/ tefe.h ule:f xh:cofvh;uGK,pyf.qkrf;eguf;rldif:rK:ymef
Okyd f,ymefaOvh;rK:Omif;wmif:N.cofckde:f / wmif:N.e[:qef.qgrftefvh;
rK: ymefOykd f,ymefeef.ref:trf,imh;"/ ule:f wh:pof:urf.yK;erf bK,zlrf;
oK; vh;qkrf;eguf;rdli:f ymefOkyd f,ymef? awK;eif,e[:rldif: umefpAef:tef
trf,rD:cl:cSrf. qef.qgrfteftrf,rD:qkdo;f OAifvDeef.pof:wkduf.rD: ymef
pof:eh.ulnf:sv; umefpe
A :f wh:Mwf;xkid w
f D;v[eh yAefwD;tefpof:wif:
OAif;udkif,vDtofqO
[ [,aw.aw.bof./ pof:trf,ckw
d f:yle
d ;f auK; rmifygu;f
trf,ayK:vDqv
[ Au.f ? bgef.ugyf;oK;qldo.f cldo:f cldo:f wh:urf.yK;erf tefvh;uGK,
pyf.cl:rK:wmif,omef;wmif,rldif: OmrfOD,ymefule:f eef. pof:bif:trf,
bmrf;rD:rK:eef.bof./ cke
d :f Oyf:vSi:f xSif;uge,f ? e[:uK;tefpyf.qkrf;
34

OSifObmrf
vh;qldo:f eef.auK; tefvh;cke
d ;f qef.qgrf tefrD:cl:Ogefuwf.cSef,?
wlox
f lyf:erfref:ehauK; awvh;oK;rD:at,aw.ehbof. ySif;eif,vkuf;
tgef,pAe:f uh."vmwf;ae/ ugyf;eefsv; awvh;oK;qldo:f tefrD:Oke,f
e[:umefpe
A :f wArfxle;f eef.ref:rD:at, urf;yK;erfawvh;pef ulef:
qldo:f oK;vh;ygiyf Aef tefvh;cke
d ;f qef.qgrfwD;e[:oAi:f vliw
f K;ukif; sv;
oAif:vlod f,qldo:f eef.ulnf:bof./
e[:uK;vkuf;tgef,wh: tefpyf.vh;qkrf;qldo:f eef. Oifpof:ckdef:
rK:xwf:xgiw
f lnf: tefvh;qkrf;qgrf:eif,umefpe
A :f qef.qgrfpe
A :f
qlof;cmof: (distance university) sv; (day) qef.qgrfpe
A :f qgrf:oef:
eef.ayK:ehqdkif urf;yK;erf awvh;peftefbof.qef.qgrfu;l oef:
eef. rD:at,xSi;f uge,f bof./
tdifeldov
f mh:umefpe
A :f e[:rldif:yK;eldoq
f ldo:f eh.aOsv; wK,wh:
pof:awckw
d f:yldef;eef. yAefOAef;wmif:bmyf,vliof h.bl,bof./ ayK:oK;
pof:rD:yefpKwmif:tgu,f bmyf,rdol f;vAofauK; tefawrK:wmif:eK;eef.
ekdif;cSe:f yAeftefeuf:q[vldox
f Sif;eh trf,vmwf;auK;wde
k f:yAefOzK,
oref:bl,bof./ ayK:eefz[Orf.awrK:qgh; au;vdwf;yefvK,ayK:eh
tefe.h yAefacK;xmrfwK,wh:ulnf:trf,uK: yAefacK;xmrfyK: wK,ymh:ynf,
nK,vliyf gifqdik f;rldif:rmef;xSif;uge,f bof./ ymhOvldouf mefpe
A :f trf,wArf
xlef;oh.bl,bK,bK, umefymh:rmuf;rD:Orf.trf,rD:tefv[rle
d fqs[ v; bdif:
35

OSifObmrf
qmh:tefumefpe
A :f bof.wlo;f Nrf;avK:qldo:f umefpe
A :f yh,bof.wlo;f ? tef
bof.wlo;f ekdif;ckdif;auK;yK:? rmifqdlo:f bmrf;cke
d ;f qef.qgrfyDeidk ;f yDOgifeh
aO qif,vh;tgeuf efzmwf,omef;zmwf,rldif:aO Okyd f,cmof:wmif:ymh:rmuf;
rD: urf;yK;erfrlid :f xh:? rmifqdlof:rldif:ac, rav:OBLdo:f sv; Odif,uK,ylof,
qldo:f eh.bl,bof./
e[:uK;vkuf;tgef,ekrf,wh:pof: tefvh;zmwf,bmefomef;rlidf :f uGK,
qldo:f eef. tdifeldoif of:vmh:z[ref:aO rmifqdlof:auK;vh;cke
d :f Okyd f,umef
pAe:f wmif,omef;wmif,rldif:tefckdw:f qef.? trf,eefauK;yAi:f ylde;f / rmif
qldo:f Orf. wke
d :f trf,rD:wkod f.wmif: awOkyd f,umefpAe:f OifxSif;aO
tdwf:aObof.trf,uK: umefpe
A :f tefrD:rK: vAyf;pAef:rK:qldo:f eef.auK;
trf,rD:wkod f.wmif:q[.wkod f:vh;aOtdwf:eef.bof./ wD;eh; Oifole.f
umefpe
A :f rldif:ylde;f eh yAeftefeuf:q[xSif;tefedik f;/ wmif,rldif:aw.
pof:trf,rD:idkef:pAef:oK;ehaOwK. eif,pkdofue
l :f pof:Orf.ayK:awtrf,
vkw;f umefpe
A :f eef. vliyf gifqdik f;cof cyf:ckid yf efP;vkuf;tge,f Okyd f,
cke
d ;f umefpAef:bl,bof./ vkuf;tge,f wh:pof:aw. bK,ayoK;awrD:ikdef:ul;
wK,cke
d ;f qef.qgrfaOOkyd f,umefpe
A :f bif:ymhvh;pKidkef:urf.xSrfvlifyig f
qkdif;auK;bif:rD:eh qldof:bmrf;bl,rldif:wh: tefuhoiA :f vliq
f ldi:f eef.
urf.erfvh;Nyf.xlyf:rK:bl,/

36

OSifObmrf
umrf,vD bgef.umyf;ymefcw
kd f:umyf;sv; qldo:f cmwf,umefpe
A :f rldif:
pof:aO Orf.ckdef:vh;rK:Odyk f,umefpe
A :f eguf;rldi:f rldefeif,rldif:xh: rldi:f
ac, trf,eef aOrldif:rldif:qldo:f eef.auK; uh.uh.vh;pefbl,/ ule:f qldo:f
eh.aw. ugyf;oh.uK;cefumefpe
A f:yAefb[,aO rD:wdok f.wmif:Okdyf,umef
pAe:f ckdef:ehauK; awvh;oK; yAepf Sif:rmuf,Nofqw
[ K,wh:urf;zgif;bl,bof./
rmifqdol :f bl,qgrf: qkrf:tSe,f uBD,tlof,aOOgeyf efvmhvmh rmifqdlo:f Orf.
rK:cke
d ;f pAef:wD; auK:aOKaeK: (umefpe
A :f zmh,eguf;)aO pKwkod f.wmif:
qldo:f eh.bof./ tefe.h
ukdi,f vDcgy;f q[edol rf ldif:tefpyf.wgef;aO
cke
d :f ykdw,f zuf:wl P;wh:vh;Okyd f,umefpe
A f:ckdef:bl,bof./
OifwSuf;vku;f tgef,pof: wif:rlid :f tefce
kd ;f b[,eef.ayK:ehqikd f
ugyf;yke
d .f xmefumefpe
A :f ? Omhimhumefpe
A :f ylid f;uefpSi:f eK,sv; ymh:ole.f
auK;awtrf,rldefuef? wmif:N.trf,rldefuef? acK;bkrf,brfpefxkid if of:
vmh:urf,zK,auK; wke
d :f awtrf,rldefuefeef.bof./ ayK:awolef.umyf;
ymefymh:qmuf; xSuf.elof,vlof,uBD, (technology) ayK:ehqdkif yDref:cSe:f
pmif,uhuefeef.bof/ vrf:qgrf:vifyldef;auK; awckw
d f:ylde;f vh;imh;imh;bl,
tefoK;eef. wh:wif:erfawtrf,xmif,/ ayK:oK;wlu:f vke
d f:eh Orf.
awbmefuhpSi:f eK,? Ulnf:uK;tefpof:trf,vDvrkd f:aw. ayK:cwf:q[ref:
awyAefvh;bl, eheef.bof./ umefpe
A :f eh.vrf,vgif;wmef,pkod feh ukdi,f
vDzldrf.cke
d ;f pSif:pSi:f aO qldo:f qgh;vh;auK;qgh;? qldo:f trf,vh;qgh;auK; udkif,
37

OSifObmrf
vDyefacK;olef.wmif:pefxikd v
f Duef bl,eheef. vrf,vgif;wK,wh:pof:
aw.bof./
c[;vmwf;aexSif; vgif;qef.qgrfpe
A f:qlof;cmof: (distance
university) tdwf:eki
d ;f / urf;yK;erf qef.qgrfpAef:qlof;cmof: tefoK;
eh. rldif:yldef;auK;rD:bl,? rldefeif,tefcofwmif,qkod f;oK; (opening
universities) eh eef.bof./ ulnf:uK; qef.qgrfpe
A :f qlof;cmof: rldif:
yle
d ;f eef. yldef;rD:blid :f tmef:wK, P;rK:ykwf;wSef:ule:f qldo:f tefrD:
vgif;wmif:trf,Omif,xkuf,vmhtefaOsv;
pmrf:umefpe
A :f eef.aO
qif,vh;wif;cke
d f;rK:bl,bof./ trf,ruf:ref;cmof:bmrf:OgefwArfxlef;
rldefqef.qgrfykdw,f aO,aO,/ ugyf;yldo;f oK; ule:f qldo:f rK:cke
d ;f eef. vlof,
pAwf:umefzgi;f sv; qif,oK;trf,pAef:ul;oef:/ ulnf:uK; cofawqSu,f yef
NofacK;vduf;tefudkif,vDvlvli;f eK; qldo:f eh.bl,bof./ qef.qgrfqdlof:
eh.auK; uldw,f tguf,ule:f rD:wmif:N.erfaw.aw.oK;oK;bl,bof./ ulnf:uK;
qef.qgrfqol f;cmof:rldif:pof:aw. ayK:trf,qrfwyg f,auK; wke
d :f trf,rD:
vduf;vlvli;f eK;OifuK;pkod f? Nofbg;h ref:aw. qldo:f bmrf;cke
d ;f qef.qgrf
rldif:pof:rK:eef. awN.qSif;vDaO tefvmwf;wD;eh;uge,f bof./ rmif
qldo:f tefrD:wmif:ole.f vDvSwf:OSof: qldof:eef.aw.vh;cke
d ;f qef.
qgrfrguf;uK;eh.aOwK. Orf.arKpKwmif:N. wmif:eguf;xSi;f ? pKtmef,vl
vduf;wmif:eguf;sv; uh.uh.vh;pefvkuf;tge,f uwf.cSef,bl,eif,uof,? Ulnf:
38

OSifObmrf
uK; ykef;wK,ule:f qldo:f tefoK;yle
d f; Ogefyefbof.uge,f qif,vh;N.vh;
bdef:? qif,arKpAwf:ckid yf gif tefoK;eef.aw. wmif:vSwf:auK;trf,
ayK:rD:wmif:ckyd f;eK;eef.bof./ ugyf;trf,vh;OgefrK: wD;qef.qgrfvDvD
sv; wmif:N.tefvh;rK: wD;qef.Qgrfeef.auK; trf,ayK:qmif;cif,P;
qkdrf:uGK,wmif,wD;eef.bof./
rldo;f oef:xd (30.10.2012) zl;erf:acK;cmof, tefoK; The
voice weekly eef. vh;wgi;f xmrf vliy
f gifqdkif;rldif:rmef; uAo,f uyf:umef
pAe:f wif:erfwif:vmh/ e[:acK;wgyf,Nofpkyf;eef.oK; (1) rdol f;ul;ygu;f
eef. ayK:bof.pAe:f qef.Okie
f v
h mwf;uGmrf:tif:udwf.vh;vD? rldo;f vAof
Orf.bof.qef.qgrfauK;trf,vmwf;vh;bof./ (2) ugyf;eefsv;wK,aw
vSu;f vmh;ylid uf mefpAe:f eef. awOkyd f,ykdw,f P;vkuf;tge,f pAef:Ody:f OgifyD
oK;eh/ wK,awvSu;f vmh;eef. oh.erf.euf:aOwdkuf.cwf:q[oK;eh/ yldif
wSu;f ref: P;vkuf;tge,f rldif:rmef;rD:wdok f.wmif:vh;uGK,pAe:f vduf;rldfef rldif:
tar,Idumef,vh;eh. awcwf:q[aOP;rD: vgif;uyf:Omefwdwf:awK,
A f:eef. yAef
uefwif:qef.qgrf rldif:tar,IduuGK,/ (3) yuf:yldifumefpe
vuf:erf:vlif tefedik f;wK,yluf:umefrmuf;rD:sv; ayK:cmwf,umefpAef:
auK; awylu:f ygiuf mefrmuf;rD:bmyf,vldox
f Sif;oK;eh/ (4) ayK:trf,rD:umef
pAe:f OkifauK; wK,awclit
f guf,vh; (value added product) clof:ckud f.crf,
tefyle
d ;f awbgrf:pyf.eef.ref:yAeb
f myf,/ (5) vldoaf Oq[.ike
d :f qkdif;
39

OSifObmrf
rldif:zlrd f.cke
d f; e[:umefpe
A :f eef.bof. wK,awvh;ide
k :f qgh;umefpAe:f
wmif:eguf;auK; awcwf:q[uGK,? idke:f q[.e[:umefpe
A :f eef. yDe.h vh;q[.
vldoaf OyDylef.rK:Ogifykef;/ yDawrK:eh.auK; awwldof:xSi;f Ogifykef;oK;
eh/ vldoaf OumefpAef: vgif;ymh:bl,vDue
l :f rldi:f qdlfo:f eef.auK; awvh;
cwf:q[P;rD:Nif:bKvDwK,ule:f rldif:? rldefeif,rldi:f xh:sv; rldif:qdi,f uylof,
qldo:f eh.bl,bof./
tefe.h bK,ayoK;wh: vgif;oK;umefpAef:rldif:rmef; vh;vkyif:uGK,
eef. trf,vldoaf Ovliyf gifqikd ;f rmef;wif:bgrf:pyf.eef.bof./ ugyf;
eefsv; umefpe
A :f rdil :f rmef;eef. ref:vlof,ar:wif:erfeh trf,
wmyf;vmwf;wD;uGmif;ref:bof./ ayK:umefpe
A :f rdil :f rmef;vkyif:auK; wh:
wke
d :f vh;cmrf,wmrf,ref:uK;pkdofeh ekid ;f cSef:trf,qmif;vmwf;bof./ wK,
awrD:vgi;f ckdyf;eK;umefpAef:eef. zl;rD:ynf,nK,wh:pof:wke
d :f awvh;
ole.f yefeuf:euf:eKeKbl,bof./
g fuefar:ukrf:cke
d f:
awpAwf:pkod fte
Oifqdlif.oK; umefpe
A :f rldif:rmef;trf,wArfxle;f ayK:oK;ehqikd f
pof:ukdif,vD ar:P;vDvdloaf O tefvlof,vh;aO.ae:c[;oK;eif,eef.
bof./ awugK,wmif,wmif:zdwf:wD;cl:ae,? ydil rf ef:ae,? wD;vliyf gif
qkdif;se, urf:vke
d :f Okw:f awuGK,ae:cl:Ogeftefyil O
f gefuBL,Odef,
eef.pkdo?f rldefeif,yefpKtefrD:bl,rldo;f vAof vliyf gifqdik f;auK;trf,yh,
40

OSifObmrf
ar:vh;? aOqkrf:qkrf:auK; trf,ar:vh;? Okef,wlocf l:OgefaOauK.auK.
auK;trf,ar:vh;/ ugyf;eefsv; zlod f,awae:eef. vSyf;xkid cf mof:
bmrf:vlo,f ar:pefxikd e
f ifeb
h of./ zgi:f eif,eheh.awae:ule:f apK;
uK:ae,? awae:ule:f cD,? trf,eefauK;qmuf;vlw.f uK:ae,eheef.
bof./ trf,qmif;ae:z[aw.aw./ tefvDaOyle
d ;f eef.aw.ar:
uK:P;vDaOOkyd f,cmof:wmif:eef.vDvlod faOylde;f bof./
rldo;f vAoq
f rk f:zmh,ynf,nK,rldif:rmef;auK; wku:f bgef;P;qef.qgrf
vh;vgw;f vSof:xmif,pmif;/ bK,P;vh;bl,w[;vlifyig q
f dkif;wrf:omif:/ P;vh;
ygifumefymh:ynf,nK, vgw;f vgw;f vSof:vSof:pif:acKeh wduk f.Okyd f,cwf:q[
wku:f bgef:bl,bof./ tefe.h yAefvuf.ceK,vD wK,umefpe
A :f rldo:f eK;/
ylid uf mefpe
A :f vke:[ qef.qgrf? e[:Nif:pAef:tefoK;eef. vkuf;tge,f pof:
uGK,Mwf;e[: Nif:pAef:qef.qgrfaOawvkuGK,auK;trf,q[;/ wD;aw.ref:
tefudkif,vDarKeef.trf,arK? tefukdif,vDN.Orf.trf,N.aOsv; ygif,
oK;ylid uf mefpe
A f:vkehbof./ ylid fumefpe
A :f vkaO ayK:trf,ar:cke
d :f ayK:
ehqdkif awOkyd f,vmrf:wmrf:uGK,xSif; vmhqkyf;vmhymefue
l :f eef.bof./
cl:Oget
f efN.aw.arKaw.eef.ulnf: udkif,vDyAefcl:Ogef/ wlofbmif,
ref:cl:Oget
f efuwf.zmh,yke
d :f auK;vlof,vh;Ogez
f mh,yke
d :f ulnf:? ule:f
tefuwf.cSef,zmh,umefrmuf;rD:eef. trf,ukid ,f vDP;yAefcl:Ogez
f mh,ymh:Omh
qldo:f eef.bof./ cl:OgefauK; trf,udik ,f vDtofe[:yyf.aOrK:Ogeftef
41

OSifObmrf
vAo/f udkif,vDtofwmif:eguf;rK:zldrf.xSrfzgif;bl,/ ugyf;oK;wmif:N.eef.
ref:trf,rD:e[:yyf.ylid v
f Aouf n
l f:/ e[:yyf.eef.ref:yAeyf lid v
f uf:Okw,f
ydil O
f geuf n
l f:/ tefvrf,vgif;vlod feef.aw. qldo:f tefyAefcl:Ogef
auK; trf,ukdif,vDP;yAefcl:Ogeftefoe
l f.oK; ]] uofvmwf;OifP;xgrf,?
bK,xmrfce
kd :f }}/ ayK:pAwf:eefqdik f pSi:f tguf:atKvkuf;tge,f pAef:ole.f
tefoK;eef. rldefwif:pof:pyf:zuf:wlref:ySwf;eef.bof./ OifOgef
ekdif;qlof;rli:f auK; wK,Ody:f eK:xD:eef. ukdif,vDyefcmof:bmrf: P;vkuf;
tgef,pAe:f xmrfacK;xmrf? trf,eefyefwmif:pefxkid fcof? xmrfcofwlnf:
oK; qgi,f ygif,q[? Oiftrf,ygi,f q[qikd af wOkyd f,Oyf:vSi:f pAwf:pkdoaf w,uGK,
wif:erfwif:vmhbof./ ugy;f xdik uf myf;ymefcldi;f qmuf;cke
d ;f b[,pSif:eK,bof.
sv; eif,pkdov
f kuf;pAef:awarKq[.eef. udki,f vDpw
A f:pkdoaf Oqg;h eh acK;
eh.auK; yAeftefvrf,vgif;tefedki;f eif,uof,? Oifole.f wlnf:rlid :f
pof:sv;eguf;rdli:f qkdif
qldo:f arKpKacK;rkef:e[:tdef,wK,eSwf,eef.
wduk f.rD:at,? vldoaf Oeef. tefrD:wkod f.wmif:aOq[. arKq[.auK;aw
vh;oK;ylid ;f uefpSi:f eef.bof./ ugyf;rldif:pof:yAeyf lid fumefpAe:f teftig ,f
ylef.qef.eef. yAefydlifb[,pSif:eK,aOtefawarKsv; tefe.h
pof:awpAwf:qldif.pkdofvSu;f vmh;ySwf;eheef. udkif,vDoe
l .f qgrf:eif,uof,
bof./
urf:eh.c[;P;Okyd f,olef.qgrf:yldifumefpe
A :f Oif,cK,tdw:f ekdif;/ yldif
umefpe
A :f wK,wif:erfeef. uGmif;pSif:eK,sv; pof:awtrf,bke
d :f xkid f
42

OSifObmrf
vh;vDvD/ ulnf:uK; ylid fumefpAe:f Oif,cK,eef.aw. trf,N.rlwf:auK;
vh;vwf:cmrf;rK:wif:erfbl,/ wlob
f mif,ref:pof:rD:OD,qef. qef.
tge,f ? qef.umif? qef.vlif sv; qef.xrf,rj,qIdbehbof./ e[:
OD,qef.eh.wK,aw tgif,ylef.qef. e[:cmof:bmrf:OD,yDun
l f:eef.
trf,Ol;vh;pef/ wD;at,Okw:f vh;pAef:pdrf:Mrf:Ody:f yDugef, qif,aw
tgif,ylef.qef.xrf,rj,qIdb tefe.h eyf.Ogef,tefnmef,ulef:pof:
rD:ymefumifeef.uge,f qif,awtgif,vh;/ ayK:nmef,pmrf.ekduf:tdwf:
tdwf: pdrf:Mrf:Ody:f pK;yDugef, qif,awtgi,f bof./ oK;eefaOwK.auK;
tefbof.xrf,rK,qIdbeef. bif:wkud f.pKbmyf,bl,? tefe.h ugyf;Oif
trf,tgefuefar:ehauK; udki,f vDole.f bl,bof./
xSif;yldifekdif; tefpof:OgefrK:eef. pof:OgeftofacK;Oif,
Ogefref:pK. trf,eef pof:OgefacK;zK,OK,ref:pK.ehtrf,qSif;vSif:?
OgefP; uwf.cSef,yK,vdae, trf,eef OgeftofP;vli.f vSef, ymh:ole.f
Ykwx
f qof;ae, tefe.h pof:wkdef:trf,wSuf,vSi:f / ugyf;oK;e[:tef
bof.xrf,rK,qIdbeef. rmifqdlo:f bif:trf,N.yde
k f:yKvd? ydke:f OK,O
eK,qlod f:eh.bof./ ayK:tofumefpe
A :f eguf;rlid f:oK;qdkifzK,OK,(language)
sv; ymh:(subject)eef. pof:wkdef:trf,wSuf,vSi:f / pof:tofcle:f bli:f
ql:uefoh.sv;
qSif;vSif:oh.bl,eef.bof./
OifoK;c[;uwf.cSef,
e[:zK,OK,auK; vlof,vAyf;pAef:zK,OK,yKvd? xh:? tif:udwf:? rmef;aw,
uGK,qlod f:eh.bof./ OifoK;c[;uwf.cSef, e[:ymh: (subject) tefoK;eef.
43

OSifObmrf
auK; awvh;pAef:ymh:uyf:Odyk f,? yke
d :f ? umefpAe:f ? vgif;urf,rxmef:? ymh:
ole.f ykwfxqof;aw,uGK,qlod f:eh.bof./ OifoK;pof:pAef:yKvdeah uK; yyf.
tefv[? z[wSrf;? tgu,f rK:rldo;f ymefv[? qgif,rSef;rldo;f uefwif:wmif,yK:
aOrD:vgi;f ySuf,ylid ;f uef? ac.cAi,f uefwif:qof;wmif,yK: qldo:f eh. yAef
tefpof:udkif,vDN.bl,bof./
rmifyug f;pof:OgefOkw;f wmef,aOtef
tefaOwK. wmif:bldif:tmef:Okw;f wmef,auK;trf,N.? zgef:vDref:
auK;trf,N.ayK:ehqdkif ygif,oK;pof:OgefaObof. trf,arKtofrK:cof;
wif:q[.wkod f:eheef.bof./ OifoK;Olifq[ vgif;urf,rxmef:ehauK;
awvh;tmef,Okw;f wmef,tefv[eh qldo:f eh. pof:trf,wgef.pkuK;pkdo/f
zlod f,xkid w
f D;eguf;rdil :f aO ydle;f Ogefuef? yle
d ;f wlid ,f ymif,uefbof. qif,
ygif,q[ pof:bmrf;pAef:rK:aOwK. pAwf:Oifpof:Orf.trf,uwf.cSef,eh
yAefacK;xmrfpif:ulnf:bl,bof./
ayK:awtofNofpky;f ref:auK; acK;pdof;edil f:wlnf:umefpe
A :f e[:
rldif:eguf;rldif:eef. ref:ydli;f uefaO vlof,vh;ar:cke
d :f urf;zgif;/ wmef,
xgefvlo,f xgef? wmef,zldrf.vlof,zldrf.? trf,oK;vduf;umyf;ymefr[,? ymef
uof,? zK,OK,r[, yhm:vAyf;pAef:r[,qdlof:eef.bof./ umefvSu;f vmh;eef.
wde
k :f rD:udkuf:oh.ul;rldif:sv; yAefumefcykd f;eK;auK;oK;bof./ xSif;vgif;ekid ;f
auK; yldifumefpe
A f:e[:qef.qgrfqdok ;f vkod f:vifoh. e[:urf,zK,qldo:f eef.
OmrfyD? OD,yD ekdif;yguf;cofwdkef:vAyf;pAe:f aO vSu;f vmh;yldifumefpe
A :f cof?
44

OSifObmrf
wmef,zldrf.xSrfauK;zlrd f.xSrfO[,? wmef,xgefauK;xgefaO wke
d :f rD:
umefvSu;f vmh;bl,aO,aO,sv; ygif,oK;wmif:N.e[:qef.qgrfeef. ref:
wke
d :f trf,rD:vgi;f wmhwol feef.bof./

zke
d ftid f1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Foreign Language Annals: Vol.45,No.2 summer 2012

Educational Review: Vol.82.No.4.winter,2012
The Journal of Higher Education. Vol.2.2012
Journal of Research in Reading.Vol.35.No.4.2012
http://www.maukkha.org/index.php/news-menu/
myanmar-educational-new=maukkha/2428-2012-10-2209-17-2

45

OSifObmrf

wmif:OgifOAef;
ayK:bl,e[:cguf; trf,tgu,f eguf;qdkif
trf,vlof,cdik O
f if q[.rifauK;rif
q[.xifauK;xif q[.zifauK;zif
ugiv
f ifwkyf,ydu,f tduf,Olyf:vlof,bAef
vky,f ch:tAefref: wuf:vh;udefJJ/
ayK:bl,wD;eguf; yle.f tgu,f cguf;qdkif
pKcdkipf if:r[: trf,vlof,w[:z[
cmof:v[c[;rdol f: tofq[Oodl f:vK;
c[;oK;OifoK; c[;tK;ydu,f tK;
ulnf:uK; c[;tdky:f awtdyk f:uGK;JJ/
qof;tj,qdef,e vmofwh:

46

OSifObmrf
Vgi;f ckduf.wgef:

umefyul f:ygif P;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.

qof;ukrj,I crf:qkdef; (vmif:cldof:)
qef.qgrfObmrf

rldif:ekdif;rldif:sv;qmof:cldo:f ekid ;f qmof:cldo:f

ayj:tofqrg f:umyf;
ymefoef:rldo;f eh.oj;eh
umefyluf:ygifwj,pAwf:yefp;fG ule:f rD:erf.uwf.
eef.yAeftefvlof,sw.sw./ qkdi;f rldif:ckde;f bf,G qlod f:eef. ugyf;ylod f;cof
rD:ule:f uwf.cSef,erfsv;qif,ckde;f bf,G bof./ bl,wD;qkdif;rldif:ckde;f bf,G
aO rkif;bArf;ql:rldif:pof:ckde:f wlnf:vl:? ayj:xkid rf j:yD 2015 tef
awrj:eh. rldif:qAi,f qmef:oef:tguf, 10 rldif: awyAeq
f dkif;rldif:plrf;pgrf:
ASEAN bl,bof.eh/ ugyf;eef erf.uwf.ule:f pof:wj,bl,Oof:qgrf:
47

OSifObmrf
yof.rmhcgifqdki;f rldif: ASEAN eef. Qgi,f Orf.awckw
d f:ylde;f vh;/ ymh:ole.f
ule:f pof:wj,awwef:yle
d ;f ? Zmh,umefrmuf;rD:rldi:f pof:auj; wgef;wj,ckdw:f
yle
d ;f qldof:eef. bl,wD;oj;erf.uwf.ule:f pof:rD:rguf;uj;pkdofeef.ulnf:/
awvh;oj;ehbl,/ ASEAN eh. ayj:wlnf:qgrf:vguf:zSecf gifvlifygif
qkdif;rldif:pof:auj;trf,xmif,qSif;vDoj; rD:zSeO
f if wj,qkid ;f rldif:sv;
qmof:cldo:f awvh;pyf.zgef:vDOifqgrf:ref:wj,cmof:bmof:/ ayj:bl,zmh,
Okrf:(disadvantage)aOwlnf:qkid f qmof:cldof:tefbl,Oof:ef:G qkid ;f rldif:
Nrf;wkrfauj; qmif;rlnf.vl:uge,f / bof.auj; Oifwlnf:acj;wSyf:wwf:
tefoj;ule:f qldo:f vfG awrD:Oke,f vh;pAwf:umefeG:f wli,f oli:f ASEAN
eef.auj; wgef;wj,ulef:pmrf:umefpe
A :f sw. awtrf,qmif;bmif;yhvh;
qgrf:cof/ ymh:ole.f ? zSeuf mefsv; wmif:pAw:f yle
d ;f sw. bl,wSof:ej;
oh.vgef.vgef.bl,bof./ qldo:f eh. bgef.yldof;oj;ule:f uwf.cSef,ylde;f rD:
oh.erf? yldef;wlof;wef:oh.ul;rAo:f / wlnf:qgrf:tof vgif;pAwf:Omif;wj;
tefwkud f.auj,pAwf:bl,bmrf:vAof
pldo:f erf.vkud f.wD;wj;omh()
eef.auj;N.vh;bl, vgif;tefvliyf gifqikd ;f xh:sv; wif:qkrf: NEDA
(Neighbouring Countries Economic Development Cooperation
d f:uefaO rldo:f vli:f wkdef:oh.tofvlnf;vgu:f vmh: Joint
Agency) plrf;rko
Venture (plrf;pAwf:umefymh:rmuf;rD:)aO omif:zSec
f mof:bmof: (Long-term
plan)oh./ eguf;vlo
d fe.h - vliyf gifqdki;f xh:sv; wif:sc,auj; omif:zSef
plrf;rkod f:uefwif:vliyf giq
f dkif;rldif:pof:aO vli:f wke
d :f oh.wj,uSwf.Of(gas)
48

OSifObmrf
cmof:bmof:eif,uof,/ ylid yf Aefqdlo:f eh.oj;Okod f;Okod f;ref:eh bgef.vlnf;
yle
d ;f pefuheef.bof./ wj,rkif;pefuheef.Orf. iof;pmuf;ref:bl,wD;
erf.uwf.ymh:ole.f tefarjole.f ckw
d f:wef:ehauj; wuf:oj;vh;bl,/
eefsv; erf.uwf.wmif:arjtefoj;eef. zmh,vfyG mh:vfaG uj;vD ref:
vrf,vgif;sw.sw./
wD;oj;vgif;ckduf.wgef:umefyluf:ygifP;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.eh. trf,qf;G
oj;erf.uwf.zef:trf,cof;? bkod f:trf,cof;eef.sO;/ tefpof:vlof,bl,
rldo;f vAoe
f .h yAef.erf.uwf.wmif:cSef, zmh,vduf;vmh:? ymh:ole.f ? yke
d .f pl.
sv; ymh:arjzmh,qmuf;(Technology) tefawwlif.ekdifqrg f:vh;efG:umyf;
ymef qmwf;qkdif;rldif:vkrf;zj.Nrf;Mrf:(Globalization)sv; rdil :f Nrf;Mrf:
ukeq
f id ,f qmef:oef:tguf,(ASEAN)eef.bof./ ayj:ule:f pof:rD:erf.
uwf.erfeh yle
d ;f trf,xmif,pmif;vlvmheldoq
f ldof.cldo:f pof:? trf,xmif,pmif;
vdif.vSefawj,pof:/ ySuf.Orf.oj; bl,ef:G wge;f vf?G vguf:vfG? efG:su;zfG
auj;awtrf,vlrf.vmh: ymh:ole.f sv;wmif:pAwf:yle
d ;f tefrD:awj,pof:imh;
imh;/ Oifqdlo.f oj;pof:rD:ulef:uwf.cSe,f erfeh wgef;wj,qlod f.cldo:f sv;
omef;rldif:awcke
d f;bfG,eef.auj;trf,bmyf,/ ref:wuf:yAefvh;qgrf:eif,
tefpof:rgi:f cf;G yAecf fG;pef wD;uh.uh.tofOlyf:aOtgu,f ymuf,oj; ]cldo:f wh:
cke
d ;f bf,G rldif:wh:rfG,Okif} eef.bl,/

49

OSifObmrf
uAo,f vlnf;vgif;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.pkdof ule:f uwf.cSef,eh. rldo;f 17
May 2013 qof;wlefcl:vlif Dr. crf:rmh xrf,rOjrd zgi:f rldo;f ref:
qof;rj:pAw:f umef The 3rd ATBU Conference1 wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,rukw.f ? Ojvj:bj:? rldif:xh:eef. Qof;cl:vlifbmrf;Oif,Ogefyef
ymh:ole.f pef vgif;qmof:cldo:f ulef:rD:erf.uwf.wmif:cSef, awj,pof:vkuf;
egi.f Qof;qldo:f tefuGj,zkud f:umefqgrf:ref:qof;eef.eif,eh- ]]efG:rldif:

sc,eef. plofue
l :f sc,rD:pAiyf mhOmrfymuf,vmef.? plofue
l :f qmof:cldo:f xD.ySwf.
awj.sw.rD: 6 vmef.ymhymh ? ayj:tofpSif:Okud f: pSif:ule:f oj;sw. xD.
ySwf.cofeef. trf,cj,vj,Oifwj,sc,avj,? avj,wkud f:urf:vAouf n
l f:auj;
ughrlwf:tldo;f ? ulnf:- sc,coftrf,pAw:f vh;eif,eef? pAwf:vh;auj;ule:f
wif:vkrf;zawaO.ae:coftldo;f ? Ugyf;Oifayj:oj;ehqdik f ugyf;oj;xD.
ySwf.cofpol fue
l :f coftrf,erfaOw? cofrD:ule:f uwf.cSef,erftlod f;/ ule:f
uwf.cSef,cof tefbl,eguf;rldif:auj;erf? cofpAwf:vh; xkid w
f D;ule:f wif:
vkrf;zayj:pl.quf:? ayj:bgrf:pyf.cofeef.ej,? qif,oj;sc,auj;trf,
xmif,pmif; pAwf:pmh.ql:awj,cof}}ehbl,? Oifqdlo.f oj;xD.ySwf.coftrf,
cwf:qfG pfG;yAefue
l :f rD:erf.uwf.eh wgef;wj,cofawpwf:wj.awj,Ol;
1

The 3rd ATBU Conference: The 3rd Association of Theravada Buddhist

Universities International Conference on Buddhist Education, Life Education
qwf:pAwf:rldof; 16-18 May 2013 ? ymifukrfeh. Qof;cl:vlifyAefzl;qwf:umeful;vgif;vgif;sv;

Moderator ef:G ymiftkyf,ukrf/

50

OSifObmrf
cke
d :f vlifyig q
f kdif;sc,eef.awtrf,pwf:vj:vj:/ wD;eh;aeoj; ayj:rD:
erf.uwf.eh ref:pwf:pmef pwf:cmefwj. awj,ql:vgif;trf,zAif,yAi:f
eef.bof./
yluf:ygiyf efP;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.tefoj;eh. ref:Orf.yefzgef:
vDOif/ wD;sw.sw. ref:yefzgef:vDwj,qldo.f cldo:f sv;omef;rldif:wj,
cke
d ;f bf,G ef:G rldo:f ej;eef.bof./ ayj:wlnf:qgrf: rldif:ckdef;bfG,pdrf:pgrf:ef:G
ukeaf t:OBj:qkdifwuf:vh;pefwD;wSuf;ref:bl,/ rldefeif,rldif:xh,omef,?
rldif:pgi,f ugi,f sv; rldif:qdi,f uj,ylof,eef.vfG wj,Omif;omef;rldif:cofce
kd f;
bf,G eef. vliyf gifqdik f;rldif:cofyefpSi:f umefpAe:f sw.sw.oj;oj;aOcwf:
qfyG luf:ygiyf eferf.uwf.ule:f omef;ule:f rldif: P;rD:umefpe
A :f Okiftgew
f mif:
sv;cofqif,cke
d ;f bf,G rj:/ tefrldif:cofrmuf;rD:vDyAefbl,eh. trf,qf;G oj;
rldif:cofrD:clof:Ozj,o (natural resources) teftgu,f ef:G rldif:erfudkef:
vldif,sv; rldif:cofqif,rmuf;rD:? qif,cke
d ;f bf,G trf,qf;G / cofrD:ulef:uwf.
cSef,erfsv;qif,ckdef;bfG,ulnf:eh? zfGzafG uj;pl.bl,/ wlnf:tof- rldif:
xh,omef,ulnf:auj;wuf:pefqSif;vh;vDbl,? rldi:f xh,omef,eef.erf.ymif,
vmh,pgyf;oh.aO Orf.yAefue
k rf muf,pdeuf Sef,/ trf,rD:clof:Ozj,otgu,f
efG:rldif:tD;Oif/ awj.sw.rD:xmef,pdef (coal)sv; uSwf.Oftdwf:tD;?
awj;eif,wj,auj,Omif;pAw:f pldef:wlduf;eef. bif:ymhvh;Okod f.Omh:sv;
pdew
f D;rldif:sc,ugef,/ wD;eh;ref:aeoj;xh,omef,coftrf,rD:clof:cgiftug f,
51

OSifObmrf
qgrf:Ozj,ovldif,erf? ulnf:uj; zl;vli.f vSef,? zl;ole.f uh qmof:cldo:f xh,
omef,cof cwf:qfGyul f:ygifyeferf.uwf.ule:f rldi:f cofsv; xdik w
f D;oef:
rldo;f vAoq
f dkif ymh:rmuf;rD:rldif:xh,omef,yAefrmhOD,efG:vkrf;zj.oh.bl,/ rldif:cof
auj;cof;efG:Omhrmhrldif:ckde;f bf,G oh.rldif:ekdi;f /
rldif:qdi,f uj,ylof,auj;awj;
eef ayj:tofydkef:rldif:cofoj;eh qArftofvgi;f pAw:f vgif;Omif;sv;
umefpe
A :f quGj,qldo:f eef. vliyf gifqkdif;rldif:cofqmif;ule:f uwf.cSef,eguf;
rldif:rj:Ogef? rj:pAwf:Omif;zku,f qldo.f zef:erf.uwf.yefcofaO xkid frlod f;
vAof qkdif;rldif:cofvAu.f aOwauj;cofce
kd ;f bf,G ? ylid fumefOgefpAef:auj;
ckw
d f:qef.? cofcwf:qfGblid :f tmef:pAw:f P;rldi:f cof yAefOkeuf mifumef
pAe:f Okif (higher education) ef:G ukeaf t:OBj:vl:uge,f / pAwf:qgrf:acj;
bldif:cofaOsv; rldo;f vAoq
f dkifvh;oj;cofcykd f;ej;rj:bl,sw./ Qkrf:zmh,
umefpe
A :f wif:vkrf;zj.auj; bgrf:pyf.ylid uf mefpe
A :f Ogecf of/ wj,yAefrj:
vh;eif,ehauj; ugyf;ylod f;cofrD:ulef:uwf.cSe,f erfeef.ulnf:eif,uof,/
vgif;uwf.cSef,tefoj;eef.trf,qf;G oj;cofuwf.cSef,zmh,vAo?f cofrD:ule:f
uwf.cSef,ul;zmh,zmh,eef.bof./
Orf.xSif; ayj:tofzmh,vAyf;pAef: Geography oj;auj; Michael
Eugene Porter vmwf;oj; qki
d ;f rldif:tefsc.zmh,ymh:rmuf;rD:uefeef.
rldif:teftug f,OSifvD(diamond)eef.
yAefrlid :f ay.ykef;yldef;oh.bl,?
ulnf: iof:vmh:qkdif;rldif: Switzerland sw.trf,qf;G eif,eef? cofcwf:
52

OSifObmrf
qfO
G gefyluf:ygiyf efue
l :f rldi:f ? ulef:pAwf:umefcof P;rD:erf.uwf.sv;xkid f
wD;cofsp.uif;vh;ymh:zkuf,Ogrf;cof awj,qlod f:rldi:f eguf;tefsc.cAi,f cofefG:
ymifumwf,ul;rldif:rldif: (international marketing) ehbl,/ bof.auj;wj,wli,f oli:f cli:f umef awckde;f bf,G eef.Oiftofzmh, Managing
Human Resources oj;auj; zl;tgep
f lofpdkof trf,eef zl;qwf:umef
CEO (chief executive officer) cofeef. cofvlduf;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.
tefuwf.cSef,eef.pAwf:umef?
ej;wjsv;pmif;zmifeef.coftrf,
vlduf;/ trf,oj;bdif:oj;qmh:? OifyAefule:f rD:erf.uwf.tgefplofpw
A f:Omif;
P;ej;umefcofcykd f;ej;vh;ehauj;ql:bof./ wD;eh;cf;G oj;ule:f uwf.cSe,f
tefrD:erf.uwf.sw.sw.eef. wke
d :f vlof,wj,qldo.f cldo:f ? omef;rldif:
sv;efG:cli:f umef wj,ckdef;bfG,efG:umyf;ymef Globalization pkdof ASEAN
tefoj;eef. pof:xkuf,vDygif,qfGbl,bof./
ugyf;ehsv; bl,wD;qkdif;rldif:auj;vD? qmof:cldof:auj;vD? wlif,
oli:f pof:auj;vD wgef;wj,awyluf:ygiPf ;ule:f pof:rD:erf.uwf.eef. pof:
vlof,wkud f:Ole:f yefpSif:umefpAef:erferf/ umefpe
A :f eh. efG:rldif:auj;
bof.rldif:eguf;auj;bj, pAe:f Ogeftofymh:vfGauj;vD vDyefpSif:wif:Ogif
zmh,bl,/ ayj:pof:awukrf,rkid .f yf.G vliyf gifqdik f;rj:pAwf:yefeif,qkdif;rldif:
yle
d ;f eef.auj;awbmyf,? ugy;f oj;pof:yAefqmof:cldo:f tefbl,ef:G su;rldif:
Nnf;Oefv/gh tD;Oifauj;bof. ref:wke
d :f awrj:wD;cofurk f,xlef;bof.
53

OSifObmrf
qif,awqmif;rj:xkid v
f h;wD;qmof:cldo:f / bj,wlnf:uh- wlnf:toftef
vliyf gifqdik f;cofwrf:omif:yefidke:f wj,pAwf:Omif; (budget) efG:rldif:wh:yD
2013 rldo;f vldef November eef.ulnf:auj; pof:vDygif,qfb
G of./ tef
yAee
f j;wD;qkrf:qmof:cldo:f tgef, efG:rldif:wh:Orf.vh;erfvlod fvhmvmhye
k ;f /
wgef;wj,ej;wD;wh:qof;cgifsr;rldif:Orf.vh;at,/ wD;tefoj;Okef,
vh;vgif;zAi,f yAif:eef.trf,imrf,uefaOtdwf:/
trf,eefauj;ule:f
uwf.pof: trf,wmef,yle
d ;f pkdof/ Oifoj;yAerf j: ASEAN eef.auj; Oif
ule:f tefrD:erf.uwf. tefuwf.cSef,pof:at,eh Okef,Oifauj;wj,
awouf.wmof:vh;eif,yldef;eef.awrD:at,/ vgif;cke
d ;f bf,G pof:auj;aw
wluf:vke
d :f / ugy;f eefsv; wj,awvDvlod feef.uGmrf:vmwf; Jean
Piaget oj; ]]life itself is our greatest curriculum}}eh? yli
d fzmifpof:
pof:ole.f pAwf:tofpif:ulnf:pof:eef.vDvlod fylde;f ? Umefwj,yluf:ygiyf efP;
ule:f pof:rD:erf.uwf.eef.auj;awj;eef/ ykef;wj,P;ule:f pof:rD:erf.
uwf.erfrj:eef. xkid cf mof:bmrf:pof:xkuf,vDygif,qfaG Otgefuefvku.f
wke
d ,f pAwf:Omif;uGj,bof./ ulnf:uj; wgef;wj,awP;yAefue
l :f rD:erf.
uwf.eef. trf,ql:oj;uj;yAefue
l :f pAef:Okifeef.ulnf:ulnf:eh trf,qf;G
eif,uof,/ vgif;tefcof;qfGcof;acj:aO uh.uh.vlvduf;auj;yAefvh;ule:f
qgrfqdik f;rldif:tar,Iduj:
uwf.cSef,bl,/ at,yIprf, vdefcgef:
auj.xle;f (16)eef. zoref:auj;trf,vh;pAef:Okifrj:eif,uof,? bgef.
vlnf;ej;Ndef:coftrf,ayj:wArfxle;f sv; nj:rldo;f bmrf:wef:ehref:uh.
54

OSifObmrf
uh.vlvduf;? wj,awwlnf:vduf;auj;ayj:umifcrf;eh bif:vh;uGj,bl,wf;G Oof
zh:zj.qgrf:cmif;wmif:aOwlnf:vduf;ref:bl,/ eh.cf;G vmwf;aeoj;vgif;
cof;qfGcof;acj:aOuh.uh.vlvduf;auj; yAefule:f uwf.cSef,vh;bl,/ wD;efG:
rldif:wh:pof:auj; zl;tgeNf oftefcAif,wj. awj,vgif;zAi,f yAif:yke;f wj,
ule:f wif:erfeef.auj; trf,qf;G sv;oj;vh;pAef:Okifrj:eif,uof,? wj,
awtgeNf ofeef. erf.uwf.cofqof;vh;rj:wD;vlvduf;sv; umefxlyf:
wloe
f ef.bof./ qldo:f eh.cf;G qdqrf;oj;vmh:wj,P;ule:f pof:rD:erf.uwf.
eef.rD:erfbl,ehatj;/
qldif.pkdoaf uj;vD wD;vmwf;aerj:qldo:f yj;eldofeh.qmof:cldo:f sv;
qkdif;rldif:qldo:f rD:ule:f uwf.cSef,erfeef.
vgif;tefcofcwf:cAif,vh;
awj,vgif; trf,zAif,yAi:f sv;wif:vgif;tefomef;rldif:cofce
kd ;f bf,G eef.
yAefvgif; ckud f.wgef:vlif umefyluf:ygifP;ule:f rD:erf.uwf.eef.bof./
vgif;yldifyAefeif,ehzfGtrf,qmif;xAifvh;/ yke;f wj,pof:auj; ayj:oj;pof:
rD:ule:f uwf. cSef,erfeh umrf,qj,wj,qlod f.cldo:f sv;omef;rldif:pof:rldo:f
ej;eef. ule:f wif:vkrf;zj.awN.quf:pof:aO cldo:f pof:? sr;rldif:pof:
qif,awqkuf: befref;vh;efG:su;wlif,oli:f qmof:cldo:f vkrf;zj.bl,trf,
pmif./ bkrf,eif,ehaO-

55

OSifObmrf
Zke
d ftdif1. Ball, Geringer, McNett and Minor, International
Business: the Challenge of Global Competition, McGrawHill Education, UK, 2012
2. Bangkok Post Newspaper, ASIA FOCUS, Monday, July
29, 2013
3. Bangkok Post Newspaper, Business, Saturday, September
28, 2013

4. OmhySef:? rmh (32) ?

tdwf,wD; ( - )? wj;uki;f ? vldef

September, 2012

5. yyf.rmhwig :f Okef,wlof yD-2013

56

OSifObmrf
vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfOif,cwh: rldif:uguf,
qof;odqdwf.w vmofpAif (ukefpAif)
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:
vh;zmwf,bmefylef.vgrh ldif:wh:pof:
rj:Oof:yAefvku;f pAef:oAif:vlifrlid :f uguf,
tgu,f umifqc[ [;rD:wmif:N.yef,nj,
vh;cwf:q[uGj,qgrf:eif,bldif:tmef:
umefimef:bmyf,zkw
d f,wmef,v[aOauj;
pof:awj;trf,yg,h zj;omif:ySwf;
vh;eSwf;cwf:q[qkdef,pSif:rj:
vAyf;pAef:xrf:Twj:Tzj:yAefqof;
Nrf;cof;yj:qgrf:wmif:N.vmhtef
wke
d :f yefzgef:vDvkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:
bl,wD;vdefqdik f;xh:oAif:rldif:uguf,
c[;rgu,f vmwf;aeumifqb
[ ldif:rmh
pof:yAefOmhqdol f.cldo:f vkuf;pAef:wh:
c[;P;wmif:arjpldo;f pldif:oh:xkdifOefvgh
57

OSifObmrf
bmrf:rldo;f wh:vh;cgyh ldef;pAef:Okif
eif,pkdoaf wqkifqefwh:cke
d ;f b[,
vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:vh;O[f,pSif:
zgi:f wkud f.pjMrfOmhvSi:f yef,nj,
wD;qef.qgrfvlifrpj,ql:vj:
Nrf;yj:rpj,rif:ukwf;qef.qgrfb[,
Qef.qgrfr[,qkod f;vkod f:vifrpdwlef:
wD;ule:f pjwmif:arjcgef;ukdef:
wke
d :f rD:Qof;cl:pAe:f oh: Ph.D wh:
wD;e[:qef.qgrfObmrfauj;yj:
rD:xSif;trf,uj:wD;qef.qgrfat:ySuf,(ABAC)
pof:yAefcSu,f qkdif;rldif:xh:aOwj.
arjpjMrfwmif:N. arjql.wgrfyef,nj,
tefbmrf;vgrfrki;f rgif:ej,eef.aO ----/

58

OSifObmrf
vguf:vhm:wSrf;yyf.pAef: (vuf:Okwf,)
qof;oef,eOD,Id cdlof:ekrf,
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:
uGmrf:erf:

tdifeldov
f guf:vhm:ul;vgif;e[:vkrf;zj. vSu;f vhm;ydef,r[,pAwf:r[,rD:
r[,cke
d ;f rj:bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:sv; ugyf;eef eif,pdkoyf hm:ole.f zhm,ynfnj,
wh:pof:auj; Orf.ayj:awcdw
k f:qef.vh;rldefydle;f sv; pAe:f N.vAyf;pAef:
tefr[,r[,ref:xSif;eef. zl;wSrf;vdu;f qif,vh;tof vguf;vhm:wSrf;yyf.
pAe:f (vuf:Okw,f ) rj:zmuf,yefzl;Oliv
f ltmef,vduf;pof:cofbof./
tgefwmif:Okw:f awvmwf;vgi;f wD;ygi,f uGmrf:oj; ]]vuf:Okw,f }}
trf,eef vguf:vhm:wSrf;yyf.pAe:f ? vuf:Okw,f vkuf.rj:wD; uGmrf:vSwf.
wdef, (Latin) tefoj; Racecurse vh;tofrj:q[.e[:zhm,vAyf;pAef:
Mif.oj;vuf:Okw,f 1? ygif,oj;vgif;vAyf;pAe:f tefrD:oh. e[:yyf.vduf;vhm:
wif:erfqdlo:f eef.bof./ e[:zj,Oj,tif:udwf.oj; Curriculum vkuf.
1. ,

2545, 77.

. : .

59

OSifObmrf
rj:wD;acj;Oyf:vSi:f zj,Oj,vSwf.wdef, ygif,oj;OAef;wmif:zkud f: zgef.
sv;umefsc.cAif, (running course trf,eef running sequence of
courses or learning experiences) yAefvgif;wSuf;edi
l :f umefvAyf;pAef:
vgif;ole.f ar:yyf.pAe:f (vuf:Okw,f ) wj,cyf:cdik yf yf.pAe:f P;rD:umefpAe:f
tefr[,r[, wD;vkrf;zj.cofvAyf;pAef:uefqdol f:eef.bof.2/
umefpmif;pSef:wSrf;yyf.pAe:f (vuf:Okw,f )
vgif;wSrf;vuf:Okw,f yyf.pAe:f e[:Nif:pAef:eef. tgefwmif:Okw:f
awvh;omif:zSef vgef.uSefacj;uGmrf: tefawq[.wkod f:e[:yyf.pAef:
rde
l e
f if,yj;w[;eh.?
wgef;edik ;f - tofwmif:pefxidk sf v;yhm:ole.f zl;uwf.cSef,vduf;
vhm:cof qof;tefwSrf;oh.qdlfo:f eef. rj:omif:zSew
f Srf;yyf.pAe:f (vuf:
Okw,f )?
d .f vgif;wSrf;yyf.pAe:f
wgef;Ogif- vgif;N.wmif:pefiof;cmrf,yke
(vuf:Okw,f ) vguf:vhm:sv;ylid w
f Srf;ref:?
wgef;Omrf- acj;ruf:ref;wj,wSrf;yyf.pAe:f wj,q[.e[:Nif:pAe:f
(wSrf;vuf:Okw,f )?
2. , . . 2554, 3-4.

60

OSifObmrf
wgef;OD,- awvh;rD:zl;tgeNf ofvD wj,wSrf;yyf.pAef: (wSrf;
vuf:Okw,f ) cke
d ;f rj:e[:rl,qkrf: trf,eef wj,e[:qef.pAe:f qdlof:eh.
bof.3/
iof;cmrf,yde
k f.vgif;N.wmif:pef wj,wSrf;yyf.pAef: (umefpAwf:vuf:Okw,f )
umefwj,pAwf:yyf.wSrf;yyf.pAe:f trf,eef awcde
k :f ole.f ar:yyf.
pAe:f wD;pAef:e[:Nif:pAef:qdol f:eef. ul;yhm:yhm:ul;zj,Oj,eh awvh;rD:
oh.zmifpmif; vgif;pAwf:Omif; 5 ylid f tofrj:Nrf;Mrf:uefaO pAwf:Omif;uGj,
ykef;wj,yyf.pAef:awrD:erf.uwf.xSif;1. bdy:f tofacj;vrf,vgif; acj;cdu
k f.wgef:yhm:zj,Oj,umefpe
A :f yAef
ylid rf ef: (Subject matter Approach)? tofqrg f:yuf:ylid yf hm:vAyf;
pAe:f yAeaf cj;rmef,rSef;?
2. tofvgi;f zku
d f:zge.f vkuf;pAef:rj:O[,qgrf:e[:yyf.pAe:f yAefumef
wj,vAyf;pAef:uGj, (Co-Curriculum Approach)?

, . :
The Knowledge Center . . 2544, 12-79.
3

61

OSifObmrf
3.

4.

5.

tofvkuf;pAef:yAefuikd ,f umif (Child Centre Approach) vgif;

wSrf;yyf.pAe:f yAefumefbgef,bmef: pAwf:P;Omif,xkuf,rSef;qgrf:
vgif;tefvku;f pAef:cofqrl f:pAe:f Olipf e
A :f ?
tofwli,f oli:f ulef:sv; pdrf:Mrf:tefqrfwlofyAefydlifvlifref:
aOP;vkuf;pAef:cof arjcof;tguf,pAe:f N. wlif,oli:f ulef:vh;ihm;
sv;ygif,qfGvD rD:vgi;f rdw
k f;ukdof:qrfqy[ le
d f;vh;ihm; (ChildAdjustment Approach ) tofumifq[ ule:f wif:erfc[;yAefaO
c[;P;ref:yAeq
f dlif.pkdoaf uj; ruf:ref;wSrf;O[,e[:yyf.pAe:f ?
ylid z
f mifpmif;sv; vguf:vhm:tofrj:Nrf;uef (Synthesis of
Approach) ul;vgif;vgif;wD;vh;rguf;vmwf;rj:yj;eldoq
f lod f:eef.
tofrj:avj:uef P;ref:yAefvgif;vDN.vDarjvDvAyf;pAe:f quGj,
qldo:f eef.bof.4/

acj;vrf,vgif;wj,wSrf;yyf.pAef: (wSrf;vuf:Okw,f )
umefwj,cdik O
f mif;pmif;pSef:yyf.pAe:f eef.
rmhxidk v
f gif;cyf.qSef,
acj;vrf,vgif;wgef;zkud f:zgef.umefpe
A :f tefrD:bl,zhm,e[:yyf. tofrj:
cyf.P;ref:cof;uefyAef ydil fumefvAyf;pAe:f eif,pkdoaf cj;uGmrf:e[:yyf.pAe:f
4

, . . 2554, 10.

62

OSifObmrf
ayj:awcSrf.vSyf;vDimrf:sv; P;yAev
f guf:vhm:yhm,ynf,nj,wj,pAef:? wj,
Ogef? wj,xwf:Omif; P;cdw
k f:umyf;cdkw:f ymefqrg f: ylid uf mefpAe:f vkrf;zj.
tdifelod fvgif;eh.aO zl;vli.f vSef,yhm:ynf,nj,vhmqof; vh;wSrf;oh.acj;
vrf,vgif;wj,wSrf;yyf.pAef: rD:qdli.f eif,yj;w[;eh.bl,xh:vldof:bj: (Ralph Tyler, 1968: 1) vh;wSrf;oh.acj;vrf,vgif; vguf:
vmh:sv;zmifpmif; yke;f wj,wSrf;yyf.pAe:f (vuf,Okw,f ) eef. rD:oh. 4
acj;/
1. acj;bdi
l :f tmef: (Educational Purpose) zhm,Nif:pAef: rD:wmif:
rkif;rgif:c[;P;vkuf;pAef: cofyAefzl;uwf.cSef,?
2. vgif;wlofxlyf: (Educational Experience) e[:Nif:pAef:vh;
Omif;ymifzduk f:zgef.cdke;f rj: ykef;wj,P;vkuf;pAef:cof rD:vgi;f
wlox
f lyf:e[:umefzkud f:?
3. vguf:vhm:cdi
k O
f mif; umefwlox
f lyf: (Organizational of
Educational Experience) ugyf;ylo
d f;c[;P;umefpAe:f yAefqrg f:acj;
bldif:tmef:rD:zl;uwf.cSef,vduf;vhm:erfce
dk ;f sv; P;vkuf;pAef:
vh;pAef:N.vgif; tefyAefsw.rD:sw.ref:ehbof.?
4. umefxwf:Omif; vgif;umefpe
A :f umefOgef (Determination of
what to Evaluate) xwf:Omif;wlnf:oj; yAefqr
g f:acj;bldif:

63

OSifObmrf
tmef:vh;uj;pkdo?f vkuf;pAe:f rD:wmif:N. erfce
kd ;f rj:uj;pkdofqlod f:
eef.bof.5/
rde
l e
f if, xjyj: (Hilda Taba, 1962 : 422- 423) auj; vh;vmwf;xdik f
vguf:vhm:wSrf;yyf.pAe:f (vuf:Okwf,) rD: 4 vguf:vhm:eif,uof,? efG:eef.1. acj;bdi
l :f tmef:ul;vgif;sv; wmif:rkif;rgif: vgif;wSrf;yyf.pAe:f
pif:ulnf:?
2. yhm:umefpAef:sv; cmof:bmrf:qlof;rgif:pAef: e[:edkif;yhm:awoh.uj;
pkdo?f
3. yuf:yli
d uf mefzduk f:zge.f vgif;vh;pAe:f vh;Ogef?
4. umefruf:ref; vgif;xwf:Omif;yhm:ynf,nj,6?
Nofacj;tefvh;Orf.vSi:f rj:qdol f:eh. ref:qyf:OSi,f uefrdlee
f if,yj;
w[;eh.yhm:umefpAef:
acj;bdil f:
tmef:

vgif;xwf:Omif;
yhm:ynf,nj,

umefzdkuf:
zgef.

, . :
. 2545, 86.
6

64

OSifObmrf
awpefvh;oj; ref:Ogw,f ugi.f uefyAefcodl f: rldefeif,acj;bldif:tmef:
bof. rj:umefzdkuf:zgef.? Orf.rj:awj,vgif;xwf:Omif;yhm:ynfnj,? yef,
uGj,yhm:umefpAef:? vgif;eh.Orf.ref:pAwf:P;pof:vh;N.oj; umefwSrf;yyf.
pAe:f rD:vgi;f bgef,bmeff:cof;pjuefoj; awvh;pAwf:qdil .f pdkofP;cdw
k f:umyf;
cdw
k f:ymef rde
l yf dlifumefpAe:f e[:vkrf;zj.qldo:f eef.bof./
ydil fzmifpmif;vguf:vhm:umefwSrf;yyf.pAef: trf,eef vuf:Okw,f
(Curriculum Design)

vgif;wSrf;yyf.pAe:f (vuf:Okw,f ) trf,eef ylid z

f mifpmif;vgif;wSrf;
yyf.pAe:f rD:oh.bl,vhmqdlof.vhmylid f ulnf:uj; tefedik f;sv;ylid fekid f;? vguf:
vhm:yhm:ole.f ref:trf,rde
l uf ef? wmif:bldif:tmef:? ylid z
f mifpmif;ref:ySuf,
ylid ;f uef/ ugyf;eef awvmwf;yef P;ygif,qfv
G h;imh; ygif,q[vh;vD
cke
d ;f eef. rD:Nofacj;ref:oh.rldefeif,yj;w[;eh.bof./
1. yyf.pAe:f tefpe
A :f tof vgef.uSefaOpAe:f (Subject-MatterCurriculum)?
2. yyf.pAe:f teftofzj,Oj,v[ zj,Oj,eki
d ;f ? yhm:v[ymh :edkif;yAef
ylid v
f lirf ef:aOpAe:f (Broad-Field-Curriculum)?
3. yyf.pAe:f teftofvgif;wli.f edkif wlif,oli:f ule:f sv; wj,qmwf;
ymefue
l :f aOpAe:f (Social Process and Life Function)?
4. yyf.pAe:f Okefumifpe
A f:yAefymefumif trf,tofzhm,v[ye
A yf lid fvlif
ref:aOpAfef: (The Core Curriculum)?
65

OSifObmrf
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

yyf.pAe:f teftofvgi;f zkud f:zge.f sv; vgif;wlofxlyf: yAeyf ldif

vlirf ef:aOpAef: (The Activity and Experience
Curriculum)?
yyf.pAe:f teftofqrg f:umyf;ymefvSu;f vhm; pAef:qgrf:umyf;ymefr[,
(Integrated Curriculum)?
yyf.pAe:f tofvgif;uAof,uyf: tefN.pefvh;ihm;aO pAe:f yAefyldif
vlirf ef:aOpAef: (Correlate Curriculum)?
yyf.pAe:f
tofqrg f:vgif;vkuf;pAef:
ygif,q[imh ;aOpAef:
(Individualized Curriculum)?
yyf.pAe:f sv; ylid uf mefpe
A :f teftofvgif;Omif,xkuf,? vgif;ygif,
qfcG l:sv;vkuf;pAe:f yAeyf lid v
f lirf ef:aOpAef:uGj, (Personalized
Curriculum)7 qdlof:eef.bof./

acK;vlyf:vif
ayj:rj:wlnf:vgif;umefwSrf;yyf.pAef: wj,q[.e[:Nif:pAef:sv; e[:
qef.pAe:f eef.vh;N.oj; ref:tdifelod fiof:vhm: tefukdi,f tmyf;uefwif:
wlif,oli:f ulef:aO P;yAez
f gef:vDwj,wlof zl;pAef:cofpAef:N.vh;ihm;

66

OSifObmrf
tofrj:q[.wdok f:e[:qmwf;ymef P;rD:uj;cefwj,wlofuof, wj,ulef:wif:
erfvh;erf.wgef:zgef:vDre
dl uf ef/ eif,pkod fyyf.pAe:f sv;ylid uf mefpe
A :f
Orf.ayj:awcdw
k f:qef.rde
l yf le
d f;vh;sv;
rD:vgi;f vSu;f vhm;ole.f sr:
yde,f qgrf:umefpe
A :f vkrf;zj. ykef;wj,rdol f:ej;ayj:awvh;vDrD:zl;uwf.
cSef,vduf;vhm:ul;yhm:yhm:ul;zj,Oj,sw,uGj,qlod f:eef.ehbof./

zke
d ftdif1. , .

. 2554
2. ,

: The Knowledge Center .

. 2544
3. , .

: . 2545
4. , . .

., : 2553

67

OSifObmrf

yefpjtefqof;uof,vh;xlyf:bl,bmrf:rldof;vAofe.h
vlof,cwf:q[su;vdwf;P;vh;? Oifoj;trf,pwf:awj,Ol;
su;vdwf;ref:aOyhm;ySwf;eh yguf;ej;rj: xlyf:nj:yefpj
xSif;ehauj; awj;trf,rD:wmif:wj,su;vdwf;vh;/
OSifauj,rldif: (rldif:yef,)

68

OSifObmrf
wmif:pefxkdifqmof:ykwf.

eldofvgif;'j.zmef,zDylif

Buddhist Concept on Creator God

qof;cl:aw,odef,wj.zdyj,v OSifcrf:wh:
qef.qgrfrpdwlef:vf
uGmrf:erf:

wmif:bkrf,brfeyf.xkdoe
f .h

cof;yj:e[:wge;f vrf,vgif;zoulef:
pof:ul<oef:oef:eef.tefekdif;bof./ rldo;f aw,ref: ule:f pof:trf, yh,
rD:vgif;bkrf,brfeyf.xkod fOj,Oej,Oif? omh:rj:bgef.ylod f;q[uol fq[ tgef,
at:aOsv; c[;pjwD;ykid ;f tdifwD;Nrf,vlrf;q[aOqif,awrD:rj: wD;
eyf.xkod ftdiyf kid ;f / rldo;f qof. ule:f pof:tgefykid ;f tdifeyf.brf Nnf;vg?h
xle
d ,f yj,? wle;f rh.? erf.? vldef? 0ef:? wlofOwf:qldo:f eh.rj:/ pAwf:
eefaOsv; qgrf:eif,ymh:0le.f ulef:pof: vSu;f vmh;ckde;f Omif.ckde;f Okif
rj:aO vkuf.wD;eyf.brf Nnf;vg?h erf.? pdef? vldef? oef:? wle;f rh.
qldo:f eh.aO ckdef:eyf.brfzDtefrD:zkif:erf.uwf.rj:/ umyf;ymefeyf.
brfzDauj; rD:zDNnf; zDv?hg zDerf.? zDvdef? zD0ef:? zDy,l emh:
sw,uGj,zDtefue
l :f pof:pyf.oj; rD:zkif:umrf,b[,wif:erfwif:vmh / bldif:
tmef:eyf.brfymh.zDqdlo:f eh.auj; bgef.c[;P;rmuf,cof;wof;erf.vD? c[;
69

OSifObmrf
vgw;f umif:wmif:ch;wmif:yAef? c[;vgw;f az:cAe?f c[;bl,uwf:bAefqdol :f
eh.bof./ vkuf.wD;eyf.brfzDvmhqdol .f vmhblid ;f eef.aO ckdef:vlduf;eyf.
brfzDzkif:b[,rD:erf.uwf. yAefrj:zDOD,o zDodOek zDtde,f wIsw,
uGj,awj,ayj:Mwf;rj:zDab,Nof:oj,? zDxj,0I? zDtmvfvj,qlod f:eh.bof./
omh:vke
d :f rj:zj,Oj,Twj:eh. cke
d :f yAev
f gif;Ogew
f loO
f geq
f [yAefcgy,f wmif:
pAwf:wmif:Omif; e[:wlif,oli:f ule:f pof:tefv[tefeef.aOckde:f uD<
rkef:uldw,f tguf,yefymh:ole.f vduf;vmh: uGmrf:Ogefsv; 'di;f xki:f zj,Oj,
Oj,Oej,cldo:f ulef:pof:rj:bof./ bof.auj; ule:f pof:pefvgif;wkuf.c?
vgif;Oldo:f Oj,e[:zoqmwf;eh.aO Orf.trf,N.pefvh;zoqmwf;ej;
sv; rD:vgif;rh;q[? c[;Mwf;xkid w
f D;vDwD;rSwf;? wD;uwf:wD;bAef/
pAwf:ehaO vgi;f bkrf,brfudol :f vDsv;wmif:wkdo:f urfue
l :f pof:qif,rD:rj:/
Oj,Oej,tefue
l :f pof:urf;yj;erf bkrf,brfeyf.xkod fbl,e[:vluf;0ef:
rldo;f eh. yAefOj,Oej,cIdwf.Of? Oj,Oej,pde,f wl,? Oj,Oej,tdOf
Ovrf,sv; Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqlod f:eh.bof./ vldoe
f .h Oj,Oej,tef
vAu.f tgef, teftrf,ayj:xmif,qSif;eef.auj;rD:xSif;wif:erf/ zj,
Oj, trf,eef Oj,Oej, vgif;bkrf,brfeyf.xkod f e[:vluf;rlod f;vAofe.h
pof:awvh;qSuf,szyAef 2 bmif,- tefbkrf,brfzD(Theism) sv;
wif:teftrf,bkrf,brfeyf.xk0d fzD(Atheism) ehbl,/ zmh,ekdif;auj;
pof:awvh;qSu,f szoj; Oj,Oej,teftofwmif:bkrf,brfyAefb[,sv;
Oj,Oej,teftofwmif:pAw:f wmif:Omif;yAeb
f [,ehbof./ vgif;Oj,O
70

OSifObmrf
ej,qlod f:eh. ref:uGmif;cGmifej,sv; wD;eh. zl;wSrf;vdu;f awwSrf;seuGj,
wD;uSyf;uSy;f ref:ulnf:/
Oj,Oej,bkrf,brfzD
Oj,Oej,tefbkrf,brfeyf.xkod f'j.zmef,zDylif(Theism) eh.
pof:awvh;pefrD:wif:erf rldefeif,- Oj,Oej,cIdwf.Of (Christian)
Oj,Oej,pdef,wl,(Hinduism) Oj,Oej,Oduf.(Sikhism) Oj,Oej,
tdOfOvrf,(Islam)sv; Oj,Oej,uBL:(Judaism) qldo:f eh.bof./ Oj,
Oej, teftrf,bkrf,brfeyf.xkod f'j.zmef,zDylif(Atheism)eh.Orf.
yAefOj,Oej,ykw.f x(Buddhism) Oj,Oej,uBAef:(Jainism) Oj,O
ej,ugef,zdof:OSwf.Of(Confucianism) Oj,Oej,wj,tlof,(Taoism)
sv; Oj,Oej,qlof<Ilof<Owj<(Zoroastrianism)bof./ e[:uj<tef
trf,bkrf,brfzDqdlo:f eh.auj; acj;Oif,Ogefsv;wmif:blid :f tmef:Oj,O
ej,tefedik f;sv;tefedik f; ymh;ylid ;f uefoh.bl,/ qldo:f bkrf,brfzDylif
Omif;eef. wmif:bkrf,brfcofrle
d uf efurf;erf? ylid ;f uefurf;zgif;ulnf:/
Oj,Oej,pdef,wl, bkrf,brf'j.zmefzDylicf keO
f mifvlif(Brahma)? zD
OD,o(Lord Siva)? zDtdef<wI(Lord Indra) zDcIdw.f Oe(Lord
Krishna)? zDodOek(Lord Visanu)sw,uGj, zDvmhqof;qldo:f cofbkrf,
brfoj;rD:erf.uwf.pSif:b[,/ zj,Oj,pdef,wl,eh. rD:zDerfvlod fylde;f ? Oj,
Oej,rl,Ovdrf,(tdwf.Ovrf,) wif:cIdw.f OfOrf. vlduf;tofzDzkif:b[,
71

OSifObmrf
qof;vAofulnf:? zDtdwf.Ovrf,Orf.bkrf,brfzDtmef,vj, (Almighty
Allah) tefrD:atj:qj,tj,ej,b[,? zj,Oj,cIdwf.OfOrf. bkrf,brf
zD1xj,oI(Merciful God) tefrD:uIkej,b[,sv; zDqof;ab,Ok
(Jesus Christ) tefrD:rAwf;wj,b[, tefyAefvku;f qmh:zDxj,oI? Oj,O
ej,uBL:Orf. bkrf,brfzDab,Nof:oj,(Yehovah) tefrD:zkif:wef:clof:
b[,/ Oj,Oej,bkrf,brfzDqdlo:f eh. bkrf,brfoj;zDcofrD:erf.uwf.pif:
z[ref:
qgh;xSrfvh;ul<qldo.f ul<bmif,?
ulnf:vlof,bkrf,brfcofsv;
ulrf;ugrf:egrf:ql: bgef:Ol:wD;cof? cofyAefzl;yefOl:sv;zl;yefwmrf,
ehbof./ qgrf:tofumG rf:Oif,Ogef zl;tgefauj,wif;Oj,Oej,z[ref:
sv; vduf;xrf:z[ref:aO yAefujG ,Oj,Oej,z[ Oj,Oej,ref:? wmif:
bkrf,brfz[ref:? vmh:z[vmh:ref:bof./
wmif:pefxikd sf v;wmif:bkrf,brf? wmif:pAwf:Omif;sv;wmif:
bgef:Ol: wD;zDz[zDref:eef.auj;ySuf,ylid ;f uefoh./ wgef;wj,zD
pdef,wl,cofeef. cofawvh;ymh.(yl,aqj,)aObgef:Ol:tof? cldif;ymh.yl,
1

e[:uBmrf:cIdwf.zmh,wh:qlod f:eef. bldif;qmof:ykwf.aO q[.acj;uGmrf:oj; ]Tzj:? qof;Tzj:} ehbof./ wD;eh.

zl;wSrf;vduf;pefxkid foj; bgef.yldof;
tefcofbkrf,brfeef. yAez
f Dsv;awvh;oj;zDeuh lnf:/
trf,xkuf,q[.acj;uGmrf:oj; ]Tzj:}/ Tzj:tefoj;eh. yAeaf cj;uGmrf: ykwf.xzj,Oj, tefvkuf.wD;yj,vdrj:
]0I-rSwf;Okifwge:f su:} eheef.aO qif,yAerf j: ]oIj:-zIj:-Tzj:-zj:vj:} qlod f:eh.bof./
Tzj:tefqmof:ykwf.pof: Mif.eh. bgef.yldof;qof;auj:wr N.pefxrf:qkod f;q[; udav,Oj,rlwf:O[
rD:vgif;wlif.wke
d f,pefvSif:sv; qif,Mif.oj; ]ykwf.xTzj:yAeq
f of;} ehbof./ ayj:trf,q[;qlid f.ehqdkif
trf,ukid f,vDMif.oj; ]Tzj:}/
72

OSifObmrf
aqj,auj; yAefrguf,? yAefeldo.f vldw;f wlorf D:q[sv; wAef:'h:qldo:f eh.
bof./ urf;erf cofbgef:Ol:P;ylef.vgw;f vgif;wku.f caO Mwf;rldif:Omif/
wgef;wj,Oj,Oej,tdwf.Ovrf,Orf. coftofq,D odw.f Omhqc[ of ulrf;ugrf:
egrf:awj,qof;zDtmvf,vj,cof? cofu<D zj,rkdof:aObgef:Ol:? zDcoftrf,
rD:pmif<? coftrf,eyf.xkod fpkef,pmif< vldofaOvuf:Oofpdecf oftefrD:
wD;oAi:f ruf.uj,? rldif:aOj,wD,tj,aI:yD:blod f:/ wD;OkifOkw:f cofbgef:Ol:
P;Mwf;rdil :f zDtmef,vj,cof/ Oj,Oej,cIdwf.OfOrf. bkrf,brfoj;zD
xj,oI yAefzl;zmef,Omif:pof:sv;yefpof:ul<rAo:f pof:vlof,vh;cgy;f
q[aObgef:Ol:? bof.auj; cofbkrf,brfoj; tySwf;wmif:zdwf:cofeef.
qof;ab,Okcmrf,wmhwmif wD;vuf:rh.cmh,cjsy;aOpyf.tofbof./ ayj:
bkrf,brfqof;ab,Ok trf,rD:wmif:zdwf:Oifbof./ cofbkrf,brfoj;
qof;ab,Ok yAefvku;f qmh:zDxj,oI trf,eef zl;Okod f,Omef
(Messenger or Prophet) ehbof./ bldi:f tmef:OkifOkw:f cofauj;
yAefwj,Mwf;wD;rldif:zDcof tefoj; The Kingdom of God eheef.
bof./ Oj,Oej,urf;erfeh. bkrf,brfzDaO bldif:tmef:OkifOkw:f
auj;yAefwj,Mwf;rldif:zDun
l f:/ e[:xrf:ykwf.xzj,Oj,pof:eef. ckefzD?
ckefOmif? ckefte
d :f (ckeO
f duf.uBj:)qldo:f eh. vh;rj:pyf.xgrf,xrf:wD;Tzj:
yAefqof;aO pyf.yAefvkuf;egi.f way:Tzj:yAeq
f of;bof./ ckefOlif(rj,I?
rj,emwf;)Orf. yAefzl;sc.cAif,bj.uof:Tzj:yAefqof;bof./

73

OSifObmrf
Oj,Oej,trf,bkrf,brfzD
ule:f pof:eh. pjvgif;uwf:bAefsv; vgif;ylef.vgw;f wmif:wkuf.c
rj:ymefOykd f,ymef? Oj,Oej,vmh:uBmif.urfauj; rD:rj:vmhvmhtef? rldo;f ymef
Tzj:yAefqof;auj:wreef. rD:cl:Oj,Oej,vmhvmhauj. apj:Twj:vmhvmh
rAo:f uAo,f vlnf;vgif;tguf,ylef.rle.f vgw;f / rmifqdlo:f qgrf:vmh:ql:imh; rmif
qldo:f qgrf:vmh:pmof.pSif:/ qldo:f qgrf:vmh:imh;eef. bl,qgrf:vkuf;sr: e[:
ej;Ndef:wjab:aO wkod f:urftof? qldo:f qgrf:vmh:pmof.pSif:Orf. zmwf,
bmefvkuf;sr: ej;Ndef:wjab:aOcof;xlde,f ? tefbl,e[:ej;Ndef:
wjab:aOpjwmif:yle.f vgw;f eef. Mif.oj; yIpre(ykef,ej:)? qldo:f
tgu,f bmefvkuf;vmif:emif:sr: ej;Ndef:wjab:aO pjwmif:ylef.
vgw;f eef. Mif.oj; Ore(qof;IaO:Ipmef:) ehbof./ tefcjwlocf j
q[ wAu:f iSef: wloq
f [ rldefeif,yg,h ylnfee
g f:eldoe
f mrf cdw:f ulef;ql:oef:
trf,udee
f rf.vdy:f trf,wkod f:omef,aqj.? cmof:rh;tgrf,'h: cmof:uwf:tmyf,
erf. sw,uGj,vhm:pmof.pSif:qldo:f eh. yAefvmh:zj,Oj,uBAif:(Jainism)aO
cofbkrf,brfoj; vmh:wkdo:f urfcofeef. pAwf:P;udav,Oj,qAo:f rgw,f ogw;f
bAefpmhehbof./ rldo;f ykwf.xqof; aw,tguf,zmwf,bmefpmif; apjcof;
xle
d ,f eef. ref:qof;pAwf:IaO: cof;yj:e[:qkrf:OreaO wkod f:urf
vmh:pmof. pSif:qldo:f eh.rj:bof./ urf:vke
d :f uSef,qof;ygi,f q[ Oazj:
Twj:oj; vmh:bl,rle;f Oldo:f Oj, e[:ej;Ndef:wjab:auj; trf,tgeftug f,
ylef.rle.f vgw;f vh;? vmh:wkdo:f urfpmof.pSif:cjwlof cjq[qdlo:f eh.auj; trf,
74

OSifObmrf
tgeftug f,ylef. rle.f vgw;f vh;ehaO wSyf:wwf:yhqrg f:OAef;wmif:
ymefumif (rqfqdrywdywj,)bof./ vldofaOeh. Oj,Oej,tefMif.oj;
uge,f zBL:OSwf.Of wif: wj,tlof,eh.Orf. awvh;oj; yAefOj,Oej,ymh:
l :f pof: P;arjbl,arjudeq
f rg f:wli,f
ole.f bof./ ugef,zBL:OSwf. Ogefue
oli:f ule:f uwf:uwf:bAefbAe?f ulnf:trf,Ogefyj: vgif;tguf,ylef.
vgw;f vgif;wkuf.c/ Oj,Oej,wj,tlof,Orf. OgefP;ulef:pof:P;puf.Mrf
Ozj,o P;arjbl,Oof:qgrf:Ozj,o uwf:uwf:bAefbAefbof./ wif:
Ogeftefe.h Orf. OgePf ;arjymh.eyf.brfzDyl,rgef,emh:bj;bof./ bldif:
tmef:OkifOkwf: trf,yh,yAif:uefwif:Oj,Oej,ykw.f x/ Oj,Oej,
ykwf.xqof;eh. cof;yj:e[:teftrf,bkrf,brfeyf.xkod fzDaO Orf.
wgef:su:ylef. vldof qof;ymh:ole.f cofbof./
k f.xqof; uAo,f vlnf;'j.zmef,zDylif
wmif:pefxkid fyw
zmh,eldoe
f .h vmwf;serj: wmif:bkrf,brfOj,Oej,tefbkrf,
brf'j.zmef,zDylie
f ef.bof.? zl;bkrf,brfyw
k f.xqof;vl: Orf.pef
xkid q
f dlif.pkdoe
f h pof:vDtgefuefvAyf;pAef:wlnf: acj;Oif,Ogefyw
k f.x
qof;sv; wmif:pefxkid yf kwf.xqof;qldo:f eef.bl,/ vgif;bkrf,brf
'j.zmef,zDylie
f .h ayj:tofe[:xrf:ykwf.xqof;oj;qkdif yAeftO
d fO

75

OSifObmrf
Iedrfrdwoj,wbof./ oj,wtefe.h ykwf.xqof;wkdef:trf,bgrf:pyf.2/
rldo;f ymefTzj:yAefqof;auj:wreef. Oj,Oej,wmif,tefOgefoj; vluf;
urf,zj,pof:eh.yAefckefOmifvliz
f mef,yAef? bof.auj; ckefOmifarjyef
Ol:vmyf;vgif;vDsv; yefwmrf,vgif;pmh.qldo:f eh.ehbof./ ykwf.xqof;
apj:oj; zDvlifyil O
f mif;tefoj;eef.wkde:f trf,rD:? ul<vgi;f vgif;yAef
rj:qgrf:eif,Ozj,osv; zgef:vDzgef:qj. yAefbgef.ulef:pof:pAwf:
tofehbof./ e[:xrf:ykwf.xqof;eh. ckefOmiftefoj;eef.auj;
rD:bl,? zDtefoj;eef.auj;rD:bl,/ ulnf:uj; coftrf,rD:erf.uwf.ylif
Omif;sv;yefOl:yefwmrf,vh;/ coftrf,q[;xj,oI? coftrf,q[;zl;rlwf:
udav,Oj,? coftrf,q[;zl;yle.f vgw;f wku.f c? coftrf,N.vgif;edy.f ymef,/
bgef.eef coftrf,q[;wD;ykdi;f tdifqw
S f;pof:/ Oj,Oej,ykwf.xpof:eh.
OgefP;tdif;ykdi;f wlouf of,? wj,qof;uof,awvh;vDvh;yAefeef. bgef:
Ol:tofwD;zDulnf:trf,vh;? qof;uof,awvh;pAwf:tof? Tzj:yAefqof;
yAefzl;N.pefOAef;wmif:aO qdseOAef;wmif:yefpof:oh.bof./ wD;
ylef.vgw;f wku.f c? wD;uwf:bAeO
f ldo:f Oj,qldof:eh. qof;uof,wuf:vh;
pAwf:tof? trf,q[;ql:vmh:imh;? bof.auj; ref:wlu:f xku,f Ozj,o? urf<
(umrf,)vD urf<qj. zgef:vDzgef:qj. yAefpof:auj,tof/ wmif,auj.aw
rj:pyf.tofwmif:zdwf:pof: wmhwmifwmif:zdw:f pof:tefoj;eef.auj;
2

wlnf:yIpreqj,vOkwf; wD,ueduj,b

76

OSifObmrf
ref:trf,rD:? wmif:zdwf:tefoj;eef.auj; ayj:tofwmif,Oj,Oej,oj;
ref:yAex
f j,oI awvh;cmrf,wj,aO, trf,rD:oef:vgw;f cke
d f:? ykw.f x
Oj,Oej,pof:Orf.oj; wmif:zdwf:pof:eef.pof:rlef.sr:cke
d f:vh;? ayj:
d f:rD:Okef,Omif;urf<r[,
pSif:tul.Olof,pof:rlwf: pof:yle.f vgw;f aO pof:cke
Omif;ul.Olof,r[,aO cwf:q[qkid t
f guf,ylef.rle.f vgw;f vh;/ bldif:rmhyw
k f.x
Oj,Oej,pof:eh. yAefvgif;uwf:bAefOkifOkw:f tefyAefedy.f ymef,
eef.bof./ edyf.ymef,eh. ayj:pof:eldif:uefwlnf:wif:Oj,Oej,
wmif,tefqdkifref:Okifvlod f? bgef.oj;edyf.ymef,eh. ref:ylef.vgif;
vldw,f vgif;rh;? ref:ylef.vldoaf O cli:f zDcli:f Omifeef.bof./ tefOj,
Oej,bkrf,brfzDqdlo:f eef. bgef:Ol:eef.ref:ulnf:yAefrlid :f zDulnf:/
ayj:tofxrf:ykwf.xqof;oj; rldif:zDeh.cofbif:wkud f.rD:vgi;f uldw,f xof;
yAew
f mhbl,sv; ref:trf,ref;udkrf: yAeftedw.f q? yAefwuk f.cbof./
bgef.ehOj,Oej,ykwf.xpof: bldef:tmef:yle.f vldoe
f ef.bof./ ykwf.
xqof;ylifoj; vgif;bkrf,brf'j.zmef,zDylie
f .h trf,tgefpof:yle.f
vgw;f vgif;wkuf.cOrf,OIj,vh;ehbof./
vldoe
f .h vgif;qmof:ykw.f pof:trf,bkrf,brfOj,Oej,'j.zmef,
zDylifeh.bgef.rD:acj;crfqs[ v;acj;xmrfwif:erf rldefeif,- Oifqldo.f
oj;zDvlifylifOmif;vluf;urf,zj,ehqikd f z[Orf. yAefzl;ylifOmif;zDeef.?
ref:Orf.vkuf.wD;v[rj:? Orf.bl,wD;v[aOylifOmif;vluf;urf,zj, rldo;f
ref:yh,rD:` tefv[auj;vlof,rD:ildef;sw,ref: qif,wluf:xkuf,? wD;sw.
77

OSifObmrf
ref:ule:f pof:ulnf:trf,q[;pkdof teftgu,f ymh:ole.f P;rD:zl;yliO
f mif;
(God)rj:`
(qof;ab,Okauj;yAefue
l :f ulnf:)? Oif,qldo.f oj;zDtef
cofeyf.xkod feef. rD:rAwf.wj,b[,eldoO
f wf.woj, qldo:f ref:ylifOmif;
eef.sw.qkdif bgef.Oifref:Orf.ylifOmif; P;ule:f trf,zAif,yAi:f uef?
rmifqdol :f qldo:f pmif<vD rmifqdlo:f pmif<qj.? rmifqdol :f rmuf;rD: rmifqdol :f zmef?
rmifqdol :f yAefwuk f.cdwsw,uGj,` qkdifoj;ref:yAefzl;rD: rAwf.wj,b[,uIk
ej,b[, bgef.Oifref:ylifOmif;P;rD:ule:f pmh. ule:f rlduf;ulef:vlid :f ule:f
auj,umefpmh.` bgef.Oif ref:trf,ylifOmif;P;rD:ule:f vDvmhvmh P;avj:u
f of;rAwf.wj, qof;uIkej,
pof:uwf:bAev
f Dbl,vDOof:` qkdifoj;ref:yAeq
vli-f Owf.woj,wif:vmhwuk f.cbl,eh. pAwf:Oifref:eif;wlnf:bl,
vmhvmh`? ayj:ref:trf,uSwf,scaz:cAef P;ule:f pof:vh;uwf:bAefe[:
qmwf;eh.Orf. awpAw:f pkdoPf ;ule:f pof: vh;uwf:bAee
f :[ qmwf;ej;`
bgef.Oif ref:ylifOmif;az:Ozj,o yAefcAeaf wj,ulef:wif:vmhtef
yAefaz:Meferf.vluf;(Ol,ej,rd)? az:tdifOef,? az:vlr:f vSi.f vli?f
az:vg'
h h:wSuf,sw,uGj, teftofue
l :f wmhyAeO
f SefyAev
f mef.` bgef.
Oifref:ylifOmif;az:Okud f:az:Oldo?f az:tkdyf:bmuf;` bgef.Oifref:
ylifOmif;cldif;tofule:f wmh tefyAefrmuf,edof,ueD:bdol f:? rmuf,arj,xj,
f rferfvmhvmh` bof.
sw,uGj,` bgef.Oifref:zmef,ylifaIj:uj,wmif:yAee
auj;rD:acj;xmrfxSi;f oj; Oifoj;ref:uSwf,scvh; zl;rD:wmif:zdwf:qkdif
rldefwif:ref: yefpSif:P;ule:f pof:pAwf:umefrlduf;r[;trf,q[;pkdof` auj.ekid ;f
78

OSifObmrf
rD:wmif:zdw:f aO auj.ekdif;Orf.wmhwmif pyf.wmiftefoj;eh.auj;ref:
ayj:Omefcwf:yuf:yldif Ozj,oTwj: (natural law) oh.bof./ ref:trf,rD:
bkw.f wd? rmhrD;rldif:v[auj;trf,cGmif:yefP;cmrf,wmifuef/ rldefwif:yAefOj,
Oej, trf,rD:OdefrD:xrf: rldefwif:yefpSif:q[b[,P;ule:f pAw:f umef
rlduf;r[;/ Oifoj;bgef:Ol:wD;zDvlifyil fOmif;sv; wArfxle;f ul<vgif;vgif;
ayj:ehqdkif e[:rldif:ule:f eh. ule:f wkuf.ccmefqt
[ efoj;eef. ref:aw
trf,rD:? bof.auj; Oifqdlo.f oj;bgef:Ol:wArfxle;f ehqdkif trf,wmyf;
vlof,cwf:q[O[,pSi:f pAwf:umefOifbof./ Orf.xSi;f ayj:trf,bkrf,brf
zDxj,oIcof? zDtvfvj,cofqdkif awvh;wluf:iImh:wj,aO, trf,rD:oef:
vgw;f tefoj;eef.auj;ref:trf,Twj:/ e[:uj;Oj,Oej,tefbkrf,brf
zDyliO
f mif;qldo:f eh.auj; z[auj;oj;zDz[cSef, z[auj;oj;zDz[rD:sw.
qkdo;f q[;sw.Orf.aO.Ogrf:zj,Oj, bkrf,zDwmif,tef? pAwf:P;ule:f
bkrf,brfzDuiG q
f ?[ trf,N.awvh;bkrf,zD tefv[sw.sw.? rmifzof,
ayj:vh;zdw:f uef wdkuf:uef/ bgef.wmif:bkrf,brftwf.wz[ref:aO
c[;tofwmif:bkrf,brfqof;uof,yAeb
f [,? z[auj; c[;P;Oj,Oej,z[ref:
yAefb[,? rmifqdol :f tofvmh:tle;f ? rmifqdlo:f tofvmh:pmh.rlduf;aO cGmuf;Oj,
Oej,/ urf:vke
d :f pAwf:P;ulef:urf;zgif; trf,c[;bkrf,Oj,Oej,tef
v[aO yAefrj:zl;trf,bkrf,brfOj,Oej,? zl;c[;bl,vgw;f vSof: (free

79

OSifObmrf
3

bof./ vldoaf Oacj;xmrfyj;eldoq

f dlo:f eh.bof. bif:rD:xSif;acj;
xmrfwif:erfbl,/ wD;sw.ref:oj,wbkrf,brfzDvlifyil fOmif;eh. yAef
vgif;bguf,q[ue
l f:pof: yefpSi:f q[ue
l f:pof:tefvAofun
l f:/ ule:f pof:ayj:
wmif:N.wkrd fwef wmif:peftrf,vSi:f (Ignorance)? ayj:trf,c[;vAyf;
pAe:f tefqkdo;f q[;? trf,c[;bgrf:pyf.tefqdko;f q[;(dogmatic)qkdif c[;ql:
vmh:imh;bof./ bgef.ylod f;vgi;f ulof(fear)aOauj; qmif;arjbkrf,zdw:f bkrf,
ylid ;f bof./ vgif;zDylifOmif;zDyefOl:yefwmrf, zDuoA f,sc(zlw,f )rD:bl,
eheef.sw. awj,xkid rf ldo;f vAofz[yh,sevuf:xmefref:vh;/ qof;ymh:
Omh<cofvmhvmhauj. rldefeif,cBj:vfwj,odef,(Charles Robert Darwin)
cof stvfydlw.f tmh<Owh<(Albert Einstein)cof OwD<zde<f Muf.
ude<f (Stephen Hawking)cof Idw.f cBmwf; awj<ude<f
(Richard
Dawkins)sw,uGj,qlo
d f:eh. pAwf:vgi;f cle.f cGj.aO Omefcwf:wmif:bkrf,
brfzDvlifyil fOmif;eef.bof./ wgef;wj,qmof:ykw.f pof:auj; vgif;zD
vliyf lifOmif;sv; yke
d :f zDtlrkefb[, tefrj:e[:xrf:wmif,Oj,Oej,
qldo:f eef. rldefpmif;yAeftykrf,wgef;wj,aOj,Ole:f ? wj,rle;f q[sv;
wj,Ogefue
l :f pof: P;pAw:f vDrguf;uj;eef.ulnf:/ trf,pefrD:vgef.uSef
xrf:sv; acj;Oif,Ogefvkduf.vrf,Oifuj;pkdof/ xrf:qmof:ykwf.pof:eh.
thinker)

ulef:c[;bl,vgwf;vSof:eh.auj; ayj:tofwmif:pefxkid fqmof:ykwf.pof:oj;sw. yAeuf lef:ql:imh;

yAeuf lef:cD;cmef.bof./
80

OSifObmrf
Orf. bgrf:pyf.tefoj;ul<vgi;f vgif;eef. ref:tdifeldov
f gif;wmif:vmh
bldif;ugi.f umh,uefaOyAefrj: (urfr? qdwfw? tkw?k tjpjI? apwkyqfq
bsw,uGj,)? tdifeldov
f gif;wmif:sv;zgef:Okdyf, (ywdqq
f Orkyyf jw4?
apwkzv)aO ayj,yAefrj:bof./ vgif;vDtrf,vDtefoj;eef.ref:
bl,wD;wmif:pAw:f wmif:Omif;pof:/ ule:f pof: rD:erf.uwf.wj,pAwf:P;pof:
ylef.vgw;f / Oj,Oej,ykw.f xeh. trf,tofvgif;bkrf,brfsv;vgif;
bgef:Ol:yAefb[,? tofvgi;f pAwf:wmif:Omif;vD? vgif;vmwf;vDsv; q[
vDyAefb[,bof./ bof.auj; qmof:ykw.f bgrf:pyf.xrf:qkdo;f q[;Owf.qj,
OD,bldif; (the four noble truths) sv; pAwf:qgrf:OAef;wmif:rmuf;umif,
ySwf,bldif; (noble eightfold path) tefyAefvgif;N.pefxkuf,? ole.f
xku,f ? vmwf;xku,f ? pAwf:xku,f ? vAif.Omhqx
[ ku,f ? cwf:q[vD? OwdvD?
OrjxdvDqldo:f eh.bof./ ayj:pky;f uSyf;aOvmwf;qkdif yAefOD,v Orj,xd
ynf,nj,bof./ qldo:f eh.yAefvuf:erf:qmof:ykw.f pof:aO pAwf:P;Oj,O
ej,ykwf.xpof:ySuf,yle
d ;f ? trf,bkrf,brf trf,bgrf:pyf. trf,tdifydkif;
vldof ymh:ole.f 'j.zmef,zDylif (Creator God) eef.bof./ umyf;ymefrldo;f
vAoe
f .h trf,q[;umyf;ymefbkrf,tykrf, teftrf,rD:vuf:xmef? tykrf,
eef. oh.yAefwj,ch<sevkuf;tge,f ulnf:bof./ rldo;f vAofyAefumyf;ymef
bkrf,brf tefrD:vuf:xmef? tefrD:yke
d :f wArfxe
l ;f ? umyf;ymefxwf:
4

todqq
f jywfqbj OifcjIj sw,uGj,
81

OSifObmrf
Omifvgif;vDqj.? umyf;ymefbkrf,brfvgif;wlofxlyf:? umyf;ymefvAef;tguf:
atjymh:ole.f tefrSef;qgrf:Ozj,oeef.bof./ bgef.ehawj;vAof
ule:f e[:vluf;wif:erf tgefuefeif;Twj: tofwlofxlyf:qgrf:Ozj,o
Twj: tefTzj:yAefqof;auj:wr apj:sepof:pj:rj:qldo:f eef.oh.bof./
cgw,f bgw;f
bldif:tmef:Oj,Oej,eh. yAefwj,vgif;vDule:f pof: wj,vgif;
uwf:bAefue
l :f pof:oj;ehaOwj. ayj:pof:trf,ygi,f ykid ;f vD trf,rD:nmef,
ymh:ole.f qgrf:ehqdik f Orf.qmif;arjtgefpof:yAef
ule:f bkrf,brfwdkof
wefaO pAwf:P;pof:yAefue
l :f yhzdwf:wmif:uGj,/ wmif:bkrf,brfeh.
bkrf,brftD;Oifauj;vD ayj:vh;cof; e[:rmuf,vrf:Nofqp[ of:uGj,bof.qkdif
wj,xlnf;xgeftug f,cke
d :f ref:wke
d :f bmyf,? ayj:wmif:bkrf,brfzdwf:
uGj,qkid f wmif:pAw:f wmif:Omif; wmif:vmwf;wmif:qj wmif:ole.f pof:qldo:f
eh.auj;awylid ;f uGj,aO wj,rD:vgi;f uwf:bAef vgif;Nrf,vlrf;q[tefoj;
eef.cSef:uhpof:uGj,bof./ wlob
f mif,ref: e[:Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;pof:
auj; rD:ckefapjcrf:tqjwOmwf; bkrf,uGmrf:qof;aw,owmwf;zdw:f
aO vh;yAefue
l :f pmh.uGj,? aw,tofrlod f;ref:vh;cj;pSrfayj;ref:wmhbof.
eef. ref:pmrf:vgif;uwf:bAefsv; vgif;Nrf,vlrf;q[uGj,bof./ ayj:pof:
bkrf,brfOj,Oej, tefcj;wmhwol fqy[ lde;f aOymh.zD? trf,eef Oif
bkrf,brfoj; ayj:tofwol fqy[ le
d ;f wmh wj,Oj,Oej,qof;uof,qkid f
82

OSifObmrf
awMwf;rldif:zDqdlo:f eh. pAwf:P;qof;uof,yAefue
l :f pmh.rof,uj: yAefule:f
auj,umefpmh.? yAefue
l :f Omif;ykde:f pmh.? yAefule:f pAw:f pmh.awj,vluf; urf,
zj,aO yAeuf e
l f:vlw
d f,rh;e[:Orf,OIj,uGj,yj:bof./ ugyf;eh umefbkrf,
brfzj,Oj,Twj:eh. awvh;so;vgif;ySefsy; (extremism)? bj,P;
Omefcwf:wif: Ozj,oOdefxrf:avj:u (natural law or human
ethic)/ xkuf,vDrD:q[ rAwf.wj, uIkej, rkww
d j, awj,ule:f sv; Owf:
wif:vmh? pof:awvh;bl,e[:cgy,f oli:f Twj:aO pAwf:P;rD:wmif:uwf:bAef
q[ wmif:Nrf,vlrf;q[ bgef.vlnf;zj,Oj,Twj:qof;uof,eef.bof./ wj,
P;Mwf;xkid w
f D;bldif:rmheef. ykwf.xqof;pof:Oif,Ogeof h.oj; ]twf
f of;uof,ulnf: yAefwD;tdiyf kdif; wlof
wjpd twfwaej ejaxj?} wloq
qof;uof,/ ykwf.xqof; wke
d :f trf,yefpSif: vgif;ulrf;ugrf: egrf:ql:
bgef:Ol:tofvmhvmh/ ykIO
d xjr ykIdOyIufur- erf.uwf.auj.qmh:
wmif:cwf:q[auj.qmh: vlof,vh;rD:ehbof./ ykwf.xqof;eh. yAefcl:vlif
zl;N.pefOAef;wmif:aO qdseOAe;f wmif:yefpof:ulnf:/ N.pefOAef;
wmif:wj,uwf:bAefaO wj,awOkyd f,yhP;xkid b
f ldif:rmheef.Orf. yAef
ykef;zgef:pof:bof./ pSif:Owf.xj, pSif:oD,Idb pSif:Owd pSif:Orjxd
pSif:ynf,nj, tefyAefYv pSif:vlifpj;ylid fqdlo:f eh. yAeftAepf Sif:wj,
pAwf:P;pof:Mwf;xkid b
f ldif:rmhbof./

83

OSifObmrf
wK,xkdifw;D bldif:rmh
zlod f,awrK:aO.ae:
wK.pof:rlef.ar:yef
OAef;wmif:tefce
kd ;f b[,
pof:Qif,awr[,Okifrlod f:eK;.../
zlod f,awrK:xAifuef
wK.zgrf.qkiq
f efuKG ,
wK,vh;qgh;xSrfpgrf:
qgrf:yefwmif:pefxikd f
ckid v
f mh:ckduf.cSrf.r[,
wK,pgw;f xkid fO[,wD;bldif:rmhpof:eef.tlod f;.../
qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:

84

OSifObmrf

umefykdefaz;ykwf.xOj,Oej,
umyf;ymef IT
qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Ij,Zdyj,v
qef.qgrfrpjrukwf.

wj,awyked af z;uGmrf:Oif,OgefTzj:yAeqf of;

P;ule:f wif:erf
Orf.ayj: vh;uwf:bAefqrg f:eef. Tzj:yAeq
f of;sv;vkuf;egif.qof;vh;
cwf:q[rj:bof.ymefOykd f,ymefawj,xkid b
f mrf:vAof/ rldo;f ul;ygu;f eh. wj,aw
vh;uGj, apj:Twj:yefauj.v[auj.eef.eh vh;yhujG ,cmof:wmif:bmof:uhaw."/
ulnf:uj;umyf;yefrldo;f vAoe
f .h vh;oj;ihm;rj:aw." tefqhg;P;ihm;rj:eef.
yAefyhm:qmuf;umyf;ymefr[, (IT) bof./
IT eh. yAefumG rf:ygwf:ref:? acj;uGmrf:tefwArfxlef;ref:oj;
Information Technology wD;ygi,f ref:c[;oj; ]]tofyhm:qmuf;aOpkyf;ql.
oh. wmif:N.ul;Orf,OSefydlif? Oguf;pjwmif:N.vh;z[:zhm? uyf:Okyd f,wdw:f
85

OSifObmrf
awj,uefvh;cSrf.vSyf;z[:zmh ? yde
k sf z;cmof,imof:vh;eif,q[}} aw,uGj,
qldo:f eef.bof./

tof

(IT)

qg;h xSrfumefydkefaz;Oj,Oej,

tefq.[ IT trf,eef tdef,wj,eAw.f aOyke

d af z; Oj,O
ej,eef. ule:f e[:vluf;eh. pAwf:rj:wif:pkid b
f of./ rldefeif, tif:udwf.?
xh: aw,uGj,qlod f:eh. ayj:c[;N.vgif;Oj,Oej,OifaOtrf,oj; urf;erf
wlnf:e[: tdef,wj,eSwf.eef.aO N.vh;urf:vAofcj;bof.? ayj:c[;N.
vgif;ykwf.xOj,Oej, pof:cj;auj;N.vh;urf;erf/ aw,qArfvdu;f tef
qof;Omif,tgef,pof:wkduf.pAe:f bl,eef. c[;N.vgif;ykdef:Tzj:yAeq
f of;pkod f?
aO,cdb 75 pkdo?f yIdwf;vlif 11 Okw;f pkdo?f vhm:eyf.yf;Owf.wj,pkod f?
c[;N.oj; q[tukOlof,rD:uj;pkdof? trf,eef c[;N.oj;yj,Ij,qdurD:vhmylid ?f c[;
tmef, ydwumwf;yyf.v[? c[;xgrf,Twj:qof;TOj,wlefv[qldo:f eh. pje[:
tdef,wj,eSwf.urf:vAofauj; vh;rlwf:cj;bof./
ugyf;eef IT eh. qgh;xSrfwj, yke
d af zykwf.xOj,Oej, vh;
vDaw."bof./ ulnf:uj; qmof:wh: pof:aw. qof;wlet
f eftof IT
aOyke
d af zxrf,r wj,wh:pof:eh. eyf.auj.ref:auj; trf,yh,wArfOdy:f ?
Twj:wh:tefMwf;eldof tgef,vhm: (Online) e[:tdef,wj,eAw.f auj;
wkud f.rD:at,aw."oj;"/

86

OSifObmrf
umefthm,xD, vrf,vgif;wj,Oj,Oej,rldif:wh:
xkid rf j:bmrf:vAoof mef;rldif:auj;vSu;f vhm:rj:? vgif;tde,f wj,eSwf.
trf,eef IT auj; aw,cof;rldo:f e[:rldif:wh:pof:rldefeif,pof:pefeef.
cj;bof./ tefe.h yAefwdko.f wmif:vD tefOmif,awj,ykef;wj, Oif,cpof:
awvh; yke
d af z;cmof,Oj,Oej,yefwuj,wh:sv; qmof:ykw.f xe[:vluf;
bl,bof./ ul;ygu;f eh. vh;ykdif;tdiyf yf.vduf;aO yke
d af z;cmof,Oj,Oej,
bl,bof./ tefe.h ikdef: ule:f sv; cmof:bmrf:qldo:f eh. auj;OAif;erf?
rldo;f vAoe
f .h ayj:q[. IT aO yke
d af z;cmof,eh cmof:bmrf: ikdef: sv;
ule:f trf,vh;q[.erfrldefu;l ygu;f bof./
urf:eh. ayj:pof:trf,q[. IT Orf.blyf;bgrf:Oifrj:? Oifq.[ IT
Orf. awvh;zgef:vDOif uGmrf:xmrfqdol :f eh.auj;awqmif;rD:cj;bof./
umyf;ymefbmrf:vAof qmof:cldo:f wh:pof: zmwf,tguf,rldif:wh:aO uGj,
bl,ul;qguf. ul;qAif,e[:vluf;? wj,cofawvh;pyf.N.xkid cf mof,imof:Oj,Oej,
rldif:wh: rldefeif, zhm,umefpe
A :f yIdbmwf;e[:rlid :f wh:? zhm,umefywdymwf;
e[:rldi:f wh:qldo:f eef. tdef,wj,eSwf.eh. awqgh;vh;erfaw.cj;bof./
vgif;oj;Oif,cwh:pof: pAwf:Omif;umefOj,Oej,Oifbl, tefoj;eef.
bj,ayoj;wh:eguf;rldif:vj; wh:e[:rldif:urf;yj;erfauj; trf,yh,N.xkid /f rldo;f
cj;bl,wD;owf.ydwumwf; oAif:ymifvlie
f ef. qof;TOj,vlin
f j,eOrf,zj,

87

OSifObmrf
I (Oif,crpj,ej,bu iof;ikef:rkuf.vlifOif,cqkid ;f wh: xlef;OD,) bmrf;
vmwf;oj;
]]rmifygu;f qof;cl:cofe[:uRif:ydwumwf; uGj,vl,cmrf, cof;
Omef? vh;bdef:yldef;oj;pif:cof ]uRif:ydwumwf; Orf.
trf,rj:pAwf:zge:f vDOifyefpof:? rj:vl,cmrf,pof: pAwf:
Oiff}? ayj:cofoj;eefpof:vDOyf:vSi:f secofoj; ]tef
Olvh;oj; atj:uj,Ozhm,wh:? vh;xgrf,Twj:wh:bl,
bmrf:vAofqdol :f eef.
yAefuyg f;yldof;rD:uRif:ydwumwf;
bof.} eh pif:cofej;}}/
uAo,f vlnf;vgif;eh.ulnf:eif,uof, rldo;f yD 2011 eef. qof;yl,xD:
bmrf;vmwf;cj;oj;]]rkefqof;wh: aw,qapj:Twj:wh: urf:tgew
f mif:
Okw:f eh. yAefoef:rldo;f Oif,cwh: qof;'j.wh: sv;
wuj,wh:pof: pAwf:ymifukrf wj,ydef,ydwumwf; wD;oAi:f
ymifvlie
f ef.bof.}}/
rldo;f yh,rD: iof;ikef:rkuf.qkrf:vlifOif,cqkid ;f wh:eef. rkefqof;
auj; apj:Twj:rmef;? wuj,auj;oj; atj:uj,Ormef;? uGmrf:oh;Tzj:auj; zhm,
rmef;rlwf:/ N.trf,N.auj; tgefuefoj;bl, rldefpof:oj;uGmrf:cmrf,Odefyj,

88

OSifObmrf
vd? omef:yIdwf;rldo;f vAoe
f .h bof./ vgif;wmif:qldo:f eh. ugyf;wh:pof:trf,
ayj:Oliw
f Srf;oh.sv; vh;bdef:ule:f xof;cofce
kd :f vmwf;ulnf:/
tefe.h yAefuyg f;wuj,wh:trf,N.vgif;cmof, Oif,cwh:aOqif,
vh;xmif,zdw:f cke
d :f qldif.ehbof.? teftrf,N.vgif;qof;TOj,vlicf of rldif:
wh:pof: pAwf:Oifbl,vhmvhmtefoj;eef. Oif,cekrf,pof:urf;yj;erfauj;
bif:trf,N.xkid /f
rldo;f ylef.rj:Nuf:yDeef. zl;wSrf;vdu;f vh;bdef:cmof,tefvmuf,
vhm: wD;qof;cl:Okqe
d ,f wj, (omef;zlid :f ) tefeikd ;f ? yAefvgif;cl:Ogef
e[:qef.qgrfrpj,qkvj: uki:f xAyf; xmrfvku;f pAef:oj; ]qgi,f OlrD:yyf.
ydwumwf;zmh,wh:}? vkuf;pAe:f wh:wgyf,oj; ]rD:atj;} ehbl,? urf:eef.
cl:Ogefce
kd :f oj; ]ayj:eef pjrj:yyf.ydwumwf;wh:Olvl: uj;pkdoaf uj;
cj;awOkod f.}/ urf:eef. vkuf;pAef:auj; trf,N.oj;awuGj,pjwD;v[ sv;
bAefo.h OD,"? e[:Mif;pAef:eh. rD:qArfqof;tefbmrf;pAef:qef.cl: e[:
wlud f;vdu;f vlif e[:rldif:wh:rldif:rmef;rj:xSif;uge,f bif:trf,yh,N./ tefe.h
c[;seoj; vgif;qof;TOj,vliw
f h:pof: wkud f.pAwf:ej;umefOj,Oej, Oif
bl, tefoj;eef. ule:f e[:rldif:wh:pof: urf.yj;erfsv; vkuf;pAef:
Oif,cwh:pof:urf;yj;erf trf,vh;N.qgrf:ehcj;bof./
vgif;oj;wuj,wh:trf,N.vgif; Oif,cwh:pof:eef. rD:vgi;f wmif:
xSif;tefeikd ;f ? rD:ygu;f ekdif; qof;aw,qoef,wsv; wuj,e[:oAif:Ough
89

OSifObmrf
Nrf;wif:wuj,auj.tefpAwf:umefvduf;vmh:wh: qkdo;f OAifb[, (bgef:trf,
wluf,qkdo;f ) auj.ekdif; pAwf:ymifukrfvgif;qef.ymifOgefvdu;f wh:bl,/ wuj,
auj.pAwf:umefvduf;vhm:rj:wif:pkid f yle
d f;N.quf:wlo;f rldif:wh:eef.vkuf.oj;
]Oif,cwh:pof: bl,rofue
d rf mif? trf,wSrf;tguf,yyf.vduf; xrf:ydwumwf;?
Orf.uGj,wSrf;vdu;f trf,Noftrf,pmif} oj;eef/ qof;aw,qoef, bldef.
trf,vh;aO vkuf.oj; ]wjwuj,pof:rgw,f p? trf,uGj,wlnf:wD;ymifvliv
f j,
ayj:c[;pefOif,cwh:wSrf;yyf.ydwumwf;bl,} ehpif:ref:sv; wuj,auj.
eef.auj; vkuf.Ogif.tgu,f rldo:f urf:vAofehbof./ eh.yAef ule:f Oleq
f [
vduf;vmh:wh: c[;bkuf.bgif;vdu;f vmh:wh:auj.ekdif;? cmrf,qke.f vgif;Okef,
wloaf O pAwf:umefvduf;vhm:rj:wif:pkid f bif:trf,yh,N.oj; Oif,cwh:pAw:f
vduf;xrf:wh:oh.qldif.pkdo?f wkud f.pAwf:pkdob
f l, aw,uGj,qlod f:eh./
ugyf;ylod f;eef e[:qkrf:yIdbmwf;zhm,wh:sv; e[:qkrf:ywdymwf;
zmh,wh:pof:eef. Oifcwf:q[P;rD:qkrf: IT rj:pif:z[ref:aO yke
d f
az;cmof,yef vgif;yIdbmwf;wh: ywdymwf;wh: pof:xSif;qkdif yle
d ;f auj;
awN.vgif; ykwf.xOj,Oej,e[:rldif:wh:? wh:tefzmwf,tguf,rldif:wh:uGj,
qldo:f eef.auj; awpyf.N.vgif; Oj,Oej,e[:rldif:pof: e[:tdef,wj,
eAwf./ awtrf,xmif,vAu.f wh:cke
d :f ? ayj:pof:tofvgif;Oj,Oej,rldif:
wh:pof:O[,vlif:eh ule:f tefwlnf:ref:auj; awrD:qgwf,wlof;uGj, wif:
vluf;urf,zj,bl,trf,pmif.cj;bof./ wlnf:tofwlob
f mif, tefcj;tofTwj:
90

OSifObmrf
wh:vli:f e[:bl,xky.f (YOUTUBE) eef.auj; N.vh;cj;bof.oj;wh:
pof:wlo;f vluf;auj; Oleq
f x
[ grf,Twj:wh:bl,eh/
cj;vh;tofyD,wD,blof, (Video) sv; Audio tefuAo,f vgif;OAif
Twj:wh:vgif;Oif,cwh:qldo:f eef.vli:f e[:bl,xky.f urf:tdwf:tdw:f ? aw,
tofvli:f rldo;f oef:xd 2 vldefuBL,vhm, yD 2012 awj,xkid b
f mrf:vAof/ rldo;f
vAouf e
l :f cof;wlnf:ref: ekdif;oef:eh.wD;at,ref:rD:bl,OD,ymuf,urf:?
rmifoef:auj; rguf;pj;ymuf,urf:qldo:f eh./ rldif:tefcof;wlnf:ref: cyf.uef
qgrf:eif,wD;w[;eh.bof.? rldif:tefwn
l f:erfvldoyf le
d ;f aw. rldif:xh:
sv; rldif:rav:OBj:bof.? tefcof;wlnf:at,vldoaf Oyle
d f;aw. Mif,
ugi,f sv; rldif:tdef,wdbbof./
rldif:tefcof;wlnf:bl,xky.f tefzl;tofvli:f ref:qkdo;f oj; ]Sao
g f:eif,wD;
Kittisara Bangkok} rldo;f oef:xd 02/11/2013 eef. yAefqr
w[;eh.bof./
rldif:

ule:f cof;wlnf:

Thailand

10,113 (88.1%)

Japan

Malaysia

412 (3.6%)

United Arab
7 (0.1%)
Emirates

91

9 (0.1%)

OSifObmrf
United States

374 (3.3%)

Australia

Myanmar
[Burma]

219 (1.9%)

South Korea 3 (0.0%)

Singapore

100 (0.9%)

France

3 (0.0%)

Sri Lanka

79 (0.7%)

Canada

3 (0.0%)

39 (0.3%)

Laos

2 (0.0%)

28 (0.2%)
25 (0.2%)
22 (0.2%)

Pakistan
Hong Kong
India

2 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)

United
Kingdom
Finland
Qatar
Taiwan
Unknown
region
New Zealand

4 (0.0%)

14 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)

ayj:rj:wlnf:ule:f cof;wlnf:yj;eldoe
f .h ehqdkif awvh;pefue
l :f
wh:qldo:f tefbl,e[:vluf;vkrf;'j.eh. tgefuefxgrf,idef:OAifTwj: qof;
TOj,vlifpof:cofe[:rlidf :f wh:bl,? ySuf.Orf.oj; trf,vh;uGj,apj:Twj:yefcof
xkid e
f guf;rldif:auj; cofwkduf.vh;bdef:OAifTwj:wh:bl,/
Oifc[;P;ulef:e[:vluf;vkrf;'j.N.oj;
wh:auj;rD:'dif;si;'dif;
xki:f rD:Oj,Oej, rldefydlef;bl,eh IT eh. yke
d .f ySwf;ref:wke
d :f trf,
92

OSifObmrf
vh;/ ide:f Nrfqrl f:qgrf: tefqof;TOj,Okcrf:pof: tgew
f if;rj:qkrf:
(SIIT)wh:aw."/ rkif;rgif;oj; rkuf.qkrf:Oif,c rldif:wh:pof: ul;qkrf:auj;
awq[. IT aO yke
d af z;cmof,Oj,Oej,sv; uGmrf:OgefTzj:yAefqof;
Ndo;f Ndif:yldif:O[uGj,cmof:uhbl,/

ej;umeftefpof:pAwf:eef. ayj:trf,zdwf: trf,vh;wgef;Ogef

ulnf:uj; J ayj:zdwf:bof. bj,ayvkdrf:tofwgef;Ogefref:/
OSifauj,rldif:(rldif:yef,)

93

OSifObmrf

Q?wf;y?efue
l :f trf,ckdef;b[, bgef.vlnf;c?if:ygi.f ?
ule:f c?if:ygi.f se:olwf;se:u?rf, trf,c[;c?rf,b?yf, Orf.c[;
cke
d ;f b[, r?uf;rD:qlid .f yle
d ;f eef. rldefue
l :f rD:w?if:yAefaIj:
uj,vliaf O trf,udeb
f j;bjtrf,pjarjOifaO c[;P;wif:
yAefp?heef.bof./ bgef.eef tgefuefcwf:qfw
G P;qAo:f
ylef.w?if:wku.f c/
qof;oj,Idef,w ykdefcrf:

94

OSifObmrf

xrf,r trf,rD:wD;Okwf:OAif;
ydef,wSrf;- qof;aOj:ze OSifcldof: (uAif:wkif)
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:
u?Grf:erf:

e[f:rl,vduf;Nofe.h

awvh;v?wf;seacj;xrf,r tefyAefvgif;
Ogefq[wj,P;zl;uB?if.urfTwj:vh;pl.oh. yAefOAe;f w?if: zduk f:q[cof;ql:
rldif:crf: rpj,edyf.y?ef,qlid .f eif,yj;w[;eh.- bkid ;f ole.f bkid ;f trf,pl.?
95

OSifObmrf
bkid ;f wlnf:bkid ;f trf,pef? bkid f;pAwf:bkid ;f trf,yAe?f xrf,reh.rldef
OAef;clepf lofap.vgh? rldo;f ukdw:f pAw:f ukw
d f:olef. ukdw:f wlnf:bof. Ozj,
oTwj:awyAefrj:p?if:ulnf: ylid v
f lifyAefwe
l ;f plofqt
[ efvAof/ tefoj;
vgif;wkuf.c? Okcbl,wD;q[ trf,q[;pkdof? ayj:q[pyf.c?rf,oh.auj; yAefwuk f.
ctrf,Oldo:f q[? ayj:q[trf,pyf.c?rf,oh.auj; yAefOkc trf,wku.f cq[tD;
Oif? tD;Oifauj;ylid v
f lifref: bl,wD;q[pof:ulnf:/
uofvgrfwlnf: ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.pef uofxgrf,bl, ulnf:uj;
trf,rD:auj.vh;bdef:? uofelrfbl, ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.vh;t?h?
uofue
d b
f l, ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.vh;IOj, (tIOj,)? uofxkuf,rSef;bl,
ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.wldo.f ? uofoe
l .f bl, ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.ole.f ?
uofpAwf:u?efu;l rAo:f ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.pAwf:? uofv?wf;bl, ulnf:uj;
trf,rD:auj.v?wf;? uofyhbl, ulnf:uj; trf,rD:auj.yh ? Ozj,oTwj:eh.z[
vh;wldo.f rSef;pl. trf,w?yf;cke
d :f rj:udldw,f xSi;f wmif:ej; rldefeif,OAe;f
clepf lofsp.vgh ayj:rlwf:vgi;f c[;vh;auj;rlwf:wkuf.c/
q[vDOli,f tguf,z?h,eguf;yAefOrkwb? q[wD;uwf:bAeb
f l,z?h,e[:
yAee
f ad Ij:x? q[wD;pl.qSif;vSif:bl,yAefr?uf; (ruf.u)Oqf.qj,/
eluf.odefujG ,eldoz
f j.trf,pefvlrf:? yjvlnf:bl,e[:erf. trf,pef
erf.? wlduf,vde
l uf dev
f def trf,pefvde?f ule:f bl,qgrf:wkuf.c
trf,pefwuk f.c/
96

OSifObmrf
rldo;f rSuf,auj;euf: rldo;f o?if:auj;rof trf,ole.f xkid rf lef.ar:qgrf:
tj:I?rf:wif:pj; q[auj;rlwf:vgi;f rh;/
trf,rh;wmif:vif trf,rh;wmif:ej; y[.wlnf:q[ yqfqyk ?ef,
b?rf:vAof rD:Owdu;l rldo;f yAew
f ?if:edy.f y?ef,/
trf,ole.f wgyf,wSe:f pAw:f p?h.z[? trf,yAez
f l;cAefwif:z[? trf,rD:
cAefawj,z[? trf,q[vrfawj,z[? o?if:c?Gif:yeful;rldo;f ule:f auj.eef.
vh;bl,e[:vlrf;zj. Qgrf:vgif;OkcOldo:f Oj, uwf:bAeuf ;l rldo;f ? trf,ole.f
wj,eduf;q?uf;z[ trf,pAw:f vgif;wkuf.cyefwD;z[ rD:q[puf.tdwf:vl
Owf:woj,w?if:OAif;? ulef:auj.eef. vh;bl,qgrf:e[:avj:;ueh.trf,
rD:az:/
awvh;y[.wlnf:Oif,cj,I Ikyf; e?rf,eh. yAefyAefvl.vl.trf,rD:
ukdw:f ? vhuGj,rldefO?herf. trf,xku,f vDwdw:f pgh;OifaOrAo:f e[:avj:u
vlie
f .h /
awvh;y[.wlnf:q[ P;uwf:bAeb
f l,z?h,e[: trf,rle.f ar:w?if:
ukOlvf tukOlvf pAwf:q[yAefy?efu?if trf,wdwf:pg;h avj:ueh.?
trf,wdwf:pg;h avj:uw?if:ej; yAew
f ?if:cof;ql:edyf.y?ef,bof./
awvh;y[.wlnf: ole.f c[;q[wn
l f:Oif,cj,I cef,xj,pj;yj:eh.
vkuGj, p?hujG ,qrfvgif;wh?rj:ul;oef:bof. pof:vh;wD;ykid ;f tdifavj:u wmif:
97

OSifObmrf
ej;bof.pkdof? bj,bl,vkrd f:wlofvkrd f:cdif:bl,? awvh;wif;q[ cwf:q[
qlrf:Oldo:f zj,oej, wj,vgif;uldw,f rj: yAew
f kuf.csw.aej/
Tzj:yAefqof;Oif,Ogefvgif;wkuf.csv;vgif;rgw,f p?h? awj,Okw:f
O?hq[ ulef:trf,pefwuk f.cOqfqj, ydu.f Orf.oj;rD:tj,bl.vh;y?uf,yDaO
wauj; rldefue
l f:w?h trf,rD:zgef:vD? ulef:wD;pef vgif;sw.wku.f c
Oqfqj, yduf.Orf.oj;rD:tjbl.oef:vAouf n
l f:auj; rB?wf;bof./
awvh;rgw,f ySwf; vgif;avj:zb[,c[;vh; vgif;q[vrfawj:O
arj:pwkod fweftrf,pl.pef P;vh;bl,e[:yqfqyk ?ef, b?rf:vAofwj,
vgif;rgw,f p?hujG , pAi:f ugiw
f ku.f wif:OAif;/
trf,wlnf:Orf. rldo;f v[awvh;pef? trf,xgrf,Orf.rldo;f v[aw
vh;pl.ide:f ? trf,pAw:f rldo;f v[awyAef? trf,yhrldof;v[awvh;xkid f? aw
vh;cwf:q[uB?if.urf odyOfOej,wif;aw,e[:oef:eh.? awtrf,vh;
w?yf;vlof,urf:urf:yAew
f ku.f bl,xSi;f /
bj,puf.Oj vgif;azj:zb[,c[;vh; cwf:q[P;vl,w?ef,? bj,puf.
Oj vgif;awj:O b[,q[vrf P;puf.OjOdef? rD:q[rSwf.wj,? bj,puf.Oj
vgif;arj:pb[,wkod fwef trf,pl.pef P;cwf:q[sz;wldef:zj,oej,
odyOf.Oej,xrf:Twj:qof;/

98

OSifObmrf
awvh;tofOwderf:ej; rldefqof;pldo:f bdy:f r?uf;'?h:? awvh;tof
yef,nj,tgefej; yAefO?hzh:sew?if:? awvh;tofvgif;cwf:q[yAef
cof;erf.w?if:udet
f j,pj,I tofxrf,rOwdy?wf;x?ef, yAefay:c?rf;
zif,? tofvgi;f uwf:bAeuf dav,Oj, yAefedyf.y?ef,/
wlnf:wlofP;pefwol f? wlnf:aowej, P;pefaowej,? wlnf:q[
P;pefq?[ wlnf:xrf,r P;pefxrf,r? trf,rD: trf,tof? trf,vh;
trf,yAe?f yg,h o?if:ul;rAo:f bof.auj;vDq/[
tefvgif;Okce[:avj:uvlie
f .h rD:bl,qlof;urf: vgif;Okcc?of:pkdif
c?of:b?rf:vlo,f cof;pjxrf,r vgif;Okcbl,trf,uh rlod f;q[pof:rD:Owdu;l rldo;f /
xrf,rcgifqdok ;f q[; bl,e[:wlofeh. uG?if;Oguf, b?of:oj: ejckyd f;eh.
rD:P;pof:pefu;l rAo:f rAo:f ? e[:wlorf ldif:eh. z[cwf:q[ole.f c[;q[ awvh;
cof;ql:rldif:crf:rpj,edyf,y?ef,plnf..../
udeaf t,w?hb?yf,? udefej,w?hi?h;? trf,udefvj:vj:auj;wh? P;yh
O?hu?ifyAefOAef;w?if:edyf.y?ef,/
e[:wlouf e
l f:pof:eh. rD:cD;wif:rlwf:? t?ef,wif;aw,plofxkid yf ?h
wdef yAefcD;wif:rlwf:? rD:cD;acj,qgrf:plof? cD;wj? cD;p?l cD:rkuf;? cD;cAo;f ?
cD;edy.f ? cD;ch:? cD:e[:wgif.? bof.bif:wkud f.yh,ayj: wkud f.rD:cD;e[:q[xSif;
cD;c?ef.? cD;ulof;? cD;vuf.? cD;cSe?f cD;tof rD:cD;wif:rlwf: eyf.t?ef,
99

OSifObmrf
trf,vh;? P;oke
l .f ch;q[wlnf: P;yAev
f gif;rldof,q?ef; p?hwif:puf.wif:
qif:aObof. yef,nj,awvh;uldw,f ckdef;rj:/
xrf,rul;rAo:f plrf;uefyAefvgif;rD:Owd trf,vliv
f rkd f:? ayj:vlif
vkrd f:auj; rldefue
l :f w?hbof./
uldw,f yAefule:f P;rD:vDO?rfydlif ekdif;q[vD Ogifv?wf;vD O?rf
pAwf:u?eftefvD? bof.pof:awvh;cgifvD? bj,ukrf,rof:rj:bgef:cgifvD wD;
Tzj:yAefqof;? awvh;pAwf:vDtofpif:ulnf:? xrf,rwif:OAif; cgef;uef
bl,wD;q[ aq,wOduf; Ikyf; edyf.y?ef, P;cwf:q[vAyf;pAef: uB?if.urf
awvh;pl.qSif; tefoj;Oqfqj, vgif;qkdo;f q[;eh. rD:e[:avj:u? z[pl.
qSif;vSif:auj; awylef.wif:rh;avj:u Orf,Oj,Ij,bof.? z[trf,pl.
qSif;vSi:f ygif,yefnj,auj; awvh;uldw,f xof;yAefwmh wku.f cbl,ef:G
Orf,OIj,trf,bof.trf,omh:/
q[yAefckef wloyf Aefcj; qfaG wq[.P;pAw:f ul;ylid f? qgrf:wef,pj,
vgif;c[;vh; c[;yAet
f rf,rD:wD;Okw:f OAif;? ayj:rgw,f wef,pj, vgif;c[;vh;
yAefOkc e[:avj:uaOtrf,uj: awyAew
f mif:uwf:bAef wj,rldif:crf:
edyf.ymef,bof./
Tzj:yAefqof;v?wf;seylid w
f Suf;tefeikd f;oj; ule:f pof:eh. rD:wj
pl cl;vif vde.f wlof plofq[? ref:qof;v?wf;oj; wjpof:rldefil:? plpof:
rldefilduf;? cl;vifpof:rldee
f ul f.? Olyf:vdef.pof:rle
d rf jo?ef;? wlopf of:
100

OSifObmrf
rldefrjyj,? q[pof:rle
d v
f dif:? rD:vgi;f tefyAesf w. qgrf:eif,Tzj:yAef
qof;v?wf;ul;ylid f ref:qof;wSu;f eldif:oh.yldifwSuf;qldif.eif,ehbof./
wjpof:uBdLuf;wlnf:cof;tguf,uGj,rj:rldefil:? plpof:uBLduf;xgrf,OAifvDvD
uwf:bAerf ldefilduf;bl,e[:erf.? cl;vifpof:uBdLuf;vlrf:vDvD rldefeluf.odef
uGj,e[:vlrf:? Olyf:vdef.pof: uBdLuf;udet
f efvDtefo?eftefeef.
tefe.h bl,wj,aO, rldefrjo?ef; uBdLuf;bl,e[:Okid ,f wofzh:? wlopf of:rldef
rjyj, uBdLuf;bl,wD;wAwf,bAefvDw;D e[:yj,? q[pof:rle
d v
f dif: uBdLuf;ole.f
eef.ole.f eh.bl,wj,aO, ydofuGj,ydorf j:trf,bl,edrf? Tzj:yAefqof;Ogef
P;sz;wldef:Owdywf.x?ef,OD,yldif zj,oej,urf,rx?ef:qif,awrwf.
q[e.h vh; P;uwf:bAeO
f ldo:f Oj,tefeef.yAee
f yd f.y?ef,bof./
rldo;f pefauj;oj;pef? rldo;f vh;bdef:auj;oj;vh;bdef:? rldo;f vh;t?h
auj; oj;vh;t?h? rldo;f vh;vSrf.tIOj,auj;oj;vh;vSrf.? rldo;f xku,f rSef;wkrf.
wlod f.e[:wloaf uj; oj;xku,f rSef;wkrf.wlod f.? rldo;f ole.f xrf,rj,I?rf:auj; oj;
ole.f trf,wdwf: trf,crf trf,puf.pSif: trf,qif:pSif: uGj,qgrf:O?h
wef,pj, rj,e wdwx
f d? ul;ylid w
f if:OAif;yAefvl. yAefqdil f.ehun
l f:?
rldo;f rD:Owdy[.vgrfwlnf:
wD;q[bl,pefvSi:f qgrf:vgif;yAefsw.bof.
trf,vDtof vDyAefOifaOrAo:f q[awvh;tdrf,q?ef; Ikyf;x?wf; e?rf,
x?wf; rD:q[qrl f:Oldof: edy.f y?ef,eef.trf,w?yf;vlo,f yAefwku.f xSif;
wmif:ej; rguf;uj;eh.auj; cof;xkid O
f qfqj,Twj:OD,yldifbof./
101

OSifObmrf
acj;vlyf:vke
d f:
vke
d :f Okw:f eh. pof:bgef:rSwf,wj, P;Olqof;ul;auj.ul;ule:f
vh;yAefzl;rD:Owd rD:yef,nj, yj:wlouf of,P;ylef.wku.f c e[:owf.w
Orf,Oj,Ij, P;xkid feyd f.y?ef, tefyAeftrwuwf:bAef? qlof;uj;yh,
vh;xkid e
f yd f.y?ef, wkud f.cke
d :f whh?cke
d :f uldw,f ul;q?wf;ul;y?efeef. bgef:
P;vh;rj:uldw,f xlyf:Oj,Oej,Tzj:yAefqof;?
xlyf:ayj;sr;cl:oj:TOj,vD
yAefzl;rD:ynf,nj,? bgef:P;vh;pAwf:O?if;yj,IrD,P;wArfxlef;? P;pAw:f
zgef:vDOkef,wlofsv; zgef:vDwj,yD;egif.qldo.f cldo:f ? wj,wli,f oli:f ule:f
zgef:vDwj,ulef:vkrf;zj. P;bof.wlof;wArfxle;f uGj, qgrf:eif,uG?rf:
wlid ,f u?of, y?of,ogef: zgef:yj,xej,rkif;rgif:ul;ylid af Ourf:vlnf;/
]]qdwf.w> wefw> Okcjop>}}
vgif;zkud f:q[vDeh. yAefOkcOldof:Oj,vDej,sw.bof./
]]xrf,rqjID Okc> aOwd}}
Zl;uB?if.urfvDawvh;bl,uwf:bAefbof/

Zkid ftid f1.

, ,

102

OSifObmrf
2.

We cannot learn without pain.

Aristotle

trf,rD:vgi;f bmyf,ehumefpe
A :f N.
pkdoq
f mif;ql.Mrf/
ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqdwf.w (ukefpAif)

103

OSifObmrf
Don't debate to get the sense of angry. Strive to
debate getting the good information in order to
apply in your life.

bK,xAifuefwe
g ;f wK,awvh;yAefqv
[ rfawK:O P;arK
xAiuf ef wge;f wK,awvh;wmif:pl.rK:q[.wkod f: e[:qmwf;
ymefqof;uof,sv;/

Don't just look down to the others. Criticize yourself

and struggle to understand deeply who you are?
What you are? How you are? And why you are?

bK,ukrf,xmif,vAu.f ule:f wmif,auK.bl,wK,aO,

cwf:q[
xwf:Omifwlnf:wlofqof;uof,zgif;oK; qof;uof,eh.yAef
z[` qof;uof,yAeftD;Oif` qof;uof,yAefqdil f.pkdof` qof;
uof,yAeuf gyf;Oif` ehsv;/
yde,f wSrf;- qof;oyf.y xke:f vSif:

104

OSifObmrf

eyf.xkdof zl;yf.G yj:Oj,Oej,

qof;ynf,njqj,I (Zjqgif:? rldif:bmif:vSif)
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:
tgefwmif:Okw:f rldo;f cj;pof:trf,yh,vh;wSrf;Nofvdu;f tefpud f;
qkdo;f oj; ]eyf.xkod f zl;yf.G yj:Oj,Oej,eh. } cj;pof:bgef:Oyf:vSi:f se
vgif;umifq[ cf;G wSrf;tdwf:ekid ;f cj;/
rldo;f ej;cj;pof: qrfawrj:cke
d ;f pAef:rldif:uguf, Mif.uki:f xAyf; tef
yAefqef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f efG:rldif:xh:eh. cj;pof:vh;uGj,uef,
awj:TOj,qof;omef;eguf;yj:ekdif;? Zgif:rldo;f oh;Oj uef,awj:bof.eef.
TOj,qof;vmwf;oj; ]qof;ynfnj,tlnf. pj:auj;xof;rj:vg:h "bof./ wuj,
105

OSifObmrf
efG:omef;auj; trf,ayj:rSef;uef? cke
d ;f uRif: (owf.) auj; trf,rldof;uef/
rmifauj.Orf.ymhxmif,vAu.f uofcj;yj:xSif;?
oj;uoftrf,arjOifeah uj;rD:?
ulnf:uj; zfGcf;G oj;Oifoj;uofcj;qft
G rf,ylid ;f ? ugyf;uofcj;rD:erf.qfcG [;pAwf:
umefOj,Oej, uj;eif,yAev
f h;eef.sv; trf,yefxmwf;qfGwul f:/ xkid f
ymefqof;pof:cofrj:auj; awvh;xlyf:awvh;pefbl,? ulnf:uj; oh.qfuG Sef,
cSiaf O awj,Ol;yfG.yj:uGj,ej;? bj,P;Oj,Oej,ykw.f xwh:pof:pmh /
rldo;f vAofyabj:ueguf;Oj,Oej,cofauj; cof;rj:uof:rD:wif:erf?
rmifauj.ymhsw,ej;Nde:f qgrf: cldo:f yle
d ;f ? Oj,Oej,yldef;qldo:f eh.auj;rD:
rj:erfbof.? qldo:f OlOif,cekrf, rD:ykef;zgef:vlof,vh;uSw,f scuGj, bj,
ayvkrd f:} ehpif:cj;bl,bof./ ugyf;acj;Oif,uGmrf:OgefTOj,qof;yj:eh. vDrmh
vDwgif:oh.wgef;wj,pof:ej,sv;? cj;pof:auj; vh;qfGc;fG bkuf.bgi;f erf.qfG
zl;yf.G yj:Oj,Oej,erfrj:aO vh;wSrf;tguf,rl,vduf;Nofeh.bl,cj;bof./
zl;yf.G yj:Oj,Oej,tefoj;eef. cj;pof:awtrf,tofzke
d t
f dif
yyf.tefeef.tefe.h aOwSrf;? cj;pof:awtofyldifyAefe:fG Oj,Oej,
wh:pof:sv; wlif,oli:f wh:pof:aOwSrf;cke
d :f ulnf:cj;/
zgi:f bmrf:rldof;vAof ugyf;yldo;f yAez
f gi:f bmrf:vrf,vgif; wgef;wj,
Oj,Oej,wh:pof:oh.sv; awtofef:G wlif,oli:f wh:pof:aO wSrf;cke
d :f eh.
awOmif,xkuf,bl,oj;ehaO qif,vh;tofcke
d :f e[:wlif,oli:f wh:pof:cj;
106

OSifObmrf
bof./ rkefqof;wh:pof: zgi:f bmrf:rldo;f vAof ayj:aweif;uRif:eh uh.sv,
oj;trf,arjOif trf,tgif,qef.vduf;erfoj;ehaO ymh;ySwf;auj;rD:? ayj:
yAefydlef;wmif,cldo:f sw.uloftrf,vh;eif;uRif:? uloftrf,vh;wD;bl,ulnf:cj;
bof./
rkefqof;wh:pof: tefawvkrf:vj:odpmef,umef,uRif:eef. trf,
qf;G oj;vlof,tgi,f tefeef.tefe.h ej,vliv
f mifeif,uof,cj;? tefvlof,
ej,eh.pSif:qfG? ayj:rD:pSif:qfGbl,uGj,qgrf:Ozj,oodeh:auj; ayj:pmif;vD
ej,bof.? Oifoj;tgif,erfarjerfauj;vDoj;vD pjwD;vmwf;ayj:trf,rD:
cj;bof./
qldo:f yAew
f uj,cofauj;awj;eif,eef ayj:rD:erf.qfGc;fG yfG.yj:Oj,
Oej,bl,qkdif uj;eif,ygifyAefvh;eef. qgh;xSrfOif,c? wlnf:vlvkrf:
vj:Oif,cauj;vh;bl,? wuj,qlod f:tefrD:uki,f rkefbfG,erfeldofOif,cqof;
cofeef.auj; ayj:pefOif,cqof;cofbl,qvldo;f qvj;? trf,rSef;vgif;
rSef;vmh:ref:ej,zSofayj:ehqdkif yef'mif.vh;bl,? yef'mif.vgif;vD
wj,Oif,ceh. trf,rD:wmif:zdwf:Oif/
awj;eif,rldo;f ymefTzj:yAeq
f of;eef.auj; bif:rD:emif:odOj,cj,?
emif:odOj,cj,eh. puf.Oif,cj,? qgh;xSrfOj,Oej,ej,? ayj:cof;rj:efG:od
pmef,umef,uRif:qldo:f eh. ayj:pefOif,cj,bl,qvldo;f qvj;eh ref:emif:
107

OSifObmrf
wuf.urf:vAof? yef'mif.urf:vAofbl,bof./ rmifygu;f ymhvof;vmwf;xkid Tf zj:
yAefqof;vl:uge,f ? tefe.h ref:emif:rD:erf.qfcG ;fG yfG.yj:Oj,Oej,eef.
cj;bof./
ulnf:uj;ayj:sO.Ogrf: Oif,cj,cofqof;sw.trf,vD? zgef:vD
auj;trf,rD:? qmif;zdwf:bfG,euf:ej xSif;vl:uge,f ? vmwf;cdwf;vmwf;ymh,
Oif,cj,qlod f:eh.auj;trf,xku,f vDyAef? Oj,Oej,ykw.f xwh:pof:eh. ayj:
TOj,sv;wuj,trf,qgh;uef? trf,zgrf.uefxdif:Odrf:ayj:ehqdkif pkdoaf w
rj:bke
d :f bmof:vh;cmof:pkdifvj,/
efG:rldif:pof:bmrf:vAof rkefqof;rmef;cof cof;rj:bl,aO tgefpmh.
tgefbj. eif,pkdoPf ;yle
d ;f ayj:trf,bkrf,brfOif,cwh:eef.rD:wif:erf?
rj:pdrftofwD;bl, pof:auj;rD:wif:erf? ayj:pof:Orf.trf,ygi,f qfGyefeldof
Oif,cj,wh:pof:aO ukrf,rkid .f sO.Ogrf:? ukrf,rkid .f pjqof;tefarjvduf;
tefuwf.cSef,vduf;bl,wdu:f "sw. uRif:pof:awyAefuRif:yle
d ;f rlwf:bof./
wuj,wh:pof:rmifqdlo:f tefygif,qfv
G gif;eh.auj;awrD: trf,ygi,f
qfaG O vmwf;oj;rkefqof;pof:trf,arjOif? trf,tgif,erfOif? eguf;rlid :f
auj; trf,tgu,f Ogefrle
d q
f dlif.eif,yle
d ;f ehauj; awrD:bl,bof./ vgif;
tgu,f Ogefeguf;rldif: trf,tgu,f Ogefeguf;rldif:eef. trf,ayj:vlof,vmwf;/
qmif;bj.qfcG l:Ogefqdol :f tef yle
d ;f bl,yf.G xj;wmif:vifaO pAwf:umef
108

OSifObmrf
Oj,Oej,? uGj,wmif:ej;wdu:f " ayj:trf,rD:tefyfG.yj:wmif:vifauj; pkdof
awyAef vgif;eh.pof:vlof,arjygif,qfyG efedol O
f if,cj,qof;pof:coferf"bl,
cj;/ bof.auj; sw,tofeh.uGj,ej; cj;pof:bkrf,brfo.h Oif,cj,ekrf,wh:
pof: qldo:f tefawcke
d ;f rj:wmif:ej;? ugyf;ylod f;cofqof;vAyf;pAef:tof P;
rD:wmif:N.erfwmif:pefumG if; erfrj:wdu:f "sv; ul;qldo.f ul;vgif; awarj
'mif.OwdaO bl,Oof:uGj,vh;imh;"vlrf" efG:Oj,Oej, rkefcrf:Tzj:yAef
qof;pof:eef.bl,cj;bof./
qldo:f tefyAefwuj,cof tofcof;Ogrf:? bj;bj? Omif,umef:? zj;
Nrf,clof:egef: rldof:vl,rldo:f vgif: vkrf:vj:wlnf:xkdif Oif,cj,wrf;wD;od
pmef,umef,uRif:sv;Oif TOj,qof;qldo:f tef ylifOgeyf ef vkuf;egi.f
wsy:cke
d :f "oef:" trf,vkod f;trf,Oof:yfG.yj:Oj,Oej,wif:OAif;? pof:cj;
qldo:f yAev
f kuf;egi.f way:wif:OAif; trf,vliftrf,vkrd f:tofuik ,f tofrkef
ul;cmof:bmrf:sw."oj;"cj;/
zgi:f bmrf:tguf,Ogefvdu;f bl,eh.sv;Oif? zgif:bmrf:yguf;cke
d :f
rldo:f bl,wD;wf;G Nrf;iof: TOj,qof;cofce
kd :f sv;Oif? trf,xmif,vAu.f ? trf,
sO.Ogrf: vldoaf Oymrf.Owdq;gh umef uj;eif,N.eif,arjtefoj;eef.?
cj;pof:wmifwloO
f if,cj,vkuf;pAef:ekrf,aO vof;xkid uf ;l wlefcrf:cj;bof./
ugyf;TOj,qof;cof xdi:f Odrf:vkrf:vj:yfG.yj:oh.yefsv; uRif:pof:awtrf,

109

OSifObmrf
vh;yAefuRif:yle
d ;f ? wuj,pof:cofauj; awtrf,zmefrkefqof;wh:? aw
trf,vh;eif;xgrf,tefwmif,cldo:f cofrj:apj:rj:vmwf;eef.cj;/
bmrf:rldo;f vAoe
f .h auj; ugyf;Oif,cj,cofcof;yj:wlif.ekdiftgefNofqgh;
cl:Ogefue
l :f Ndef:cofaO ykw
d f,zknf,ymifOgefvdu;f vmh:zdi;f si; ul;wD;"?
oh.qfb
G ,fG qfGbmof:aO Ogefyefeif,pkod ftge,f bdif:tge,f qmh:cof ayj:aw
arjpuf. vduf;vmh:zdif;si;N.quf: zj,Oj, Oj,Oej, quGj,qlod f:eh.auj;
vDtofuik ,f rkefcofsw.sw./
ayj:trf,rD:cofqof;pwf:pmefaO Ogefyefsw. vduf;pof:auj;
awtrf,sz;vh;rj:cke
d :f rguf;uj;eh. tefoj;eef. cj;pwf:vmwf;bl,/
cofqof;vh;bmyf,rj:bgef.zdi;f si;vdu;f vmh:rj:auj;rD:wif:erf? ayj:trf,
rD:erf.qfpG uf.zdi;f si;ehsw. awtrf,awj,Ol;rj:vh;wmef,eh./ bof.
auj; cf;G vmwf;seyj:xSif; qldo:f tefcj;pof:cofvh;tgu,f rj:pAef:tof vduf;
vmh: e[:rldif:xh:tdw:f ekdif;/ ugyf;Oif cj;pof:cofOif,cj,ekrf,cof;rj:vh;
imh;"vlrf" trf,ayj:rD:wmif:bmyf,? ugyf;TOj,sv;wuj,rD:erf.qfpG uf. Oj,O
ej,pmof;pSi:f erfaO uj;eif,ygiyf Aefvh; qkMrfwrg fuefaObof. Oli,f rj:
sv;qif,ugh;vh;zSofrj:/ zSofrj:bof. qef.qgrfvlifrpj,ql:vj:? urf:eh.
pof:cj; vh;rj:ykid ;f tdifTOj,sv;wuj, efG:rldif:uguf, qldo:f tefrj:bl,Omif;
udeO
f of: szudefszvl,eh.xSif;aOtrf,uj:? vh;ykdif;tdiyf j: TOj,qof;
wlefcl:vlif rpjnj,edew
f owf.rf,G wh: qfb
G ,fG qfGbmof:aO wgu,f yef
110

OSifObmrf
qkrf;urf.xSrfyefu;l vgif;" eif,pkdoaf yj:awcke
d ;f vh;bl,vh; efG:qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj: tdu,f yj:zl;tgef NofOif,cj,wh:sv; qof;qldo:f rD:ykef;
zgef:ul;qof;" teftgefujG ,tgefyhtgefpAwf:tgefOmif; tgefqsd e
OAef;wmif: qldo:f eh.auj;vDeyf.xkod f cofqof;sw."oj;"cj;/
ayj:trf,rD:TOj,sv;wuj,yD;egif.wh:pof: urf.xSrfqh;g vlvkrf:vj:
yefxSif;ayj:ehsw. wj,awpAe:f uGj, P;ayj:bof.wlo;f vDimrf:eef.
ref:trf,imh;imh; ugyf;ref:vh;OAif;bfG,OAif;erfeef.cj;bof./ vgif;erf.
qfTG Oj,sv;wuj, tefrD:qfGcf;G yfG.yj: Oj,Oej, uj;eif,yAev
f h;qldo:f eh.
pof:cj;vkuf;pAef:Oif,cj,ekrf,wh: tofuik ,f rkefeyf.xkod fsw." cj;ehaO
bof. P;TOj,sv;wuj, yj:qArfekrf,bdif:ekrf,qmh:wif:OAif; wloq
f O
fG gif
ylid f P;uwf:bAeaf Ourf:? cj;pof:auj;awbgef:ukdw:f vkod f;oh.ymhurfwD;eh;
uge,f cj;/

111

OSifObmrf

qgif;

qgi;f eh.qmif;ap.uif;yefvh; vSwf,rh;zlew

f luf:
wD;wloq
f of;uof,tdol f;/ ukOlof,eh.auK;rdlee
f if,qgi;f
qmif;ap.uif;yefvh;vgif;vdw
l f, rh;yke;f wK,qof;uof,
qmwf;eh.tdu,f qmwf;eK;aO yeffvgif;uwf:bAef
qof;uof,tdol f;/

bK,yAef

bK,ukrf,Oguf;pKwif:zdwf:yde
l ;f ?
Oguf;pKvgif;vDyde
l ;f zgif;sv;/
bK,ukrf, rdik .f chyg de
l ;f
cwf:q[P;yde
l ;f vh;cde
k f:chpg of:zgif;sv;/
pAwf:OifauK;P;arK pmef.q[
ayK:trf,arKpmef.q[e.h wku.f ctdol f;/
qof;tj,qdE,f E vmofwh:

112

OSifObmrf
bdlef.uef;eh. yAefvi
g f;cde
k f;bf,G
qof;ej,Iw aej,crf:
qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

vgif;bdlef.uef;eh. yAeftefvrf,vgif; wj,ulef::ul;auj.bof.?

ule:f pAw:f umefOj,Oej,auj;vD ule:f pAwf:umefymh:rmuf;rD:auj;vD ulef:
pAwf:umefomef;rdil :f auj;vD umefpe
A :f auj;vD Oifoj;trf,rD:vgi;f bde
l .f
uef;ayj:ehqkdif vuf:rmhwmif:bdil :f tmef:qof;uof,eef. wde
k :f trf,
113

OSifObmrf
xdik w
f D;vh;eheef.bof./ ugyf;eefsv;vgif;bde
l .f uef;eh. yAefue
k f:
rkef ule:f pAw:f umefcofbof./
bde
l .f uef;tefoj;eh.auj; ref:rD:vmhvgif;vmhwmif:eif,uof,?
e[:vmhvgif;vmhwmif:qdlof:eef. qof;uof,bdle.f uef;vh;tefv[auj;vD
ykef;wj,zoqof;uof,eef. wde
k :f rD:uke:f rket
f rf,pmif.bof./ Tzj:yAef
qof;apj:oh.oj; ]]q[ue
l :f pof:eh. Olirf w
dk f;vgif;trf,vD tukOlof,
tj,Ili,f }} vgef.vgef.ehbof.? bgef.eefsv;wD;q[pof:arj Olirf w
dk f;
wdwf:qyf:eef. pof:bde
l f.uef;aO trf,pAwf:qgrf:q[tj,Ili,f pof: ayj:
ehqkdif wde
k :f xdkifwD;Odol f:Oj, cof;yAefrif,vj,vDvlif Nifpmif:aw.
bof./ uGmrf:wh:pof:auj;rD:oh.oj; ]]bdle.f vh;yAefwSif;crf: trf,bde
l .f vh;
yAefvrf:rh.}}ehbof./ uAo,f uyf:vlnf;vgif;bdle.f uef;eh.aO awrj:
qluf:tofurf;zgif; vgif;bde
l .f uef;tefoj;eef. rD:zgef:vDzgef:qj.
qdli.f pdkof Orf.vrf,vgif;rguf;uj;pdkof ayj:trf,bde
l .f Orf.awyAeO
f if
sw,uGj,qdol f:eh. pefxdkifoj;vrf,vgif;wj,wlif,oli:f ulef:pof:ymefbmrf:
vAob
f l,sw.sw.tefoj;eef. bkrf,brfoj; ]trf,xmef,rD; auj;cD;cif;}
awyAefzge:f vDykef;wj,zl;vlvduf;pof:cofbl,ehsv; qif,vh;cwf:qfG
pjpgrf vgif;bde
l .f uef;eh.aO wSrf;aerj:bl,bof./

114

OSifObmrf
cef,wD,rifuvj-bldef.uef;eh. yAefvgif;cdke;f bf,G ? vgif;bde
l .f sv;
vgif;bldef.uef;cef,wD,eh.rD:(txdojOecefwDsv;Wdwx
f d edqfOj
eufcefwD) ehOgifylid f/ uGmrf:vj, uGmrf:ae:yde
l ;f aOauj.auj.sw,uGj,
tef bdil :f ql:qof;uof,aOoj;?pAwf:eef. trf,ckde:f wkrf.wgyf,Oif?
cmrf,bde
l .f aO yg,h P;wAiO
f fG,eldoq
f of;uof,vkrf:vkrf: rAo:f eef.pgi.f oj;
(txdojOecefwD) ehbof./ rde
l e
f if,aOauj.auj.vj,qof;uof,?x
qof;uof,? pAwf:cdw;f pAw:f yhm,qof;uof,? xkyf.ayj.qof;uof,bl,auj;trf,
cde
k :f wkrf.wgyf,Oif? trf,cke
d :f oj;Oifvj:vj:rAo:f eef.bof./ Wdwx
f d
edqfOjeufcefwD-tefoj;eef.qrf. bl,qgrf:wmif:pl.aO bde
l .f
uef;vlnf; wmif:wku.f wmif:bmuf;rAo:f eef.bof./ rde
l e
f if,wmif:udef
trf,vDauj; uef;qfGaOudefujG ,? wmif:eki;f trf,vDauj; ole.f oj;yAew
f j,
ap.uif; wmif:tluf:wmif:thmulnf:? rD:Oifauj; eki;f uGj,vh;rAo:f eef.bof./
uGmrf:wh:sw.oj; (vgif;ble
d .f ) sv; (vgif;uef;) ehauj;xku,f bl,/
efG:uj;OgifrAof:eef. wD;eh;(wD;cef,wD,rifuvj)eh. vlof,toftxdojO
ecef,wD,eh TOj,twf.xujxj,oj;oh.bl,/ tefoj;wj,awuef;vh;
wmrf,avj:uxrf,ySwf,ydil f tefyAefvgif;Oke,f ? vgif;uSef? vgif;rD:
rl,ej;? vgif;pmrf:rl,ej;? vgif;sO.? vgif;tmrf:? vgif;wkuf.? vgif;rle;f
qdlof:eef.aw. ref:awcof;yj:efG:zkwf.xwf.Oavj:uxrf,rifuvj,
bl,eef.bof./

115

OSifObmrf
vgif;bde
l f.ckefOduf:uBj:
bde
l .f uef;eh. yAev
f gif;cde
k ;f bfG,yguf;edkif; zDwj,owdif,Oj,cof
sv; OmifcofyAefyhg:wkud f:uef zDcofsy.uGj,sv; wdvh;yj: aoyqdw.f wd
tOkIe
d ,f aO tofrdlof:rwf.oh.wD;qIgyf;Okxrf,rj,-ehbof./ ckefOduf:
uBj:cof;tgu,f rdol f;vfGauj;ref:vj,uj;oj;uj;yAefwj,aO,?
ckefOduf:uBj:
auj;trf, wuf:OAifOifaO bdle.f oh.wj,aO,ehbof./ bgef.vgif;
eef.aO rj,wvdauj.yAefckefOduf:uBj:Orf.cmrf,bmyf,? cmef.bdef:
sv;qif,xmrfTOj,ref:oj;]]qf.G uGmrf:rdul f;uGmrf:vdil f:aOvj,wmef,eh.sv;
bldef.xgrf,bl,eh.ulofsv;pj.` pSi:f tle;f (trf,eefauj; trf,ay.ref:
vh;)sv;pj.` }} eh ckefOduf:uBj:cke
d f:wgyf,oj; ]]ulofauj; trf,qf;G ? pSif:
tlef;auj; trf,qf;G ? zl;rD:wmif:pl.eif,uofe.h awvlof,sc.cAif,zl;
rdul f;pAwf:Oif}} ehbof./ rj,wvdOrf.cde
k :f wgyf,oj; ]]zl;rdul f; tefoj;
eh.ayj:trf, pmrf;OD:ref:awwdol f:phm.rj:? bgef.eefsv; udik ,f
yefwmrf,pmof;pmof; pSif:pSi:f aOwAuf:wAif}} ehsv; ckefOduf:uBj:Orf.
cke
d :f oj; ]]vgif;bde
l .f uef;awj,auj.tefqfGvrfeh. ref:yAet
f efpmrf;
OD:ref:bof.}}ehbof./ rj,wvdOrf.cde
k :f oj; ]]ayj:bde
l .f uef;eif,
eef xmif,oj;zdwf:bl,? ref:Orf.awxmif,oj; ]ulofref:}ehaO rde
l f
eif,olof:wlofeidk ;f vSef;sv; wloe
f ikd ;f qif,qmif;vrf:eef.bof.? cSef:
awxmif,pmif;vj,phm.wduf:wduf:bof;}} ehsv; ckefOduf:uBj:qif,ckdef:oj;
]]Olc;fG xmif,oj;ulofsv;bde
l .f auj;vD? trf,xmif,auj;vD? Twj:tefrD:
116

OSifObmrf
zgef:vDwj,wlouf of,vdol faOvgif;bdlef.uef;eh.uoftrf,pef/ ule:f trf,
rD:pSif:eh.vh;bde
l .f uef;wj,aO,auj; yAefue
l :f rD:pSif:aO bldef.uef;
awj,ule:f trf,rD:pSif:eh. yAefvgif;bdle.f uef; tefrBmwf;vgef,wgef:
vdol faOydle;f ule:f rD:wmif:pl.cofoj;ehbof./ pSi:f ule:f rdul f;eh. trf,vh;oj;
pSif:? pSif:ule:f qgrf:Twj:eh.aw. zfGtrf,cof,cgef:vh;}} ehsw,uGj,bof./
yde
l ;f qfv
G rfawj,qof;uof,sv; qof;uof,Orf.cde
k :f qfv
G rfawj,yde
l ;f eh.
vh;oj;xmef;wSrf,aOref:uGj,bof./ qof;cl:yj:edkif;oj; ]]rjtrf,N.Oif
aOclyf:qof;uof,sv; qof;uof,Orf.cde
k :f yde,f clyf:rjeh Qef.xmef;
qof;uof,wSrf,aOrjuGj,bof.}} ehbof./ yde
l f;qfv
G rfawj,qof;uof,sv;
qof;uof,bldef.oh.eh. yAefue
l :f arjuBmif.urfwj,zgef:vD Ogifzhm,Ogifyj;
ehbof./ yAefue
l :f teftgi,f ay.ehauj;oj;vh;bof./ rde
l e
f if,vgif;
bde
l .f uef;ckeO
f duf:uBj:eef. yAefwD;vDbidl ;f sw.sw.bof./ ayj:ole.f
xSif;zhm,edkif;auj; Okw:f wD;ayj:rwf.ref:oh.bof.sv; oj;trf,ay.
ref:eh. Orf.awvlof,pAw:f pdkox
f Sif;uge,f / tefref:vj,bl,eef.
udkw:f pSif:qfGref:ulnf:trf,qf;G pdkov
f j,/1 crjQjUIdbkWfxjerfvgif;bde
l .f
uef;tefoj;eef.vlof, bde
l .f uef;vh;zdi;f zavj:uxrf, ydil yf Aefcli:f
1

rhmwgif:/ vgi;f cde

k f;bfG,rhmxd 27 cefwD,rifuvj,=bde
l f.uef;eh.yAef vgi;f cde
k f;bfG, ef:G yyf.
rif,uvj,Okw;f ydef,wh:sv;wD;ygif,ref: ej;vduf; 153-155 qof;eef,worf,Oj,zdyj,v
xrfrjqIdb M.A
117

OSifObmrf
umifbof./ vgif;Okef,sv;vgif;uSef? vgif;aO.ae:sv;vgif;tmrf:?
vgif;auBj,sv;vgif;cmefq?fG vgif;rD:rl,ej;sv;yAeuf e
l :f wle:f tefoj;
sv;zdif;zvliyf Swf,ydil fqlod f:eh. xly:f vgif;vfGrj:auj; trf,ayj:vDyef
wlod f.qfe
G j,ehbof./ rde
l e
f if,rD:Okef,aOvh;rj:aOrAo:f rAo:f sv; qlrf:
ej,vfG? uSeftrf,vh;Oifrj:sv; wluf:qfGej,vfq
G lod f:eh. vh;oj;trf,
cmrf,vh;wmrf,zdi;f zehbof.? tefukdw:f pluf:acj;qdlof:eef.auj;vDcmGu;f
aOpl.tofxSif;bl,/ vgif;bde
l .f uef;eh.tdifvlnf;wmif:pl.vfG wlox
f lyf:
vfG qdlof:eh.bof./2 bde
l .f uef;eh. yAefvgi;f cde
k f;bfG, cefwD,vgif;
bde
l .f uef;/ vgif;bdlfef.uef;tefoj;eef.qrf.bgrf:Okrf:ehauj; ydw
k f,
wD;ygi,f ref:trf,vh;urf:vAofeif,uof,/ ayj:tofwD;ygi,f tefuGmif;ref:oj;
ayj:ehqkdif bde
l .f uef;vh;vgif;ydle;f Oliuf BLduf;? bde
l .f uef;vgif;ydle;f
trf,Omif:udex
f mif,vAu.f Omif:zSyf./ Twj:tefyAefwol fwSef: vgif;cef
wD,sw.yAef(tawj:O)tefoj;eef.sv;Oif?
tawj:Otefoj;
eef. qrf.yAefrAwf.wj,tefoj;eef.sv;Oif awvh;wgi:f rhmoh.Qdil .f
eif,ehbof./ ayj:oj;rAwf.wj,cof;xdik b
f of.ayj:ehqkdif trf,pefwmif:
zdwf:oj;ehbl,bof. bgef.ydol f;eefsv; (rAwf.wj,) eh. yAEfwlofwe
S :f
zl;wmif wlofvgif;bde
l f.uef;tefoj;eef.bof./ efG:avj:uvlie
f .h
2

rhmwgif:/ xgeftofrj:wD;-avj:ueD,wdydef,wh: sv; acj;Oyf:vSif:ref: ej;vduf; 118-119

qof;eefworfO xrfrjqIdb M.A
118

OSifObmrf
wj,vgif;txrf,r awtrf,P;cde
k ;f bf,G eef.yAefye
k ;f zgef: ule:f ul;
auj.bof./ eif,pdkot
f xrf,rawrgw,f ogw;f bAefphmeef.auj;vlof,qf.G
vguf:vhm:qdko;f qf;G bof. vguf:vmh:qdko;f qf;G tefoj;eef.qrf.yAef cefwD,
vgif;bde
l .f uef;bof./ vgif;bdle.f uef; tefoj;eef.qrf. bgef.ulof
sv;bde
l .f uef;/ bge.f rD:rAwf.wj,sv;bde
l .f uef;eh rD:xSif;Ogiyf idl f
bl,bof./ efG:Ogifydlie
f ef. bgef.wmif:ulofsv;bde
l .f uef;oh.tefoj;
eef.sw. qmif;yAefiof;pmuf; tj,cj,wqfyG Sif:qif:ihm;ehbl,bof./
oef:edkif;rj: qfyG Sif:qif:eef. qmif;tgu,f yAefawj:Orj:cde
k :f
bl,bof./ awj:Otefulw
d f,yAefrj:eef. qmif;yj:vgif;cf;G wgyf,wSef:
cde
k :f bof./ ayj:eefqdik f vgif;vlvhmay.udeuf ef efG:Orf,OIj,eh.
sv;Oif? vgif;cf;G wgyf,wSe:f cdkef:tefoj;sv; Orf,OIj,vlie
f .h auj;
cde
k ;f vgif; yef,vlib
f l,efG:yde
kf :f cli:f umiftrf,pmif./ bde
l .f uef;vlnf;
rAwf.wj,ugef, qif,awrgw,f vh;qfGySif:qif:aO pAwf:P;Orf,OIj,ygw:f
ehbof./ zopof:auj;qmif;vh;Iwej, trf,rD:OifwSuf;eldif:vh;eef.
bof.? trf,wSuf;eldif:vh;tefoj;eef.qrf. yAefvgif;tefoj; (clof:cgif
uof)tefoj;sv;
yhm:ole.f vgif;wlnf:yke;f Okef,wlofpSi:f eef.auj;
ref:qmif;ymuf;ySwf;vh;ehbof./ ymuf;ySwf;vh;vgi;f Okef,wloferfuj;pdkof
auj; qlof;ymefqof;uof,eef. qmif;cde
k ;f bf,G rf,G Okifuj;eef.ehbof./
qArfrodl f;oj; tawj:Otefoj;eef.urf:vAof tavj:zauj;yj:bof./
119

OSifObmrf
tarj:pauj;yj:rAwf.wj,bof.? bgef.yj:rAwf.wj,sv; wlnf:avj:ucli:f
umifauj; pefzhm,pmif;vDbof./ bgef.yj:uIkej,sv; wlnf:cli:f umifauj;
vDpuf.plrfo.h bof./ ayj:pefcli:f umifpmif;vDsv;vDpuf.plrfauj; cli:f umifpmif;
vDtgef,sv; tefvDpuf.plrfte
g ,f qof;uof,eef. yAefrj:vgif;arjoh.
omif:qfGtavj:zyxje tefoj;eef.sv;Oif? qft
G efarjole.f oj;
qdli.f eh cofvh;qfGtdlof;tefoj;sv; vgif;arjvdul f;tarj:p yxje
tefoj;eef.sv;Oif ayj,yAefrj:bl,bof./ tefe.h pgi.f oj;(tOifcj
Idu) ehbof./ vgif;wjpof:arjwlnf:edlof avj:u? arjpuf.plrf? arjcgy;f qfG
tefarjtofwjeldof.wlnf:sv; vgif;oj;clif:umifvlie
f .h pmif;vDrguf;uj;
pdko?f vDpuf.Nrf rguf;uj;pdko?f vDcgy;f qfe
G dlofcli:f umifvlie
f .h uj;pdkosf w,uGj,
wmif:pefxidk e
f dlofclif:umifvlie
f .h
awarjbde
l .f uef;rj:sw.sw.bl,
bof./
rdol f;ygu;f edkif; rD;yke,f ej:auj.edkif; olof:ref:phmaOqgrf:ch;olof:
ref:sv; ref:zdw:f wmif: uGifwmif:bl, efG:yj,xde
l ,f vlifeef.bl,
bof.? ref:tdky:f wmif:udeaf O ydwf:tofrmuf,rh.qdlof:eef. udesf v;
bmwf,wlu:f vli:f uGj, efG:plnf;ykef.bl,bof./ rldo;f bmrf:eef.rD:vdi:f vlif
wlofeidk ;f tD:vlykef,ej:wlu:f vkuf:eef.ej,sv; qif,vh;vlif:qgh;
xSrfref:oh.bl,bof./ rdol f;zgif:tofyke,f ej:eef.xdik e
f lod fuki:f bof. ckef
vdif:vlifeef. pdlof.ele:f tlef;qfGej,aO ege:f vyf:eldofcjykef,ej:
120

OSifObmrf
eef.uGj,bl,bof./ ykef,ej:eef.auj; bgef.ydol f:ref:wgif.rh;Oh;vdw
l f,
ej,sv; qif,tofrmuf,pdex
f kyf.OfG, eldopf ol fvdif:eef.bl,bof./ rdol f;
zgi:f eef.ckefvdif:vlifauj; wluf:qfv
G h;wdke,f aOsv; vSef;cdke;f
edlofwlef;rh.uGj,bl,bof./ ulnf:uj; ckefvdif:vlifwol feef. bl,edol f
wlef;rh.aO bif:tofvw
dl f;ref:tefbgw,f wluf:vlifbl,eef. yAefcidl ;f
rhmaewmif:yke,f ej:awj,ayj:pgw;f omef;vl:uge,f / qmwf;aej,vgif:qof;
plofeh. ckev
f di:f vlie
f ef.rj:yAef rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof;pof: auj:wr
eh.bof./ awvh;pefoj;vgif;bde
l .f uef;aej,vgif:qof;eef.QSif;vSi:f
vDej,yduf.Orf.oj; yAefauj.teftmef:tofqof;uof,whmauj; awj;bif:
rD:rAwf.wj,aOqgh;vlod fxSi;f ugef,bof./ bgef.eefsv; qif,oj;trf,rD:
OifwSuf;edli:f vh; cef,wD,Twj:aej,vgif:qof;sv; yAefrj:Tzj:yAef
qof;ehbof./ ]]aq,wej,trf,udkif,wmef,ul;auj.}} tefoj;eef.pof:
bmrf;vmwf;bl,/ trf,eefauj;aq,wej,qof;uof,eef. udkif,wmef,ul;
auj.bl, vDr:dD eldouf ;l auj.bl, P;yAefaq,wej,tefqkdef;OfG Oifoj;
zl;vfGtrf,oh.erf.euf:uj;cefedlofaq,wej,qof;uof,ehqkdif eif,uj;
ref:trf,oh.erf.euf:eef. ref:wde
k :f xlyf:pef zgef:qj.ref:bl,
eif,uof,/ efG:qmwf;qdli:f plofeh.tefyAefyke,f ej:auj.eef.vh;whmpkuf:
whmphm.aO Odrf:qmwf;ref:uGj,bl,eif,uof,bof./ ckefvdif:aewmif:ref:
aO ref:Odyk f,uGj,wmif:ej;vh;peferf.egifvkuf;edik ;f sv; ref:qif,
vli:f udee
f rf. rdol f;ref:wkud f.vli:f eef. wgrf,erf.wdol f.rSef;wD;vfGauj;
121

OSifObmrf
bAef:yAefqyA f:vlipf mof;pSif:aOsv; vh;uGj,whmpkif bgef.vdefrdil :f tde
k f
wD;efG:Olefrguf,wD;edik ;f ehbl,bof./ urf:vde
k :f Okw:f sw. vgif;ule:f
rdil :f cli:f umifpof:plyf.xlyf:bl,wj,aO, tefpig .f oj; avj:uxrf,tefoj;
eef. rD:bl,pif:zfGpif:ref:bof./ avj:uxrf,vgif;phm.sv;Oif? avj:u
xrf,vgif;vDsv;Oif? vDvDphm.phm.xkuf,vDarjbde
l .f uef;? ayj:qdli.f
eefue
g ,f tlnf:auj.tlnf:sO;pof:sv; ule:f pdrf:pgrf:pof:qdlof:eef.
qif,awvgw;f wmif:ySif:qif:vh;ehbof./
bl,pif:auj.vAoftrf,Omif,
xku,f sv; ykef;avj:uwke
d :f vlof,vh;pjvgif;rle;f Odol f: pmif;cldif;yef
qgrf: pdrf:pgrf:qof;uof,ehbof./ pdrf:pgrf:tefojeef.qrf. yAefqof;
uof,vlof,pAwf:Omif;tofeb
h of./ bgef.eefsv; tefvrf,vgif;vdol f
aOyde
l ;f eef. vdol faOcef,wD, tefpgi.f oj;vgif;bde
l .f uef;eef.
trf,rD:Oif/ ugyf;eefsv; qif,vh;tofvgif;cef,wD,Twj:bde
k ;f
rj:Ol,xkid yf D;egi.f pof:cof P;vh;uwf:bAef vgwf;az:cAefile.f ySif:qif:
aOurf:/

zde
k ftid f1.

rifuvj,Okwf;ydef,wh:sv; wD;ygi,f ref: ej;vduf; 153-154

Qof;eef,worf,Oj,zdyj,v xrf,rj,qIdb M.A wSrf; yD 2000

2.

avj:ueD,wdye
d ,f wh:sv; acj;Oyf:vSi:f ref: ej;vduf; 119
Qof;eef,worf,Oj,zdyj,v xrf,rj,qIdb M.A wSrf; yD 1999
122

OSifObmrf
3. ( )
st

(1

August 2013)

Nobody will believe in you unless you believe in yourself.

- Liberace

OifOt
l rf,bkrf,brfwlofuof,eh z[Orf.awrj:bkrf,Olv;h /
You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe,
deserve your love of affection. -Siddhartha Gautama

bkdefbefpyf. vgif;puf.MrfySif:pSi:f wD;wlofuof,sv;ulef:ul;auj.

e[:ulifumif;quBj,ovj,/
Ability is what you are capable of doing. Motivation
determines what you do. Attitude determines how well
you do it. -Lou Holtz

vgif;uwf.cSef,eh. yAeftefqof;uof,vlif.vSef,? vgif;tD:Olef:

yAefcuf.Okdyf,bmif; tefOlpw
A :f Omif;? umefoh.omif: wlofq[qSif;
vSif:seyef vgif;oj;qof;uof,pAw:f vh;Oif/
ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqdwf.w (ukefpiA f)

123

OSifObmrf

Life will often challenge you with difficulties,

but every time you overcome these difficulties
you gain strength and wisdom. Unknown

Qlof;ymef wkdef:uh.cAif,wj.qof;uof,vln;f wmif:bmyf,?

oj;eefaOwj. rldof;qof;uof,cmrf;ylef.vh;wif:bmyf,
zkdwf,ul;urf:eef. Qof;uof,vh;erf.wgef:rj:tAef
pSif:ynf,nj,vD/
Your life is your garden; your thoughts are the
seeds. If your life is not awesome, you have
been watering the weeds. Terry Prince

Qlof;ymefyAefOlefrguf,?ymh:olef.tguf,qldof.zef:?
awwef:Nwf:erf.vD Oifzotrf,cD/
ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqw
d f.w (ukepf Ai)f

124

OSifObmrf

ayj:c[;uwf:bAef bj,oh.cAef
qof;odrv vSif:ekrf,
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

tgi;f wD;tefcof;cle:f avj:av:uefaObl,Oof:eef. Mif.oj;

atj:uj,Oavj:u pkdof vluf;ehbof.? e[:vluf;eh. eguf;aOzl;qldo:f tef
yh,vh;rmuf;vh;zlof,eef. wke
d :f awyef,oke
d ;f cke
d ;f vli:f bl,trf,pmif.?
zl;tefrD:oh. qldo.f rmuf;qldo.f zlo,f oh.bof.eef.aw. trf,pkdiftrf,emef:
ugyf;awtgu,f yle.f wmif:aw,xof;yAew
f hmbof.sv; awylef.avj:ubof.
ehauj;oj;vh;? ayj:eefacj;xmrftefoj; z[zl;v[Orf.awOkyd f,bl,uGj,
e[:vluf;eh.vj,... eheef.auj; awvgw;f wgyf,bof./
wD;c[;oj;aw. ayj:bif:wkud f.bl,e[:vluf;eh.bl,qkid f trf,qmwf;
ekdif;auj;qmwf;edik ;f trf,ygu;f ekdif;auj;ygu;f ekdif; awqmif;rD:vgi;f pmif,uh
uefsv;tlrd f;qrfuefbl,ehbof.? ayj:qldif.eefzgi:f rldo;f auj.ekdif;sv;
auj.edkif; rD:Okef,vh;rj:xlyf:nj:uefaO vh;bl,tlrd f;qrfuefeef.
Orf.awrD:uGmrf:tefq.[ wkod f:oj; qldo.f cldo:f rldefuef zj,Oj,rldefuef ayj;
sr;vkuf;uef cl:Ogefway:uef auj.ul;uef yD;egi.f uef ayj;vAif.sr;
125

OSifObmrf
vAif.vkuf;vAi.f uef tlnf:auj.uefv[qldo:f eh.bof.? tefyAefuj;e[:qldo:f
eef.qldo:f eh.eef. Mif.oj;pdrf:Mrf:pof:ehbof./
bgef.oj;e[:avj:ueh. awbl,ulnf:auj.vAoaf uj;trf,yh,yAefvh;
sv; wke
d :f awvh;uAof,cgif;uef wif:ule:f pdrf:Mrf:tefvmwf;rj: qldo:f
eh.bl,? wj,awarjbl,qgrf: ule:f pdrf:Mrf:pof:eef.Orf.awvh;oh.omif:
q[qdlif.pkdo.f .. vmwf;qldif.pkdo.f .. pAwf:qldif.pkdo.f .. eheef.auj; acj;xmrf
udkuf:qgrf:rj:urf:vAofbof.? uAo,f vlnf;vgif; wj,P;arjbl,qgrf:ule:f pdrf:Mrf:
pof: P;ayj:xku,f rSef;eef. ykwf.xqof;auj; vmwf;sevhm:ref:bl,
wmif:erfwmif:vmhbl,bof./
e[:uj;wmif:erfeef. zl;wSrf;vduf;awpkyf;tofwD;uSyf;aOtof
tgu,f sewj,Omrfacj;1. vlof,arjbldef.uef;awj,uef?
2. vlof,omif:cGmif.yefuef?
3. vlof,arjygif,q[eldouf ef ehbof.?
wD;eh; trf,Oyf:vSi:f sewD;uGmif;ref:auj; pefxikd of j;awygi,f q[uef
ihm;bl,? e[:avj:ueh. ayj:oj;trf,arjomif:cGmif.yefuefauj; wke
d :f oj;
awarjoh.vgif;ySi:f qif:eldouf efrj: trf,zdwf:trf,ylid ;f ? ayj:oj;arjrD:q[
ySif:qif:eldouf ef trf,pmef.q[edol uf efrj:ehauj; q[tefc[;wgyf,wSef:
eef.auj; qmif;arjuldw,f tguf,rj:qgrf:bof.? ayj:oj;rD:rj:q[c[;wgyf,wSef:
126

OSifObmrf
ehauj; wj,rD:wkod f.wmif:eef. c[;bgef:tofurf:vAob
f of./ ygif,oj;ayj:rD:
wkod f.wmif:rldo;f v[auj; wde
k :f pjvhm:omif:zSee
f ef.bof. eh.awvh;oj;
yAefvgif;Ozj,oumifqO
[ wf.woj,e[:vluf; tefqmif;yAerf j:qgrf:vlnf;
trf,arjomif:cGmif.yefuefehauj;oj;vh;bof.? uAo,f uyf:vgif;eh.aO e[:
zke
d x
f rf:xrfryweef.
Ykw.f xcrf:qof;pof:tofwmif:emif:qldif:
]buf.cdeD}eef. pmif;cldif;ref:aO apj:yAew
f gef;Ogefo.h bl,/ ugyf;eh
sv; zl;wSrf;vduf;auj; awtdit
f ofqdlif:tge,f Nofeh.aO bgef:zmuf,
wgef;yef zl;Oliv
f lvduf;vhm:pof:cofsv; zl;c[;vAyf;pAef:pjwmif:N.pof:
cofbl,?
rldo;f ylef.rj: 2602 eD;eef. aej,vgif:qof; ckefqmh :Odww
f wf
xukrj,I zl;tefvh;xmyf;Omif;yjIrD,rj: OD,Oif,acB,yhmOSefurf,zj,
eef. cke
d ;f yAeTf zj:wD;eldoyf vmif,Nif:OSif w[;wle;f rh.ngi,f ayj:xdaO
rSef;rldo;f wkud f.tofoj, rldif:Oj,owf.xd e[:uRif:aqwoef,eef. bif:rD:
zl;rmuf;vlifOgifauj.zloaf r:aO bl,qgrf:uefo.h bof./ zl;rmuf;cjOgifauj.
eh. bl,qgrf:ueftrf,pkdif rD:rj:vkuf;qhm:tgef,auj.ekdif;bof.? zgi:f rldo;f
vkuf;qhm:cj wkud f.pjbkw
d f;b[,yAefrmof,ymefpmh :eef. auj.yAefayj;ref:qhm:
vh;vl.uGj,ySwf;bof.? ugyf;eef ej;umefayj;cofwmif:OAif;eef. awvh;
oj;rj:ugiO
f [,ref:qhm:rlwf:bof./

127

OSifObmrf
ref:qhm:sw. ohm:aOayj;coftrf,rD:bof.ehauj; eif,pkdofumef
rmuf;rD:cof ul;vgif;"ayj:awtrf,blyf;bgrf:eef. trf,oj;umefp;h umef
ej: umefuj. umefchm wke
d :f trf,bl,vhmaO ykwf;pmif;wmifwloaf yj;cof
pAwf:bl,wj,aO, ayj:trf,wef:ckuf:q[vh;vgif;Oifbof.? sr;ref:qhm:
auj; vh;pefvkuf;qhm:ref:pAw:f umefbl,auj.vAof vSyf;awNdof.q[ej,eh
sv; qgrf:eif,owfTwj:ayj;sr;rD:oh.pj;ylid t
f efoj; ap.uif;vgif;wmif:cD?
cldif;umefvDq.[ Omif;? q[.wduk f:pAef:ynfnj,? aztku.f qj,yefwke
d :f ? ygif
rSi,f ej;Ndef:ab: eheef. ayj:oj;vkuf;vmif:b[,rj:eh wj,awulyf.ul;
Ogef;rdif; ej;pdlef:wjab:yefeef. yAefowfTwj:ayj;sr;ehbof./
ugyf;ygif,q[oh.qldif.ehauj;ylid e
f dik f;? eif,pdkoO
f hmOkyd f,qlod f.cldo:f auj.
awykwf;tofcgifrgef (tj;rlnf,) awtrf,cmwf,eef.auj;ylid e
f dik f;? qif,
vh;cyf:ckid yf efvkuf;qhm:ref: wj,ulyf.ul;yAefNdef:ehbof.? vkuf;qhm:ref:
auj; qgrf:vlnf;umifqs[ r;ref:qmh:c[;yAee
f ef. trf,xAifce
kd :f OifaO
vmwf;sesr;ref:qhm: emif:bdif:auj.tefref:qmh:xku,f q[eef.aO
bgef:tofrj:yAeaf uj.ul;bl,qgrf:uefbof./
pAwf:eefaO bl,uGj,qgrf:uefcmof:wmif:pkdif? ulnf:uj; emif:bdif:
eh. trf,pefySu,f yldif;Oifrj: (wmef,vDyj:Oef,ax,bof.)? ayj:eef
auj; qgrf:eif,umifqs[ r;cof c[;P;rD:vku;f eef.auj; wke
d :f trf,pefOhmihm
ref:? ayj:oj;trf,pefyAefrj: qgrf:eif,txmif,bof.ehauj; xki:f uGmrf:rD:
128

OSifObmrf
oh.oj; eif,pkdoaf wyAerf j: Nde:f ekdif;vifeef. aw,rj:wD;ule:f ekdif;auj.
bof.? wj,awyAefrj:omef;ekid ;f omef;eef. aw,rj:wD;pldef:ekdif;vif
bof.? wj,cldo:f ule:f edkif;cldo:f yAerf j:eef. aw,rj:wD;oAi:f ekdif;vku;f bof.?
ugyf;eef eif,pkdoq
f dlo.f cldo:f ayj:awtrf,phmeef. sr;cofauj;qif,q[.pj
xSif;auj.r[,ehbof./
vkuf;qhm:ref:auj; trf,qmif;pAw:f pkdof uj;vh;qgrf:eif,umifq[
auj.yAefsr;cofaO qif,uGj,wldif,ymif,auj.yAefsr:ref:qhm:bof.? sr:
ref:qhm:auj.yAefue
l :f ref (trf,rD:vku;f vh;) eef.auj; trf,xAifce
kd :f
bgrf:pyf.aOzgrf.qgrf:vD"bl,? ulnf:uj; OifyAefwmif:udeaf w. azrSi,f
ule:f wmif,auj.vh;bl,aOwj. wmif:puf.aw.wj,awqSu,f yefue
l :f wmif,
auj.xSif;eef. yAefteftkduf.ekduf.q[oh.bl,/
ylid yf Aefrlod f;vAofaw. bgef.trf,qmif;pAw:f pkdof qldif.pkdoaf uj;N.
awvh;bgrf:pyf.bof.ehsv;ref:emif:auj; qif,oj; trf,yAeO
f if yle
d ;f
erfyde
l ;f vDpof:erfpof:vD ehbof.? zgrf.q[un
l f:trf,uj: wj,aw
yAee
f j;Ndef:rj:eef.auj; ref:emif:auj.awcmrf,uGj,pjrj:ehuge,f bof.?
tefref:emif: tofykef;zgef:aO cmrf,pjrj:eef.auj; wke
d :f rD:
vgif;wmif:ref:ehqSif;vSif:vDbl,? vgif;eh.ref:emif:ole.f oj; Oif
qldo.f oj; uGj,tofue
l :f wmif,auj.OSu,f vSu,f ySuf,ej; teftrf,N.quf:uef
eef.rj:ayj:ehqdkif ulofvh;bAe:f yAeq
f mwf;ymefcD;cj;uGj, ehbof./
129

OSifObmrf
bgef.Oifayj:eh Oifoj;emif:bdif:auj.awrj:yAesf r:ehg.eh. rD:
vkuf;rj:eh awvh;yAefue
l :f auj.tef vh;ykwf;cgifrgefwmif:OAif; qof;
uof,Orf.qmif;yAeuf e
l :f vldouf Gj,ehbof.? bgef.ehsv; qif,vh;pyf.tof
ykef;zgef:aO cyf:ckdifpjyefeb
h of.? ref:emif:ehauj;qif,ujG,ql:tlnf:
auj.ref:aO wlid ,f ymif,vmwf;seul;qldo.f ul;vgif;bof.? tlnf:auj.ref:
emif:ehauj; ygif,q[aO bgrf:pyf.tofuGj,vD"imrf:"? pAwf:eefaO tlnf:
auj.Ogifauj.vh;rj:yAef ule:f Nrf;zlofvAofuef bl,qgrf:uefujG ,? wmif:Ogif
ehauj; bl,qgrf:uefrle
d e
f if,yD;tguf,egif.vAouf efeef.bof.?
bgef.oj;auj.yD;emif: (ar:vli)f Oif,oh.oj; ]egi.f bdif: eif,pkdof
yD;emif:ayj:awvh;vkrf:vj:egi.f wArf"xlef;"eef. Oifoj;egi.f bdif:
qyf:wgi.f ehbj,vkrd f:vmwf;yD;oh.tgefwmif:ej;} ehoh.sv;? xkid of j;ref:
emif:qyf:wgif.rj:ehauj; vmwf;seauj.yD;aw.eif,oj; auj.yD;auj;pAw:f
rldefeif,rh;q[rh;acj:aO vkrf:vj:wlnf:xkid f ckid pf jvguf:vhm:zSeuf mef
wj,awbj.ySwf;vh; vkuf;tge,f tefwkud f.yj:e[:wgif. auj.yAefsr:ehg.
eef.bof.? pAwf:ehaO ayj:oj;yj:wgif.rj:rldo;f v[auj; bj.ySwf;bj.ySwf;
wef:Ogifyug f;bof.? ulnf:uj;ygu;f urf:Ogifeh.aw. bgef.vh;q[.rkod f:euf:
uGj,pkdoaf uj;trf,N. (vSyf;awpAwf:uSif;rdy,f elwf;zef.pSif:uGj, trf,q[;
vAif.bj;bj) xkid w
f D;ule:f pdrf:Mrf:ayj:vh;pefzdwf:? ule:f pdrf:Mrf:Nrf;oj;
ehaOw awyAeyf D;egi.f uefehxmif,qSif;bl,? ayj:oj;yAerf j:qldif.eef
130

OSifObmrf
ehauj; cofqif,yef'mif.ref:oj;Oifoj;r[:yj:wgif.xSif;eh bj,ayvmwf;
ref:xSif;ehbof./
ref:emif:auj; qgrf:eif,yldef;vmwf;seeef. yj:wgif.rj:xSif;
auj; wke
d :f trf,vmwf;sebof.? trf,vmwf;seaO bl,rj:awj,wgif.
ayj:b[,bof.? ugyf;wgif.b[,ayj:trf,ulrf;vh;bof. auj.yD;qif,uhg;N.sv;
ayj:oj;N.ehauj; xmrfurf:vAob
f of.? ]]tln
d fNdnf.egi.f ul;ygu;f eh.ayj:
egi.f yj:wgif.ehvmwf;seyD;urf:vAof yAefOifygu;f eh. egi.f trf,vmwf;
seyD;}} ehbof.? auj.yAefsr:egh.ehauj; bgef.trf,rD:wmif:so;
bof.sv; uj;vh;vmwf;Okod f;" qgrf:eif,vgif;yldifyAefaw.ref:eef.
rlwf:bl,bof./
wD;aw.ref:cjOgifauj.eh. yAet
f lnf:auj.rkw
d f;ukdo:f uefoh.sw."
vldoaf Oeef. ayj;sr;cofehauj; yAeftn
l f:auj.qrfqu[ efue
g f,bof.?
iof;sw,rldo;f yh,rj:bl,qgrf:uefauj; auj.yAefar:egh.eh.sw.bif:trf,vh;
puf.rSef;eldofzl;qhm:aOtdwf:? ulnf:ej, bgef.uAifqe
[ dol t
f lnf:auj.aO
sv;rj: awvh;oj;ehbl,bof.? vgif;ekid ;f auj; wj,awyAerf j:umefpmh .rlduf;
qldif.eif,ehe.h wke
d :f trf,bmrf;ole.f rSef;aOygu;f ? ygu;f eh.Orf. umrf,
phm.vliftefvh;auj,Omif;oh.eef.qgrf:rj:xkid pf dkot
f rf,N. xku,f tlnf:auj.
bj.vl.vkuf;tge,f qof;uof, yAefOgifyug f;ulnf:yh,c[;ayj:? ijawvh;cmrf,

131

OSifObmrf
wmif:cyf:ckid x
f Sif;vl:uge,f ? auj.yAefar:vlisf w. Orf.oj;trf,wef:pl.
qArfrldo;f qof.ehauj; ref:wdkuf.ckid pf jvhm:r[,xSif;bl,/
ref:emif:vmwf;rldefeif,ej;vDwldo.f q[ qgrf:vlnf;trf,wef:
vh;N.aO vmwf;oj; ]tefyD;trf,vh;vkrf:vj:egi.f eh. bgef.trf,vh;
N.oh.vli;f ej;? ulnf:uj;trf,yAeO
f if wmrfeif,bde
k :f rkod f:xkid e
f ef. aw
cwf:q[Oykd f,yAefauj.vkrf:vj:egi.f bl,} ehbof.? ygu;f eh.aw. trf,qmif;
pAwf:qldif.eif,ul;ygu;f bof. wj,awpAwf:uSif;rdy,f "elwf;"yef qgrf:wlof
aObj.ySwf;eef.trf,imh;? vh;auj;wke
d :f awtrf,vh;eh N.xkid b
f l,?
ugyf;eefsv; qif,vh;tofbj;bj bj.vkuf; (wluf:vku;f ) vuf.O[,e[:
omef,zuf:aOyefudeb
f of.? auj.sr:ehg.auj; bgef.trf,N.vguf:vhm:ref:
emif:sv; vh;uden
f j:rSef;bj;bj eef.uGj,bof.? ayj:oj;vh;udew
f lod f.
nj:bj;bjbof.ehauj; ugyf;vkuf;tge,f e[:wgif. ayj:b[,bof.qif,uhg;bj.
sv; wif:sr;wif:vku;f vh;OAif;umrf,uGj,eif,uefbof.? zgi:f wkud f.cmrf,
aowej,pSi:f b[,ej,eef. ref:emif:ide:f wlod f.q[ej,aO qAy:f q[xkid f
ayj:trf,wef:ole.f Oifeef.bof./
ule:f pof:ayj:oj;q[vrfeh wke
d :f trf,wef:ole.f vgif;Oif? eh.
auj;rde
l e
f efbof. wke
d :f trf,wef:ole.f oj;ulofyAefaz:wj, Orf,OIj,
Oif bgef.wmif:qAy:f q[vldopf Si:f ej,sv; qif,vh;uldw,f tguf,q[vgif;ySi:f
qif:aO rD:q[c[;wgyf,wSef:rj: eldorf ef:cke
d :f bof. umefc[;wgyf,wSef:
132

OSifObmrf
eef. bgef.trf,N.zgef:phm.ref:sv; umifqc[ [;wgyf,wSef:eef.auj;
trf,Okw:f oh.wD;wmif:ole.f vmh"ulnf:aO qif,vh;vgrf"aOvuf.ude,f e[:
q[ref:emif:bof.? ]Oifoj;uofwhmuGj,xkid q
f mwf;ej; P;cke
d :f vh;bj.vkuf;
tgef,ref:aOurf:} eh eh.yAefacj;uGmrf:ude,f ref:emif:bof.? awvh;oj;
rD:q[c[;wgyf,wSef:aOwhmuGj,? rldo;f Ohmq[qrfcmwf,eef. bgef.q[ole.f
xkid w
f D;Ndef:vifeef.aOOhmq[cmwf,uGj,sv; qif,vh;cke
d :f rj:aw,yAef
rSof:sr;wloe
f dik f; bl,wD;e[:Nde:f vifeef.bof./
bl,wD;zo tefqef.wSrf,eef.aO wj,awcke
d ;f zoqef.
Okifeef.bmyf,bl,aOw ulnf:uj; bl,wD;zoqef.OkifaOvli:f ql:wD;
zoqef.wSrf,eef. wke
d :f ihm;iSrf;bl,? ugyf;eefsv; wD;eh;awvh;oj;
ref:emif:bgef:Ol:zdwf:sw."bof./
auj.yAesf r:vlie
f ah uj; ayj:oj;zlofref:vh;N.oj; tefsr:ehg.
vh;whmuGj,eh. yAefMh:rkod f:ref:emif:ehbof.auj; qof;zlofyAeftefqv
[ rf
ej, xkid w
f D;ayj:trf,bldef.vh;aO ayj.pSrfyle.f wdefye
l .f rkod f:sv; vh;
whmuGj,bof.? ref:emif:auj;whmrj:yAeuf h,sr; wD;e[:Nde:f vifeef. eif,
uof,bof.? ayj:oj;uh,sr;wloe
f ef.ch,rj:rldo;f v[auj; xku,f rSof:sr;wlofeef.
udeyf Swf;udeyf Swf;pAwf:eh awxkdiO
f mrfyug f;vkrf:"bof.? uh,sr;wloe
f ef.
auj; trf,qmif;pAw:f pkdof bgef.yAefolwf;wgy,f olwf;wSef:uefpodk fehbof.?
Nrf;oj;trf,qmif;pAw:f pdkoe
f ah uj; ref:emif:bif:ude,f oh.xSif;bl,? P;vh;
133

OSifObmrf
tofue
d cf e
kd :f vkuf;ref:aOurf:eh eif,uof,bof.? uh,sr;eef.auj;
ayj:oj;tj,bl.qlof;ymefuh,ref: Okw:f OAif;bof.ehauj; whmuGj,yAefOldof
zh:sr;wloe
f dik f;bof.? rSof:sr;auj;awj;rdde
l feef ayj:oj;tj,bl.ref:
rlwf:bof.ehauj; whmuGj,yAefwdkifsr;bl,e[:xldef, teftrf,qrf trf,uh
uefeef.bof./
qgrf:eif,cj vh;ude,f uefo.h eef. ayj:oj;wkid sf r; udw
l f,vkuf;rj:
rldo;f v[auj; xkuk f,Oldosf r;udeyf Swf; awj,ayj:aq.Omrfyug f; eif,uof,
bof.? pAwf:ehaO umefwgyf,wSe:f uefeef.bif:yh,ayj:uge,f ? wkid ;f sr;
auj; cke
d :f ude,f ckdef:xSi;f urf:ekid ;f bof.? ayj:oj;tj,bl.cjOkw:f OAif;z[
ref:bof.eh wkid fsr;rj:udlwf,yAefzDvl:sr;vliaf O Oldof'h:Orf. rj:
uldw,f yAefzl;bdif:tge,f auj.ekdif; bl,e[:rldif:Oj,owf.xdbof.? bl,trf,
pkdif emif:bdif:tge,f eef. aw,ej;Ndef:aO rldo:f bl,qgrf:zlofref:
emif:wD;omef;ekdif; tefrD:zmh,eguf;oAi:f ykef.bof.? zDvl:sr;ehauj;
eif,pkdoyf le
d ;f awtrf,pefwol f (pmif;zDvl:) ref:eef. vhm;pmif;zDvl:
ref: ygrfpAw:f emif:bdif:tgef,aO rldo:f pjpAwf:auj.emif:bdif:tge,f tef
bl,e[:omef;eef.ul;oef: xkid w
f D;ayj:rkw
d f;ukdo:f qrfqu[ efwif: emif:
bdif:eef.aw."oj;"bof./
vmwf;wD;uSyf;"auj; ayj:oj;emif:bdif:eef. uldw,f vkuf;rj:eh zD
vl:sr;cof;uGj,ql:ref:emif:wD;e[:Mif; tgrf,zh:eef.aO vuf.tofvkuf;
134

OSifObmrf
ref:emif:uGj,udefySwf;bof.? pAwf:ehaOtofue
d yf Swf;ayj:rD:Ogifyug f;auj;
z[trf,N.aOauj.? trf,N.aOtrf,uj: xmif,auj; wke
d :f trf,xmif,xldrf
Oifeb
h of.? eh.vDtmrf:oh.aw. awvh;oj;bgef.umrf,tefvh;pAwf:rj:
wD;uefeef. cke
d :f wgyf,wSe:f /
qldif.pkdoaf uj;vD umefvgif;trf,vDeh. ref:trf,Nrf,vh;pkid f trf,
oef:ekdif;auj;oef:ekdif; wke
d :f awN.bl,trf,pmif.eh qgrf:eif,acj;uGmrf:
rD:oh.eef. bl,trf,pkdif emif:bdif:auj.tef vh;cmrf,wif:zDvl:sr; rj:
tofue
d v
f kuf;ref:emif:eef.ehauj; c[;uSrf:N.rj:e[:q[ref:emif:bof.?
ayj:oj;ref:vh;N.oj; tlnf:auj.ref:emif:eh. trf,q[;ule:f aw. yAefzD
vl:sr;rj:zmrf:pAwf:yAefun
l f:ehauj; qif,rj:wlid ,f ymif,zlofref:aO rldo;f
cke
d :f qyf:wgi.f xSif; ygu;f urf:Omrfeef. eif,pkdoaf wylef.vgw;f vh; e[:
rdok f:zDvl:sr;eef. cjqif,vh;tgeuf efchm.rldo:f vAif.vkuf;cj wD;Nde:f
ayj;sr;cofe:[ oAi:f ykef.bof.? ygu;f eh.aw. zDvl:sr;trf,wef:N. bgef.
ydol f;nj:cmof:rldo;f wkud f.vh;uGj,pAwf:cj;q[.ckefzDaoOoef, wj,cmof:wmif:pj;
vldef (pj;vldefzDvl:cof) yh,wef:ygu;f rj:xkid sf v;oj;pkdo?f cjzlosf r:auj;
pAwf:yefrif,uvj,tmyf,vldef wmif,qkod f; uGt
h l, qD:N:N ehaw,uGj, pAwf:
yefu;l qldo.f ul;vgif; vDimrf:bof.aO awygu;f rj:cke
d :f wD;omef;cofehsv;
zgi:f wkud f.rj:Mwf;O[,umifwmif: wD;prf:zuf:wluRif:vlif aq,woef,
eef. Orf.nj:rSef;rldo;f zDvl:sr; ckdef:yguf;rj:aO vh;rj:ide:f cmof,ule:f
135

OSifObmrf
qldo:f pdrf:Mrf:eef.vmwf;oj; cofrlod f:vAi.f vkuf; (uldw,f vkuf;) cof wD;e[:
oAif:ehsv; ref:emif:eSwf;vSef;rldo:f ch;qgrf:urf:vAof umifqa[ w.oj; ulof
trf,wef:ckw
d f: ugyf;vlof,rldo:f tofudev
f kuf;tge,f eef.xSif;ehbof./
ugyf;eefsv;qif,vh;rj: Nyf.nj:uefqrg f:wmif:rldo;f eef. ayj:
oj; emif:bdif:sr;vkuf;tge,f eef. vh;pefsr;zDvl: tefzmrf:pAwf:
pmif;ule:f oh.eef.bof.auj; wde
k :f wgif:urf:vAof bgef.eefsv;qif,vh;
Mif.OSef, vmwf;sezlofref:oj; ]emif:bdif: tefyhrj:bl,wmif:ej;Ol
eef. trf,q[;ule:f ref:yAefzDvl:tldo;f yAefref:eef.bof. tefrj:
tofue
d yf Swf;vkuf;tgef,pj:Ogifyug f;} ehbof.? wif:Mif.wif:ulofaOtrf,
wef:vh;y[.zlorf ef:emif: bgef.oj; ulofzDvl:rj:tofudev
f kuf;ref:xSif;
sv; qif,vh;Myf,tofvku;f ref:aO vSef;cof;uGj,e[:zuf:wl uRif:vlif
aq,woef,eef.bl,bof./
rSef;zgi:f rldo;f Tzj:yAeq
f of;pof: wkud f.bl,e[:au;umifyIdOmwf;aO
apj:xrf:bl,eef. ref:emif:auj; tofvku;f tgef,ref:emif:uGj,omif:O[,
w[;wdeyf kwf.xcrf:qof;aO vof;vmwf;oj; ]ykwf.xcrf:qof;pof:wD;cj;
vkuf;tge,f cj;eh. tofvl,wmef:xkid f ykwf.xcrf:qof;pof:cj;atj; cSef:
awj;qh;g xSrfyef tOmuf;vku;f tgef,cj;aOurf:} ehbof.? zDvl:sr;eh
auj; bgef.ulofckefzDOkre tefy[.bl,wD;zuf:wlvlifowf.aq,woef,

136

OSifObmrf
eef.sv;trf,pwf:cof;rj:ql: rldo;f eef.ykwf.xcrf:qof;pof: qif,q[.
qof;teefwj, uGj,Mif.rj:bof./
Tzj:yAeq
f of;pof: qif,tofcjOgifauj. pAwf:yAefvgif;wmif:ref:
aO apj:seoj; ]e[:avj:ueh. ayj:awtofvgif;ySif:qif:eldouf efaO
oh.cAefawj,uef wgyf,wSe:f eldouf efce
kd :f qkdif wke
d :f trf,qmif;Okw:f vh;
(trf,bAefvh;)? Oifoj;trf,oh.cAefawj,uefugef, qif,uwf:bAefbof.}
ehbof.? ohm:aOxrf:Nofeh.Okw:f uGj,bof.auj; zDvl:sr;eef.bgef.yAef
zl;rD:yj,IrD,oh.sv; vh;wluf:yAefaOj:wj,yef,aO yAefyuk f.ulof,tef
trf,vh;Mwf;xkid rldif:tj,ay,bof.? emif:bdif:tge,f eef.sv;yIdOmwf;
wmif:vhmauj; vh;yAefxrfrOoeul.Olof, wj,vh;rmuf;zlof,uGj,bof./
wD;c[;oj;ref:aw. ]ayj:c[;uwf:bAefbj,oh.cAef} eheef.bof.?
ugyf;ehsv; zl;wSrf;vduf;ehauj; eif,pkdofzl;vlsv; yD;egi.f wh:pof:cof
ayj:awvh;tofwmif:qldif:tge,f tefrj:e[:xrf:qof;eh. pAwf:yAef
wgef;Ogefsv; tofyAefylid w
f Suf; P;yAew
f mif:N.uSrfwol fujG ,eef. qif,
vh;wSrf;zmuf,wgef;xkid f ul;qof;ul;auj.ul;ule:f Oifoj;vh;vlbof. P;rD:
vlnf;wloq
f O
[ gifydlif uwf:bAeO
f odl f:Oj,z[ref:ul;auj.aOurf:/

zke
d ftid f1.

xrf,ryw zke
d x
f dekdi;f e[: (qldif:) ujvbuf.cdeD owfxk?
137

OSifObmrf
2.

Odifujavj:oj,wOkw;f vif,uj,zhm,wh:/

N.vduf;sv;arKvdu;f

N.vduf;sv; arKvud f;eef. trf,rdlefuefulnf.? N.teffoK;eh.

N.vhmvhmulnf: yh,qmif;q[.? arKtefoK;eh. ugyf;ydlof;ref:
seerf.uwf.vh;sv; qif,Mif.oK;arK(cl:arK)ehbof./
Qof;tj,qdEf,E vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

138

OSifObmrf
umefpw
A f:zdwf:yguf;urf:vke
d :f Okw:f yAefumefwlox
f lyf:vDaO
yle
d ;f bof./
The last mistake is the best experience.

yefpKwmif:bmyf,zdw
k f,sv;ule:f wke
d f:ukduf:qgrf:uef
rK:bof./ ulnf:uK; P;arKpKvguf:vmh:su;chvgif;bmyf,zkw
d f,e[:
qmwf;ymefue
l :f /
Problems and Men gather exactly, but we need
to find out the way to solve it.

bK,ukrf,ole.f wmif:vifsv;wmif:eK;yAeb
f [,? cwf:q[
O[,pSif:bmrf:vAofaO pAwf:Omif;uGK,P;xkid w
f D;sv;/
Dont primarily think about the past and the
future; exert yourself to succeed in the present.

bK,aybkrf,yldef;imh;eK,? cwf:q[P;pl.vgif;aw.ref:
tgefwmif: aO qif,bkrf,sv;/
Dont believe others easily, attempt to be
explicit reality first and convince.
-Qof;oyf.y

139

xkef:vSif:

OSifObmrf

rAwf.wK,sv;wif:puf.

rAwf.wK,sv;wif:puf.eh.trf,rdleuf ef?
rAwf.wK,eh. yAefwK,bdkef;yef
P;ydle;f vh;q[uwf:bAefuln:f
trf,rkif;rgif:cdke:f wK,vh;Oif?
wif:puf.eh.Orf. ayK:yefuGK,bof.
Orf.rkif;rgif:wK,vh;cdke:f wD;ref:/
-qof;tj,qdEf,E vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

140

OSifObmrf
acK;Oif,Ogef
qof;ckefapKcrf:rldif:
xh:wlefxduof;
(36) acK;

ydef,wSrf;- qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:

qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

1.
2.

ide:f qlrf:cof;ul;rAwf.? erf.ul;bgw,f ? cof;zuf:wmif:udeuf ;l omef,

aw.aw.oK;oK;/
bK,oh;TzK:aObgef:Ol:wK,awvh;aOrAo:f rAof: vldoaf Otof
ynf,nK,sv;wmif:pwf:pmefaO vkuf.pAwf:umef/

3.

wh:auK.r[,eh. yAefcgifwe
g ;f wK,qof;uof,? wh:auK.uof,Orf.yAef
uSof;OSit
f efrD:uK;cefb[,vlif/

4.

tmef,yyf.vduf;xrf: ekid ;f yDekdif;yyf.wj./

141

OSifObmrf
5.

pAwf:yef ule:f wmif,auK. rldefqldif.eif, c[;P;ule:f wmif,auK.rK:

pAwf:yefpof:wj./

6.

vmwf;acK;uGmrf:oK; "idef:qlrf:" P;erferf/

7.

P;arKOldif,Odrf:acK;uGmrf:vyf./

8.

P;arKoh.uK;cefvgif;ygh,omif:cGmif:/

9.

xgrf,erferfaO qif,awvh;wh:auK.tkyf,ukrfvD/

10.

bgrf:pyf.wmif:zdw:f ylid ;f qof;uof, OifrD:z[wuf. sv;q[qof;

uof,auj;pl.bl,oj;q[;aw./

11.
12.

13.
14.

OifoK;vh;vlrf.uGK, bK,ayulofwgef;wK,awvkuf.cke
d :f /
rldo;f vh;pAwf:umefeuf: bK,ayukrf,ole.f bl,wK,aO, oK;ref:
trf,bof.wlo;f vh;/
bK,xAifuefvgif;rmuf;rD: e[:vdy.f (Elevator)/
q[.wkod f:cSyf:ymef, (Credit
bK,q[.wdok f:aOP;yAee
f ;D /

Card)

wgef;wK,vgif;imh;vlrfq[?

15.

bK,wkod fwK,awvmwf;acK;uGmrf:vgif;bgrf:pyf.wmif:zdwf:/

16.

bK,aytmhwK,awvmwf;oK; ]]trf,pl.}}/
142

OSifObmrf
17.

cmof:wmif:tmef,pAiv
f uf:auK; OAef;wmif:qldo:f eef.pkuj;ref:
awxlyf:wmif:bmyf,bl,zgif;/

18.

trf,rD:zl;v[udlw,f rK:aOtSef,vh;urf:vAof
vh:g vg:h /

19.

ref:awyAeuf GK,

umefySif:q[._qmh,eh. yAefOAe;f wmif:wK,awrmuf;rD:/

20.

ule:f auK.teftrf,puf.ikdef:eef. yAefule:f auK.teftrf,puf.

Omhq?[ trf,puf.qlof;qmwf;ymefcmof:wmif:eK;/

21.

bmrf:vh;zdwf:uef auK.tefbAefte
g w
f mif:eef. yAefue
l :f
auK.tefrD:umefpe
A :f sv;vh;pyf.acK;Oif,Ogerf j:vD/

22.

e[:qlof;qmwf;ymefuofcK;eh.trf,bmrf;vh;pAwf:umefaOoef:?
ul;oef:yAeof ef:tefvh;rle;f Oldo:f wif:rlwf:/

23.

vlof,vh;q[.tmrf:emwf;
teftrf,rD:tmrf:emwf;/

24.

acK;uGmrf:vmwf;pof:eef. wloq
f of;uof,yAeaf uK.tefrD:ykef;
zgef:wK,awvmwf;P;ygi,f q[ trf,q[;ykef;zgef:wmif,auK./

25.

rAwf.ike
d :f rD:Ogifzhm, "vgi;f wlu:f Okrf:" sv; "vgif;tgi,f rSi,f "/

ulnf:uK;bK,ay.udeaf wK,ulef:auK.

143

OSifObmrf
26.

bK,qgrf:q[qof;uof, tefyAefvgif;bkif; (Okuf.Omuf.) qldo:f

uldw,f tgu,f yAefrj:eef. vkuf.wD;e[:q[wif:rlwf:/

27.

cAo;f pli;f ugy;f ref:cSif vde.f wkud f.rD:bl,ugy;f ref:tlef;/

28.

bK,qefwlef;uK; P;b[,oh:oh:/

29.

ckuf:cle.f ole.f xkid v

f gi;f wmh ekdif;oef:Omrfyug f; zoOmhqp[ of:
qif,awrD:vgi;f uwf:bAe?f vgif;yh,g omif:cGmif:? vgif;bke
d ;f rSi,f yef
uef/

30.

ayK:O[,rmuf,wkrf,rAwf.tgefwmif:Okw:f zdwf:auK;
eK;awK;awzdw:f rlwf:/

31.

umefimef:ul;tef vlof,vh;wrf:omif:zSef oef:? cmof:bmrf:P;

bof.wlo;f vDimrf:/

32.

P;yAee
f rf.ckid ;f uguf:wK,aO,e[:qlof;qmwf;ymef wgef;wK,vAyf;
pAe:f wmif:pl.vh;xSi;f wK,aO,/

33.

vmofsv;vldefwD;bl,Okif OifoK;c[;vh;vlo,f wh,cke

d ;f clofvhOkif/

34.

e[:qmwf;ymefue
l :f pof:ul;auK.rD:umefimef:wif:erf tgefuef
pAwf:umeftefvrf,vgif;tgew
f mif:Okw:f wK,aO,wj./

144

rAwf.wmif:

OSifObmrf
35.

yyf.vduf;yAefwD;cgef;wkrfynf,nK,e[:vluf;wif:OAif;?
p[;tgefuef tmef,vduf;edik ;f vldee
f kdif;yyf.wj./

36.

vgif;rD:yuf:yldifeh. yAefvuf.cej,tefvrf,vgif;wK,awpAwf:
P;qmwf;ymefce
kd ;f b[,r[,Oki/f

zke
d ftid fhttp://th.discuscommunity.comindex.php?topic=78.0, viewed on
25 October, 2013

Raise your words, not your voice. It is rain that

grows flowers, not thunder. Rumi

bkuf.bgif;vgef.uGmrf:sv;trf,q[;OAifref:?
rguf,uD;bgef.zlefrj: trf,q[;nj:'j.zj,/
ydef,wSr;f -vmopf Aif odqdwf.w (ukefpAif)

145

OSifObmrf
The purpose of our lives is to be happy. Dalai Lama

rmhblid :f qlof;ymef yAefumefwmif:Oldo:f /

Allow yourself to hope, to believe, and to trust again.
Dont let a few bad memories stop you from having a good
life. Mandy Hale

P;wlouf of,arjrkif;rgif:? bkrf,brfsv; pyf.pef? tdwf:

tgef,ulnf:auj; bj,P;vgif;pmh.qj. rj:ukdw:f bkw
d f:ySwf;vgi;f vDe[:
qlof;ymefvj:vj:/
Whatsoever comes, dont push it away. When it
goes, do not grieve. Mooji

tD;OifrD:rj:auj;? awj;bj,ymuf;ySwf;urf:vAo?f bmrf:ref:

rldo:f ylef.? bj,ole.f eSicf e
kd f:/
-qof;odqdwfw vmofpAif

146

OSifObmrf
vguf:vhm:q[.qhm, vlif:wke
d f: uAy:f pgrfOdrf:ySif:ikde:f
qof;oj,bj,r bAefq[
qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

vgif;udebf Srf.?

vgif;q[.qhm,ikdef:qldo:f eh. yAefOzj,ocgifue

l :f

pof:/ rldo;f ul;ygu;f tefue

l :f pof:udefbSrf.q[.wkod f:qldo:f eef. urf;yj;erf
yAet
f efpof:pAwf:tofpif:ulnf:/
rldefeif,wmif:udew
f mif:bSrf.sv;
vgif;eki;f Nrf,? wD;bl,wD;Oof:? bj;bjqldo:f eh. vlof,qldif.pkdoaf uj;pj
pAwf:tofpif:ulnf:vh;bl,/ ohm:rj:auj;rD:umefOokd f.chmueferfrj:/ tofidkef:
yAeuf mifaOpAwf:umefOokd f.chmuefrj:? eif,pkod fpof:ayj:awvh; tefpof:c[;
vh;eef. awvh;rD:ikdef:? ikdef:eh.vrf,vgif;wj,ulef:pof:ul;auj./ ayj:rD:

147

OSifObmrf
ikdef:pof:c[;vh;Oifauj;vh;? ugyf;ehsv; ule:f pof:urf;erf" tgefuefpj
ikdef:wgif:pif:z[pif:ref:bl,eef.bof./
rldo;f pof:pjrj:vh;clof:cgifie
dk :f crf:bof. Orf.vlof,arjq[.qhm,? vgif;
q[.qhm,eh.yAeftefvrf,vgif;sw.bof./ pof:pjclof:cgifie
kd :f crf:eh.wgef;
wj,bjq[tefpof:c[;vh;c[;yAef wj,bl,Oof:vlrfq[Oldo:f q[esh v;qif,
tgefuefpjbl,ckdef:cke
d :f oef:oef:bof./ wj,awvh;rj:auj;bmyf,bmyf,
bAef:bAef:/ eif,pkdocf lof:cgifidkef:crf:tefpof:pjvh;rj:eef. ayj:aw
rD:zgef:vDwgef;wj,pof:rlod f:ej;cmof:wmif:pkdifeef. vlof,vh;arjqwf:
umefomif:zSefidkef:vDvDeef.bof./ ayj:oj;pof:arjqwf:umefomif:zSef
clof:cgifie
kd :f crf:tefpjvh;rj:eef.vDvDqkdif pof:auj;awrD: vgif;Oldo:f
q[e:[ zoj.qmwf;ymeftgef,pof:? vh;oj;pof:yAefule:f tgif,rSi,f auj.ekdif;
bof./ eif,pkdouf e
l :f pof:ayj:awyAefue
l :f tgif,rSi,f eef. Tzj:yAeq
f of;
vh;OifOgefapj:oh. vguf:vhm:qwf:umefomif:zSecf lof:cgifie
kd :f crf:oh.bl,/
Tzj:yAeq
f of;vh;qD.seumefomif:zSef clof:cgif,ikdef:crf: tefqof;uof,pj
vh;rj:qgrf:Odefqrg f:xrf:eef. qSu;f szP;yAeO
f D,ykef; trf,eef
OD,ugif?
1. ataue aZjaUe ZknfaQbfb? rSi,f wj,ekdif;ykef;
wgef;wj,awq[.qhm,vAif.vltOmuf;Ohmq[qof;uof,sv;
vkuf;vmif:
emif:ar:? ule:f tefpof:xku,f vDvAi.f qldof:eef.oh.yAefedik f;ykef;/ umef
cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okifeef.auj; bl,wD;pof:arjzSeuf mefq.[ qhm,e[:umefq.[
148

OSifObmrf
qmh,eef. vlof,rD:Owdqgrf:? umefq.[ qmh,eh. sevgif;oj;pof:rmuf;rD:
vDyAefuj;pkdoe
f ah uj;q[;bof./ pof:trf,vlof,uj;rD:uj;q[.qhm,ySwf;rlwf:/
vlof,arjole.f wlnf:iof:vhm:qof;uof,aO
xku,f vDq.[ qhm,uj;pkdoe
f ef.
vlof,arjygif,q[/ q[.qhm,P;ref:ayj:ukdif,imrf,vhm:vh;ikdef:cof;pof:/ ayj:
q[.qhm,ylef.uGj,vhm:vh;ike
d :f cof;qkdif vgif;vlw
d f,rh;awrD:rj:qgrf:/ ugyf;eh
vlof,arjq[.qhm, P;ref:Omif,xku,f vhm:vh;qof;uof,/ umefarjqwf:
umefomif:zSefvgif;q[.qhm,ikdef:eef. yAefumefvrf,vgif;e[:zoqmwf;
ymefue
l :f aw.aw.bof./ umefpjclof:cgifie
kd cf rf:eh.vrf,vgif;sw. umef
arjqwf:umefomif:zSeq
f .[ qhm,ikdef:eef. vrf,vgif;uGj,aOref:/ e[:
vluf;eh. ayj:rD:clof:cgifike
d :f crf:uge,f yle
d ;f qgi,f aweyf.brf? trf,pwf:
xmif,vAu:f eldopf of:/ ugyf;ehsv; vlof,arjySif:udeyf Si:f qhm,eh Tzj:yAef
qof;qgif,apj:Oif,Ogefoh.yAefacj;rhmekdif;eef.bof./
2. woDpd urfr> yabjQab? rSi,f wj,Ogifykef;oh.wgef;wj,
ej;umefvli:f wke
d :f vmif:/ umefvli:f wke
d :f eh.auj;yAeuf mefvrf,vgif;
bl,aw.aw./ wj;awcke
d ;f b[,r[,Okifrlod f:ej;eef. umefvli:f wke
d :f eh.
yAefumeftefawpAwf:P;pof:rmuf;rD:vDyAefsv; pAwf:P;clof:cgifie
kd :f crf:
erfce
kd ;f rj:vh;/ ayj:pof:arjN.vgif;q[.qhm,tefvAoaf uj; pAwf:P;clof:
cgifie
kd :f crf:erfrj:vh;/ vlof,arjomif:zSev
f li:f wke
d :f pAw:f umefaOuge,f /
wj,awvli:f wke
d :f auj;vlof,rD:yhm:ole.f tefvDckud f.? ayj:trf,rD:yhm:ole.f
vDcukd f.auj; qmif;Okrf:au:vmif:ref:eef.bof./ awvli:f wke
d :f pAw:f
149

OSifObmrf
umefOiftefoj;eef. vlof,vh;xwf:Omifole.f wlnf:vgif;vDvgif;phm.
tefpof:awvh;aOuge,f qgi,f ugh;vli:f wke
d :f vmif:/ ej;umeftefpoff:
awvli:f wke
d :f vmif:wD;ref:eef. ayj:zgef:vDerfauj;xku,f vDpw
A f:
ayj:zgef:phm.erfaOzgef:vDauj; trf,xku,f vDvlif:wke
d :f vmif:pAwf:/
ugyf;ehTzj:yAeq
f of;qif;apj:Oif,Ogefoh.oj;- ]]eif,pkdoaf wrmuf;rD:vD

yAecf e
kd ;f b[,r[,Okifrlod f:ej;eef. umefvli:f wke
d :f vmif:eh. vrf,vgif;
aw.}}ehbof./ wj,awvh;erf.wgef:zgef:vD e[:umefvli:f wke
d :f
eef.auj; awvh;q[.cmof:bmrf:ukdif,vSyf;zgef:vDref:bl,eif,uof,/
3. qwkwfxnfq edXjyab? Wj,ekdif; ykef;eh.uAyf:pgrfOdrf:
ySif:oh./ wgef;wj,q[.rldo:f ej;xj;yhm Oifqdlo.f oj;rD:vgi;f pdyf;eSwf;vldw,f
rh; rldefeif,udik .f umif.emof bl,trf,vDue
d t
f rf,omefrj:qldo:f eh.auj;tof
ikdef:ekdif;ykef; tefuAyf:Odrf:oh.eef. rj:q[.qhm,vh;urf:vAo/f ayj:rD:
ikdef:pgrfqdlif.eh qof;uof,awtrf,vh;uGj,ul;bdrf Ndef:w[;Ndef:eldot
f rf,
ayj:vh;rh;q[Oifeef.f bof./ yAefvgif;pdyf;eSwf;vlw
d f,rh;rj:auj;ayj:rD:
ikdef:uAyf:pgrfOdrf:ySif:oh.qkdif awqmif;su;vdwf;ihm;vlrfqe
[ ef.bof./
Oifoj;trf,rD:ikdef:uAyf:Odrf:oh. ydu.f Orf.oj;ej;umefvDuj;pkdofaOwj.auj;
ayj:rD:vgi;f vldw,f rh;ukdif.umif.yAefrj:eh awvh;rh;q[qrg f:/ bgef.ylod f;ikdef:
trf,rD:oh.sv; wke
d :f awvh;uGj,ul;bdrfwD;yle
d ;f eef.bof./ ref:bdrfvh;
bl,aOwj.auj; ref:yAefvgif;bmyf,zkw
d f,qof;uof,bl,eef.bof./ ayj:
rD:oh.ikdef:pgrfeh vlof,rldo;f v[auj;trf,vh;bmyf,q[Oifbof. tofq.[ qhm,
150

OSifObmrf
vh;urf:vAof/ umefarjuAyf:pgrfOdrf:ySi:f ikdef:eh. ygif,oj;qof;uof,N.quf:
wlouf of, pAwf:P;pof:trf,vj;vD;q[.qhm,vliuf Gj, pAwf:P;qof;uof,arjN.
quf:uj;cefidkef: tefpjvh;rj:vlnf;vgif;cwf:q[ pAwf:umefNdo,f ayj:vh
ch:ayj:bg.h eef.bof./ wmif:ej;eef.awyAeftD; Oifrj:eheef.z[
auj;trf,vmrf:N.oh.vh;/ ugyf;ehsv; ayj:pof:rD:ikdef:uAyf:pgrfo.h eh.yAef
Oifrj:auj;bof. qof;uof,qif,su;vdwf;vh;ihm;ihm;eef.bof./ eif,pkdof
awrD:ikdef:uAyf:pgrfeef. vlof,arjySif:udeyf Sif:qhm, ayj:oj;trf,arjtrf,
N.quf:ySif:udeyf Sif:qhm,auj; wj,awrD:ikdef:uAyf:pgrfeef.ref:bmyf,ej,/
ayj:rD:ikdef:uAyf:pgrfeh. ygif,oj;pof:rD:vgif;pmif;pSef:wlofoh.wgef;wj,rldo:f
ej;eef.bof./
ayj:arjySif:udeyf Sif:qhm, arjq[.qhm,vli:f wke
d :f uAyf:pgrfOdrf:ySif:
clof:cgifie
kd :f crf: P;rD:yuf:rD:yldifehqkdif awrD:zgef:vDwgef;wj,qof;
uof,aOtrf,uj: rD:yj:zgef:vDwgef;wj,wli,f oli:f ule:f P;ayj:cke
d ;f b[,
r[,OkifujG ,oef:wjrldo;f ej;eef.bl,sw.bof./ umefvli:f wke
d :f uAyf:pgrf
Odrf:ySif:ike
d :f wgef;wj,awrD:clof:cgifie
kd :f crf:erfce
kd ;f rj:eef. pAwf:P;
pof:arjqwf:umefvli.f vSef, arjN.uj;cefclof:cgifide
k :f crf: N.quf:vgif;
pmif;pSef:wlofoh.wgef;wj,oef:wjrldo;f ej;sv; wgef;wj,qldo.f qmwf;
omef;rldif: Orf.ayj:awcke
d ;f Omif.cke
d ;f Okifcw
kd f:umyf;ymefrldefydlef;bl,
eef.bof./ umefq.[ qmh,vlif:wdkef:uAyf:pgrfOdrf:ySi:f eef. awvh;yAef
clof:cgifie
kd :f crf:tefpjrj:vh;qgrf:Odefqrg f:xrf:OkqIdwf;eef. yAef
151

OSifObmrf
clof:cgiftefqde
k f;O[feef.bof./ ayj:yAeq
f dlif.eef zoqmwf;ymef
qof;uof,auj;awrD:wmif:cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okif
auBj,rle;f Oldo:f q[awj,qlo;f
awj,ymefbl,eef.bof./ vguf:vhm:q[.qhm,vli:f wke
d :f uAyf:pgrfOdrf:ySi:f eh.
vrf,vgif;wj,ule:f pof:ul;auj./
yefpjtefyAefbl,ul;oef:eh.auj;
yAefbgef. umefbl,Oof:udeO
f mif;zdwf: trf,arjq[.qhm,ikdef:/ rldefeif,
ikdef:cof;trf,ayj:q[.qhm, pAwf:P;vh;yAefeD;yAefcgw,f / eif,pkdoO
f rf.
ayj:awtrf,vh;bmyf,zdw
k f,ude:f q[vgif;ike
d :f wgif:eef. xku,f vDtof
vguf:vhm: tefTzj:yAfefqof;Oif,Ogefapj:oh.eh.aO q[.wkod f:uefujG ,
eef.bof./ ayj:q[.wkod f:vguf:vhm:eh.uGj,qkid f awrD:zgef:vDwgef;wj,
qof;uof,? ej;apjawjNdef:vkuf;vmif:emif:ar:ayj;sr;yD;egi.f wh:auj.
wh:sO;sv; rD:zgef:vDwgef;wj,cmof:wmif:ej; teftrf,vmrf:vh;oj;
awyAet
f D;Oifee
h ef.bof./ bgef.vh;pmif;pSef:wloof h.bof.sv; yAef
Oifrj:auj; zgrf.wj,awpyf.aO su;vdw;f vh;eef.bof./ P;ul;auj.rD:
wmif:cwf:q[edol uf mefimef:qof;uof,aO pjikdef:vh;rj:bof.arjqwf:
umefomif:zSecf lof:cgifie
kd :f crf:tefpjvh;rj:eef.
pif:z[pif:ref:
aOurf:/

zke
d ft d i f www.mcu.ac.th/userfiles/file/library1/Thesis/922554.pdf

152

OSifObmrf

tof

ayK:tofykef;zgef:vh;auK; tofsv;? ayK:trf,tofykef;zgef:vh;

l f: ayK:vh;
qArfydik :f bK,olef.wK,tof? ]tof}tefoK;eh.acK;vAouf n
bof.sw.wArfNofoh.tdol f; ykef;zge:f ref:/
qof;tj,qdE,fE vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

153

OSifObmrf

To be content doesnt mean you dont desire more, it means

youre thankful for what you have and patience for whats to
come. Tony Gaskins

pmef.q[tdrf,wlud f;eh. trf,ygi,f oj; trf,rD:wmif:c[;vh;? ref:ygi,f oj;

cgy;f q[edol ftefpof:rD:oh.sv;bldef.uef;awj,tefawrj:xkid f/
Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. But
the important thing is not to stop questioning.
-Albert Einstein

pAe:f tofce
kd :f rldo;f oef:oj:? bl,rj:wj,rldo;f eh.? wmif:rkif;rgif:oh.rldo:f
ej;? ulnf:uj; bj,bkw
d f:ukdw:f xmrfP;ckw
d f:wD;brf/
ydef,wSrf;- qof;odqdwfw vmofpAif

154

OSifObmrf

pmif;pSef:oh.xj; wj,rldof:ej;
qof;aw,qorf,O wkdef:pmef
qef.qgrfrpjqlvj:vlif:ugef:

umefpmif;pSef:vlif;ej; P;wlo;f wef:oh.eef. yAefiof;pmuf;

yde
k .f xmefvliw
f j,awvh;vgif;tgi,f sy.? trf,eefvgif;cde
k ;f b[,r[,Okif
e[:oef:rldof:ej;eef.bof./ bgef.eef umefpmif;pSef:vlif;ej;eef.
ref:vrf,vgif;wj,ulef:pof:uj;pdko`f eheef.? Oifrj:wlnf:tofxki:f uGmrf:
wh:pof:wD;w[;eh.qkdif awN.qSif;vSif:vDbl,? ykef;wj,auj.tefc[;yAef
ule:f cde
k ;f b[,r[,OkifujG ,e[:oef:wjrldo:f ej;eef.bof./ xki:f uGmrf:wh:pof:
eef.sw. rldefeif,- ]]rldo;f oj:trf,pAw:f oh. rldo;f eh.qif,yAefeh? rldo;f
eh.trf,pAw:f xj; rldo:f ej;rj:cSef:awej,}} eheef.bof./
umefydil v
f [aOauj;bj, Oifoj;trf,rD:vgif;pmif;pSef:vli;f ej;oh.
qArfydik :f ehqdkif ej;umeftefeef. pkdoaf wbof.wlo;f cSrf.vSyf;vDvh;/
bge.f eef awpAw:f Oifauj; vlof;vh;rD:umefpmif;pSef:oh.tgefwmif:
155

OSifObmrf
uge,f /
ySuf.Orf.ej;umefeef.
yAefrj:vh;bl,oj;ehaOwj.auj;
ej;umeftefyAefrj:eef. awtrf,ckduf.cSrf.aO awtrf,yAew
f D;zl;
rD:wmif:N.sv; ule:f wif:erfcofbgif;abj:vh;/ bgef.trf,rD:vgi;f pmif;
pSef:vli;f ej;P;ej;umefeef. pmif;vDwArfxlef;eef.cj;bof./
ugyf;eh ej;umefydil v
f [aOauj;bj, Oifoj;c[;P;ref:rD:vgi;f ckyd f;
ej;cke
d ;f b[,uGj,oef:rldo:f ej;eef.ayj:ehqkdif; umefpmif;pSef:oh.vli;f ej;
trf,rD:trf,yAef wuf:awvh;rD:bl,trf,pmif.bof./ ayj:trf,rD:vgif;
auj; trf,yAew
f mif:rj:vh;/
eif,pdkof ule:f pof:ayj:awyAefule:f cde
k ;f b[, rmuf;rD:vDyAefrj:
auj.edkif;eef.? tgefwmif:Okw:f wrf;wD;wlofqp[ of:vlof,vh;rD:q[tef
c[;cdkef;b[,? rmuf;rD:vDyAefuwf:bAee
f ef.ugef,? qif,awyAerf j:vh;ule:f
cde
k ;f b[,? rmuf;rD:? vDyAef?uwf:bAev
f h;ehbof./ oj;eefaOw OifrD:
q[c[;cde
k ;f b[,r[,Okif? rmuf;rD:? vDyAefuwf:bAef vmh"ulnf:? trf,rD:vgi;f
cwf:q[? trf,vgif;pmif;pSef:wj,zoqof;uof,oh.Oifauj;/ ule:f auj.eef.
trf,ydil ;f uefwif:eluf.ckrf;rgif:pmif? ymifwh:rgif:eguf,eif,uof,/
ule:f auj.tefwmif:cwf:q[auj;rD:?
wj,awxdik v
f h;wD;tef
qof;uof,c[xkid ?f c[;yAefeef.auj;wde
k :f pjvguf:vmh: pjOAef;wmif:ref:bl,
wj,aO,eef.ulnf: awyAeuf e
l :f cde
k f;b[,? rmuf;rD:?vDyAef uwf:bAerf j:
156

OSifObmrf
vh;/ Tzj:yAefqof;pof:apj:oh.oj;-@efwoawj udrf ejr urfrrf e
Od@fOwd? ayj:rD:pSif:umifq[ umefydil fv[auj;bj, wj,trf,bof. trf,
rD:"ehbof./
bgef.eef cli:f umifvlie
f .h OifrD:wmif:cwf:q[ rmef,rSef;ayj:
ehqkdif ule:f pof:ul;auj. bif:rD:Okef,vh;yAefTzj:vl:uge,f / ugyf;ehsv;
xki:f uGmrf:pof:qgi,f vh;rD:rj:oj; "trf,yAefvh;tefoj;eef. trf,rD:? trf,
yh,pAwf:sv; trf,yh,yAefulnf:tldof;/ ]]Nothing is impossible }}ehbl,/
]]umrf,tefoj;eef.yAefumef? umeftefoj;eef.yAefumrf,}}/ bgef.qldif.
eef Oifpof:c[;P;umrf,vDauj; N.wuf:awvh;pAw:f umefvb
D of./ rD:
umefe.h ulnf:bof.? tefawqgh;tofue
l :f pof:vgw;f ylef.tgu,f e[:ymefz
obmyf,bmuf;ude:f q[vh;/ e[:zoqof;uof,eh. c[;P;cde
k ;f pdkov
f li:f ref:
awbl,wD;wlofqof;uof,auj.ckid ;f Omif;tofwif:rlwf:bof./ eif,pdkoz
f o
qof;uof,ayj:awpmif;vDudkuf:ydkef:eef.? ule:f pof:Orf.vlof,vh;rD:ynf,
nj,? yde
k .f N.ymh:peferferfbof./ ayj:rD:yde
k .f N.ymh:pefbof.? awvh;
rD:vgif;omif:zSev
f gif;pmif;pSef:vli;f ej;oh.aO pAwf:qgrf:xSif;uge,f rldif:
ule:f eh.qif,awyAefymifbof./
oj;eefaOauj; rmifygu;f rmifv[ vgif;omif:zSef vgif;pmif;pSef: vli;f ej;
qof;uof,eef. erfsv;au, N.uj;awvh;rD:vgi;f zdwf:sv;xku,f uduk f:
rj:qgrf:uefo.h bl,/ ej;umefteftrf,bmrf;rD: vgif;zdw:f rj:aOygu;f
157

OSifObmrf
eef.trf,vh;pefrD:rj:wD;omef;v[?rldif:v[aOygu;f / ySuf.Orf.rD:rj:vh;
auj; ej;umeftefeef. awtrf,q[;ej;umeftefrD:qkdo;f b[,vkod f:vif
vh;e[:vluf;eh.eif,uof,/ tefvh;zdwf:rj:ygu;f tgefwmif:eef. yAef
TOj,vDvlif wj,bj,P;vh;zdw:f xSif;yguf;urf:Ogifeef.bof./
]]bmrf;idef:ydle;f zdwf:aO arjtofwgef;Ogeaf uj.edkif;/ bmrf;

pefyde
l ;f zdwf:aO arjtofwge;f Ogeaf uj.edkif;/ wlofqof;uof,bmrf;
pAwf:zdwf:rj:aO arjtofwge;f Ogeaf uj.edki;f }}/ wloq
f of;uof,bmrf;
pAwf:zdwf:rj:vmhyug f;aOwj. trf,arjtofwe
g ;f Ogefauj.edkif;/ e[:uj;
cofOD,auj.eh. ule:f pof:Oifc[;cdke;f b[,uGj,oef:rldo:f ej;ayj;ehqkdif N.uj;
wuf:awvh;cwf:q[so;ySwf; auj.rmhOD,eh.bl,bof./
uAo,f uyf:vlnf; vgif;pmif;pSef:vlif;ej;eh. zl;qkdo;f OAifb[, tSof,
(vf)vj, oD:vlod f:oDvfuug f. bmrf;vmwf;seoj; uofcj;bmrf;pefarjyj
(wrf,ij;)Ogifauj.? arjyjauj.edkif;eef. uofcj;pefref:yj:wif:Ndo:f bguf:
tgef,vrf:edik ;f wif:vrf;zmh:vSrf;edik ;f aO pjvAif.Omhqr[ ef:bl,awj,
qlof;Okw:f ymefref:bof./ arjyjxSif;auj.edkif;eef.Orf. trf,q[;qldif.
Eef? oef:tefref:rD:cmof:bmrf:wef:eef. ref:qmh:arjpjvAyf;pAef:
tofvgif;Ndo:f awvh;pAwf:pdok fP;ayj:ckw
d f:umyf;cde
k ;f Omif.rj:vldo,f uof, eh
bl,wj,aO,bof./ ugyf;eefxidk rf j:oef:edkif; arjyjauj.eefqif,xkef,

158

OSifObmrf
tgu,f rj:vh;Ndo:f qmuf;vrf:edik ;f aO cof;uGj,e[:ymif,vmh,wD;vduk f."bof./ pj
yjauj;vh;erfrj:vldouf of,sw." bof./
wD;eh;eh. rmhxidk of j;auj.tefrD:vgif;vAyf;pAe:f sv; auj.tef
trf,rD:vgi;f vAyf;pAef: cofySuf,ydil ;f uefqdlif.pdkofehbof./ ule:f auj.tef
arjyAif:ayj:q[ wD;eldoz
f owlofuof, tefrD:bl,bmrf:vAofeh.aO trf,rD:
vgif;pmif;pSef:vAyf;pAe:f Oifeef. trf,vh;yjerfvh;/ ykef;wj,auj.
tefrD:vgi;f pmif;pSef: vAyf;pAef:bl,wj,aO,eef.sw. wuf:awcde
k ;f
b[,uGj,oef:rldo:f ej;eheef. trf,vmwf;auj;vDN.bl,/ ugyf;eh auj.tef
vAyf;pAef:N.pef bl,wj,aO,eef. cofwdkef:rD: yde
k .f N.ymh:pefvldoaf O
ule:f auj.tef trf,rD:vgi;f vAyf;pAe:f ? ule:f pof:ayj:rD:yde
k .f N.ymh:pef
uge,f qgi,f awpjpefOAef;wmif:cdkef;b[,cdky;f ej;uGj,vh;/ yde
k .f N.ymh:pef
eef. yAefiof;pmuf;yAeyf e
dk .f xmefvliv
f gif;wmif:wj,awcde
k ;f b[,r[,Okif
rmuf;rD:vDyAef uwf:bAeuf Gj,rldo:f ej;bof./ vkuf.wD;zovkuf;vAi.f aO
pAwf:P;yAerf j:ayj;vAif.vliaf uj; yAefbgef. yde
k .f N.ymh:pefsv; wmif:
cwf:q[ue
l f:pof:? vkuf.wD;z0cj;ckefaO pAwf:P;yAecf keftkyf.ydil f,omef;
rldif:vlirf j:eef.auj; yAefbgef.ydol f;yde
k .f N.ymh:pefsv; wmif:cwf:q[
cofun
l f:eh zl;vlvduf;pof:cofawbmrf;N.ide:f uefrj:bl, wif:erfbof./

"ayj:uAo,f uyf:vlnf;vgif; ymh:rmuf;rD:sv; yde

k .f N.rj:ehue
l :f pof:
awvh;eyf.Ogef,oj; pof:awtrf,wmhvh;aOygu;f / ayj:uAo,f uyf:vlnf;
159

OSifObmrf
vgif;Twj:rj:Orf. awvh;eyf.Ogef,oj; ayj:urf:edik ;f rj:auj; Orf.ayj:
f D;uGj,bl,/ awtrf,vh;
awwmhbl,bof."ehaO xku,f vDcwf:q[P;xdkiw
vliw
f lofvdrk f:cdi:f ? awtrf,vh;rD:vgif;pmef.q[edol e
f j;umefwlouf of,sv;
e[:ej;umefwlouf of,tefwduk f.pAwf:bl,eh.aO xku,f vDpmif;pSef:oh.wj,
rldo:f ej;cmof:pdkif/ qldi.f eif,pdkoaf uj; xku,f vDpmif;pSef:oh.qArfuhbof.Ehbl,/
tefe.h trf,vh;rmhxidk of j;awvh;rD:q[avj:zerf/
Oifule:f pof:cj;Orf. rD:vgi;f pmef.q[qrg f:ej;umefwlouf of,? zo
wlouf of,? trf,eef xmwf;q[wluf:pdok f trf,bkrf,erf.uwf.tefrD:oh.
e[:wlofqof;uof,ayj:ehqkdif OAef;wmif:wj,awxdik v
f h; wD;uwf:bAef
Oldo:f Oj,tefoj;eef. wj.trf,rkif;rgif:bif:awvDue
g ,f / ugyf;eh ykef;
wj,ulef:auj.tefc[;vh;vgi;f cde
k ;f b[,r[,Okif? rmuf;rD:vDyAefuwf:bAef
Oldo:f Oj,eef.sw. N.uj;awvh;pjvAyf;pAe:f tofyde
k .f N.ymh:pefsv;wlof
xlyf:eef.tofrj:q[.wdok f:e[:zowlouf of,bl,trf,pmif.bof./
zl;auj.tef trf,rD:erf.uwf. yde
k .f N.ymh:pefOif eef.
rldefuefwif: OSiv
f Dteftrf,yh,vh;Olnf:eef.ulnf:/ OSiv
f Dtef
trf,yh,vh;Olnf:eef. ySuf.Orf.oj;ref:vDej,wef,pdok fauj; Oiftrf,
Olnf:aOySwf;oh.qldif.ehqkdif awtrf,rD:uj;cefOifeif,uof,/ OifOrf.
Olnf:bof.uGj, sw.wuf:vh;uj;ceferf(xlud f;)eif,eef ule:f pof:cj;auj;
N.uj;awvh; cmrf,bmyf,cmrf,zdw
k f,aO pmif;pSef:uGj, wj,cmof:ej;vg:h
160

OSifObmrf
"bl,bof./ zo ule:f pof:cj;eh. trf,q[;sv;oj;tofvdefeAoaf Osv;
pAwf:oh.? rldefuefwif:tofvAuf:tofwig :f aO pAwf:oh.sv; wj,awtgif,
sy.vh;ref:eef. wde
k :f awvh;pAwf:uGj,zAef;"vg:h "bof./
ule:f auj.tef trf,rD:ynfnj,eef.sv;Oif? ule:f auj.
teftrf,rD:vgi;f vAyf;pAef:ydkef.N.ymh:pef tefuAo,f uyf:vlnf;vgif;cof
pAwf:bl,eef.sv;Oif? ule:f auj.tef trf,rD:wmif:vSwf:OSof: e[:ej;
umefwlouf of, tefwkud f.pAwf:Omif;bl,eef.sv;Oif? ule:f auj.tef
arjpmef.q[qrg f:ej;umefwlouf of,tefwduk f.yAeb
f l,rD:bl,eh.aO trf,
arjpjOAef;wmif: wj,awcdyk f;ej;vh;xSi;f eef.sv;Oif? e[:cof
ule:f qldo:f eh.eh. trf,vh;pefcofyAefule:f cdke;f Omif.cde
k ;f Okifrj:vldouf of,
aOtrf,uj: ulnf:uh."vh;pef?N.? ide:f cofwluf:wSrf,uGj,? wluf:vde
k :f ydle;f
uGj,urf.erf"ulnf:bof./
OAef;wmif:wj,awxdik w
f D;bgwf;Mwf;wD;ymh
tefpof:c[;uGj,
eef.sw. rD:OAef;vAofulnf:/ eef.sw.yAefOAef;wmif:tefqof;uof,
c[;yAesf v; rD:vgi;f pmif;pSef:oh. P;wArfxle;f eef.ulnf:bof.? tefaw
qgh;xSrfwloq
f of;uof,vh;rldo:f ej;/ umyf;ymefbmrf:vAofyde
l ;f trf,vlof,ule:f
N.erf? yde
l ;f vlof,ule:f N.brfun
l f:/ tefeef.auj;pmif;ref:N.vlof"?
tefe.h auj;pmif;ref:arjvlof"eef. trf,q[;umyf;ymefref:bof./ ej;
umefvgif;v[aOauj;bj, umyf;ymefawj;vAof yde
l ;f vlof,ule:f qldo:f tef
161

OSifObmrf
rD:vgi;f pmif;pSef:sv; N.pefvgif;tefawpAwf:eef.vD"ulnf:/ qof;cl:
vlif ynf,nj,azj:u(Ndif:OSif) rldif:Ol;auj; bmrf;Oif,Ogefyefpof:cj;
oj; ]]ule:f auj.tefarjerfaOtrf,brfeef. urf.erf pof:vh;pefyAef
ule:f ugyf;cmif;ydle;f ulnf:}} ehbof./ ule:f arjuGj,wmif:cmif;yde
l ;f eef. z["
auj;awtrf,c[;vh;eif,uof,/ wj,P;ej;umefedkif;tefayj:awbof.wlo;f
vh;vDimrf:eef. ayj:rD:zl;tgeNf ofvDsv; zl;qgrf:vifvDauj;yAef
umefref:bof./
ulnf:uj; 'di;f wke
d :f yAeuf le:f pof: urf.erf"Orf.rD:q[ c[;tguf,
idkef:wdke:f vmif:au,"aO xkid uf rf:vlo,f vh;rj:Orf.c[;vh;rj:erf" eef.
bof./ udkif,yde
l ;f ayj:uh.sv,oj; "ule:f Odok f.c[;vh;vmh? ule:f cmhc[;
vh;erf"eheef.bl,/ wD;eh; zl;wSrf;bmrf;idef:rSef;tefedkif;? tef
k f:eef. rD:
eef.sw.yAef "wD;e[:vluf;eh. bl,vmh"aOvh;ide

ule:f wmhauj.vAouf n
l f:? ugyf;oj; ayj:rD:ule:f wmh yD;"egif."Ndef:w[;? Ndef:
eldot
f gefueftofrmifbg;h rj:omif,? rj:O[,yefpdrf:cmif;ref:bof./ oj;eef
aOauj; ayj:tofrmuf,wjqof;Twj:cofwlnf: bif:trf,yh,vh;oj;ref:vh;
vl:uge,f bof./ ugyf;eefsv; zl;wSrf;c[;tguf,uGmrf:xmrfoj; "rmuf;oAw:f
teftrf,O[,yj:bldo,f eef. yjwlov
f [Orf.awidlof;aO rj:clyf:udefaej:
`" ugyf;ydol f;ehsv; yAefpdkorf j:auj; qgrf:eif,uj;cefref:rD:eef. wuf:
awvh;yefbl,bof./

Oifc[;cde
k ;f b[,erf"auj;
162

wuf:awvh;cwf:q[

OSifObmrf
erf"ulnf:cj;bof./ ulnf:uj; ulef:auj.tefvli:f wde
k :f vmif:oh. at,"
aO Orf.vh;erf.rBmwf;_erf.wgef:ref:erf"eef. zl;wSrf;bmrf;ide:f
rj:yguf;edkif;? eef.sw.yAeuf e
l :f uj.cof;cSyf;ehbof./ ule:f uj. cof;cSyf;coff
eh. pAwf:Ogifulnf? bAyf,ySwf;ulnfekid f;aO cmhun
l fekid f;auj;bif:vh;
erf.rBmwf;erf.wgef:ref:bl,ehbof./ tefe.h awyAefuGmrf:vmwf;rle;f
uefun
l f:/ ayj:xef;oj;uj.udefcof;cSyf;sv; yAefzl;rmuf;vlirf j:sw.ayj:
eh uj;yAefue
l f:c[;yAez
f l;rmuf;vlife:[ vluf;eh. wif:OAif;auj;vlof,tgef
uefrj:cmhue
d cf of;cSyf;wh:pof:ulnf:bof./
xki:f uGmrf:uIdcofauj; rD:oh.oj; "Oifc[;vh;erf"auj; N.uj;awvh;
vAyf;pAef:erf"ehbl,bof./ yAefacj;uGmrf:cduk f.cSrf.vlif ykef;wj,ulef:qldo:f
tefc[;qkuf:ref; eldofzK,wdefwlofuof,qlod f:eef.bl,sw."bof./ ulef:
pof:zl;v[z[aOtrf,oj; N.uj;c[;cde
k ;f Omif.cdke;f Okif? c[;rmuf;rD:vDyAef
uwf:bAeuf efbl,/ ulnf:uj; vguf:vmh:tefawqmif;tgeftofue
l :f pof:
cde
k ;f Omif.cde
k ;f OkifuGj,eef. ule:f pof:Orf.trf,tgefuefpj? ukrf,rkid f.ygif.
cmif:umrf,olwf;oef:vifuefbl,eef. vDqv
[ Auf.acj:clrfqrg f:bl, sw."/
ugyf;ule:f pof: trf,ygi,f q[oj; Oifc[;cde
k ;f Mwf;wD;Okifeh awvh;sw,
bmif;cde
k ;f Oduf;clofvhurf:tgew
f mif:eef. urf:Oduf;"uge,f qif,awxdkif
vh;wD;Okifeheef.cj;bof./

163

OSifObmrf
ayj:rj:zde
k .f wlnf:cdkef: yke
d f:qgrfyig q
f dkif;rldif:tar,Idumef,auj.
xlef;Ody:f Nuf:? tefrD:qkdo;f oj; qgrfqidk ;f vdefcgef:eh. bmrf;vh;eif;
tmef,vduf;?wlnf:vduf;rj: wD;pdrf:cmif;NofzD:'h:rj:wmif:pdik /f wj,aw
vh;vlvduf;? wlnf:vduf;edik ;f yguf;eef. ayj:xdik cf mof:umifcrf;zgi:f rldo;f
yde
l ;f wh;'h:qgrf:wmif:uj:eef. ref:qmh:bmrf;vku.f wD;Ndef:omef;eguf;
tgef,ref:aO yhcmof:wmif:uGj,ql:wD;vuf:Oof'h:vSif:eef.bof.? vl
tmef,vduf;ref:vl:uge,f / ugyf;vgif;cwf:q[ sw.sw.oj;oj;qldi.f eef
sv; xdik w
f D;ayj:vh;yAef qgrfqdkif;rldif:tar,Idumef,rj:aO ayj:vh;
yAez
f l;udkuf:ydkef:rj: awj,xdik foef:rldof;eh.eef.bof./
uj;yAeuf e
l :f qldo:f tefbmrf;yAefzl;sp.pmrf; vgif;pAwf:Omif;ref:
rj:cmof:wmif:pdkif? bmrf;udlof.vAef;vgif;pAwf:Omif;ref:rj:qldo:f eef.auj;
ugrf.ulnf:vh;wif:eSiq
f [vliaf O pSefwn
l f:qgrfqkdif;cof vdefcgef:
eef. rmuf,NofOrf.ayj:c[;bmwf,wlu:f vl:uge,f / tefe.h yAeuf gyf;vgif;
wmif:cwf:q[ tefvkuf.wD;vAu.f egh.eef.aO cdke;f Mwf;wD;b[,rj:
eef.eh z[trf,xAifvh;eif,uof,/
acj;vlyf:vif

]]ule:f auj.tefcwf:q[aO trf,yAerf j:eef. rD:uj;cefvldof

aO auj.teftrf,cwf:q[OifaOsv;yAefrj:}} eh zl; vli.f vSef,
zmh,zj,Oj,vliq
f mof:cldo:f tar,Idumef, vguf.uBkKef:(qf) bmrf;vmwf;se
164

OSifObmrf
rj:eif,ehsv;
zlod f,qof;uof,awbdy:f wif:rmuf;zmh:(vmrf;zhm:)bguf:
tgef,vSrf;edkif;aO pmef.q[qrg f:zoqmwf;ymefwlouf of,bl,eef.? wj.
qof;uof,oh.cmof:bmrf:vkuf.pjvAyf;pAef:vgif;ej;umefwjimef: tefqof;
uof,wduk f.pAwf:bl,eef. P;ayj:xdik w
f D;bgw;f Mwf;wD;ymhrj:auj; trf,pmif;
pmh.bof.ehbof./

Zde
k ftdif1. Swett Marden, Making Yourself Orison, USA, 1923
2. ()

165

OSifObmrf
The difference between success and
failure is dreaming versus doing.
-Rita Schiano

vgif;ole.f 'ef wke

d :f ylid ;f uef vmh:
pAwf:yef Omefcwf:uef e[:umifau;
wD;xkdib
f ldif:sv; vlrf.uldif:/
Ability is what you are
capable of doing. Motivation
determines what you do. Attitude
determines how well you do it.
-Lou Holtz

vgif;uwf.cSe,f eh. yAeftef

qof;uof,vli.f vSef,? vgif;tD:Ole:f
yAefcuf.Okyd f,bmif;tefOlpw
A f:Omif;?
umefoh.omif:wloq
f q
[ Sif;vSif:seyef
vgif;oj;qof;uof,pAwf:vh;Oif/
ydef,wSrf;- qof;odqdwfw vmofpAif

166

OSifObmrf
ayj;sr; sv; vkuf;vmif:
qof;ac,rdef,w crf:vSif:
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

uGmrf:erf:

ayj;sr;sv;vkuf;vmif:eh.

wde
k :f bl,rj:qgrf:uef trf,zmwf,
trf,szuefvh;? rdol f:ej;rj:auj; N.uj;awvh;bl,qgrf:uef ymefOydk f,
ymefeif,ehbof./
Zgif:bmrf:rdol f;wduk f.bl,Oof:udefOmif;Nrf;pgrf:qgrf:
uefbl,eef. vgif;vDtdu,f vgif;qeh. erfsv;at, ej;Ndef:z[auj;
wde
k :f trf,vgw;f vh; wuf:awrD:bl,pif:z[pif:ref:? ulnf:uj; wD;tef
qmif;sp.uif;vh;eef. xku,f vDtgefuefsp.uif;oh.bl, eif,pdkorf ef:aw
trf,yAerf j:/ bj,P;vh;yAefeif, xki:f uGmrf:pof:tefoj; ]]wluf:qmef:
bof. qif,ugh;ar:qmef:}} eef.ehbof./
yefpjayj;sr; sv; vkuf;vmif:bmrf:vAof
bmrf:vAof vgif;umyf;ymefr[,tefrD:bl,e[:rdli:f yde
l ;f qdlof:eef.
bmif;cof;rj:ql:rdil :f pof:aO rj:cle:f cof:cof;avj:sv:uef wif:umyf;
167

OSifObmrf
ymefuof, tefpof:rD:oh.qArfrdke.f Okde:f uge,f eef.bl,? qdil .f eif,umefyhm:
ynf,nj,? umefyhm:cdil ;f qmuf;? yhm:zkuf,Ogrf;sv; yhm:umefwlif,oldif:ulef:cof
wif:OAif;qdlof:eh. vkuf.wmif,wD;OD,vSefaOcof;rj:ql:pof: rj:pjpof:
bl,? tdifeodl fu;l yhm:"qdlof:eef.aO ref:awqmif;rj:pAwf:P;ayj;sr;
pof:cofsv;vkuf;vmif:wif:OAif; udlwf,yAefyefpjcde
k ;f rj:urf;zgif;bof./
yefpjref: tefxmif,qSif;vDaO pefbl,oef:"cdke:f "eef.
yAefvgif;yhm:ynf,nj,bof.? bgef.ugyf;ydol f;oj; umyf;ymefbmrf:vAoe
f .h ule:f
ul;rdil :f "e[:vkrf;'j.wif:OAif; tofvgif;yhm:yef,nj,yAefb[,oh.sv;? ayj;
sr;qldo:f tefbl,Oof:e[:rdil f:wh:pof:auj;rkif;rgif:oj; c[;P;vkuf;vmif:cof
cde
k ;f b[,qgrf:umyf; qgrf:ymefaO qif,tgefuefOli,f vkuf;vmif:z[ref:
uGj,cdkef;Nif:pAef: omef;b[,oAif:vlif wD;tefcw
dk f:qef.cdw
k f:ymefwif:
erf? rmifqlod f:auj;cgyh dkef;aOsv;Oli,f uGj,? rmifqlod f:Orf.c[;P;vkuf;tge,f
cofrD:wmif:N. vuf:vSrfOSrf:uj;aOsv;Oli,f uGj,? ulnf:uj;rmifqlod f:Orf.
trf,q[;qdli.f eef cmef.oj;cmef.Ogefsv;Oli,f uGj,ehauj;rD:? tefpof:
Oli,f uGj,eef.Orf. OifuGj,xlyf:nj:cl:OgeTf Oj,vDsw.cSef:bl, urf;yj;
erfsw. vh;zmwf,bmefayj;sr;uGj,qArfvAu.f aObof. Orf.vh;uGj,bl,
qgrf:ule:f wmif,cdlof: tofyde
l f;pAwf:TOj,cofaOOif,Ogefcofsv; vde
k f:
Okwf: zdol f,ygu;f Ndef:rj: vgif;bAef,si;'dif;xki:f cgifwh:pof:rD:oh.eef.
vkuf;tge,f pof:coftrf,arjOif
bif:yhmrj:sO.se:ayj;sr;qof;uof,
168

OSifObmrf
cde
k :f trf,cdw
k f:umyf;cdw
k f:ymefehxSif;uge,f ?
sv;ayj;sr;tefekid f;bof./

eh.yAefyefpjvkuf;vmif:

ulnf:uj; tefuGj,pAef:rj:sv; vduf;vhm:auj;arjrj:? vgif;uGj,vgif;

yhauj;N.rj:? vgif;udev
f gif;bSrf. tefv[zw
d f:tefv[xuk f,eh tefvh;
N.rj:qdlof:eef. rD:urf;at,ulnf:? ule:f auj.tefpe
A :f rj:bof.sv;yh,N.
quf: wD;rmef,rSef;wD;zdwf:xkuf,ref:eef. yh,ukid ,f xdul f;Mif.oj; yAez
f l;
rD:ynf,nj,ehbof./ tefawOgefyefwmif:arjynf,nj, wD;vku;f tgef,
pof:eef. wD;sw.ref:pof:trf,xku,f vDydik ;f tdiNf if:pAef:tefvAofulnf:?
ykwf.xqof;auj; apj:oh.bl,bof. vgif;oj; ayj;sr;Ogifqof;eef.auj;
l f; eh1 ugyf;eefc;[ oj; trf,
yAefcl:Ogefe[:Nde:f auj.tgefwmif:Okw:f yde
ugrf.uj;yAefcl:wD;Nif:pAe:f ulnf:
tefawqmif;xSrfyefwmif:N.vkuf;
tgef,coff? ayj;sr;auj;xkuf,vD Ogefyefzgi;f bl,? Orf.xSif;vgif;yAef
rj:Nif:pAef:bl,bmrf:vAof? pAwf:qdlif.pdok fsv;yAerf j:eh ayj;sr;xku,f vD
vAyf;pAef: N.oh.xj;tgefwmif:bl,bof./ wj,awvh;ynf,nj,wmif:arj
eef. uGj,pAef:tofwD;cl:OgeTf Oj, vgif;vAofun
l f:trf,q[;? bl,wD;wj
pefwol fxlyf:pof:aOvh;rj:eef. auj;yAefynf,nj,ydil e
f kdi;f bof.? TOj,cl:
1

cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,? rmh (14) yD 2013 ? ej; 178

169

OSifObmrf
OgefcofylifOgefyefaOsv; N.arjrj:eef.auj; yAefynf,nj,ydil e
f kid f;?
vltofe[:yyf.vduf;yyf.vhm:aO vh;rj:ygif,q[rj:eef.auj; yAefynf,nj,
ydil e
f kdi;f sw,uGj,qdol f:eh. yAefvhm:vh;yef,nj,arjyef,nj,wif:rlwf:bl,
bof./
uyf:uhm,vlnf; yhm:ynf,nj,vduf;vhm:aO ayj;sr;sv;vkuf;vmif:
vh;zmwf,bmefuef trf,Ol;vh;udefcof;Nrf;rl,qgrf:uef vkuf;tge,f trf,
uh.vh;cmrf,wmif: ayj;ar;Oif,Ogefye
g f;yef rguf,vmwf;seyef vgif;
zdwf:vgif;xku,f sv; xdik cf mof:bmrf:rdol f;rj:bl,qgrf:uefauj; vkuf;vmif:
trf,ayj:bkrf,brf trf,xgrf,Olyf:tofuGmrf:ayj;sr;uj;pdok f? c[;udeO
f if c[;
pAwf:Oifauj; cofawqmif;pAwf:Mwf:vliuf Gj, tofumifqc[ ofoj;eef.bof.?
xdik uf myf;ymefbmrf:vAof wmif:udefwmif:vAef; cdil ;f bdy:f wmif:wdok f: umyf;
ymefr[, tgu,f rj:ul;rdok f.ul;oef:? clof:cgifumyf;ymefr[,qdlof:eef. Oifoj;ref:
rj:cD,Nof qldo:f yAev
f kuf;vmif:cofwif:vhmqdkif vkuf;vmif:qdlof:eef. aw
rde
l e
f if,ugef;'h:vliftefeidk f;aO rj:ylo.f O[,edlofayj;sr;bl,? ugyf;
eef ykwf.xrkefcrf:qof;apj:oh.oj; sz:cAefvlifpj;ydil feef.yj:oh.sz:
cAefvkuf;vmif:phm.ydil fedik f;2 ehbof./

sz:erf.? sz:'h:? sz:zl;vuf.ulef:qlef? sz:ckefphm.rdluf;vldif:? sz:vkuf;vmif:pmh.

170

OSifObmrf
bgef.ydol f;vkuf;vmif:aO uh."yAefyefpj e[:ej;apjawjNdef:
pAwf:P;ayj;sr;vh;rh;q[qgrf:vkuf;vmif:auj;rD:rj:wif:erfbl,bof.? ulnf:
uj; e[:ej;pdle:f rmifqlod f:Orf. ayj;sr;trf,arjvmrf:cmwf; wmif:pAwf:
Omif;vkuf;vmif:aO c[;P;vkuf;vmif:yAeaf rjbjoj,? yAefarjOgefoj,? yAef
ule:f uj.ule:f chmoj,? rmifqlod f:auj;trf,c[;P;cofuGj,v[oj,qdol f:eef. yAef
vgif;ayj;sr;omif:zSeyf ef? vgif;omif:zSeq
f lod f:eef. vkuf;vmif:rmifauj.
auj;awxku,f q[ rmifauj.auj; awOmefcwf:cde
k :f zgi:f bmrf:cofrguf,se
vmwf;se Omefcwf:cde
k :f trf,vh;eef. cofawvuf.yhm;uGj,bl,qgrf:wh:
auj.wmif,wD;aO uGj,pAwf:vgif;trf,vD rde
l e
f if,udev
f of;? Ol,bj;zdef,
bj;r bj;rof:urful;rAo:f "eef.bof.? wif;sw,eef.aO ohm:vdke:f rj:
qmif;yAefvgif;wmif:bmrf;vkuf;tge,f uGj,ySwf;auj; rD:rj:wif:erfbof.?
vkuf;vmif:rmifauj.auj; awtofclof:cgifikdef:crf:aOtgu,f yhm;uGj,wmif,omef;
wmif,rdil :f auj;awrD:/ yefpjqdlof:eh. tdifelod fayj;sr;trf,ygi,f q[elod f
vkuf;vmif: oh.vkuf;vmif:rde
l uf guf:yof, c[;tofOifxSrfO[,auj; O[,OD,vlif
uGj, trf,udkif,imrf,uefwif:uguf:pof:eef. pAwf:trf,vh;? c[;oj;vgif;Oif
aOtrf,oj; tefpof:awpAwf:yef vkuf;vmif:pof:eef. ayj:pof:aw
pAwf:eh xku,f vDwgi;f xmrfwn
l f: umifqv
[ kuf;tge,f tgefwmif:oj; qgi,f cof
vh;q[trf,vh;q[ Oifoj;cofvh;q[bof.uge,f qif,pAwf:Omif;yefcof?
ayj:qdli.f eef yefpjawtrf,udlwf,cde
k ;f rj: awtrf,yAew
f mif:rh;q[
ayj;sr;sv;vkuf;vmif: wif:Ogifzhm,ehbof./ uAo,f vlnf; wmif:udew
f mif:
171

OSifObmrf
bSrf.ydil e
f dkif; vgif;yhm:ynf,nj,ydil e
f kid f;aO yefpjuh.qmif;udlwf,cde
k :f rj:
ayj;sr;urf;erf tgefuefcmif:ygi.f oj; ]]vkuf;tge,f pof:auj; awpAwf:pdok f
trf,N.? awuGj,yh,g wD;v[trf,N.}} ehvlib
f l,cdlof:"b[:" awj,xkid b
f mrf:
vAob
f of./
ykef;zgef:ayj;sr; sv; vkuf;vmif:
ayj:rD:yefpjwD;zdwf:ydil ;f wD;blyf;bgrf:rj:auj; N.wuf:awvh;
pj vguf:vhm:wj,awsu;vdw;f edlofvgif;bly;f bgrf:sv; vgi;f zdwf:ydil ;f
ref:eef.bl,/ ohm:rj:vgif;uwf:bAef qif,awyAerf j:vh;? qdli.f eif,
ykwf.xqof;vh; wlox
f lyf:pAwf:Omif; yAefyidl fwSuf;wlofbmif, ref:tgef
wmif:oh.bl,wif:erf? ugyf;ydol f;eefsv; tefpof:yAefayj;sr;sv;vkuf;
vmif:auj; xkuf,vDoe
l .f qgrf:eif,vgif;wmif:ej;Ndef:pof:bmrf:vAof yAef
Oifoh.bl,? Orf.yAefuyg f;Oif? awpAwf:pdok fsu;ch vgif;ej;Ndef:pof:P;
ayj:vh;bl,uwf:bl,bAefehqlod f:eh.bof./
eif,pdok fvku;f tge,f awvuf:vSrfOSrf:uj; awN.vgif;uki,f ukef:
rkefiof:ayj;sr;qdol f:eef. yAefye
k f;zgef:ayj;sr;bof.? ayj;sr;vlof,
rD:ynf,nj,wmif:N.wmif:arj Oif,Ogefvkuf;tgef, qgrf:eif,ykef;
zgef:pof: qdlif.eif,tefykwf.x qof;apj:oh. wD;e[:Odif,uj,avj:oj,w
Okw;f eef.? ykef;zgef:wj,ayj;sr;cofe.h rD:pj;ydil f (1) sp.uif;vgif;
172

OSifObmrf
trf,vD tefawrj:wkrf.wdol f.vkuf;tge,f ? (2) wkud f:Ole:f P;pAw:f umef
vD? (3) P;cofarjpjwmif:arjyef,nj,? (4) qSu,f szyefclof:cgif? (5) ayj:
xkid cf mof:bmrf:rj:vlof,ulyf.ul;yefcof?3 aw,uGj,qdol f:eh. yAefykef;zgef:
ayj;sr; vlof,vh;pAwf:yefvku;f vmif:cofbof./
vgif;ykef;zgef:qdlof:eh. ayj;sr;xku,f vDygif,q[vD"bl, rdol f;tgef
wmif: urf;yj;erfayj;sr;uh.av,tgefuefoj; ]]vAif.vkuf;oh.udefpSi:f ?
ySif:ide
dk :f qmh,rdol f;xof;}} ehulnf:? wD;sw.ref: ayj;sr;trf,xkuf,vDrkif;
yAefiof;cmrf,yde
k f.wj,rdol f;xof;ydil v
f Aof4
ayj;sr;
rgif:vkuf;vmif:
vDvh;olef.oj; Oif,Ogefvku;f vmif:qof;uof, P;yAeuf e
l :f vDqmwf;eh.
tdu,f qmwf;ej;? P;yAefue
l :f auj.tefarjpAwf:umefqldof.qmwf; zj,Oj,
Oj,Oej,sv; omef;rdil :f qof;uof,ehbof./
tefpof:auj.yAefvkuf;vmif;auj;eif,eefbof. xkuf,vDole.f
wlnf:cde
k f:vD"
zgi:f bmrf:rdol f;pof:bif:wkud f.vAu.f wduk f.vSib
f l,eef.
ayj;sr;pof: tkrf;Myf,qkyf,elrfvlifujG ,ul;wD; tlif;zj,wdefvSit
f gef,pof:
eef. ayj:trf,udkw:f ? xdik rf dol f;pof:auj.b[,rj:bof.qdkif trf,vDy,gh zj;
3
4

'dif;si;ykwf.xzj,Oj,? yDOj,Oej, 2538? ej; 88

yyf.pAef: 'dif;ydkifymefr[, ykef;wj,ulef:rdlif:wh:? ej; 50 (trf,rD:yj:pAwf:tguf,)
173

OSifObmrf
ayj;sr;qof;uof,bl,auj.vAof pof:vlof,vh;ygif,q[ ykef;zge:f pof:aO
vAif.vlvkrf:vj:cof wgyf,uke:f rkefcofbl,bof.? ykef;wj,auj.yAefvku;f
vmif:aw vh;pmyf,tofykef;zgef:pof:aO wgyf,wSef:cde
k f:ayj;sr;eef.
rD:Ogifvhm:? ayj:tofvhm:zhm,avj,ukw;f aOwgyf,wSef:qdkif ykwf.xqof;
apj:oh.oj; tofvhm:teftofTwj:aO wgyf,wSe:f yefayj;sr;eef.
yAefvhm:wgyf,wSe:f auB:ql:tefvDaOydle;f ehbof.? e[:vhm:eef.qrf.
(1) ayj:ayj;sr; teftrf,yh,bkrf,brfIwej,Omrfqof;qdkif vkuf;
vmif:awvh;cwf:q[pw
A f:yef
P;ayj;sr;ayj:arjbkrf,brfIwej,
Omrfqof;rj:/ (2) ayj;sr;teftrf,arjvlwmef:eef. vkuf;vmif:aw
vh;cwf:q[pw
A f:yef P;ayj;sr;arjvl,wmef:/ (3) ayj;sr; teftrf,yh,
rD:Odefeef. vkuf;vmif:awvh;cwf:q[pAwf:yef P;ayj;sr;arjpyf.
Odefcmrf,Odef/ (4) ayj;sr; teftrf,rD:nmef,wmif:N.eef. vkuf;
vmif:awvh;cwf:q[ pAwf:yefP;ayj;sr; rD:nmef,wmif:N.bof.? nmef,
wmif:N.tefoj;eef. yAefnmef,wmif:arj tefN.pefuke:f rkefiof:
Iwej,Omrfqof;? nmef,odywf.Oej,? nmef,Owf.qj,qdol f:eef.
bof./
wj,ayj;sr; awrD:nmef,eif,eefeef. vkuf;vmif:awvh;
vlvduf;Twj:secof? wkud f:Ole:f P;cofxgrf,Twj:? wduk f:Ole:f P;cofcof;eif;
umefTwj: odywf.Oej,uGj,bl,? vhm:eh.yAefvhm:wgyf,auB:ql:ayj;sr; tef

174

OSifObmrf
vDcSrf.xdOkw:f aO5 yAefye
k ;f zgef:vkuf;vmif:auj;q[;bof./ ydil w
f Suf;
ref: qdli,f eif,qof;qhm:Odw.f wwf.x pkyf;vh;nmef,Oyf.yef,nl. N.
pefTwj:rmef,rSef;aO yAefTzj:uGj,rdol f;vde
l fpluf:rlef: ej;rdil :f qrfvSi:f
eef.? ohm:yAeTf zj:bof. e[:oj,eef.urf:vAof ykwf.xqof;cde
k ;f rdlof:apj:
xrf: wgyf,uke:f rkefsr;qof; e[:oj,Omrfvde
l fvkrf:"bl,bof./
xSif;vhm:edkif;qrf.tofvhm:avj:uD,aOwgyf,wSe:f
vguf:vhm:
tefe.h ayj:tofe[:Odif,uj,avj:oj,wOkwf.eef.oj;qdkif vkuf;vmif:
vlof,vh;pAwf:yefayj;sr;eef. rD:pj;ydil e
f hbof. cofpj;ydil e
f ef. (1)
awvh; vAif.vlvkrf:vj:ayj;sr;? (2) awvh;cwf:q[ pAwf:Omif;
umefimef:qh;g ayj;sr;? (3) eif,pdkoaf yj:awudik ,f xdul f;pyf.tof trlnf,
clof:cgifayj;sr;eef. awvh;rD:tuBmif.wmif:urfvD? awvh;oj;ihm;
xgrf,uGmrf:ayj;sr;? (4) ayj:oj;ayj;sr;OAif;umrf,uGj,eh awvh;pSef:vl,
qSu,f omuf;szrSi,f ukOlof,zgef:vD uj;wD;ayj;sr;? (5) awvh;y[.yj:
vlxdi:f qdlof.cdol f: 'di;f si; clof:cgifayj;sr;6 qdlof:eh. yAef;yke;f zgef:
tefvkuf;vmif: wde
k :f vlof,vh;pAwf:bof.eh pof:trf,vDvlifvdrk f:
vj:vj:/
5
6

Twj:ykwf.xzj,Oj,(qef.pj;?Nuf:?qAwf) yD 2004 ? ej; 510

'dif;si;ykwf.xzj,Oj,? yDOj,Oej, 2538? ej; 89
175

OSifObmrf
acj;vlyf:vif
tefuAo,f vlnf;vgif; yefpjsv;ykef;zgef: tefvmwf;rj: yj;
edlofeh. awvh;oj;ref:yAef vgif;Omefcwf:uefo.h bl,/ ugy;f ydol f;Oifeh
ayj:rj:ole.f wlnf:vD vgif;vh;yAefyefpjrj:eef. bgef.ydol f;ayj;sr;
sv;vkuf;vmif: trf,pAw:f yefykef;zgef:yefuef wArf"xle;f "sv;
qif,yAefrj:ulnf:? Oifoj;ykef;zgef: tefvlof,pAw:f yefuefbly;f bgrf:
auj; yefpjwde
k :f awayj,rj:trf,pmif.? ayj:ayj;sr;sv;vkuf;vmif: arj
ygif,q[elod fuefvD"aO qgrf:eif,yke;f zgef: Ogifzhm,Ogifyj;rD:oh.eef.
auj; pAwf:yefuefwArf"xlef;"ehqkdif yefpjtefoj;eef. awtrf,
qmif;udlwf,cdkef;rj:vh;? ugyf;eef ayj;sr;auj;xkuf,tofO[,q[O[,acj:
pif:z[pif:ref:aO yluf:ygiyf efvkuf;vmif:pof: P;rSef;vgif;rSef;wmif:
ref:bl,? vkuf;vmif:auj;eif,eefbof. xku,f vDN.ukef:rkefayj;sr;
qof;uof,aO vAif.vlvkrf:vj:ayj;sr; xgrf,uGmrf:ayj;sr;pof:cofbl,?
tefyAefyke;f zge:f pof:rD:eef. yAefqidl .f pdkofrD:qdli.f pdkoe
f h qdol f:yAef
vkuf;vmif:wif:OAif; vDN.oh.ul;auj. trf,vDvlifvdrl f:vj:vj:ehbof./

k ftid fzde
1.
2.

cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm (14) yD 2012? tdwf,wD; uwf:? wj;ukif;/

yyf.pAe:f 'di;f ydil yf mefr[, ykef;wj,ulefrdil f:wh:? aujygifumefyyf.
pAe:f vduf;wh: ydkeftug f, (trf,rD:yj:yDpAwf:tgu,f )/
176

OSifObmrf
3.
4.

Twj:ykw.f xzj,Oj, (qef.pj;?Nuf:?qAw:f ) yD 2004

'di;f si;ykw.f xzj,Oj,? iof;ikef:rkuf.qkrf:vliO
f if,cj,qdik ;f wh:
yke
d sf ztguf,? yDOj,Oej, 2538

177

OSifObmrf

The empty vessel makes the loudest sound.

-William Shakespeare

uguf:uof, cge:f cof, P;OAifvifarj:/ (wD;ygi,f -erf.arj:trf,

vkud f.? zl;trf,ckud f. ref:wkde:f arj:sr:)/

Forgiveness is not a sign of weakness. It takes an

incredibly strong person to forgive. Tarlana

vgif;ygh,omif:cGmif.yefuefeh.trf,q[;zmifpmif; pSi:f tlef;tgef,?

ref:yAet
f Sepf Sif:ckud f.wgef: wj,ulef:arjyg,h omif:yef/
ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqwd f.w (ukefpAif)

178

OSifObmrf
oAif:tguf.O'dlwf.sv; owf.Ykwf.XodpjI
tguf.O'dlwf.

qof;rpj,OSifzj. Uef,xqj,I umofcrf:

qef.qgrfIj,qzwf.OlefOl,eef:xj:
uGmrf:erf:
ohm:aOyDr[,wh: tefvh;qwf:pAw:f wD;OAe;f wmif:zImrf:Ogif
qdkif;xh:sv; yDr[,wh:e[:rdil :f wh:ul;wD;"Okw:f bof.uGj,? ohm:aOqof;wlef
cl:vliW
f guf,wdlof, crf:rhm xrf,rOjrdpof: rj:ygifumefOj,Oej,e[:ukef
179

OSifObmrf
at:OBj:aOygu;f rdol f:cdkef:rdil f:oef:wluf: trf,wef:pdkifOifauj;vh;idef:
cmof,imof:vDoj; zl;wSrf;vduf;vh;oD,qj,wj,awuGj,qg;h umefOj,Oej,wrf;
wD;owf.Ykw.f WodpjI tgu.f O'dw
l f.? bl,ac,(UK) oAif:tguf.O'dlwf.
qdkif;rdil :f tif:udw:f rdol f;oef:xD. 23.1.2013 cmof:bmrf: 23.15 rgif:
umifce
dk :f eef.bof./
oAif:tguf.O'dw
l f.sv; qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f.
oAif:tguf.O'dw
l f.eef. wif;bl,zhm,tguf,qAif,w[;rdil :f tif:udwf:?
l f.rD:sr;
wif:erfNofule:f bl,Oof:xifrD: 151,000 auj.? oAif:tguf.O'dw
erf.OgifOhm Ohmerf.xArf<sv;Ohmerf.Odol f<oAvf< vhrj:cg;h uefwif:zhm,
qmef:oAi:f tgu.f O'dw
l f.eef.bof. /
qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f.eef. bgef.wif;bl,e[:yde
k .f wD;oAif:
tgu.f O'dw
l f. qif,vh;wmif,qdok f;ref:qgrf:qdko;f oAi:f ? e[:oAif:eh.rD:
qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f.sv; udi,f az 39 wD; Orf.bl,yj;w[;ukrf: urfcgif
qef.qgrftgu.f O'dw
l f.eef.bl,? wgef;wj,awvh;cof;pAe:f eef.sw.
bl,wD;erf.uwf.vkuf;pAef:aOcdke;f qef.qgrfbof./
qef.qgrftgu.f O'dw
l f.eh. auj,wif;rj:yDygif: 800 vdol fbof.?
ySuf.Orf.oj;trf,N.yDauj,wif;vD"ehaOwj.auj; yDawydw
k f,Ogefsw.
rSef;rdol f;yDYkWfWOj,Oej, 1639? yDOjOej,cIdbBmef,Orf.rSef;rdol f;
180

OSifObmrf
eef.bof./ qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f. yAefqef.qgrfuof,su,sv;
rD:rj:yDbmof:cmof:pdkif? q[.zj,Oj,tif:udwf:yAefzj,Oj,sr; yliO
f gefe[:
umefpe
A :f ? qef.qgrftefvh;q[.wdok f:zj,Oj,tif:udwf:aO OgefpAe:f
umyf;ymefeef. rde
l feif,qef.qgrfcSrf:yIdwf,? qef.qgrfvlifpj:omwf,
qdkif;rdil :f tarIduj:? qef.qgrfe[:qdkif;rdil :f cSe,f ej,wj,sv; qef.qgrf
e[:qdkif;rdli:f tgOf.sw:ID:bj:qdlof:eh.auj; vh;q[.ylid uf mefpe
A :f umefOgef
umefqwf:umef umefauj,Omif;qef.qgrf rdleuf efwif:qef.qgrftug f.
O'dw
l f.bl,bof./
1096

acj;uGmrf:bgif;abj:sv; qdko;f OAifqef.qgrf

Research Forthnight yAefzdkefvdu;f wmif:N.tefvh;ugi.f
Omef Nrf;rdok f:uef e[:wge;f umefvAyf;pAef:zhm, Nif:qmuf; wif:qef.
qgrfvliuf ;l qdkif;rdil :f vh;bku.f bgif;qef.qgrftguf.O'dw
l f. yAefwD;tof
pSif:clef.cGj.yAefbfG,aOvAyf;pAef: (Research Power) zmh,ymh:qmuf;? zhm,
yhm:Ohm;? Zmh,yhm:ac,rD,cldo,f bof./ qef.qgrftgu.f O'dw
l f.vh;xku,f bkuf.
bgif;wD; Times Good University Guides P;yAeq
f ef.qgrfwD;rD:
ydil uf mefpe
A :f umefOgefcudk f.cSrf.ul;yD"? e[:zdkev
f duf; Times Good
University Guides tefyAefzdkef vduf;yefwmif:N.ul;vgif;" wge;f wj,
zl;yj:q[ c[;cof;rj:pAe:f sv;uyf:Odyk f,? qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f.ruf:

181

OSifObmrf
ref;oj;yAef qef.qgrfcudk f.cSrf.
Qgrfu;l qdkif;rdil :f ehbof./

(The Best University)

vdol faOqef.

vkuf;pAef:uof,qef.qgrftug f.O'dw
l f.sv;ej;umefykef;qdol f.qmwf;
omef;rdil f:
vkuf;pAef:uof,qef.qgrfeh. wif:rlwf:yAefzl;rD:erf.uwf.cSef,
e[:vduf;vhm:yhm:pAw:f Omif;ul;vgif;" tefoj;eef.auj; wde
k :f udkuf:yj:rj:
qgrf:? udkif,ayj:cof;yAe
f v
f kuf;pAef:qef.qgrfvliftug f.O'dw
l f. tefN.
pefvh;qSif;"vSi:f "eef. rde
l e
f if,qgrfzgi:f vliuf of, e[:qdkif;rdil :f tif:
udwf. 25 auj. bmrf;yAefvku;f pAef:uof,qef.qgrfeh. rj:eif,uof,? vdol f
aOeef. rD:zl;erf:vhmqdkif;rdil :f vh;yAefqrg fzgi:f vlif e[:rdil :f
wlouf of, rde
l e
f if, qgrfzgi:f vlit
f defwb
d ? qgrfzgi:f vlirf dli:f xh:?
qgrfzgi:f vlirf idl :f qj,rh:uj.? qgrfzgi:f vlicf Sef:eWj,? qgrfzgi:f vliO
f D,
Idvif:uj,? qgrfzgi:f vlit
f gwf.Osw:ID:bj:?
wSe:f zgi:f Ozj:Okif
qdkif;rdil :f tar,Iduj:
urf;zgif;auj;
bmrf;rj:cde
k :f pAef:wD;eh;bl,?
e[:rdil :f Nrf;wkrfrdil :f rmef;eh.sw. tefyAefwD;N.quf:erfvodl faOyde
l ;f
qmof:cdol f:rmef; yAefemif:tgif,Omef:OkuBD,? qmof:cdol f:wh:pof:yAew
f lefcl:
vliyf j,rguf.cj. qof;cl: vlicf rf:rhm Dr. xrfrOjrd eef.bof./

182

OSifObmrf
qef.qgrftguf.O'dw
l f.sv; owf.tguf.O'dw
l f. YkwfX odpjI
umefvAyf;pAef:zhm,yhm:ynfnj,ul;vgif;"eef.sw. qef.qgrfe.h
wde
k :f rD:qdko;f vdok f:oh.e[:vluf;? udlwf,tguf,zl;rD: erf.uwf.rj:pdik f cmof:
l f,tguf,zl;rD:erf.uwf.
wmif:ayj:rD: 800 yDyhmbof. wkud f.Odyk f,udw
wmif:cSef, OSef:pke;f r[,ul;rdil :f " qdlof:rj:cdke;f pAef:rD:oh.awj,bmrf:vAof/
eif,trf,N.oef:awudkw:f vdok f; rde
l e
f if,Ohmoef:trf,phm qef.qgrf
eh.auj; wde
k :f awtrf,whmvh;ehbl,? rdol f;cmof:qof;cl:vlipf of:vh;tgef
tofzl;wSrf;vduf; uGj,tSof,wln:f e[:omif:qef.qgrfeef. vh;pef
wdul f;pAef:? Mif;pAef:? wD;bif.vdok f;w[;wle;f rh.qdlof:eef. rlwf:O[
vDDsw."? ymif,bj;cAo"f ej;omif: qef.qgrfeef.auj; pke;f rkef:zAi,f
yAi:f uef eif,pmif;c[;rgu,f aezmifpmif;oj;qef.qgrfwD;eh; wde
k :f trf,
rD:qSu,f xmef;qef.ule:f cdol f:ule:f ? qmof:cdlof:? zj,Oj,? ZmefrD:qdil .f
pdkoaf uj; wde
k :f bdef:qlrf:y[.pyf.wgef;wj,zl;c[;rj:Mwf;xdik b
f l,/
owf.tgu.f O'dw
l f.YkwW
f odpjI tefyAefowf.wD;qof;cl:vlif
yj,rguf.c Dr. crf:rh? xrfrOjrd vh;tget
f ofwuj,Owf.xj: qmof:Ykwfx
ul;rdil :f " qdlof:Mwf;zSofqkdif;rdli:f tdifuvmef,eef.aO vh;auj,wif;rj:
Ody:f yDyhmbof./ wj,pjwmif:N.ul;yhm:"zhm,avj:uD,eh.yAefqef.qgrftug f.O
'dw
l f.?
wgef;wj,pjwmif:N.zhm,avj:ukww
f Ij,eef.sw. yAefowf.
tgu.f O'dw
l f.YkwX
f odpjIehbl,/ ugyf;ydol f;oj;qof;cl:vlif vh;auj,wif;
183

OSifObmrf
owf.eh.cde
k ;f rj: bgef.ydol f;wj,yAefwD;vAyf;pAe:f vgif;ykwf.xOj,Oej,
wj,yAefyj:wD;tdiyf dik ;f udlof:brf wgef;wj,qmof:Ykwfx e[:qdkif;rdli:f tif:
udwf:? vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrf zl;Olefqc[ [;vAyf;pAef:vgif;Ykwf.xOj,
Oej, qldo:f vkuf.wD;ukefat:OBj:sv; ukeb
f l.Ilyf.auj;oj;eef.bof./
rgef:xrf:acj;Oif,OgefTzj:yAeq
f of;pof:eh. yAefacj;rmef,rSef;?Oifoj;
zl;v[z[wkdo:f urfqrg f: wuf:pefzge:f vDxmif,qSif;oh.yefykef;wj,auj.
c[;N.bl,/
cmof:bmrf:ymifTwj: wD;owf.eh.
cmof:bmrf:ymifeif;Twj: umife[ 7 rgif:awj,xdik f 8 rgif:udki,f umif
crf; 7 rgif:awj,xdik f 9 rgif:ul;oef:wgef;wj,cdkef:oef:Okuf: (Oguf;uBj,)
rD:wuf;uj,rj:eif;Twj:erf rD:yj:ymifapj:Twj:ydef,ymh,vSu;f vhm; wmif:pl.
tkyf,tlo:f yefpjvgif;cgif.crfq[
e[:umefeif;OrjxdquGj,qdol f:eef.
bl,/
qof;cl:arjvliv
f h;rAwf.wj, rguf,aevguf:vhm: e[:umefeif;P;
rmef,rSef;qgrf:ydil faOvh; yefpSif:q[eodl f zl;rj:cof;eif;ymifTwj:uGj,?
vdol faOeef. ymifTwj:aw,rD:xSif;ul;vde
l f e[:ymwf;xd 2 rD:wj,Ogif
oef:? rSef;oef:Oofsv;oef:wdwf.? eif;Twj:xgrf,Twj:wif:oef:
udee
f e
g f:wD;owf.
rD:zl;Oleq
f [cof;rj:eif;Twj:erfvdlofaOwmif,
oef:bl,/

184

OSifObmrf
ej,umefOj,Oej,qof;cl:pof:urf;zgif;
wgef;wj,ej;umefqof;cl:vlipf of:sw. eguf;vdol faOumefe[:
owf.e[:oj:bof. bif:rD:xSif;wif:erf oef:"vh;pefqof;cl: pof:pAwf:
umef ayj:trf,rD:cmof:bmrf:wlof;wef:uj;pkdof? rmifoef:auj;vh; tgu,f uGj,
wif:eguf;? wgef;wj,uGj,Ogefyefwmif:N. vgif;YkwfWOjOej, wD;
vkuf;pAef:qef.umif? qef.Okifsv; vkuf;pAe:f qef.qgrf qgrf:eif,
vh;zdw;f ymif:rj:/ e[:cmof:wmif:yDOj,Oej, 2556 eh. qof;wlefcl:
arjvlifuh."vh;eif;Ndo:f rdefujG ,ykw
d f,ymifTwj: e[:vhm"qdkif;rdil :f ? rdlee
f if,
rdil :f OyAef, OBdLof:so:? pifuID:? xh:? Odifuylof,? rav:OBj:sv;
rdil :f rmef;? rdil :f wh:/
qof;cl:vlifsv;Oifcqof;e[:owf.
tdifeodl ferf.q[qof;wlefcl:arjvlipf of:aO wD;c[;wmif,yde
k :f
P;vh;N. qgw,f wlof;uefaOauj;oj;? P;yAew
f gef;Ogefwj,Oif,cwh:
ul;qof;" qdlof:rD:bl,bmrf:vAofsv; qdol f:awrD:xSif;rdol f:ej;auj;oj;?
qof;cl:arjpof:eh. trf,oh.ej;vAu.f ej;b[,? wde
k :f oh.rAwf.wj,zAif,
yAi:f uef? trf,arjaO.se:vmwf;xdik q
f dko;f vkuf;Odw:f (wsy:)? cmof:
bmrf:pmyf,xmrf:ej; umefOifauj; trf,arjcmif:Ndo.f awj,ej;yde
l ;f ? bgef.
uloyf le
d ;f vh;qgh;xSrfyle
d ;f aO trf,arjcmif:oj;idkef:trf,rD:? ySi;f eif,

185

OSifObmrf
wD;qof; wlefcl:vlipf of: bde
k ;f rdok f:Mwf;xdkiv
f h;eef. pAwf:Omif;aO
wlnf:xdkif qgh;xSrfujG ,bl,/
clyf,rdol f;rD:vmyf;vjzayj,yguf;rj: trf,eef rD:Owf;xj:rj:vl,
owf.xk idkef:wgi:f auj; qof;cl:vlipf of:wrf:omif:ydil af O Oif,cul;wlef
wD;bl, e[:owf.eh. P;vh;yAif:uefu;l qof;/ ySuf.Orf.idkef:eef. yde
l f;
vl,yef Okef,wloq
f of;cl:vliw
f mef,v[auj; wde
k :f trf,tofvj:" P;
wmef: qSu,f yefu;l qof;"yAif:uef? rmifygu;f rmifv[ qof;cl:pof:auj; trf,
tof? cde
k :f Odky,f tofqhg;xSrfyefye
dl f;uGj,xSi;f vl:uge,f ? cef,wD,vgif;
bde
l .f uef;eef. auj; qof;cl:vlifpof:eh.wdke:f rD:erfsw."? trf,arj
wlnf:pefwmif: zdwf:edol fye
dl ;f /
rdol f;ej;zl;wSrf;qrfawygu;f cde
k :f rj:rdil :f xh:eef. yAefoef:wD;
qof;cl:vlipf of:uGj,ygifumefOj,Oej, e[:vhm"qdkif;rdil :f aO wduk f.Mwf;zSof
oh.cde
k :f wD;owf.? vgif;Ndo.f tlef;auj;yh,ay,? tdifedloferf.q[rAwf.wj,
qof;cl:pof:erfvlef.ej,aO qif,vh;tget
f ofzl;wSrf;uGj,tSof,bArf;
wlnf:
e[:omif:qef.qgrfvhm"wD;?
Odkof.clof:wgef;wj,tlnf:auj.
tlnf:sO;wD;rdil :f xh:bof.?
cde
k :f Odyk f,eif;vlwf.Ohmygu;f rj:wD;owf.?
rdol f;wduk f.eif;bl,edlofvlw.f eef. vh;bgef:tofacj;rAwf.wj, P;rle.f
ar:xwf:Omifce
dk :f wmif:pAw:f Omif;ul;vgif;" eif,pdkocf j;wsy:pof:ayj:
186

OSifObmrf
awvh;N.aO vSu;f vhm;vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;uGj,xSi;f rdol f:ej;eef.eh
A f:
wrf;wD;qof;cl:vlipf of:/ ref:qof;qif,yefatj:oj,woj;- ]]umefpw
Omif;ej;umef ykef;ule:f wif:erfeh. pof:awvh;rD:wmif:bde
l f.uef;
erferf? vgif;zdw:f vgif;xkuf,tefoj;eef. Oifoj;tofOhmwjaO
vdul f;wlnf:zhm,v[auj; pof:wde
k f:peftefeef.bof.}}eh/
***************

Zde
k ftdif1.

acj;rguf;vof; qof;cl:arjvlif

Dr. crf:rhm

xrf,rOj,rd

2. http://www.baanjomyut.com/library_2/extension1/university_of_oxford/index.html viewed on 17-9-2013

09:45

3. http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/ viewed 17-9-2013 09:45 .

187

OSifObmrf

The basic tool for the manipulation of reality is the

manipulation of words. If you can control the meaning
of words, you can control the people who must use the
words. Philip K. Dick

cldif;vDwj,ukrf:xdif:vgif;sw.eh. yAefvgif;urfuSef,acj;uGmrf:?
ayj:qof;uof,ukrf:xdif:urfuSef,vh;wD;ygif,acj;uGmrf:eh
qof;uof,ukrf: xdif:vh;auj.awq[.wkod f:acj;uGmrf:eef.bof./
Knowledge is having the right answer.
Intelligence is asking the right question.
Unknown

rD:wif:N. wgy,f vh;acj;xmrfvD?

vSwf:OSof:vuf:vSrfwuf:xmrfxSrfqdok ;f q[;/

ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqdwf.w (ukefpAif)

188

OSifObmrf
Umefwli.f ekdif qof;TOj,rpj,nj,edi,f w
owf.r[,? ukif:xAyf;
qof;eef,wdb aej,crf:
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

uAof,vlnf;umefwlif.ekdifpAwf:Omif;

yke
d sf zykw.f xOj,Oej,
wD;owf.r[,uki:f xAyf;eh. tefQof;TOj,vlicf ofqof; vhmwlefvhmyj:bmrf;
vh;tgeNf ofpAwf:Omif;ckid yf gifrj:yDbmof:cmof:pkdifeef. qof;TOj,rpj,nj,
edi,f wauj;
cof;Nrf;yj:tefvh;pAwf:Omif;wlif.ekdifo.h yj:ekdif;bof./
eif,pkdofOj,Oej,acj;Oif,uGmrf:Ogef tefykwf.xqof;apj:rj:oh.yef
eef. Orf.ayj:awbde
k :f bmof:bl,pkid fxikd v
f h;pj;pAifyDeef.auj; bl,wD;
qldo:f yAeq
f mof:ykw.f xzj,Oj,eh.vlvgrfcikd yf gify[.yj:bof./ bgef.ylod f;qldif.
Eefsv; Umefwlif.ekdifqof;TOj,rpj,njedi,f w owf.r[, Uki:f xAyf;eh.
Ehauj; c[;rhmxkid uf mefwlif.ekdif ej;umefOj,Oej,tefqof;TOj,rpj,
nj,edif,w vh;pAwf:Omif;ckid fygipf myf,pmrfy.[ yj:ej;umefzj,Oj,? Oj,O
ej, acj;Oif,uGmrf:Ogefykwf.xqof;rj:pef.awj,bmrf:eh.bof./
ej;umefOj,Oej,tefqof;TOj,rpjnjedifwpof:vh;pAwf:Omif;
rj: rD:Oifzgi;f eh vltmef,wlnf:wDw[;eh.auj; awqSif;vSi:f oh.bl,189

OSifObmrf
yke
d f:Qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f
urf:tgew
f mif:Okwf:awvmwf;se yke
d :f qof;TOj,rpjnjedifw
pof:ygwf:tgef,wgef;ekid ;f uge,f / Qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f uldw,f rldo;f yD Oj,
A f:r[,qAwf:crf;/ vh;cke
d ;f yAefIpmef: rldo;f yDOj,
Oej 2498 vldefqw
Oej, 2519 vldefOD,? wrf;wD; owf.rli;f Okrf: oAif:uAi:f phm:? aq;wgef;
uAif:rh,/ TOj,tkyyf Awf.aO,ref:qof; qif,Mif.pduf;qkdo;f r[, O[,qkdo;f vDoj;
qof;njediw
f ehbof./ ohm:cke
d ;f yAeIf pmef:bof.eef. c[;vAyf;pAef:N.
wmif:arje[:avj,ukwf;ehaO sw,vAyf;pAe:f vduf; yjvd? wrf;wD;owf.
rli;f Okrf: oAif:uAif;phm:bof./ vh;wgyf.tgif,yle.f qef. euf:xrf:wID:
wD;owf.ugi:f vlrf:? oAif:pSi?f aq;wgef;uAif:rh,/ vh;yAefcl:Ogef
yjvdwD;vuf:wSif, (yAif:vli)f rldo;f yD Oj,Oej, 2527- 29 cmof:wmif:
OmrfyD/
yDOj,Oej, 2530 eef. vh;chm.rj:pAef:xSif;wD; owf.yIqkrf
zdIcd ef oAifecgef:IwfqODrj/ vh;wgyf,tgif,ylef.qef. euf:xrf:
xlof:_ tAu,f aObof.? Orf.vh;wgyf,tgif,ylef.qef. yIbluf, 1/2/3/4
wD;owf.yIqkrfzdIcd efaOsv; vh;pyf.qkrf;yAefcl:Ogefeuf:xrf: xrf
rOkud f,Oj wD;owf.yIqkrf:zdIcd efeef.eif,uof,bof./ aw,tofyD Oj,
Oej, 2536-2541 cmof:wmif:pj;yD/

190

OSifObmrf
eif;ugBif:owf.rf,G ukif:xAyf;
xkid rf j:yD Oj,Oej, 2542 ej;cof;oj,eef. qkrf:Ojruf.cD: (rl,
qkrf;zgrf.Nrf;qmof:cldo:f wh:)rldif:uguf, zgrf.uefrldo:f ymif:qof;TOj,rpjnjedif
wpof: wD;owf.cgif:oef:? aq;wgef;rldif:? oAif:zdIdmef abj:cdif:rj:eif;
wD;owf.r[,uki:f xAyf;oj;ehaO? qof;TOj,rpjnjedifw pof:vh;abj:cdif:
rj:eif,tefwufuj, qkrf:OjrufcD:rldif:uguf, rldo:f ymif:rj:eef.aOvh;rj:
yAefqof;TOj,eif;ugBif:wD; owf.r[, uki:f xAyf;eh.bof./
qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f
sw,rj:eif;ugBif:wD;owf.r[, vh;tgef
yluf:wif; aOj,Ole:f wuf.uj,Owf.xj:cofaOsv; uAyf:Mrfidkef:wgi:f
wj,awyluf:ygif auj,Omif;owf.r[, P;ayj:ckw
d f;b[,ckw
d f:umyf; wlod f:wgef:
rj:vldouf of,ehbof./ ]]rldo;f tgefwmif:Ody:f yDylef.rj:eh. owf.r[,wh: uki:f
xAyf;yh,ayj:pldo;f pldif:yldif:O[uj;pkdo}f }
Qkod f;OAifauj;trf,ayj:b[,uGmif;rldef
bmrf:vAo?f yD;egi.f wh:rmifqdlo:f yh,N.oj;uki:f xAyf;rD:owf.wh:? rmifauj.auj;
bdef:qkdo;f OAifoj; owf.r[,ehun
l f:? trf,pwf:rj:owf./ bgef.trf,
rD:o[uyf:wlof? yIdu;f (wmrfILwf,)cofOrf.c[;pjudeyf [.wD.ngyf:ulwf,xwf:wD:
ymuf,wmif:cof;_tgu,f /
ohm:aOqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f rj:eif; owf.r[,bof.auj; umyf;ymef
auj;vSu;f vhm;rj:aO yefpjtefudlw,f yAefrj:vgif;qldi.f eefeef.auj;
bgrf:vlif:rj:erfsw.sw./ wuf.uj,Owf.xj:ule:f wh:qldo:f rj:pAwf:Omif;
umefimef:e[:rldif:xh:eh.auj; aw,N.quf:erfrj:vg:h vgh:? rmifqdlo:f yh,
191

OSifObmrf
bmrf;pefauj;tgefuefpwf:cof;rj:pjugBif:wh:? bgef.umefomef;umefrldif:
auj;ydef,ySif;vSu;f vhm;rj:wdu:f wdu:f sv; qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof:auj;
eif,pkdoaf yj:awcke
d ;f b[, rD:ugBif:vifr[,ckdwf:qef.vh;eef.? qof;TOj,
pof:qif,tgefNofwuf.uj,wif:erfaO vh;cwf:q[O[,pSif;sw.sw.oj;
oj; uAyf:Mrfwrg fq.l pSif:clof:cgif_ pSif:ike
d :f wgif: ykef;wj,awyluf:wif;
auj,Omif;ugBif:vifr[,xSi;f / wj,awuAyf:vh;ikdef:wkdef:yke;f wj,awOmif;
ugBif:vifr[,xSif;eef.auj;vh;q[.cmof:bmrf:wif:pkdif xkid af yj:awql.Mrf
vh;wkdef:/ bgef.trf,rD:ikdef:wkdef:oh.? tofpSif:erf.q[sv; pSif:wif:
c[;yluf:ygipf w
A f:Omif;erf:eK;aO vh;ykdif;tofpSi:f wuf.uj,Owf.xj:wh:
qldo:f rj:pAw:f umefrldif:xh:eh./ trf,rD:qof;wj,evlicf mrf,yke
d .f ref:eh
auj;oj;bof./
pAwf:Omif;ugBif:vifr[,
wj,auj,wif;pAw:f ugBif:wkud f.vifr[,xSif;eef. rldo;f yDcIAwf. 2009
eef.? vh;cwf:q[uAyf:ql.ikdef:wkdef:yke;f wj,awauj;Omif;vh;rj:wmef,
wmef,aO rldo;f oef:xd 21.4.2009 eef. vh;sw,bj.ySwf;ugBif:
vifuof,bof./ rldo;f oef:xd 5.6.2009 eef. vh;sw,yluf:wif;auj,
Omif;wgu,f OofcArf_ omif:rmuf,tkw,f ykef;wj,awpAwf:Omif;auj,wif;
xSif; owf.r[,vifr[,Omrfqef./ ohm:eef.auj;vh; yke
d z
f mof,yefcmof,xkid f
wuf.uj,Owf.xj: qldo:f bl,e[:rldif: eguf;rlid :f sv; qldo:f c[;Nrf;vl,Mrf:
192

OSifObmrf
wmef: Nrf;cof;yAefqof;wj,eugBif:r[,Omrfqef.ehaO Okyd f,uAyf:ql.
ikdef:Mrf:vl,wmef:aOpAwf:Omif;rj:cmof:wmif:OgifyDymh? awj,xkid fycD IAwf.
2011 eef. ugBif:tefqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof:tgeaf uj,Omif;wif;
oh.eef.auj; yAeftefcSrf.vSyf;bof.wlo;f uGj,/
umefwli.f ekdifrl,qkrf:
ej;umefe:[ rl,qkrf:tefvh;pAwf:rj:awj,xkid b
f mrf:vAofqdkif rdol f;
yDcIAwf. 2008 Oif,cwh:e[:rldif:xh:cgw,f zgw;f oh. qkrf:Oif,cqmof:cldof:
f pof:
wh:qkid f;xh: eheef.? vh;bkuf.bgif;tofqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
cke
d ;f yAefurS fNofyof;rhmOgif e[:qkrf:Oifcqmof:cldo:f wh:qkdif;xh:/ xkid rf j:
rldo;f vldefurfvgif; 11 crf;? 01/9/2013 eef.Nofyof;vlifqrk f:Oifc
qmof:cldo:f wh:qkdif;xh:vgef, (cof;qmrf,Olerf muf,pmuf;crf:uGj,ySwf;sv; ohm:
aOeef.auj;vh;cwf:vlud f; pjNofyof;r[,xSif;sv; vh;bkuf.bgif;tof
qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f cke
d ;f yAeNf ofyof;vlif qkrf:Oifcqmof:cldo:f wh:qkdif;
xh:aO awj,xkid b
f mrf:vAofqof;TOj,rpjnjedifwwkud f.pmyf,umefyAefNof
yof;vlif qkrf:Oifcqmof:cldo:f wh:qkdif;xh: awj,xkid b
f mrf:vAoe
f .h bof./
e[: ]]qkrf:vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf,}}eh.auj; qof;TOj,rpjnjedifw
pof:vh;yAew
f D;wlid ,f ymif, ulodf f:ukrfwj,pAwf:Omif;umefwlif.Ekid uf ;l vgif;vgif;
e[:qkrf:vkuf;pAe:f Oifcwh:rldif:uguf,eh.bof./

193

OSifObmrf
wh:pof:vh;ykid f; qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f qldif.pkdof
qof;TOj,rpjnj,ediw
f pof:eh. bgef.tgif,qef.vduf;e[:rlid :f xh:
eh.aObof.? vh;yAefqof;uge:f owf. _ ugBif:xSif;aO vh;oj;rD:Okef,vh;
wkod f.wmif:vDykef;wj,qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f sv; wh:pof:erfsw.sw.
bof./ pAwf:pkdosf v;oj;eefeh qof;TOj,Oifcwh:qldo:f tgu,f rj:eguf;rldif:?
rj:sv,sv;Oif? rj:pAef:auj;vD vh;ykid ;f uki,f rkefNrf;zlnf: qof;TOj,r
pjnjediw
f urf.erfcj;bof./ awj;eif, trf,yh,vh;rj:Orf.ayj:vh;ykid ;f
vduf;Mif.(vduf;rguf,ymif:rj:) wD;qof;TOj,tgefwmif:bof./ wj,awtgu,f
eguf;rlid :f eh.auj; awvh;rD:ule:f bl,e[:rldif:eef.Mif.uge,f qmif,awugj,
vh;ihm;vDvlrfqe
[ .h auj; pof:vh;ykid ;f rkefqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof:? ayj:
pAwf:yefvduf;Mif.bof.? cof;rj:e[:rldif:xh:eh.auj;vD? eguf;rlid :f auj;bj,?
bgef.rldif:xh:eh.yAefOkefumifwj,cmof:wmif:sv;trf,vgw;f vh;vwf:rldif:
xh:eh.bof./ rldefeif,qkrf:vku;f pAef:Oifcwh:rldif:uguf,pof:auj;vh;ykid ;f
tdiq
f of;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof:erfsw.bof.? rldefeif,-vduf;Mif.? Vdu;f
r[urf.xSrf(vduf;xgu;f cmrf,)wj,awcof;rj:pAef:e[:rlid :f xh:? sv;vduf;urf.
xSrfwj,bgef:vh;oD,qj, e[:vkrf:vlifyig q
f dkif; wj,vh;bl,pAe:f vduf;qlof;
cmof:sv; wD;vkod f;Oof: pyf.vkuf;pAef:Oifcwh:qldo:f rj:r[,r[,(qldo;f yh,pj
vh;wD;bl,owf.ugBif:)wD;ymifukrfsv;Oif? uAo,f uyf:umefwlif.ekdifqrk f:vkuf;
pAe:f Oifcwh:ul;qldo:f ul;vgif; trf,oj;ikdef:wgi:f ? Clof:cgifqdol :f ehauj; vh;
ykid ;f uki,f uke:f rkefqof;TOj,? qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f rD:q[vDrAwf.wj,uIk
194

OSifObmrf
ej, urf.xSrfyefpSif:zhm,umefpe
A :f Ogefvdu;f vhm:sw.sw.bof./ vldof
aOeh.Orf.wD;owf.r[,uki:f xAyf;eh.auj; qof;TOjrpjnjediw
f vh;ykw
d f,
wkod f.wmif:wj,yD;egif.wh: rj:Ogefrj:pAef:vduf;wh:? xh:? rmef;? tif:
udwf.? wif:uj;zdi;f xki:f wh:ul;qldo:f qldo:f sw,uGj, vh;oj;qof;TOj,rpjnj
edifwpof:Oliyf efpSif:zhm,vduf;vhm: zhm,uefOgefumefpAef:sw.sw.oj;
oj;sv; yAefwD;ule:f wh:wif:OAif;vh;rj:Nyf.xlyf:rkw
d f;ukdo:f N.quf:uefrj:
erfsw.sw.bof./
umeftefwkud f.cwf:q[awpAwf:xSi;f
umeftefqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof: wkud f.cwf:q[aOawpAw:f
Omif;xSif;eef.qrf. bmrf:vAofqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f wkud f.cwf:q[aw
pAwf:Omif;xSif;ugBif:_Okod f.yke
d .f vdefuBg if:xSif;/ bmrf:vAofbgef.oj; yde
k .f
wD;owf.r[,uki:f xAyf;eh.wkud f.uSyf;uyf.ude:f oh.sv; ayj:xkid cf mof:cof;oj;_
tgu,f oj,_vldefpj; wuf.uj,Owf.xj:rj:cke
d ;f umef,ckdef;ugBif:? pAwf:ygh:vAif.
vlcSu,f vDymifqqldo:f eh. yAeftefuyS f;uyf.oh.auj;ylid fedik f;? C[;yluf:wif;
Omif;P;ref:b[,vldofwldo:f eh.xSif;auj;vgif;ekid ;f sv;
Oifoj;qof;cgif
ref:c[;chmyke
d .f wD;tefqyf:owf.r[,eh. c[;Odok f.cGmuf;ykdef.wD;xSif;? ayj:
trf,Okod f.vh;auj;awtmef:bj.ySwf;vifuof, wD;pdrf:Okid ,f rkod f.eef.aO
awylu:f wif;auj,Omif;wkud f:vifr[,xSi;f wj,Omrfqef. e[:yD 2015 eh.
oj;ehsv; wkud f.uAyf:ql.ikdef:wke
d :f wj,awyluf:wif;xSif;vifr[,/ bgef.
195

OSifObmrf
Eef wujf,Owf.xj:qldo:f v[c[;Nrf;vl,wmef:ehauj;
Mif:bl,bof./

y[.rkif;rgif:pyf.

d f:
vlyf:vke
umefwlif.ekdifqof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f tefvh;cwf:q[pw
A f:Omif;
rj:rldefeif,- yAefcl:Ogef? yluf:wif;uRif:r[,? pmyf,umefyAefNofyof;qkrf:?
yAefwD;wldif,ymif,ulod f:ukrfsv; vh;cwf:q[qgh;xSrfu;l qldo:f ul;vgif;vgif;qldof:
eh.? vh;oj;qof;TOj,rpjnjedifpof:rD:erf.q[vDqdkef;O[ q[uGmif;b[,sw.
sw./ wD;bl,uSyf;auj; bgef.erf.q[,uGmif;sv; yAefwD;qof;TOj,vlif
Oif,cj,cofqof; Nrf;vlnf;wuf.uj,Owf.xj: qldo:f vkuf.rldif:wh:? rldif:
rmef;sv; wmif,rldif,ul;wD;" qldo:f rj:sv,sv; vAyf;pAef:e[:rldi:f xh:
tgefuefrj:so.? ykid ;f vkod f;aO yAefwD:yD;egi.f wh:wif:erf vh;rj:Nyf.
xlyf:rkw
d f;ukdo:f N.quf:ueferfsw."sv;
yAefwD;vDtofuik ,f rkefbgif;
abj:erf.q[vD? wmif:cwf:q[ qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f pof:b[,erfsw."
cj;bof./
rmhwgif:/ umefwlif.ekid f qof;TOj,rpjnjediw
f vSyf;awrD:erfvldofaOeh.aOw
qgrf:eif,cj;pof:bke
d f:rkdof:xkid fvh;aO N.pefwgi:f rj:eef.sv;uAyf:wSrf;oh.eif,
eh/

196

OSifObmrf

vSuf;vhm;

Odul f;ydkef:eh.trf,qmif;vSu;f vhm;?

yhm:yef,nK,eh.qmif;vSuf;vhm;ul;cmof: bmrf:tdlof;/

bK,ayq[Okuf.bkif;

tefpof:cwf:q[pAwf:bl,sv;trf,yAefrK:eef.
ayK:ukrf,q[Okuf.bkif;qgrf:bl,qdkif e[:avK:ueh.
auK.tefawq[rle;f Odol f:rK:vh;eef.pkdoaf wrD:?
bgef.eef eif,tefpAwf:ayK:trf,yAefrK:qgrf:
bK,ayq[ Okuf.bkif;? vgif;tefq[Okuf.bkif;eh.
rde
l w
f if:wAuf:wAifq[qof;uof,cdkef:ulnf:
trf,rD:zgef:vDOif/
qof;tj,qdEf,E vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

197

OSifObmrf

zl;tefolef.aOulof

vkuf;pAef:teftrf,cwf:q[ teftrf,vh;vdu;f Oifoh.eef.f ayK:

qrfoef:f yg:h wgyf,vduf;rK:qdkif awvgrfolef.aOulofwluf:vdu;f bl,/
rde
l e
f efeif,uof, zl;teftrf,vh;pAwf:Omif;pmif;ygiof h.umefvD
wK,e? OD,v? zK,oeK, Oifeef. ayK:qrfxdik foef:whmrK:eh
awvgrfole.f aO ulofwif:whmbl,/

wgef;Ogef

pefyle
d ;f zdwf:eef. trf,q[;ykef;wK,rK:udlof.vAe;f _clofvAef;
xku,f vDtofpw
A f:yAefwe
g ;f Ogefyke;f r[:? eif,pdkoaf wtrf,vh;
zdwf:qdli.f eif,ref:eef.bof./

bK,ayvSef

ule:f idlof;eef. bK,ayuGK,vSef? ule:f vSefule:f idlof;eef.auK;

yAefuKG , ulef:idol f;ulnf:/
qoftj,qdEf,E vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

198

OSifObmrf
Olduf;yke
d f:ugif:rl:vlif zIyxlrfaq,wD,

ydef,wSrf;- qof;oD.vj,O vmofcrf:

qef.qgrfrpjqkvj:vlif:ugef:
f l,eh.
ugif:rl:vliO

vh;oj;yAet
f efukduf:ykde:f ? yAefwD;rmhwig :f cgif

rldif:xh:aO yAefclof:cgifbf,G ukduf:ydkef:rj:qArfrldo;f ugef,eef.bof./ ugi:f rl:

vliO
f l,eh. yAefwD;uldo:f brf efG:Oj,Oej,rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof;sv;
yAefuig :f rl:Ol,tefbf,G aOyldef;ef:G rldif:xh:? yAefwD;aeej;aewjcgif
ule:f rldif:xh:wif:rldi:f auj;oj;vh;/
199

OSifObmrf
rD:ule:f eguf;rlid f:ef:G rldif:
rj:oh;Ojbl,ul;oef:
trf,xmwf,
trf,omh:aOyguf;sv; yAefwD;vAyf;pAe:f Olduf;ykde:f rldo;f ul;ygu;f ? ugyf;oj;vh;
uAyf:pgrfclof:uof,clof:rgef,oh.wif:erf? e[:yyf.vAyf;pAef:vgif;ugi:f rl: zI
yxlrfaq,wD,cgifqof;Ol,zwf.Wdw,f WdOfuke:f ( ) vh;
wSr;f vgif;auj,wif;ugi:f rl:oh.oj; eif,pkdoaf yj:awvh;pl.oj;ugi:f rl:vliO
f l,
eh. vh;auj,wif;cke
d ;f rldo;f vfsG v;zfGyAef auj.aw,pAwf:oh.eheef.aw
vh;plev
f if umof,vmwf;vgi;f yAerf j:qArf rldo;f Tzj:yAefqof;tofedy.f
ymef,/
Oj,Oej,rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof; vh;qgwf,uGj,ef:G rwf.qdrtrf,
eef rldif:tdew
f dbygwf:wgef;umif? ulnf:uj;trf,yh,ref;ukdrf:e[:rldif:sv;
Okyd f,rj:ymef qof;apjcrf:vliftaOj:u vh;tkyf.ylid ,f qmrf,pmif;apjefG:
rlid :f rux cgifrlid :f tdefwb
d rldo;f yDxrf: (274) vh;cke
d ;f yAefckefapjcrf:
tefrD:pSif:bf,G aO vh;rD:wmif:wluf:qfGeldofvgif;umefwkud f:aObldif:ql:
wj,urf.xSrf vgif;yke
d af z;xrf,r ugyf;ylod f;vh;pefxkid foj;Oj,Oej,rkef
crf:Tzj:yAefqof; rD:vgef.rgef:Twj:ckud f.wgef:aOOj,Oej,wmif,rAo:f /
ref:vh;urf.xSryf kwf.xOj,Oej, awawyke
d af z;uGj,ul;wD;ul;
wmif: vh;Oli,f qof;Ipmef:yAefOrewlwtguf,uGj,yke
d af z;?rD:acj;uGmrf:
wgef;ekid f;e[: yyf.vduf;rpj,orfO Olduf;ykdef:e[:ukefOD,Nof,vh;wSrf;oh.
oj; ]]OkoEfEzlrd axaIwao aOje tkwf.wIaroq}} ygif,oj;
200

OSifObmrf
p[;qof;aOj:e sv;qof;tkwfwI uGj,wmif:Okoefezlrd? zl;vlif.
vSef,wif:OAif;pef vDqrg f:uefmif:cl:vdWf.aWodw.f wD;tefoj; wif;
aw,rldi:f Ij,rnf,n (trf,eefrlid f:rgef:) awj,xkid rf ldif:oSwf.emrf:
sv;wif;aw,rldif:rmef; uGj,xkid fcgy,f vSefrvK,bl./
rldo;f eef.rldif:ecgef:yxlrf vSyf;awyAefoiA f:vlif tefrD:vuf:
xmefpefqSi;f oj; rldif:ecgef:yj,xlrf wD;vh;tofOj,Oej, rkefcrf:rj:
yke
d sf z;tgefwmif:Okw:f tefvh;pefauj,ugi:f rl:vlif ykwf.xaQWD,
vh;yefwmif:pefxkid foj; auj,wif;ymefvAofuef wmif:qof;apjcrf:vlif
taOj:u rldo;f wkud f.tkyf.ylid ,f pmif;apjbl,/ ugyf;oj;pmif;vhm:rkod f:wD:ugi:f rl:
eef. tefuof,yAepf mif;rle:f " rldefuefwmif:OD,ydw;f tefiyl f.oh.rldef
pmif;OmefcBD,aq,WD, (Sanchi Stupa) ef:G rldif:tde,f wdb tefqof;
apjcrf:taOj:u auj,wif;oh./
vgif;ugi:f rl:vliz
f Iyxlrfaq,WD, e[:zke
d v
f duf; zIbj:tuf.c
eduge:f ( ) sv;zke
d v
f duf;qmh:xgif: vh;vmwf;oh.vgif;
umefaw,auj,ugif:rl:zIyxlrfaq,WD, vh;aw,pAw:f oh. rldo;f yDxrf:
(1194)? efG:yyf.vduf; awzlrduxjauj;vh;vmwf;oh.eif,uefoj; tldif,
omef;ykif,ej: rD:rj:qArftgefwmif:rldif:ecgef:chB:OD Mif.oj;omef;axj:e
ykif,ej:axK:e tefoj;eef.auj; yAefuug f:crf:wD;Of,G xmwf;awj,Tzj:
201

OSifObmrf
yAefqof; tefO[,oh.efG:ugBif:pdef rldo;f Oj,Oej,rkefcrf:Tzj:vh; (1133)
oj,/
rldo;f qof;ODIdOdw.f xdcBmh: vh;aw,wif;rldif:ecgef:cBh:ODyAefoAif:
vlie
f ef. qof;apjcrf:rldif:OD,plof,c[;vh;uguf:crf:eef. qif,p[;qof;uv
bjWdOaxIrj:bgef: ykef;wj,ulef:OD,plof,vh;oh;vh;Oj? qof;ODId
Odw.f xdcBh:idef:plrfqrl f:aO bge:f vSu;f tofwmif:xmwf;awj,ckdif;ekdif;?
qof;apjcrf:rldif:OD,plof,auj; ide:f plrfqrl f:aO qof;uvbjWdOaxI
auj;vh;pyf.tofxmwf;awj,Tzj:yAefqof; rj:tmyf;yefqof;ODIdOdw.f xd
cBh:/
qof;ODIdOdw.f xdcBmh: qgi,f bgef:tofwD;ykif,ej: ykif,ej:trf,
yefvh; ugyf;oj;yl,rgef,ehm:rgef,cof Oif,vmwf;oh.qof;zbj:Omrfrle:f
Ij,qj, sv;ckefzDckefte
d f:ckefOmifcofpdrftof xmwf;awj,uGj,wif:
rlwf:bof. vldoof h.uguf:wgi:f wj,oh.yl,aqj,tgef,ulnf:? rldo;f trf,vh;eif,
umifq[ qof;zbj:ODIdOdw.f xdchB: trf,pmef.qfsG v;vh;tofue
l :f Okud f:
uGj,aw,rldif:rf,G xSif; qkdo;f rldif:yj,oef:? ref:qof;qif,vh;aw,ugi:f rl:qkod f;
oj;zIyxlrfOb
h mwf.vliaf O trf,eefauj; vSyf;awyAefugi:f rl:zI
Yxlrfaq,WD, qif,vh;ymif:tofxmwf;awj,Tzj:yAefqof; rj:oh.efG:
eef.bof./ puf:tofuguf:crf:ckid ;f ekid ;f yefq
f of;uvbjWdOaxI uGj,vl,
qof;apjcrf:rldif:OD,plof xSif;ckdif;ekdif;vh;tofuGj.oh.e[:ugi:f rl:Okoef,e
aQWD, rldo;f aw,auj,wif;ugi:f rl:yxlrfaQWD,eef. vh;rguf,vmwf;oj;
202

OSifObmrf
zIyxlrfaQWD,vh;auj,pAwf:rldo;f yDOj,Oej, rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof;vh;
rj:bof; (1199) oj,/
ymefqof;apjcrf:rldif:volof. qkdo;f oj;uj,uoefe WdOf.OImwf.
vh;ukrf:ugi:f rl:vlnf;ugy;f wif:rmuf,pdef rldo;f eef.qof;zbj:zj:vDwkud f.
tkyf. ylid ,f wD;rldif:bOlofxge:f sv;tofqof;zbj:Ohxgi:f OlrfOrf.
tkyf.rldif: ecgef:chB:OD (rldif:ecgef:yxlrf) eef.bl,/
ohm:eh.rD:ule:f auj.tef rj:sr:ukrf:vlrf:vj: urf:vke
d :f ymhuig :f rl:
cke
d :f rj:pAw:f Okrf,Of,G tefuof,ref: qof;Ol,zwf.Wdw,f WdOfue
k :f (
) vmwf;oh.oj; tefyAefvrf:yhmugi:f rl:eef. yAefzmifpmif;
vhm:crAefzgi:f rldo;f ymefcrAefrj:yAeb
f [,e[:vderf ldif:qmof:rgef: (volof.)
omh:aOOj,Oej,rkecf rf:Tzj:yAefqof;vh;yle.f rj: (1500) yD xmwf;ugi:f
rl:vlif qif,vh;uof,aOtrf,rD:zfGwn
l f:vgrfsv; ugyf;oj;zl;tkyf.rldif:rD:
wmif:tlef;tge,f auj;ylid e
f kdif;aO awj,ayj:vh;xku,f qof;taej,Ixj,
rj:wkud f:rlid :f ecgef:yxlrf? ugyf;oj;Omuf;aO,clof:cgifuof, tefckw:f vh;wD;
rldif:ecge:f yxlrf rldefuefwif:wD;tefckwf:vh;wD;rldif:yl:urf, rldefeif,
ikdef:rldo;f ugef, Mh:cSuf:Tzj:qldo:f eh./
zgif:bmrf:qof;rkefbfG,qof;apj:crf: qof;rpjquf.uzwf. (qof;
qufuzwf. trf,eefqof;qmif.zlud f, qof;apjcrf:yj:xd 15 ymefrldif:
tbkw.f xb) rguf;yDOj,Oej, (2091) qif,aw,rldif:ecge:f chB:OD
203

OSifObmrf
ykef;wj,oh.ap.Okud f:zhm,zl;cAef sv;xSif;yldifedik f;auj;zIyxlrfaq,wD,
pmif,uhuefwif:rldif:eh.aO yAecf mof:bmrf:wkduf:uefwmif:rldif:rmef;sv;
vh;ygh,P;ugi:f rl:vl.vAoyf Aefxlde,f yAefcldo:f aO trf,rD:ule:f vgrfue
l :f wlnf:
rj:yAefcmof:wmif:pkdif awj,ayj:xkid q
f of;apjcrf:zj.zkw.f xvldw;f vj;e
zj:vh: (ckeaf pjcrf:yj:xd 2 )/
xkid rf j:xSif;ymefqof;apjcrf:yj:xd (3) yDOj,Oej, (2374)
rSef;zgif:rldo;f qof;qgrfuof;vh;pAwf:yAefIpmef:aO vh;Okyd f,yhwmif:rj:
pgwf;xkid f rldif:ecgef:yxlrf Nrf;wif:Ipmef:vmhqof;aObuf.wlnf:
Nef,pmif;ugi:f rl:vliaf O ole.f pefoj;trf,rD:ugi:f rl:wD;vfG tefuof,aO
bf,G wmef,ugif:rl:Ol,eh.efG:rldif:xh: qif,pefxkid of j; vSyf;awrD:xmwf;
Tzj:yAefqof; omh:aOref:qof;oh;bge:f Ol:twdu.f xmef,oj; Oifoj;
xmwf;rkefcrf:Tzj:yAeq
f of;vh;xj,yej, oh.bl,ehqikd f bgef:P;ckefzD
tefyfG.yj:ugi:f rl:Ol,eh. vh;rSi,f yefaOOgifOl, awtofuGj,xj,yej,oh.
efG:ugif:rl:wD; tefawpAw:f rf,G sv; efG:ugif:rl:ikdef:wj,oh.yl,aqj,oh;Oj
efG:rldif:uguf,? qif,qfG.P;Okduf:pmefref:qof; toftgrfO,fG ef:G ymef.aO
tofce
kd ;f uGj,oh. efG:uliuf gi:f rl:zhm,ej;wmif:tgu,f zgi:f bmrf:omh:oef:awyguf;
rldo:f eef. qif,ymif:toftgrfvlif:rj: zldo,f wlnf:e[:ref:auj; trf,pef
rD:Oif/
omh:aOref:qof;yguf;rlod f:vh;vldefymh rD:bl,ckde:f ekdif; rguf; 11
rgif:umifce
kd :f
zgi:f qof;Ipmef:qkrf:ekid ;f
wkud f.tgefuefo;h Tzj:bl,
204

OSifObmrf
efG:odpmIf, wD;tefrD:oh.Tzj:Ol,ekdif;qkdof;oj;eoImwf; wD;pdrf:Mrf:eef.
vh;pef tefvmuf,vmh:ayj,cke
d ;f rj: zgi:f bmrf:qof;Ipmef:cofwkduf.tgef
uefo;h Tzj:bl,vh;pefigh:zh:ODvSiftug f,rj:rldeftmhpgrfwAef:pgrf rD:uGef:
tgu,f rj:erfce
kd ;f wdu:f "aO vh;pefODcgif,pke,f pmif;Tzj:yAefqof;yAef
ODcrf: qof;Ipmef:tefwkud f.tgeuf efo;h Tzj:wluf:qfGvlifvmifaOvlif:
uGj,wlnf:xmif,oj;zh:rh;ehaO ulnf:Orf.trf,pefOif qif,vh;tgeuf ef
oh;Tzj:awj,ayj:bof. omh:aOoh;Tzj:bof;zh:auj;pmhujG ,vg:h "qif,vh;qgh;uef
pjoj;yAefzrfG j:qkwf, rD:wD;vfG pjbl,aOwj.auj;trf,pefOif/
xkid rf j:cmof:umifeGf qif,vh;tofvgif;wmif:qldof:yAefrj:eef. rj:
wmif,vmwf;seqof;qgrfuof; ref:qof;qif,rj:wlnf:pke,f pmif;Tzj:yAef
qof;eoImwf. vh;plyf.pefxmwf;Tzj:yAefqof; rD:cke
d f;rj:xSi;f OgifOl,
ref:qof;vh;xmrfpjqof;Ipmef: tefrj:oh;Nef,pmif; Tzj:vmhqof; auj;
trf,rD:zfGpl. xmwf;Tzj:yAefqof; tefvh;plyf.pefrD:rguf;qldo.f zuf:umwf,
ODcmofrle
d f rguf,cAwf.vj: qif,vh;Oif,p[;tofxmwf;Tzj:yAeq
f of;eef.
oh.efG:Tzj: yAefqof;tefqdko;f oj;zef:ED:Ol,ekdif; efG:ugi:f rl:vlif
Okoef:zvdu xSif;Ol,ekdif; ref:qof;rD:qfGOwf;xj,aqwej,
awukrf:vkrf:vj:ugif:rl:vliz
f IyxlrfaQWD,aO bkrf,brfoj;wke
d :f rD:
xmwf;Tzj:yAefqof; xj,yej,oh.bl,wmif:efG:ref:aO qif,vh;wmif,
vmwf;seqof;apjcrf: qof;eif;uof; (qof;apjcrf:yj:xd 3 ) qof;apj
crf:trf,vh;q[qrg f:aO bgef.pefxkdifoj; yAefuig :f rl:pmrf:sv;bl,ef:G
205

OSifObmrf
xldef,efG:cldo:f awqmif;rD:zgef:vDOif zhm,ref:qof;aw.ole.f oj;aw
cke
d :f sr:ukrf:vkrf:vj:ehbl,/
rldo;f qof;apjcrf:qkdo;f oj;qof;qgrfuof; (qof;apjcrf:yj:xd 4) vh;
cke
d ;f rj:eif;yAefqof;apjcrf:vh;OgifyD qif,qD.OifP;sr:ukrf:vkrf:vj:
urf:vAofP;ayj:vDoh;Oj zgi:f yDOjOej, (2395) qif,vh;rguf,vmefref:
qof;tgefplofaOsr:auj,ukrf:vkrf:vj: zgi:f yDOjOej, 2398 xkdirf j:
oef:tif:umef:xD. (23) rSef;vle
d f (4) yDOjOej, (2400) qof;apj
crf:vh;rj:Mwf;xkid f wD;ugif:rl:vlifzIyxlrfaQ,WD, qif,vh; sr:ukrf:
xSi;f efG:ymefref:qof;tgefwmif:Okw:f qgrf:yldifuof,ref:tefyAefrj:
sv; tefuof,auj;trf,bj.aOpAwf;xmyf;Of,G xSi;f omh:aOpAwf:bof.
qif,oh;vAyf;ugi:f rl:vliaf O wh;wAef:vAyf;Myf;ugi:f rl: pAwf:yAeyf mifyg:h
bmwf,erf.cGrf;wof; vh;vl,wmef:ike
d :f crf:yef ule:f omef;ule:f Olef
tefrj:cof;yg:h yAefikdef:Ody:f qgh. crf:Odyf:qgh. vh;yliuf Gmrf:oj;ule:f tef
rj:cof;yg:h sv;bll,pdrf:Mrf:eef. P;yAefauj.tgefqh;g wlnf:qg;h vkrf:vj:
wlnf:vgrfehbl,/
ugi:f rl:vliO
f l,eh. pkef,pmif;rldefOD,ydw;f ilyf.vli:f ? wdefuig f:rl:
rldefpdif,rD:ymhbgwf;yAeyf mef:ukrf: plrf,oh.wD;ymhuig :f rl:pmif;cldif; pAwf:yAef
vdefODvlid fpmif;vDwjoh./ pgyf;wdefuig :f rl:pAwf:yAef rldefwdefOD,ydw;f
206

OSifObmrf
rD:rmuf,pdefMyf;oh.yAefOgifxmyf;wmif:OD,zmh,? rD:uRif:tgef,Myf;ugi:f rl:oh.
aOrD:pkef,pmif;Tzj:yAeq
f of;wif:OD,zhm, Myf;vgrf.oh.bl,/
yAefwD;eyf.brfy,l aqj,ulef:rldif:xh:sv; wif:ule:f eguf;rldif:ef:G
rldif:rj:vl,rj:oh; trf,xmwf,trf,omh:awj,xkid frldo;f vAof ayj:xkid rf j:vle
d f
Ody:f Ogifu;l yDawrD:yg:h wAuf:crf:sv;vl,wmef: awyAefyhg:yAefvmrf:ukdef:
bl,wj,aO,bof. Oifoj;zfGauj.vfv
G h;rj:pgw;f rj:xkid fvDvh;uGj,tSof,bArf;
oh;OjtefyAefxmwf;awj,rkefcrf:Tzj:yAeq
f of;
p[;ayj:rD:wmif:uwf:
bAef Oldo:f Oj,bl,atj;/

ydef,rj:wD; - www.slideshare.net/sukumaporn
viewed on December 6. 2013

207

OSifObmrf

cwf:q[P;vDoh.rdlo;f vAof

wif:eK;teftrf,yh,yAefrK:eef. bK,ayvgrfole.f tof

pAwf:vgif;crfqa[ Oulofbl, (Okrf:cmof:bmrf:ulnf:)/
ayK:qof;uof,pAwf:vD? bl,Oof:vDvD oh.rdol f;vAofqkdif
wif:eK;tefawyAefrK:eef.auK; awvDbl,/
eluf.trf,rD:yduf,

eluf.teftrf,rD:ydu,f bof.eef. wK,awrdefMwf;uGK,

vh; cmof:wmif:bmof:uh tefref:c[;xdkifeef.bmyf,tdol f;/
ule:f auK.teftrf,rD:odIb
d
wmif:cwf:q[eef.auK;
wK,awMwf;xdkifuKG ,vh;bdil :f rhmref:ul;vgif;vgif;eef.
yAefbmyf,oh./
qof;tj,qdEf,E vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

208

OSifObmrf

(The Dawn of Education)

qof;yef,wdw Omhiof:vldef
qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vlif:ugef:

(The development of humans)

?
209

OSifObmrf

(free)
(peace and happiness )
(balance)
(ideal)

(education)

(three

aspects): the first, is the training in bodily and verbal farms of

expression and includes right livelihood (odhisila);
(
)
1
The second, is the is the training of mind to be in good quality,
capable, and healthy (adhicitta)

And thethird is the training and development of wisdom

(adhipanna).

210

OSifObmrf

211

OSifObmrf

(The
dawning light of a virtuous life, or the dawn of education)

1. Knowing how to find and select sources of knowledge and

good role models.

2. Conducting life and social relations in an orderly and

disciplined manner.

3. Maintaining the motivation to know and to construct.

4. Determination to develop ones full potential.
5. Adjusting the viewpoints and value consistent with
causation.

6. Always being mindful and alert.

7. Resolving problems and self-reliance on ones own
through knowing how to think.

212

OSifObmrf
1. The Dawn of Educantion, Phra Brahmagunabhorn
(P.A. Payutto),
2.

213

OSifObmrf

bK,aybkrf,yldef;imh;eK,? cwf:q[P;pl.vgif;sw.ref:tgef
wmif:aO qif,bkrf,sv;/
Dont believe others easily, attempt to be explicit
reality first and convince.

umefpw
A f:zdwf:yguf;urf;vke
d :f Okw:f
aOyle
d ;f bof./

yAeuf mefwlox
f lyf:vD

The last mistake is the best experience.

yefpKwmif:bmyf,zdw
k f,sv;ule:f
wkde:f ukduf:qgrf:uefrK:
bof.? ulnf:uK; P;arKpKvguf:vmh:su;chvgif;bmyf,zkw
d f,e[:
qmwf;ymefue
l :f /
Problems and Men gather exactly, but we need to find
out the way to solve it.

ydef,wSrf;- qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:

214

OSifObmrf
A Study of Sangha Administration in
the Union of Myanmar

Ven. Dr. Seng Hurng Narindo

Lecturer International Master of Arts Program
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Thailand

Introduction:
I am going to present on Sangha administration in
Myanmar from the 14th century onwards and landmark of the
world Buddhist events in Myanmar. This article is some part of
my research field work so that I will base on primary sources in
Burmese as much as possible and others study material to explore
that of the topic given.
As to my understanding, the Department of Religious
Affairs in the union of Myanmar is consequently carrying out its
religious mission and besides is implementing to solve and settle
disputes arising among different religions. In addition, the
Department is also performing to promote not only Buddhism but
also other religions respectively and to attend their religious
seminars, conferences and meetings at home and abroad. The
Department of Religious Affairs makes necessary arrangements
and requirements for them in order to go there. Members of other
religions who visit Myanmar are recommended to obtain their
215

OSifObmrf
further stay permit. Islamic believers from Myanmar are sent to
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their Haj pilgrimage. Financial
aids are yearly granted for other religions and also travelling free
pass is issued to leaders of other religions.
Moreover, ceremonies of Christmas Eve and Easter Day for
Christian Community, ceremonies of the Birthday of Prophet
Mohammed and Idul Athwaha for Islamic community and
Depavali festival and other significant festivals for Hindu
community are allowed to be held every year and also their
religious talks on their holy days allowed to be broadcast over
Radio Myanmar. Minister, Deputy Minister for Ministry of
Religious Affairs and Director General of Religious Departments
occasionally attend and grace their religious ceremonies.
Due to supporting Buddhism and other religions throughout the
country, believers in respective religions and their religious
building are increasing in number as the following:
1 Buddhism
2 Buddhist monks

89.280%
226,508

3 Buddhist novices
4 Buddhist nuns

25,836
34,365

5 Christians

58,399
Monastery

2,749
Nunneries
2,264,884 3,265
Churches
216

OSifObmrf
6 Islam
7 Hindu
8 Chinese
Centers

1,692,898 2,266 Mosques

228,654
464 Temple
Worshipping 151

Founding State Sangha Mahanayaka Committee

As stated in the Brochure of the Department for the
Promotion and Propagation of Sasana of the Ministry of
Religious Affairs, monks and novices in Myanmar live inside the
system of hierarchy and according to the Vinaya rules, free from
the direct administration of the government.
In 1980, nine Myanmar Buddhist sects1 were united in one body
of monks and novices. The largest monastic sect or gaing in
Burma is the Thudhamma (in pali: Sudhamma). Some scholars
argue that sect is not the best translation of the term, since that
various Burmese gains have not developed separate doctrines and
distinguished themselves largely in terms of their different
practices. The chief characteristics of a gain are: a distinctive
monastic lineage, some form of hierarchical organizational
structure, separate rules, rituals and behavioral practices,
1

The nine sects: 1.Sudhamma, 2.Shwe Kying, 3.Veluvan, 4.Anout Chawing

Dvara, 5.Muladvara, 6. Mahadvara, 7. Catubhummika Hnget Twin,
8.Gaoavimutti Gatot, 9.Maggari. The sects differ mostly in their interpretation
of vinaya rules.

217

OSifObmrf
affiliation across local boundaries, and some recognition by the
secular authorities. In historical terms, after the mission of
Chapata to Sri Lanka, the Burmese Sangha at Pagan split into two
divisions known as the Purimagama and Paccagama. After the
fall of the Pagan dynasty six Gaings were known to have
flourished in the early 14th century in the land of the Mons in
Lower Burma.
After periods of reunification, however, the Sangha in
lower Burma declined. Town dwelling monks began to adopt a
distinctive headgear and became influential in the closing decades
of the seventeenth century, sparking off a conflict with their forest
dwelling counterparts. A dispute also arose between the so called
Ton Gaing and Yon Gaing, which centered on the manner of
wearing the robe in public, namely whether it should be worn
over one shoulder or both.
Successive monarchs were drawn into the dispute, which
was only resolved in 1782 when King Bodawpaya intervened and
restored the orthodox practice favored by the Yon Gaing of
covering both shoulders. After this the Sangha remained united
for some seven decades until the advent of the Shwegyin Nikaya,
a more austere and conservative group which formally separated
from the Thudhamma in the mid 19th century. There were nine
officially acknowledged gains when then state sponsored
Congregation of the Sangha of All Orders was convened in May
1980 in a successful attempt to form a unified Sangha with a

218

OSifObmrf
national character. The Thudhamma comprised nearly eighty nine
per cent of all monks in 1980 and outnumbers the Shwegyin by
ratio exceeding twelve to one.
In the second half of the 19th century Burma enjoyed a
golden age under an enlightened ruler; Mindon was constantly
threatened with the annexation of his country by the British, an
event which finally came about in 1886. Prior to this, Mindon
moved the capital to Mandalay and took steps to improve the
discipline of the Sangha, which had become lax. He also presided
over the Fifth Council between 1868 to 1871 at which was all
the Theravada canonical texts were recited and variant
manuscripts compared. The final agreed version was engraved on
729 marble slabs, and to commemorate the council Mindon
crowned the Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangon with a new spite.
After having elected one thousand, three hundred were
appointed to the Sangha Central Working Committee and then
forty seven of their members were chosen to organize the
Executive Committee of the State Sangha Mahanayaka
Committee. There are 47 State Sangha Mahanayakas in Burma.
All of monks have to follow by the rule of Sangha Mahanayaka.
So, it is very largest rules and administration. Under the rule of
the government, Sangha Mahanayakas are following and
throughout declare to control all Sangha societies in Burma.
According to government statement Sangha community in Burma
has the largest population in among the Theravada Buddhist
219

OSifObmrf
countries. Then, one hundred senior monks from different parts of
the county are organized in the State Ovadacariya Committee, the
advisory board supervising the different levels of Sangha
organizations.
Under the leadership of the State Sangha Mahanayaka
Committee there are different levels of organization: State and
Division, Township, Village and Wards Committee. There are
also three judicial levels of Vinaya judicial Courts: Township
Vinicchaya Courts State and Division Vinicchaya Courts and the
highest Vinicchaya Courts.

Logo of State Mahanayaka Committee

To achieve Sangha unity 1229 Baho Wunsaung Sayadaw
(State Working Committee member, 27) State Mahanayaka
Committee members and State Ovadacariya Sayadaw (State
220

OSifObmrf
Advisors Committee) were elected from different sects to handle
Sangha affairs of the country. At present, there is no rival Sangha
Mahanayaka Committee with different levels of Sangha
Organizations. Theoretically every Sangha is under the authority
of State Sangha Organizations. Except the nine sects who are
represented in State Sangha Organization, other sects are not
allowed. The paper will elaborate success of State Mahanayaka
Committee in carrying out the tasks of purification, perpetuation
and promotion of Sasana during its thirty-one years of existence.
Since its formation in 1980, State Sangha Mahnyaka
Committee has consistently carried out its duties for the
promotion of Ssana. It celebrated its silver jubilee in 2005 and
still exists as the most important Sangha organization in
Myanmar.
After gaining of its independence, the government of the
Union of Myanmar enacted the act of Vinicchaya Department in
1949 to settle monks dispute in accordance with Vinicchaya
rules. But as this act was not satisfactory to the Sangha in
Myanmar, it was modified and enacted in the same year as
Vinicchaya Department and Vinicchaya tribunal act. Again this
act also was not effective in settling monks disputes and
supervising the monks to observe the Vinaya rules that the
government abrogated this act in 1965.

221

OSifObmrf
In 1964, a conference of all Sangha Sects was held in
Hmawbi, thirty miles away from Yangon. At this conference the
Sangha drafted plans for formation of different levels of Sangha
Organization, the settlement of monks dispute in accordance
with Vinaya and holding of monks identity cards. These draft
plans had not got the unanimous support of all Sangha in
Myanmar and never go into effect only with the authority of the
Sangha. Therefore, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs laid
down temporary plan by which monks disputes were to be settled
by four means.
In 1979, after consultation and setting advice from
distinguished Sayadaw, Department of Religious Affairs
submitted a draft plan for settlement of Monks disputes in
accordance with Vinaya rules to the Government. In reply the
Government gave guidance to the Ministry which consisted of
following points:
- Make rules for the settlement of monks disputes by
Sangha Tribunal
In carrying out this plan the government should not
act without the consent of the Sangha
Sangha affairs should be handled by the Sangha
themselves
Therefore, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs tried
to call for a conference of all Sangha sects in Myanmar for the
purification perpetuation and promotion of Ssana. The
222

OSifObmrf
conference was to be held at Kaba Aye Hillock, Yangon, for three
days starting from 25 May 1980. Preparation for convening the
conference started from 22 September 1979.
At that time according to official statistics there were nine
sects, 43677 monasteries and 109032 monks (excluding novices)
in Myanmar.
In accordance with the principle that Sangha affairs must
be handled by the Sangha officials from Ministry of Home and
Religious Affairs supplicated the distinguished Sayadaw to select
sixty-six Wunsaung Sayadaw (Working Committee Members) on
the basis of the region and sect to prepare for the forthcoming
conference of all Sangha sects in Myanmar. Therefore respective
Sayadaw elected Sixty-Six Wunsaung Sayadaw consisted of five
representative Sayadaw from Shwegyin Nikya, one
representative Sayadaw from Mula Dvra Sect, two
representative Sayadaw from Mah Dvra sect, five
representative Sayadaw from Ayeyarwaddy division, six
representative Sayadaw from Shan States, eight representative
Sayadaw from Yangon division, three representative Sayadaw
from Rakhine State, two representative Sayadaw from Mon State,
eight representative Sayadaw from Magwe division, four
representative Sayadaw from Bago division, two representative
Sayadaw from Tanintharyi division, eight representative Sayadaw
from Sagaing Division, one representative Sayadaw from Chin

223

OSifObmrf
Hill division, two representative Sayadaw from Kayin State, one
representative Sayadaw from Kayah State, and two representative
Sayadaw from Kachin State.
All the elected sixty-six Wunsaung Sayadaw arrived at
Jambudipa Hall of Residence in Kabaaye Pagoda Compound on
31 March 1980.
Minister of Home and Religious Affairs supplicated the
sixty-six Wunsaung Sayadaw to prepare for successful convening
of Conference of All Sangha Sects in Myoma in order to get
confirmation of the plans dealing with four subjects at the
conference. The four subjects were:1. To draw constitution which will pave the way for
formation of different levels of Sangha Organization which will
supervise the Sangha to live in accordance with Vinaya rules?
2. To write ways and means to settle monks disputes in
accordance with Vinaya rules.
3. To draw plans for holding Sangha identification card in
order to remove bogus monks who enter monkhood without
proper ordination.
4. To draw plans for fulfillment of fundamental
requirements recommended by the conference.
To help Wunsaung Sayadaw to carry out the mission
relating to purification, perpetuation and promotion of Ssana
without worry and hardship the Ministry of Home and Religious
Affairs formed nine supportive lay committees. Out of Sixty-six
224

OSifObmrf
Wunsaung Sayadaw, Bago Myoma Sayadaw as elected as the
President, Pyapou Taikthit Sayadaw and Shwegyin Visudayon
Sayadaw as Vice-Presidents Taungthamantaik Sayadaw as
Secretary, Bonbyan Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw as joint
secretaries. Advisory committee consisted of Three Tipitakadhara
Baagrika (monks who can memories the whole Tipitaka
Texts) was formed. Wunsaung Sayadaw formed sub-Committees
and wrote fundamental principle governing the Sangha councils,
procedure for settlement of monks disputes in accordance with
Vinaya. For guiding the conference, sub-committee for reviewing
the representatives, sub-committee for co-ordination for coordination and sub-committee for arranging programs and
documentation, and sub-committee for reviewing the motions
(proposals).
One thousand, two hundred and thirty-five (1235) monks
representatives from whole of Myanmar arrived at Pubbavideha
Hall of Residence, Kabba Aye, Yangon, on 22 May 1980 to attend
the conference on Sasana purification, perpetuation and
promotion. The first conference on all Sangha sects of Myanmar
for purification, perpetuation and promotion of Sasana was held
inside Mahapasana cave where sixth Buddhist council was held.
Out of 1235 eligible Sangha representative 1226 members
attended the conference. At the meeting, Shwehintha Sayadaw,
Abhidajamaha ratthaguru, gave the opening speech. In his speech
he expressed his wish that those monk representatives who

225

OSifObmrf
attended the conference on behalf of more than one thousand
Sangha bhikkhu in Myanmar should be able to point out the ways
to make Sasana thriving in Myanmar.
Then the chairman of the conference, Bago Myoma
Sayadaw delivered his speech. In his speech he said that this was
unprecedented moment in the history of Sasana since
independence when monk representatives from all sects in
Myanmar united in their objectives for purification, perpetuation
and promotion of Sasana. He was delighted for this unity of
purpose. He also said that this conference of all sects of Sangha in
Myanmar was held with the consent of all Sangha in Myanmar.2
The participants must discuss and coordinate ways and means to
carry out purification, perpetuation and promotion Sasana with
good intention for flourishing of Buddha Sasana.
In the afternoon session Bhanddhanta Vannasiri from
Thanthyin proposed his motion for fundamental principles of
Sangha Organization in the Union of Myanmar. In the motion he
stated that all Theravada Bhikkhu Sangha in Myanmar accepted
Tipitaka revised and purified by six Buddhist councils and they
were the genuine sons of the Buddha and observe the same
Vinaya rules. Although Sangha was united by nature because of
lack of support by temporal authority many sects came into
2

Sanghaaphoiazeeakhyekanzeemyin (Sangha Constitution in Burma), p. 163,

226

OSifObmrf
existence. As a result of proliferation of sects supervision and
control of Sangha became and there appeared monks who were
beyond the control of Mah Theras. They were like Sabbatta
Bhikkhu who claimed freedom of action from Vinaya rule after
seven days of the demise of the Buddha and there appeared
monks who claimed the independence of their monasteries
without regard to any authority. There were also monks who
entered monkhood without proper ordination. Therefore a
command and control system was needed in order to remove the
erratic monks and to discipline those monks who did not live in
accordance with Vinaya. Throughout Myanmar (pre-colonial)
history the monks adopted the system of control by
Thathanabaing (Primate), Gaingchok, Gasngoak and Gainghtauk
in harmony with the ruler. Now Sangha Wunsaung Aptwe
appointed by the Sangha of the whole country has laid down the
system of different levels of Sangha Organization in harmony
with the administration of the country.
The next motion was proposed by Bhamo Sayadaw from
Mandalay concerning procedure for settlement of monks
disputes in accordance with the Vinaya. Then Bhaddanta
Nyanavasa proposed the motion relating to monks identity
card. Monk representatives from different regions discussed and
supported the fundamental principles governing Sangha
organization in Myanmar.

227

OSifObmrf
The all Sangha sects conference for the purification,
perpetuation and promotion of Ssana continued its second day
on 25 May 1980. Monk representatives from different regions
continued the discussion on fundamental principles governing the
formation of different levels of Sangha organization eight
Sayadaw from different sects and fourteen Sayadaw from
different regions supported the motion and the conference passed
the motion.
Then in accordance with the fundamental principle for
Sagha Organization in Myanmar Sangha Wunsaung Sayadaw
elected 299 State Baho Wunsaung Aphwa (central working
committee similar to Member of Parliament).
The third day session of the first conference of all Sangha
sects continued on 26 May 1980 attended by 1218 Sangha
representatives. The conference was chaired by Paikkyone
Sayadaw and Mah Dvra sect leader Bhaddanta Khemwuda
acted as secretary. The conference confirmed the list of state
Baho Wunsaung Sayadaw who was selected on the basis of sect,
region and division. The conference adjourned owing to holding
of the first state Baho Wunsaung Committee.
The first state Baho Wunsaung Committee meeting was
held in the morning of the same day. It was chaired by
Shwehintha Sayadaw of Sagaing (Abhidajamaha -rahaguru) and
was attended by 299 State Baho Wunsaung committee members.
228

OSifObmrf
In his address the chairman said that the members attending this
meeting were carefully selected from different levels of Sangha
organizations and they had to implement practically the plan for
purification perpetuation and promotion of Ssana. He earnestly
requested that like great missionary Mahakasatha the State
Central Working Committee member must play an important role
in the history of Ssana to preserve Ssana in its pristine purity
regardless of self- interest and person al hardship.
Then Bago Myoma Sayadaw was elected as the chairman
of the state central working Committee and Shwehintha Tawya
Sayadaw and Taungthamantaik Pathein Sayadaw were elected as
vice-chairmen.
Mingon
Sayadaw
Vicittasrbhivasa
(Tipitakadharadhamma-bhagrika) was chosen as Secretary.
Bhaddanta Khumaruda and Bhaddanta Vaasiri were elected as
Joint Secretaries. In accordance with the fundamental principles
of Sangha organization one chairman Sayadaw, two vicechairman Sayadaw, one secretary Sayadaw, two joint secretary
Sayadaw of the state central working committee automatically
held the same positions in state Sangha Mahnyaka committee
(committee somewhat similar to the cabinet). Then twenty-seven
members Sayadaw were elected from Baho Wunsaung committee
members as members of the State Sangha Mahnyaka
committee.
On the same day the first meeting of state Sangha
Mahnyaka committee was held in the meeting room of
229

OSifObmrf
Jambudipa Hall of residence in Kabaaye Pagoda compound. This
meeting in turn elected State Ovadacariya Sayadaw (advisory and
guiding committee of Mah Theras) which consisted of 81
members Sayadaw. In order to carry out the full time duties of
state central working committee, members of the state Sangha
Mahnyaka were divided into three groups, each group of eleven
members worked for four month. Each group has to report what
they had done to 33 member state Sagha Mahnyaka
committee meeting in every four month and get confirmation of
their decisions. Later the member of members of State Sangha
Mahnyaka committee was expanded to 47 members.
As a result of conference of all Sangha sects of Myanmar
in 1980, three major Sangha organizations came into existence to
take care of Sangha affairs and to carry out the task of
purification, perpetuation and promotion of Ssana. Those three
Sangha organizations are:1. State Ovadacariya committee (81 members)
2. State Baho Wunsaung committee (299 members)
3. State Sangha Mahnyaka committee (47 members)
Here are some of the achievements of Sagha organizations for
the purification, perpetuation and promotion of Ssana:
Supervision of Sangha to live in accordance with Vinaya
rules
Settlement of monks disputes in accordance with Vinaya
rules

230

OSifObmrf
Punishment of those monks and layman who hold
heterodox doctrine against Theravada Tipitaka texts.
Suppression of bogus monks and erratic monks
Putting every monks under the authority of Sagha
organization
- Holding of Sangha identity cards by every monk
- Holding of Tipitakadhara examination and Pi examinations
Establishment of two State Pariyatti Ssana Universities
Establishment of missionary monasteries in border regions
Establishment of International Theravada Buddhist
Missionary University
Holding of World Buddhist Summit in 2004
Compilation of Pi-Myanmar dictionary (24 Volumes)
At present the member of monks grows to more than
500,000 including novices. Despite the growing members Sangha
affairs are well taken care of Sangha Organizations with the
support of government authority. With the generous material
support of laity and government, State and Sangha relations are
complementary to each other and are functioning well in
Myanmar.

Selected Bibliography:
In Burmese-

231

OSifObmrf
The Hmannan Maha Yazawintawgyee, Volume 1-3 (Glass Place
History), Reprinted by Phikyi Mantin Book shop, Rangoon,
Burma, 1957.
Kala, U. Mahayaawingyi Vol.1.2 (History of Burma), Burma
Research Society, Rangoon, Burma, 1960.
Than Tun. MyanmarRrazawingsatan Amyat Tis (Myanmar
History Vol 1), Published by U Ba Oo, Rangoon, Burma, 1969.
Than Shwe, U. Thaminewin Pagan Cetipathomya (History
Pagoda in Pagan), Published by Myawati Publisher, Rangoon,
Burma, 1994.
Mahadhammathinkyan. Sasanalinkharazatan (Religious Paper),
Published by Hanthavati in Rangoon, Burma, 1956.
Sangha Aphoiazee Akyekhanzeemyin (Constitution of Sangha in
the Union of Myanmar), Published by Ministry of Religious
Affairs, Kappa Aye, Yangon, Myanmar, 2011.
In EnglishAung Thwin, A. Myth and History Historiography of Early
Burma, Ohio University Centre for Internal Studies, USA, 1998.
Arthur, Sir P. Phayre. History of Burma, Reprinted and Published
by Orchid Press, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998.
Bischoff, Roger. Buddhism in Myanmar A Short History,
Published by Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka,
1995.

232

OSifObmrf
Cady, John, F. A History of Modern Burma, Cornell University,
Ithaca, 1958.
Cocks, S.W. A Short History of Burma, Published by Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., ST. Martins Street, London, 1923.
Desai, W.S. A Pagent of Burmese History, Published by Orient
Longmans Calcutta Printed by P.K. Chosh at Eastern Printers 3 rd
Suresh Sarkar Road, Calcutta, 1961.
Frazer, A. Burma, Past and Present, 2. Vols, Published by
Kegan Paul, London, 1878.
Godakumbura, C.E. Relationship and Burma and Ceylon,
Journal of Burma Research Society, Rangoon, 1966.
George Scott, Sir J. Burma and Beyond, Grayson, Mayeair,
London, 1932.
Harvey, G E. History of Burma, Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd.,
39 Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4 New York, Toronto,
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, 1925.
Hall, D. G. E. A History of South-East Asia, Macmillan & Co.,
Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6xs, London,
1964.
Hall, D.G.E. Burma, British Empire History, Hutchinson
University Library, Third Print, London, 1960.

233

OSifObmrf
Hatch. John. Burma A Profile Norma Tixler, Published by the
Great Britain, the Pall Mall Press Co., Ltd, 5, Cromwell Place,
London S.W.7, 1971.
Htin Aung, Maung. A History of Burma, Published by Columbia
University Press, New York, 1967.
Krishna Murari. Cultural Heritage of Burma, Published by MC.
Mittal Inter-India Publications W2-96v, Raja Garden, New Delhi110015, 1963.
Kanai, Lai Hazar, History of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast
Asia, Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Co., Ltd.,
54 Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi- 110055 and Printed by Radiant
Printers, 36-G Ltd Market, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008,
1982.
Law, B. C. The History of Buddhas Religion, Luzac & Co., Ltd.,
London, 1952.
Luce, G.H. The Old Burma-Early Pagan, Vols 2, Locust Valley,
New York, 1969.
Luce, G.H. Journal of the Burmese Research Society Vol- XLII
Part 1, June, Bangkok, 1959.
Max and Bertha Ferrars. Burma, First Published by Sampson
Low, Marston and Co., Ltd., London, 1900.
Manich Jumsai, M.L. History of Burma (From Early Beginning to
Modern Times), Published by1-2 Erawan Arcade, Chalermnit,
Bangkok, Thailand, July, 1979.
234

OSifObmrf
Myanmar Land of the Spirit, Published and Distributed in
Thailand by Asia Books Co., Ltd., 5-Sukhumvit Road, Soi 61,
P.O. Box 40, Bangkok 10110, Thailand, 1991.
Majumdar, R.C. & Raychaudhuri, H.C. An Advanced History of
India, London, 1953.
Mircea Dliae, Editor in Chief. The Encyclopedia of Religion,
Vol.1-2, Published by Macmilan Library Reference USA, Simon
and Schuster and Prentice Hall International, London, Mexico
City New Delhi, 1993.
Niharranjan Ray. Theravada Buddhism in Burma, Printed and
Published by Nishitchandra Sen, Superintendent, Calcutta
University Press 48, Hazra Road, Ballygunge, Calcutta, India,
1946.
Niharranjan Ray. Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, Reprinted and
Republished by Orchid Press, Bangkok, Thailand, 2002.
Ooi Kead Gin. Southeast Asia, A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 3,
from Ankor Wat to East Timor, Printed by ABC-CLIO, INC, 130,
Cermona Deriye, P.O, Pox 1911, Santa Barbara California, 1911,
USA, 2004.
Panth. R. Buddhism and Culture of North-East India, Published
by Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda-803111, Bihar, India,
2004.
235

OSifObmrf
Panabokke, Gunaratne. History of the Buddhist Sangha in India
and Sri Lanka, Published by the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and
Buddhist Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 1993.
Radhakrishanan, S. 2500 Years of Buddhism, Published by the
Director, Publications Division Delhi-8, and Printed at the
Government of India, Press and the Photo-litho Press, New Delhi,
1956.
Sukumar Dutt. Buddhism in East Asia, Printed at the Caxton
Press, Delhi and Published by Inam Rahman, Secretary Indian
Council for Cultural Relations, Published by Indian Council for
Cultural Relations 35-C Tardeo Road, Bombay 34 (W.B), First
Published, 1966.
Thant Myint, U. The Making of Modern Burma, Printed in the
United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
Than Tun. History of Buddhism in Burma, 1000 A.D-1300,
Burma Research Society Rangoon, Burma, 1956.
Than Tun. Essays on the History and Buddhism of Burma,
Kiscadale Publications, Whiting Bay, Late of Arrna, Scottland
KA278rh, 1988.
Tung Thaw. Historical Sites in Burma, Published by the Ministry
of Union Culture Government of the Union of Burma, first
Edition, 1972.
236

OSifObmrf
Yoshiaki Ishizawa, Dr. Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma,
Institute of Asian Cultures Sophia University, Tokyo, 1988.

Be circumspect! Whilst the sky is clean, the crowd

could be influence. Accepted the bright light appears,
when you are in the darkness. Lao Heing

'mif.oh.sv;H zgif:umifpmofwdkuf.O[vSif:?
rguf,ukrf;qmif;rj:Okrf, wrfwSif:? bmrf:qof;uof,
bl,yof,wD;rkdwf:wef? P;arj pyf.qef
Omhcyf.tefyldif:vSif:/
-vmofpAif odqdwf.w

237

OSifObmrf
Fear paralyzes; curiosity empowers. -Patricia Alexander

wif:bkyf:bmef;ulof rwf.wloftrf,ekdifvh;? vgif;c[;N.pefvSif:

yAeftAefpSif:b[,vlif/
We do not know who we are until we see what we
can do. - Martha Grimes

pof:wkduf.uifq[ oj;yAefz[ awj,pof:N.pef tefpw

A f:
yAefvh;/
Without doubt there is no intelligence.
-Klaudio Marashi

trf,yj:vgif;xmif,xldrf pkdofrD:vh; erf.uwf.vlif.vSef,/

ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqwd f.w (ukefpAif)

238

OSifObmrf
The Ways of Rectitude to Improve Life

Lao Heing Vicittasara (Kun Heing)1

..

Introduction:
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how we
should improve parts of our daily life in order to achieve our goal.
The word "life" is defined into different meanings by different
scholars from their individual experiences. Our lives certainly
need healthcare, success, happiness, development of knowledge
and wisdom to expand and support our lives effortlessly for the
meaningful lifespan. Therefore, I will be pointing out five
beneficial ideas which are invaluable for this present life.
1. Developing Good Sleeping Habits:
Nowadays many people have problems about insomnia
they cannot go to sleep during the night. Insomnia makes our
mental and physical aspects unhealthy from insufficient sleep.
However, we have some good tactics to overcome insomnia,
mentioned here, so we can get gladness in term of a good nights
sleep.

This contributor is a student of International B.A. English Program, Philosophy Major,

at Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Buddhist University, Lamsai, Wang Noi,
Ayuttaya, Thailand, born in Kun Heing, Shan State, Myanmar.

239

OSifObmrf
In the lifetime of a person, getting enough sleep is very
significant to our health in every day, and with our present
moments. That is because: the most important step is to practice
good sleeping habits. The way to prevent insomnia is to go to bed
at the same time every night and try to get up at the same time
every morning. If we have enough sleep, our mind and body will
be fresh and strong, happy, healthy and active at work we seem
to have more interest in something that we do from day to day.
Needless to say: doing exercise regularly can stimulate
our consciousness and increase our physical health. On the other
hand, try to eat natural herbs/vegetables and nutritious food that
convenience health. Health experts advise: please do not try to
take naps in the daytime. It affects our ability to go to bed at
night. Furthermore, practicing deep breaths in/breaths out before
going to bed, listening to Dharma talks, chanting, listening to
serene sounds and doing meditation these kinds of help can make
us to feel well-rested, enhancing our mentality with a statement of
calm-serenity.2
So after doing that, our brain-cells and physical bodycells will be connected and relaxed in happiness. From those
points, our lives are dependent on health. We are eager to live a
long life. Thus, when doing suitable things, we obtain the gladlife day to day and stimulate our lives to live long.
2

Dorjee Negi, Assoc. Prof. Ven. Dr. Wangchuk, IABU Academic Conference on
Buddhism & Ethics, Symposium Volume, Mind Culture in Buddhism, Published by
Mahachulalongkorn University, 13-15 September, 2008, p. 313.

240

OSifObmrf
In addition, it is naturally doing what comforts us to get a
good nights sleep and then our lives will be glad, since we want
to achieve our life goals.3
2.

Developing Positive Thinking:

If there is positive thinking, there might also be negative
thinking in ones life. We have ways to create positive thinking
that utilize making our lives successful from right-thought when
outside confusion penetrates into the thoughts of oneself.
The successful life may rely on thinking what we want to
be, in the kinds of activities that are good for life and for our wellbeing. The more we think optimistically, the less pessimistic or
depressive thinking decreases from our thoughts. Unfortunately,
sometimes pessimistic or negative thoughts tend to prevent
positive thinking.
However, we dont need to worry about that so much
between two points of confliction: optimism and pessimism. We
must struggle in positive thoughts in sight of optimism, repeatedly
until the pessimism disappears from our thinking. So, the
dynamics in our brain relate to trying to focus on positive
thinking needed to be wishful, considering the rising values and

Happiness is so important in the life of human beings. Therefore, everyone pursues

trying hard to get happiness whatever they do from entangled to the place of bliss that
is because the Buddha taught that Dukkhassa anandaram sukham-Happiness and
Peace comes from struggling afterwards. It means the most we strive hard the more
we will thrive as a result.

241

OSifObmrf
ability to do that more and more in the term of ones lifetime to
reach anticipated goals to show success in life from positive
thinking. Thereafter, the goal of our lives persuades us with good
circumstances. Importantly, before we succeed in positive
thinking, we must eradicate anxiety, nervousness, delusions and
negative thinking from our thoughts.
We must try to overcome emotional palpitations in our
minds so that mentoring positive thinking can succeed in
optimistic terms from the psychological points of view.
Therefore, everyone in this world wants positive thinking in
his/her life to help be successful in positive thinking. This is what
psychiatry can contribute to the psyche in optimistic thought. In
addition, if positive thinking acts with the truth of mindfulness,
it will lead our lives in concord with any of us who attempt to
achieve positive thinking.4
3.

Relieving Pressure in Daily Life:

From time to time, plenty of people in this world get
more suffering from the pressures in their life moments. It
depends on various reasons: personality or affiliations of
psychiatric-conditions that can cause someone succumb to the

It is possible if all people were having the positive thinking where there in this world
would have not confliction among us. For instance: the water is flowing down in the
low place; but the strong dam can prevent it whatsoever. Similarly; even the
pessimistic thought will be worst affecting to the life, optimistic thought could solve
those problems what happen to us.

242

OSifObmrf
pressure. In that case, people need ways to solve problems
through knowledge which is the best way to deal with
unhappiness affecting life.
In daily life, we may feel happiness and sadness when
different emotions rise. If we are sad, it causes us to be mentally
ill. When we are happy, it make us forget our goals which may
allow us be happy in the present time. So, we have to mentally
contemplate the middle pathway5 according to the Buddhas
teachings6 what has taught us to be a good one.
Here one needs to ask oneself what do I need to be
within this, what is something else I want to fulfill my problem?
If there is pressure in life, how can we avoid it to feel equanimity,
in a balanced way? We, human being, have big thoughts, and we
can see in the present time: what happen to us or how we should
live the present time with proper means.
Therefore, we must be upright in the present time to deal
with the pressures of complicated life. If the people would be
satisfied in life, they can be cheerful and their lives will have
meaningful-peace and self-esteem; we should not think back into
the past, in regret.
5

Majjhimapatipada; it relates to Noble Eightfold Paths which we, Buddhists are tracing
to be the main core of Buddhism.
6
Tipitaka or the Three Baskets, These are the terms used by Buddhist traditions to
describe in various canonical scriptures. The expression Three Baskets referred to three
receptacles consists of the scrolls on which the Buddhist scriptures were originally
preserved. Hence, the Tipiaka traditionally contains three "Baskets" of teachings: such
as Vinaya Piaka, Sutta Pitaka and an Abhidharma Pitaka.

243

OSifObmrf
The past never helps us to escape from pressure. This is
the only lesson what we should learn and only allude to, when
discussing what we have done. We should not predict what will
happen in the future, whether this will be something happy or sad.
We have to see in the present time what occurs to us and how we
can deal the problems of stress in the best way. Isolating
ourselves from mental illness is for our welfare.
Thus, we must consolidate our lives to solve pressures
that frequently inflict us daily. On the other hand, we have to train
our feelings to keep in touch with the sublime to encourage our
mental to be aware of pressures on time. If mental-illness never
brings stress into our mind, enchantment will certainly be with
us.7
4.

Developing a Life of Happiness:

We can even say that happiness is everywhere in the
world; sometimes, sadness and depression, deplorably, quite often
occur within us. In that case, we basically need the greatest value
of life and foundation of noble righteous-knowledge8 How can
we obtain the right way to stimulate the qualities of happiness?

Tendai-Shu Mt. Hiei, Konry,The Most Venerable Patriarch, Enami Kakuhan, Ho,
Ho-Ke- Kyo The Lotus Sutra Art of Living , Lotus Dharma publications, Chiang Mai,
Thailand, 2007.
8
Gems of Buddhist Wisdom, the purpose of life, the Buddhist Missionary Society
Publication, 50470 Kuala Lumpure, Malaysia, in 1996, page-231.

244

OSifObmrf
The concept of attaining the true happiness in life
involves getting what we desire or need for the intellectual-spirit
to maintain, mentally, the right to happiness. The most important
way to get the right happiness is love, forgiving others and reduce
the emotion of mental-lamentation, craving, hatred, illusion,
delusion, palpitated and anxious as much as one can be, so that
our mental psychology will be purified by being tranquil through
the deepest insight meditation, understanding oneself fully as if
being a philosopher-king, Socrates said that know thyself.
So, the right way to the life of happiness is classified into
eight levels as followings:
1) Happy Body: enjoying good health in physical
movements.
2) Happy Heart: showing honesty and sympathy for oneself
and others with generosity.
3) Happy Relax: knowing how to alleviate stress from work
and life.
4) Happy Brain: improve ones knowledge through
studying.
5) Happy Soul: having a positive sense of ethics and faith.
6) Happy Family: create understanding and a stable
environment.
7) Happy Organization: support communities at work and
home to promote social harmony and sustainable
surrounding,

245

OSifObmrf
Happy money9: managing personal finances well,
prospering in the right way.
In fact, through these types of happiness we
fundamentally must be healthy first, so that we can reach the right
stage of happiness, step by step as mentioned. The Buddha said:
Arogym paramam labhamHygienic health is the most splendid benefit.10
That fact, nobody needs sickness; but disease can infect
us anywhere or any time. If someone has good mental/physical
health, they may have good hygiene. The purpose of humans life
is to seek the right happiness for their interest. From this point, we
have to satisfy our desires so that the right kind of happiness will
affect us, so that we could properly and significantly respond to it.
Hence, everyone has been given a specific purpose in life
to gain happiness11. Automatically, it is a human's duty to find
that out, without force, the best as possible way to get happiness.
We have to be able to enable our intellect to assist us in the
completion of our responsibility. The reason why, mentioned
above, is higher happiness passes from our lives of contentment.
8)

Happy-8 workplace, Healthy Organization, Thai Health Promotion Foundation,

Instituteof
Health- (.),
http://www.thaihealth.or.th/ , Samsennai, Phayathai, Bangkok.
10
(Own translate into English). Norgate, Williams, Kaccayanas Gramma of the Pali
Language, Nama Chapter, section - 5th, Written by Kaccayana Thera, Colombo,
1963
11
P. Shah, Prashant, Book on Life, Life answers that everyone is looking for,
2008,(PDF), http://thebookonlife.googlepages.com/

246

OSifObmrf
Therefore, one of the famous Western philosophers, Aristotle
taught: Happiness depends upon ourselves.12
So, we should validate this idea and act on the right site
to attain right happiness in daily life. The main reality or objective
for gaining right happiness is that we step forward to the exact
factor of positive mentality. It can lead our spirituality to the right
path of happiness until we gain the right joyful and peaceful life
at the right time and place wherever any beings may reside.
5.

Developing the Wisdom of Psychology Integrated into

Nature:
In the present age, psychology is very important as our
time is limited. It is connected into human-beings all around the
world. We should not only concentrate on psychology to facilitate
the systems of thinking but also our practicing ought to integrate
into nature life for gradually improving right circumstances. Our
attitudes are explained by our movement of manners that are
linked into increasing psychological development.
Additionally, I want to say: please dont motivate our
psychology to follow our emotions of hatred, stress, hurt and
mental crisis as these penetrate through into our psyches such as
the mental changing into miserable situation.

12
Byrne, Rhonda, The Secret Daily Teachings, published by Simon & Schuster,
Great Britain, UK, 2008, page-7.

247

OSifObmrf
If our psychology does not conform to outside effects, do
not possess these, unless they damage our integrated life of
precious psyche.13
Therefore, self-esteem is very important in psychology:
how to integrate with the nature of mind to develop in
righteousness. If our mind is a habitat of good attitude, our
actions will be the same as our psychic-thoughts, developing
wisdom. In various thoughts of happiness connected wisdom
leading psychology to affect us, our behavior should be good.
Developing wisdom through psychology depends upon our
behaviors and thoughts. So, it should be circumspection on the
right of psychology.
That is because: the right heedfulness of psychology
potentially relies on wisdom that will return back to the mind.
Therefore, we should only integrate them into the consciousness
with psychological developments in the same situation, which is
because cognitive psychology and wisdom must be involved
together. Here is a diagram to summarize the ways of rectitude to
improve life:

13

My personal suggestion wants to say that psyche needs to deal with some parts of
viewpoints to understand about cause and effect of condition of psychology ways of life
which through nature neurons with the environments.

248

OSifObmrf

249

OSifObmrf
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the points can be brought in brief from
each topic that reveals the rectitude of thought, behaviours, and
way of living that involves us in training spiritual and material
support-contributions as the aspects of mental and physical
reflection on each other:

The first conclusive topic: is the health phenomena

developed in ones situation; one will be able to cheer
himself/herself up in the case of dynamic of mentality and
physicality.

The second conclusive topic: is that optimistic thinking

will be gradually successful for the purpose of life where one
aims to reach the target. However, life is not easy. Life is like
a war. If one life overcomes the awkward things, it is called a
mentored life.

The third conclusive topic: relates to a balanced mind

being very great in the contemporary time; hence, one needs
to deal with a life that is steady in keeping present situations,
so that one could solve problems to enhance the life,
successfully.

The fourth conclusive topic: is that one should have the

right knowledge of loving-kindness and forgiveness, towards
the right happiness. That is because the deepest esoteric
construing must fundamentally depend on happiness and
peace.

250

OSifObmrf
The fifth conclusive topic: reminds that some point of
views utilize nature into the mind and wisdom that are
integrated with the right psychology, to have self-esteem
whilst the psyche facilitates easier.
Those are the ways of rectitude to improve life.
Optimistically, these can be promoted within oneself as a result of
what these convey written to share with you.

References:
1. HH Dalai Lama & Howard C. Cutler The Art of
Happiness; A Handbook for Living, 338 Euston Road London, Great Britain, 1999
2. (P.A, Payutto),
Phra
Brahmagunabhorn,
Psychology in Human Development the Natural Way,
MCU, Thailand, 2010
3. Buddhist Psychotherapy
4. Buddhist Philosophy and Meditation Practice
5. Unifying Buddhist Philosophical Views, Academic
Papers (IABU), MCU, Thailand, 2012
6. Bangkok Post; The Life in Spirit; Life in Touch; Life
Study in thinking, Tuesday, Oct/11/2011.
7. Hart, William, The Art of Living , Vipassana Meditation
as taught by S. N. Goenka, Published by Vipassana
Research Institute, Maharashtra-422 403, India, in 1997

251

OSifObmrf

If you cant explain it simply, you dont understand it well

enough. - Albert Einstein

imh;iSrf;tge,f ulnf:sv; qof;uof,trf,Oyf:vSi:f vh;eh- qof;

trf,yh,ygif,q[ukrf,xlef; vgif;eef.vDvD/
Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become
a man of value. - Albert Einstein

bj,cwf:pSif:yAefue
l :f tgif,xkid w
f D;? ulnf:cwf:q[P;yAeuf e
l :f
rD:uj;cefvD/
ydef,wSr;f -vmopf Aif odqdwf.w (ukefpAif)

252

OSifObmrf

253

OSifObmrf

2







254

OSifObmrf

500
7 7


7

255

OSifObmrf

(
3 3 )

256

OSifObmrf

()
3

...
257

OSifObmrf
:

1. . ;

: 2551.
2. (). ; http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/
(19 .. 56)
3. (). ; http://www.khonkhurtai.org
(19 .. 56)

4. (). ;
http://maehongson.mots.go.th (19 .. 56)

258

OSifObmrf

wlef;rh.tefwlef;b[,wlef;Okifeef.
vh;cmrf,wmif:zlefvlrf:zwf. vSwf.zwf.pSif:aO
wlef;rh.qldof:tefwlef;vAuf.ehg.?
zl;tgefNofpkdof zl;erf:ej;sv;
zl;pAwf:umefwj,ykef;ulef:erfeef.auj;
awj;awvh;xlyf:nj;vgif;bgif;abj;sv; vgif;aO.se:?
tefeh.yAefvgif;xrf,rwj,rldif:clif:umifbof./
OSifauj,rldif: (rldif:yef,)

259

OSifObmrf
bK,ukrf,olef. wmif:vifsv;wmif:eK;yAefb[,?
cwf:q[O[,pSif: bmrf:vAofaO pAwf:Omif;uGK,P;
xkid fwD;sv;/
Dont primarily think about the past
and the future; exert yourself to succeed
in the present.

pAwf:umeftefpof:vh;q[ sv;vh;q[umeftef
pof:pAwf: yAefOe
A f;wmif:wK,awxkid fbldif:rmh
ulnf:uK;vlof,vh;yAefumefvD/
Act what we love and love what we act
that can lead to the target of life, but
must be optimistic way.

ydef,wSrf;- qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:

260

OSifObmrf
Oif,cwh: pyf.qkrf;cl:
M.A & B.A

yD 2013
*********
1.

qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Ij,zdyj,v
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:qmif:qmrf,+ yj;qmif:tl./
qj,wdomef;ymif,ugi:f rl:? rldif:Ol;/
ylef.qef.- M.A (Buddhist studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,rukw.f ?
Ojvj:bj:? ecgef:yxlrf? rldif:xh:/

2.

qof;cl:tj,qdef,e
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:qmif:tgif,vSi:f +
sr;qmif:el./
qj,wdomef;ej:uli:f ? oAif:vmif:cldo:f /
ylef.qef.- M.A wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
261

OSifObmrf
3.

qof;cl:qef,wD.rj, qgrfpmef
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:azj:u+ yj;vj./
qj,wdygu.f Ij,qj,? oAif:rldif:yef,/
ylef.qef.- M.A (Social science)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f /
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

4.

Qof;cl:Okre OSiv
f mof
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:qmif:ymef:+
yj;qmif:el./
qj,wd- omef;ymif,aq;? oAif:au:OD:/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Social science)? wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f Xbj:?
rldif:xh:/

5.

qof;cl:ej,Iw aej,crf:
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- ayj;qmif:xkef:qdi,f +
sr;qmif:emif:crf:/
qj,wdrldif:OgifNofqmef:? aq;oAif:
rldif:egif? aq;wge;f au:OD:/
262

OSifObmrf
ylef.qef.-

B.A (Humanities studies)?

wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?

tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
6.

Qof;cl:xrf,rdu ekrf,cldo:f
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:xrf,r + yj;Okod f./
qj,wdomef;erf.vldo,f ? oAif:vmh:cj;/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Buddhist studies),
International English Program,

wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
7.

Qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:qkdef;
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:odvj.+ yj;rD;/
qj,wd omef;Nofej:? oAif:vmif:cldo:f /
ylef.qef.- B.A (Hons); Buddhist
Studies, International English Program,

wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?

tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

263

OSifObmrf
8.

qof;cl:tuf.uaO,e uge:f crf:

qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:uge:f wdif,n+
yj;urf,/
qj,wdomef;egi?f oAif:erf.qmif/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Philosophy),
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

9.

qof;cl:Okeef,w OSiv
f ldef
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- ayj;qmif:qef,wj,+
sr;qmif:wgi,f /
qj,wd omef;erf.qvmh ?
oAif:rldif:emh:/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Philosophy)?
wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f /
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

10. qof;cl:tdef,awj:zj,O

uAo;f
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- qmh:bj,qdif,wj.+
emif:tgef,/
264

OSifObmrf
qj,wd -

omef;wof:erf.?
oAif:uAi:f wkif/

ylef.qef.-

B.A (Humanities studies)?

wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

11. qof;clac,rdef,w

crf:OSif
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:qmif:Omif,vj.+
emh:qmif:qdi,f /
qj,wd ygu.f bli,f qmuf;?
oAif:erf.vef;/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Buddhist studies),
International English Program,

wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
12. qof;rpj,qmrf,nkef.

Qdwf.wykw.f awj:
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:qef,wD.rj,+
yj;emif:vD,/
qj,wd oAif:rldif:yef,/
ylef.qef.- B.A Hons (Social science)?
265

OSifObmrf
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
13. Qof;rpj,tkef,

ykIdynfanj:
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:qmh:vgwf;+
emif:ele:f /
qj,wd omef;bmif:vof:?
aq;oAif:rldif:bmif:/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Social science)? wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f Xbj:?
rldif:xh:/

14. Qof;cl:rpj,ynfnj,azj:u

Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:qmh:vlif +

yj;emif:cdif,/
qj,wdomef;Nnf;qgh:?
oAif:rldif:yef,/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Education)? wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f Xbj:?
rldif:xh:/
266

OSifObmrf
15. Qof;cl:rpj,Okoef:

qmif:tgif,
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:vj.az,+ yj;ref;/
qj,wd -------------ylef.qef.- B.A (Social science)?
wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
(Qof;cl: ugifcrf:)
uAif:vlif? Ody:f Ogifyef:ej:?
rldif:ac,/
B.A (Buddhist Studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:
vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f xbj:? rldif:xh:/

16.

qj,wd ylef.qef.-

(Qof;cl: crf:vlif)
qj,wd rldif:pmh:? Ody:f Ogifyef:ej:?
rldif:ac,/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Philosophy)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:
vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f xbj:? rldif:xh:/

17.

267

OSifObmrf
(Qof;cl:tkef,egh. tmh;)
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- tkef,egh. + tD,qg.h /
qj,wd Ody:f Ogifyef:ej:?
rldif:ac,/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Buddhist studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:
vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f xbj:? rldif:xh:/

18.

19. Qof;cl:eef,wj,OD,Id

trmwf;tgef,
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:qmif:elnf,+
yj;qmif:cgif,/
qj,wd omef;Nofzmhvlif? oAif:rldif:yef,/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Humanities studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,rukw.f ? Ojvj:bj:?
Ecgef:yxlrf/ rldif:xh:/

20. Qof;cl:rpj,OSi'
f j.

umofcrf:
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- ayj;qmif:uD,+
sr;qmif:xkef:/
qj,wd omef;umofuil f? oAif:vmif:cldo:f /
268

OSifObmrf
ylef.qef.-

B.A (Computer science)?

wD;qef.qgrfIj,qzwf.OlefOl,eef:xj:?
uki:f xAyf;? rldif:xh:/
21. Qof;cl:rpj,tlwh:

eef,wj,oI
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:tl+ yj;xgef:/
qj,wd omef;ymifpik :f ? tlid ,f ej:acj?
oAif:ugBuf.sr:/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Political Science)?
wD;qef.qgrf Imrf:crf:pSi?f
uki:f xAyf;? rldif:xh:/

22. Qof;cl:Okoef,e

Qkod f;ayj;sr;qj,wd omef;ej:uli:f ? oAif:vmif:cldo:f /

ylef.qef.- B.A (Buddhist studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:
vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f xbj:? rldif:xh:/

269

OSifObmrf
23. aOj:aO,b

Omh'j.
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- vkif:zdo,f + yj;bgw;f /
qj,wd omef;wmif:vSi?f oAif:bgifNnf;/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Humanities studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf
rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ? tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

24. bOfOOD,ID.

tgif,vj.
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- qmh:aOj:eef,wD. +
Emif:ekrf,rlof/
qj,wd omef;wof:Nnf:? oAif:uAi:f wkif/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Humanities studies)?
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f /
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

25. Qof;cl:

uSof;
Qkod f;ayj;sr;- ----------------qj,wd Ody:f Ogifyef:ej:? rldif:ac,/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Humanities studies)?

270

OSifObmrf
wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

26. Qof;cl:OSifcrf:

Qkod f;ayj;sr;- --------------qj,wd Ody:f Ogifyef:ej:? rldif:ac,/

ylef.qef.- B.A (Buddhist Studies)?-wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f ?
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/
27. rpj,crf:uSo;f

xrf,rqj,ID,
qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:rf,G wknf.? yj;emif:qefuoS f;/
qj,wd omef;vliO
f defqf?G oAif:ayj,uSof;?
rldif:vmof:/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Philosophy)?
wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f /
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

271

OSifObmrf
28. qof;cl:rpj,xej:uge:f

qkdo;f ayj;sr;- vkif:vaZ,+

sr;xof;ref;/
qj,wd oAif:uAi:f wkif/
ylef.qef.- B.A (Philosophy)?
wD;qef.qgrfrpj,ql:vj:vli:f uge:f /
tbkw.f Xbj:? rldif:xh:/

272

OSifObmrf

-----------------------

...

...

273

OSifObmrf

yle
d ;f yefpSif:q[pof: yh,wmef,wlofqof;uof,
cke
d :f yefpSi:f q[wlofuof,/
Encourage oneself is better than others.

bK,ole.f aOuloftrf,yAef cwf:q[pw

A f:qmrf:wlnf:
uge,f bK,ukid .f umif.bgef,q[/
Dont think to be afraid that is impossible,
let make an effort to do, dont give up
immediately.

ydef,wSrf;- qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:

274

OSifObmrf
qkrf:vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfOif,cwh:? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:
Tai Sangha University Student Association
Bangkok Thailand

Zkdefvud f;rgifqfG
vgif;uldw,f ? xof;? yAef? whmvlie
f .h N.oj;ref:awtrf,vgw;f z[
vh; N.oj;ref:awrj:ql:pof:vh;bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:ehaO trf,yh,xmif,oj;
ref:awrj:ql:qof;TOj,vlipf of: qof;tefrD:zgef:vDedlopf of: tefrD:
ej,rqkdo;f OAifoj;qof;TOj,auj:odweh. e[:cmof:bmrf:urf:uSy.f vAo/f rldo;f
oef:xd 19.1.2013 bmrf:umifce
kd :f 11:30 rgi:f eef. vh;bdef:cmof,phm.
vliv
f gif;oj;qof;TOj,vlipf of:auj:odw vh;OAif;umrf,Okw:f rkef cof;Olef
rmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,bof.ehsv; qof;Oif,cwh:pof:ul;rldif:rldif:auj; trf,yh,
xmif,yAefvh;? vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfOifcwh:rldif:xh:pof:cj;wif:vhmauj;
trf,xmif,oh.aOtdwf:/ cmof:bmrf:sv;oef:xd tefqof;TOj,vlipf of:
vh;OAif;umrf,Okw:f rkefujG ,eh.vh;N.cmof,qSif;vDbl,aOwauj; bif:trf,
275

OSifObmrf
c[;pyf.cmrf,oj; yAefcmof,tefref;q[vh;vDvD/ vgif;eh.yAeftefwul f:q[
wke
d f,wlof q[vAu:f acj:clrfbdef:rgifq[qgrf:sw.sw./
ugyf;oj;qof;wlecf l:vlifpof:cj;eh.
rD:uke:f rkefeldopf of:cj;ej,
sv; vgif;Oifuldw,f cke
d ;f yAefrj:auj; trf,c[;pyf.cmrf,vh;aOtefeef.
bof./ ole.f wlnf:cj;vl: tefpof:cj;rD:yyf.xrf:ydwuwfzhm,wh:aO
rD:ej;rD:wjcof;tguf,yle
d ;f bl,pwf:pwf:pmefpmefe.h auj; trf,umif:zgef:
vDqof;vh;/ Orf.xSif; tefOif,cvkuf;pAe:f qef.qgrfrlid :f xh: trf,N.
trf,rD:z[ trf,vh;ykdif;tdit
f rf,rD:qof;v[ rldefeif,owf.r[,wh: Oj,xk
yIwdwf,? rldif:uguf.? qkdif;xh:eh.auj; vh;oj;ykid ;f tdif,uki,f uke:f rkefiof:
qof;TOj,vlipf of:auj:odwaO yluf:cke
d ;f yAerf j: yj:qof;ekid ;f bl,ehbof./
ayj:awrj:vmwf;aevgif; qof;TOjvlipf of:aujodwvh;pAwf:vh;Omif;rj:
qldo:f eh. wif:OAif;ehawtrf,qmif;Okw:f OAi;f vh;/ ugyf;yldo;f olef.pef
umefwlif.ekdifqof;wlecf l:vlipf of:ul;vgi;f aO
yAeftefNrfqrl f:tof
uki,f rkefqrg f:sw.sw.aObof. vh;idef:N.cmof, qof;TOj,pof:cj;zmwf,
bmefpof:cj;uGj,eh.qrf.yAeftefbdef:acj:clrfrgifqs[ w.sw.bof.cj;J/
urf:vke
d :f Okw:f c[;bgef:umof,egrf: bgrf:wloyf efuGmrf:ref;oj;
cj;way:pof:cof awcwf:q[yhqrg f:OAef;wmif: tefqof;TOj,pof:cj;
vh;tgepf w
A f:rj: umefvduf;vhm: qldo.f cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,qldo:f

276

OSifObmrf
eef.aO bgef:Ol:yefqof;TOjpof:cj;
aOurf:cj;J/

P;Mwf;xkid w
f D;uwf:bAef

eyf.brfo;h OjaOvkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfOifcwh:?
rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:/

277

OSifObmrf

O?hvSi:f zj.rSyf;eh. rSyf;qlof;uSy.f qlof;urf: trf,zj,

aOwj. pAwf:P;ule:f cli:f u?ifw?if:v?h wke
d ,f z?ef;ulofap
wif:erftdlo;f ? Zl;tgefplofqldo.f q?wf;auj.ekdif;auj; rldef
eefeif,uof, bgef.ylod f;erf.uwf.ref:sv; zSefu?ef
ref:aO q?if;pAw:f P;qldof.q?wf;ref: rD:wmif:cke
d ;f b[,
Oldo:f q[sv; yle
d ;f w?if,cldo:f trf,pwf:x?if,vAu.f qldo.f q?wf;
qldo.f cdol f:ref:bof./
-Qof;oj,Idef,w ykdefcrf:

278

OSifObmrf
cmof,Nofpkyf;

ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif
ckw:f OSicf kw:f e[:vduf;- ymifukrfcgef,'ISef. vduf;vlifwh: ygu;f urf:(1)
(Treasure from Tai Great Texts: The 1st Conference
on Lik Loung Tai Literature)

wD;owf.wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;uki;f
yD-

2108

vldeq
f Aifvgi;f 7 crf; xkid f

12 crf; (24-29.12. 2013)

***************************
ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif
wif;sw,tofrlod f;oef:xd 25.12.2013 eef. vh;yAefymifukrf
cgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif ygu;f urf:xdekdif; tefwh:pof:yh,vh;pAwf:rj:aO
ygu;f eef.bl,bof./ e[:ymifukrfeef. bgef.oj;bldif:tmef:tofylid f
tefqef.qgrfu;l rldif:"cofu.h pAwf:ymifukrfvSuf;vhm;wmif:N.eef.aO pAwf:
uGj,ehsv; vguf:vhm:pmif;pSef:ymifukrfauj;yAet
f efvmuf,vhm:aOtrf,uj:
yAefvDtefcof;q[oh.bl,bof./
wgef;wj,awyAefymifukrftefeh.rj:
eef. bl,wD;qof;cl:vliw
f guf.wlod f, crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd vh;yefwmif:
279

OSifObmrf
pefxikd faO ref:qof;wkduf:Olef:pAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej; q[.cmof:bmrf:
Ody:f vldefqrf"aO qif,yAefrj:bl,bof./
umefwli.f ekdifvlif;ej;ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.
wj,awqwf:pAwf:ymifukrfvdu;f vlicf gef,'ISef.eh.
vh;wli.f
wke
d ,f pmif;pSef:rj: qArfrldof;NofyD zgif:vle
d rf mwf.cBf ( March 20, 2013 )
qldo:f eef.bl,bof./ vh;tofcmof:bmrf:vhmvhmvldefaO wkud f:Ole:f tgu,f
cmof,yefwmif:pefxikd f P;N.vli;f ej;uefbl,bof./ ugyf;ylod f;eefsv;
wj,awyAefrj:ymifurk fvdu;f vlie
f .h vh;pAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej;vhmvhmwD; vhm
vhmurf: vhmvhmrldif:bl,bof./ oef:xd (20 March 2013) eef. qof;cl:
vliw
f gu.f wlod f, crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd tgefpAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej; yguf;urf:(1)
wD;owf.rukwj,Ij,r? rldif:OD,Nof,? Oif,crldif:OD,Nof, cof;Nrf;pdrf:Mrf: 60
qof;bl,bof./ oef:xd(14-5-2013)eef. ref:qof;vh;pAwf:ymifukrf
vli;f ej;ygu;f urf:(2) wD;owf.wh: (OBVS) rldi:f qdi,f uj,ylof,? zl;cof;Nrf;
ymifukrfrD: 10 qof;? rSef;rldo;f zgi:f yg:h cgy;f clyf,OD,yDwif;owf.wh:tguf.Of
'lw
d f.ykwf.xodpjI qdi,f uj,ylof,bl,bof./
oef:xd (3.6.2013) eef. vh;pAwf:ymifurk fvli;f ej;ygu;f urf:xd
(3) wD;owf.wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif;/ oef:xd (13.10.2013) eef.
vh;pAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej;ygu;f urf (4) wD;Ndef:sr;tgu,f odzj:OD,Id? zImrf:
280

OSifObmrf
uof;? uki:f xAyf;? rldif:xh:/ Oifcwh:ckdef;Mwf;pdrf:Mrf: 60 qof;bl,bof./
ugyf;ylod f;eefsv; ykef;wj,awyAefrj:ymifukrfvlif;ej; ]]cgef,'ISef.
vduf;vlif}}eh. vh;pAwf:e[:rlid :f eguf;rdli:f OD,yguf;? OD,rldif:bl,bof./ tef
vh;vmwf;rj:yj;eldoe
f .h vh;oj; ymifukrfvlif;ej;tef Oif,ccofqof;vhm
vhmwlef wli.f wke
d ,f uefaOpAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej;rj:eef.bof./
vldoaf Oeef.trf,uj: rldo;f oef:xd (27.10.2013) eef.auj;
qof;cl:odqw
d f.wsv; qof;cl:rapj,Oxj, Ogifqof;vh;tgeNf ofaO
vh;qwf:pAw:f ymifukrfvlif;ej;xSif;bl,bof.? e[:ymifukrfeh.vh;zdw;f rguf,
yj:qldo:f yAew
f uj,Owf.xj:cofaO rj:cof;Nrf;bl,bof./
f rf,rOj,rd Mwf;wj;
oef:xd (16.12.2013) eef.ohm:aOqof;cl:vlix
uki;f bof.? vh;pAwf:ymifukrfvlif;ej;xSif;yguf;urf:(6) wD;e[:Nif:wlnf:
vduf;(Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:)bl,bof./ ayj:eefqdik f ymifukrfvli;f
ej;rD: (6) ygu;f bl,bof./ eguf;rldif:Omrfyug f;sv;e[:rldif:Omrfyug f;bl,bof./
e[:zgi:f ymifukrfeef. vh;zgw;f oh.ugrf,rwD,qlof;cmof: rldefeif,
qkrf:ej,bu? Nofyof;? zl;rhmul;vgif;"? tdu,f yj:Nofej;zl;ygifumef zhm,
ikdef:? zhm,cmof,? tdu,f yj:Nofbhg; iof;awj,yhmbl,bof./ (wD;uGmif;ref:wlnf:
wD;aujygifumefqol f;cmof:wj.)/

281

OSifObmrf
acj;bldif:tmef:tefvh;qwf:ymifukrfvdu;f vlif wD;wj;ukif; ygu;f
urf:ekdif;sw. rldefeif,wD;w[;eh.bof.1. eif,pkdoz
f l;N.b[,peferfcofe:[ ymefr[,eh.
ayj:awvh;vAyf;
pAe:f vgif;Iwej,uof,rgefcldo:f wh: tefrD:oh.e[:vduf;vhm:yhmay,
tefqdko;f oj; ]]vduf;vif,uj,vli}f } eef.ylid fedik f;/
2. eif,pkdof qof;qaI:cofawrD: cAif,cefwmif:N. (Academic
forum) tefqmif;qh;g yde
k sf z;wmif:N.cofqof;eef.ylid e
f kdif;/
3. eif,pkdof zl;vlif.vSef,vduf;vif,uj,vlifcof ayj:awvh;Nrf;rko
d f:
uefwif:ule:f N.arj zl;cle.f cGj.vduf;vifuj,vlif qldo:f rD:efG:ukef
bl:Ilyf.eef.aO puf.OjrSwf,ySif:bkuf.bgif; vduf;vif,uj,vliuf Gj,
oef:wjrldo:f ej;auj;ylid e
f dik f;/
e[:ymifukrfeef.rD:vgif;ukrfuefuAo,f vlnf;Nofacj;
1. yke
d :f vduf;vif,uj,vlif
2. vgif;xwf:vduf;vif,uj,vlif
3. vgif;qaI:zl;vlif.vSef,vif,uj,vlif
4. vAyf;pAef:pjeldo.f xrf:vdu;f vif,uj,vlif
5. vAyf;pAef:aoj:pj,IuGmrf:wh: e[:vduf;vif,uj,vliq
f dlo:f eef.bof./

282

OSifObmrf
OAef;rhm zl;rj:cke
d f;Mwf;ymifukrfwif:OAif; awvh;peftefu Syf;ref:
rldefeif,wD;w[;eh.zl;vlvduf; rD: 43 qof;/ e[:eef.Oif,cj, 14 qof;sv;
qof;qaI: 29 auj.bl,bof./ zl;qh;g umefurf;yj;erfye
Af O
f if,cj,qof;
tefpe
A :f vduf;eguf;rldif:sv;e[:rldif:bl,bof./
tefvkuf.eguf;rldif:rj:
eef.rldefeif, rldif:xh:? rldif:OD,Nof,? rldif:tde,f wdb? rldif:tdi,f uvmef,?
Nrf;yj:wif:qdi,f uj,ylof,qldo:f eh.aO zl;cof;Nrf;wif:OAif; tefvh;tof
OAef;rhmref:oh.rD: 359 qof;/auj. bl,bof./
Nyf.xlyf:rD:pSif:q[
tefvDOleq
f [xSif;tefeikd ;f sw. e[:ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.eh.
vh;pefqof;TOj,cofqof;sv;qof;qaI:pof:cof rj:cof;Nrf;ymifukrfqw
g f,
aq;rldif:wh: rldefeif, rl,sq;? erf.crf:? OSefoD? ulwf.chm? vj;OAo;f ?
OD,ayj.? uRuf.sr:? wlef;wD:? Nofyil :f ? rldif:ygef? vgv
h Srf? Ymifvlif? vmh:cj;?
rldif:ukdif? au:OD:? rldif:egif? rldif:Ol;? erf.qmif? rldif:emh:? vmif:cldo:f ?
rldif:yef,? uAif:wki?f wj;cD;vAuf: quGj,qlod f:eh.bof./
Oif,cwh:rlidf f:
tj,Orf,sv; qof;qaI:wh:crf:wD:qldo:f eh.auj; vh;rj:cke
d ;f Mwf;uGj,
bl,bof./ bgef.ylod f;zl;vlif.vSef,vif,uj,wh: Nrf;yj:Oif,cj,wh:rj:
qgwf,ul;rlid :f oh.sv; zmifpmif;ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.auj; rldefymifukrfu;l
rldif:"eef.bl,bof./ rmifqdlo:f bmrf;yAefTOj,way:uef ckdef:rj:xlyf:pef
283

OSifObmrf
uef? rmifqdol :f bmrf;vh;bdef:qkdo;f uef trf,bmrf;pefuefauj; vh;rj:
pefuefaw,uGj,qlod f:eh.aO ymifukrfcge,f 'ISe.f eh. yAefwD;uldw,f pSi:f q[
wj,qlod f:rj:cke
d ;f Mwf;ymifukrfo.h bl,bof./
ayj:awrj:wlnf: zhm,tky.f yldif,iof;ikef:rkuf.qkrf:vlifOif,cj,qkdif;wh:
auj; rldefeif,qof;TOj,wguf.wlod f, ynf,nj,eef,w Nof;yof;iof;ikef:
rkuf.qkrf:vliO
f if,cj,qkdif;wh:? Nofej;qkrf:ydef,ydwumwf;wh: qof;TOj,
eef,worf,O (Mif.) qof;TOj,rldif:ukwf;? Nrf;yj:qof;TOj,odqj,Ie
zl;uge:f owf. owf.ydwumwf;ymifvlifsv; qof;TOj,ac,rdef,w zl;
uge:f owf. owf.yku.f zj,Ili,f vgah uj, cofqof;qldo:f eh.auj;bkuf.wloaf bj:
cdif:rj: cof;Nrf;ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.sv; awvh;oj;Oif,cj,wh:e[:rldif:
eguf;rlid :f rj:Nrf;uefb[, ygu;f urf:tgew
f mif:Okw:f ehbl,bof./ Oif,cj,
wh:tgu,f pAe:f vduf;eguf;rlid :f qArfrldo;f Omof:pj;yDylef.rj:aO ygu;f eh.bgef.
Oif,cj,wh: eguf;rlid :f ygu;f rj:trf,bgrf: 50 yhmsv; awvh;oj;tgefuef
rj:b[,rj:erf rj:ygifumefNrf;rkod f:uef ygu;f urf:tgefwmif:Okw:f eif,uof,
bof./
tdifeldoz
f l;ygiuf mefauj;rD:erf.q[pmof;pSi:f aO rj:qgh;ygiuf mef
sv;qldo:f rj:cof;Nrf;ymifukrfqdol :f eef. vh;oj;rD:pSif:erf.q[uGj,pif:z[pif:

284

OSifObmrf
ref:aO awtmef:ygu;f rldo:f pmif;pSef:oh.ymifukrfyug f;ej; ymifukrfcgef,'
ISef. ygu;f urf: xd 2 bl,bof./
cgw,f zgw;f qkrf:vif,uj,wh:
tdifeldofOif,cj,sv;qof;qaI:pof:cof rj:cof;Nrf;ymifukrfaO
oef:xd (25-26.12.2013) eef. vh;rD:ymifukrfwj,cgwf,zgw;f qkrf:vif,
uj,wh:ckde;f rj:bl,bof./ e[:qkrf:eef. awrD:zl;vlif.vSef,vduf;vhm:
vif,uj,wh: pdrf:Mrf: (70) qof;/auj. rj:cof;Nrf;yAefqrk f:oh.aO
trf,ayj:pkid fawrD:omif:zSeq
f Suf,umefuefaO
ckid yf gifxdif:Odrf:
vduf;vlifvj,uj,wh:oh.bl,bof./ ylid v
f lirf ef: bj,P;vduf;vlifwh:phmeef.
awpAwf:pkdox
f di:f Odrf:? awpAwf:pkdoPf ;vduf;vliaf yj:sz;wldef:? awpAwf:
pkdofP;ule:f pke;f OSe:f r[,cof ayj:awOleq
f [ce
kd :f rj: aw,uGj,qldo:f eh.
d f:zgwf;ruf:
bof./ xkid of ef:xd (29.12.2013) umifcrf;eef. vh;cke
ref;oj; z[ye
A z
f [eif,wD;w[;eh.bof./ ylid pf mof;cmof.ref:qkdif awrD: (1)
zl;cof;qkrf: (Members)? (2) zl;vli.f vSef, (Academic Committee)?
(3) qkrf:zl;rhm (Secretariat) ehbl,bof./ wD;eh;sw.P;yAec
f mof,
Nofpky;f ulnf:sv; wD;uGmif;ref:eef. P;tgefuefce
kd :f wlnf:wD;rhmwgif:
ymifukrfcgw,f zgw;f qkrf:vif,uj,wh:eef.aOurf:/

285

OSifObmrf
uGj,sv,omef;phm:vlif (omef;wh:) sv; ugif:rl:qhB.xD:blof:
ohm:aOymifukrfcgef,'ISef. bof.wlo;f uGj,bof.eef. bif:rD:umef
tgu,f cmof:wmif: uGj,sv,bArf;wlnf:omef;wh:phm:vlif (wSuf.uBD:) wD;arj,yD,
sv; ugi:f rl:qhB.xD:blof:bl,bof./ ugyf;eefsv; oef:xd 30 sv; 31
vldefwD,qdrf,ylod f,eef. qif,vh;tgefueftgu,f cmof:wmif:vkuf.tofwj;
uki;f uGj,arj,yD,sv; qhB.xD:blo:f bl,bof./ Oif,cj,sv;qof;qaI:cof
tduf,yj:qkrf:ygiuf mefao,bj,oqf.qwif:OAif; tAefpSi:f ule:f rD:rguf;pdrf:
Mrf: 150 qof;/auj. bl,bof./ cmof:wmif:eh.auj; bge.f vh;omif:zSef
qArfrldo;f qof."
ayj:ymifurk fcgef,'ISef.bof.awrD:umeftgu,f cmof:wmif:
sv,bArf;eef.bl,bof./
tefvDcof;q[e:[ umefuGj,cmof:wmif:eef.
bgef.yj:qof;TOj,Okcrf:sv; tduf,yj:qof;TOj,kvlifpof:cofvhmvhmqof;
cof;Nrf;Okyd f,yhcmof:wmif:bl,bof./ vldoaf Oeef. rldo;f tgu,f wj;uki;f uGj,
eef. Nrf;yj:qkrf:qof;cl:vliw
f gu.f wdol f, crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd tefawuGj,
arj,vrSi,f rldif:rgef:sv; vlwf.uj:OSef:b[,(4)vrf:sv; vlwf.tgef,
(3)vrf:bl,bof./
qof;cl:vlifxrf,rOj,rdauj; qgrf:Oli,f xkid w
f D;
wdefvhq
g hB.xD:blof: (udef:rkef,qcmef:) wlif.wuf.Oli,f Oif,rldo;f qrf
awcke
d ;f vhgeef.aO qldo:f ckde;f vhq
g hB.xD:blof:auj; Okyd f,cmof:wmif:aO
qof;cl:vlix
f rf,rOj,rdcofauj;
Okyd f,tguf,cmof:wmif:uGj,arj,vrSi,f bl,
bof./ umeftug f,cmof:wmif:Nrf;uefeh. yefvgif;wmif:Oldo:f q[rw
kd f;ukdo:f
uefsw."bof./ vldoaf Oeef. Orf.rD:umefOkdyf,rkw
d f;wlif.wuf.uefsv;
286

OSifObmrf
yj:ekdif;sv;yj:ekdif;? auj.ekid ;f sv;auj.ekdif;awvh;oj;rkw
d f;ukdo:f uefvD
vldorf j:bl,bof./ zgi:f cke
d f;Mwf;eldov
f q
gh hB.xD:blo:f bof.auj; bgef.vh;
oh;Tzj:Nrf;OAifuefsv; yAefwD;tefudw
l ,f pSif:Owf.xj,ckdef;rj:sw."
bof./ ayj:tof'di;f xki:f oj;auj; bgef.vh;pefyD;egi.f wh: O[,Oldo;f clof:
wh: Orf.ayj:rmuf,rldouf Gj,OAif;sv; yAefwD;q[uD;Oldo:f qgrf:sw."bl,bof./
oef:xd (31) umifee
[ ef.auj; vh;wmif,Ogrf:Nrf;OAifuefaOsv; Okdy,f
cmof:wmif:ygu;f rj:cke
d :f wj;uki;f bl,bof./ tefvDcgy;f q[sw. zgi:f rlodf f;tguf,
cmof:wmif:eef. Orf.rD:qof;wj,eumyf;Ogrf:sv; vAif.vlwj,Ogifoef:
tefayj;tguf,qhm:zlof:cdBwf.sv;emif:crf:vSi:f cofwif:Ndef: pAwf:yAef
qof;wj,evlirf ef:eef.bof./ vldoaf Oeef. uj:OD,vrf:tefawj.
d f:
wmif,pof:cke
d ;f vhv
g lif:vhe
g ef.auj;
ayj;tguf,sr;tguf,cof;Ogrf:cke
tofykef;zgef:eif,uof,bof./ bgef:Ol:P; ayj;tgu,f qhm:zlof:cdBwf.sv;
sr;tguf,emif:crf:vSif:(wj;uki;f )pof:cof vh;rD:ukl.Olof,b[,rkefOkifaO
urf:vlnf;/
ymifukrfcgef,'ISef. vduf;vlifwh: ygu;f urf:xd (2) awyAefwD;vhm:cj;
oef:xd (27-28-29. 12. 2014)
tefyAefcmof,vDwD;e[:ymifukrfujG ,eh. ymifukrfcge,f 'ISef.ygu;f urf:
xd (2) eef. awpAwf:wD;vhm:cj;aO ymifurk fyug f;xd (3) Orf.awyAef
287

OSifObmrf
wD;vj;OAo;f wluf:vlif:uefujG ,eif,ehbl,bof./ ykef;wj,ymifukrfcgef,'
ISef.vduf;vlif ygu;f urf;xd (2) wD;vhm:cj;eef. awqwf:pAwf:Nrf;uef
wif:ymifyg:h yDuge:f crf: oef:uldwf,qof;cl:wguf.wlod f,xrf,rOj,rdaO oef:
awyAeyf mifukrfeef. 27 vldefwD,qdrf,ylod f, awj,xkid f 31 eef.eh vh;
wluf:vlif:uefujG ,eif,eefbof./ ugyf;eefsv;
ukdif,vDtgefuefujG ,
cof;Nrf;yefOAef;rhmykef;wj,ymifukrf ygu;f xd (2) bl,bof./ bgef.tofvhm:
ylid e
f ug f;rldif:aOpAwf:ymifukrfsv; ayj:trf,vh;yefqdko;f OAiaf Ocof;Nrf;
qkdif qmif;rD:wmif:bmyf,zkw
d f,eef.bof./ qldo:f awrldo:f qg;h umefauj;
eif,pkdoyf mifukrfcge,f 'ISe.f ayj:awcSrf.vSyf;aO yAefwD;bldif;wj,rldif:
wh:ywf:yke
d .f eef. ukdif,vDpmif;pSef:oh.b[,b[,erferfeh P;vh;ygi,f cmof,
yefaOurf:/
xSif;yldifekdif;auj; ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.eh. awqwf:pAwf:Nrf;
uefwif:ymifyg:h yDuge:f crf:qof;cl:vlif wgu.f wlod f, crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd
sv; eif,pkdoO
f rf.ayj:awvh;rldo:f qh;g wgyf,uki,f auB:ql:ref:qof;eef.
Oif,cj,e[:rldif:eguf;rldif: Nrf;yj:wuj,Owf.xj:e[:rldif:eguf;rldif: qldo:f N.
vli;f ej;oh.eef. awtgefuefrlod f:cof;Nrf;eh rmifqdlo:f vh;yefuGmrf:ref;
oh.bl,bof./ bl,wD;Oif,cj,rldif:xh:aO qldof:yAefvku;f egi.f way:auj;
pmif;pSef:oh.oj;awrldo:f cof;qhg;umef rldefeif,tefvh;qgh;uGj,e[:ymifukrf
cgef,'ISef.vduf;vlifwh: yguf;urf:xd(1) wD;wj;uki;f owf.wh:uof;vuf:
288

OSifObmrf
bl,bof./ ydil v
f lirf ef: Oif,cj,rldif:xh:vh;tofyke;f zgef:oh.wj,awqgh;
umef(zhm,rD,wD,bj,) Okod f,cmof, rldefqdil f.eif,uyf:Okyd f,wdw:f awj,zl;rj:
cof;Nrf;ymifukrfcgef'ISef.? Oli,f cmof,xkid z
f l;rj:cof;Nrf;? xhm,pmif;iof:wlif.?
umefNyf.xlyf:wgif;xmrfqdol :f eh.bl,bof./ bkrf,brfoj;Oif,cj,wh:qldo:f
pAe:f vduf;eguf;rldif:eef. awtgefuefrj:qh;g umeferfvlod faO ygu;f urf:
(1) bl,eh P;vh;yefcmof,Nofpky;f oh.eif,ehaOurf:/

wmifwloz
f hm,yke
d cf mof,ymifukrfcgef,'ISef.vduf;vlif ygu;f urf(2)qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:uj,Zdyj,v Ndif:OSif
qlof;cmof:qef.qgrfrpdwe
l :f vf

289

OSifObmrf

tefu.h eSifcdkef:

urf;erf ugyf;Nrof q[oh: trf,arKolef.eK;

olef.vif trf,bgrf:pyf. acK;Oyf:vSif:uef xgrf,uGmrf:
ulef: Olef:zhm,vAofylef.qdol f:eh. qmif;uh.eSifckdef:
tldof;/
qof;tj,qdef,e vmofwh: (erf.qmif)

290

OSifObmrf
cmof,Nofpkyf;

ymifvSuf;vhm;wmif:N. (Seminar)

vku;f pAef:wh:qef.qgrfe[:rdlif:uguf, yguf;urf: (2)

wD;qef.qgrfrpjql:vj:vlif:ugef: (owf.ODOkwImrf:)? rldif:uguf,? qkdif;xh:
(23 February 2013)

-----------------------------

rldo;f oef:xD. 23 vldefazzdol f,oj,ID, yD 2013 eef. rkuf.qkrf:

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:qef.qgrf tgefploferf:ej;aO pAwf:yAefymifvSu;f
vmh;wmif:pl. wD;qef.qgrfrpjql:vj:vli:f uge:f (owf.ODOkwj:Imrf:)?
ymifckefele:f ? rdil :f uguf,? qdkif;xh: uGj,bof./
wD;e[:ymifvSu;f vhm;wmif:N.eef.J
qof;TOj,aw,odef,w (Xrfruxdu ypkqepdwXI? M.A, Sri
Lanka)
owf.umif.arj,? OD,ayj. yAez
f l;auj.tefzknf,ymifaO
Okyd f,yefatj:oj,wuGj,oj; ]]ayj:trf,bl,qgrf:yldef;? trf,cof;tguf,ylde;f
ehqkdif pof:awwluf:vkdef:ylde;f / ugyf;Oifeh tefyle
d ;f pl. pof:trf,N.?
tefpof:pl. ylde;f trf,pl.eef.auj;rD:bof.? bgef.eefpof:vlo,f rD:vgi;f
vSu;f vhm;wmif:N.uef
wmif:N.pof:qif,awwdol f:erfrj:vdol fuof,/
awvh;rj: xSi;f wmif:pl.r[,r[,/ ayj:trf,cof;tguf,yle
d ;f aObl,pif:ugnf:eh
wmif:pl. awtrf,wlod f:vldorf j:vh;/ wD;at,Okw:f ref: ekdif;yDeikd f;yguf;
291

OSifObmrf
ayj:pAw:f ]ymifvSuf;vhm;wmif:pl.} rldefqlid .f ehvh;qkdif awvDujG ,aw.
aw.bof./ uGmrf:rldo;f uge,f vmwf;oh.oj;- ]]wlofvDwlofukOlof,? vlof,vDvlo,f

puf.uef? ql.vD ql.wmif:arj? aujvDaujyAefrkuf.? bkuf.vDbkuf.vduf;vmh:?

qmh:vDqmh:puf.cldo:f ? bdif:vDbdif:puf.cldo:f ? uldof:vDuldo:f ckdef;b[,? r[,vDr[,
cke
d ;f Okif}} ehaO tofoguf:tge,f Nofeh. pAwf:Nofacj;uGmrf:aOOdky,f Oyf:
vSi:f yefwmif:N.uGj,xSi;f wif:erfbl,bof./
qof;cl:rpj,ynfnj: B.A(Hons), M.A (Sri Lanka) vkuf;pAef:
qef. Ph.D qef.qgrf Assumption University (ABAC) rguf,vmwf;
aetefpol facj;wmifoh.oj; (Education for the twenty-first Century)
] } ehcj;atj;/ e[:eef.tefref: qof;rgu,f
vmwf;uGj,urf;zgif;sw. ]]wli,f oli:f ule:f tefyefpSif:ymh:ynf,nj,eh. aw
qAo:f cke
d f;b[,/ umefpe
A f:rldo;f vAoe
f .h yAefuGj,ymh:rmuf;rD:eef.bof./ yAefcl:
auj;bof. yAefvku;f pAef:auj;bof. wke
d :f awvh;pAef: ICI Literacy
eef.bof./ Oif,ceif;uRif:eh. vlof,pl. Account qif,vh;/ ayj:yAecf l:
OgefaOtrf,arjq[. Computer eh uGj,OgefwD;v[auj; trf,vh;bof./
rldo;f vAoe
f .h yle
d ;f Ogeyf efP;arjole.f / cl:e[:pli:f pAef: awtrf,vh;yef
umefwj,pAwf:wD;pldef:erf/ sw,rldo;f vAouf Gj, umefcAif,uefeh. awerf
vldouf Gj,/ pof:vlof,pwf:vSuf;vmh;ymh:ole.f wloq
f of;uof,/ awj.sw.pl.sw.
trf,vh;? vlof,vh;pl.aw.aw./ ymh:ole.f ule:f teftrf,rD:umefpe
A :f
292

OSifObmrf
sv; ymh:ole.f ule:f tefrD:umefpe
A :f eh. awySuf,ylid ;f uef? trf,rldef
uef/}}
qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Ij,Zdyj,v (xrf,rqIdb zmh,wh:? zmh,rmef;?
M.A, Thailand) rguf;vmwf;uGj,eldop
f ol facj; ]wlox
f lyf:zgi:f pAw:f umef
cle.f cGj.? wSrf; Thesis} eheef. ]]rkif;rgif:oj; awyAefpSi:f q[wj,ulef:
awpAw:f umefcle.f cGj.uGj,rldo:f ej;/ vh;tmef,yyf.vduf; rguf; 100 ymhaO
pkyf;uefwSrf;yAefyyf.vAo/f qef.qgrfeh. ylde;f wlnf:zkdefvdu;f clef.cGj.
tef vkuf;pAef:cofcle.f cGj.tgu,f eef.aO ruf:ref;yefqef.xmef;
qef.qgrfbof./ ayj:awpAw:f umefcle.f cGj.zmh,Oif,ceh awvh;arjpj
e[:ydwumwf;tgef,vmh: (Online Tipitaka)/ tefvrf,vgif;P;wSrf;
zke
d v
f duf;cle.f cGj.ayj:bof.uGj,/ ayj:awOmif;qef.qgrfeh ayj:trf,rD:
ule:f bmrf;pAwf:umefcle.f cGj.erferfeh qef.qgrfpof:awtrf,ckw
d f:yle
d f;
vh;}}/
qof;cl:ynfnj,aZj:uj,Zdyj,v (xrfrjqIdb zmh,wh:? zmh,
rmef;? M.A, Sri Lanka) vkuf;pAef:qef. Ph.D, Mahidol University
rguf,vmwf;aeuGj, eldopf ol facj;]]wlox
f lyf:umefpe
A :f e[:rldif:eguf;rldif:cmof:
wmif: (10) yD}} eef. pof:vlof,vlvduf;erferf? Orf.xSi;f vlof,arj
vlduf;aOvl/ pof:vlof,ule:f pl.? ule:f tefawwSrf;vuf:Okw,f / vlof,vh;
rD:cl:Ogef? wD;at,Okw:f wj,wif;qef.qgrfeh.vlof,rD:cl:bof. Ph.D
293

OSifObmrf
wD;at,Okw:f ref:pj;auj./ arjvduf;aOwj. ayj:trf,rD:qkrf;auj; aw
cof;tguf,su;umifyle
d f;ref:trf,vh;/ awvh;rD:cl:Ogefpw
A f:yefvh;umef
cle.f cGj.aw." oj;"}}/
g f (B.A. ymh:cl:? ymifvli)f
emif:OSifelef: (pgif.) bdif:rlofue
vkuf;pAef:qef. M.A, qef.qgrfIif:Odwf, pAe:f ymh:umefpe
A :f ul;rldif:
(M.A Diplomacy and International Studies) wmifwlov
f kuf;pAef:
qef.qgrf at:ySu.f ? Irf:crf:pSi?f Iif:Odw,f ? uki:f xAyf; vmwf;eldopf ol facj;
]umefpmif;pSef:cof;pAe:f ? cmof:bmrf:sv;uj;q[.qmh,e[:qef.qgrf} eef.
rguf,vmwf;uGj,acj;rkef:tefuoA f,vlnf;umefpmif;pSef:vlif;ej; wj,cof;
qef.qgrfwif:erfaOvmwf;oj; ]]ayj:pAef:qef.qgrfbof. awrD:
wmif:pl.? rD:wmif:pwf:pmef pwf:vmwf;e[:su;ulef:wif:erf? vh;rD:wlof
xlyf:e[:wli,f oli:f tefpof:vAyf;pAef:}}/
vkif:qmh:uSo;f (zl;vlif.vSef,ymh:rmuf;rD:? umefwdwf:awj,oli;f umif
rldif:awj,rldif:) auj; rj:Oyf:vSi:f aevgif; ]] vguf:vmh:wj,pgw;f xkid w
f D;bldif:rmh}}eef. pof:vlof,vh;pl.oj; pof:OlifuBLduf;
umefOif? arjpAwf:Oifvh;vD? rD:ej;umefOifP;vlduf;? awvlduf;ej;umef
Oif? ugyf;Oifsv;vlduf;ej;umeftefe.h ? pAwf:umefe.h bof. vDqdlif.
pkdo?f wj,pAwf:ej;umefe.h vh;vD awvh;pAwf:qldif.pkdof? ayj:trf,rD:ej;

294

OSifObmrf
umeftefOliuf BLduf; awpAwf:qldif.pkdofeah O tofacj;xmrfySwf,acj;eh.
aOOyf:vSi:f uGj,cj;atj;/
yD;qmh:vlif (B.A wj;uki;f ? M.A. Sri Lanka) vkuf;pAef:qef.
Ph.D qef.qgrf Mahidol University rj:rguf,vmwf;aeyefqr
g f:
eif,Nofacj; tefvh;qkdo;f oj;]]vguf:vmh:q[.wkod f: Technology umyf;ymef
bmrf:rldo;f vAo}f } eheef.aO e[:eef.- ]] umyf;ymefrdlo;f eh. tdifeldof
vgif;bl,Oof:udefOmif;sv; zdi;f si;ule:f aO arjymh:ykdef: sv;yhm:Ohm
cofquS f,szoh.yAefvmh"ymefbof./ ymefrlid :f rldof;vAofeh.yAefymefrldif:xSuf,
caej,avj,uBD,ehauj;oj;? ymefrlid :f Information Technology (IT)
ehauj;oj;? ymefrlid :f Digital ehauj;oj;vh;bof.}}/ sw,uGj,qldo:f eh.
yefuGj,wif:pl.wmif:pefwif:erfbof./
omh:aOeef.tefyAefzl;wmifwlof qkrf:wkrf:wlef;wh:? qkrf:
aujygifumefqhg;qkdo.f qmwf;wh:? qkrf:rlvedxdsv;qkrf:aobj,odw.f q?
qkrf:rldif:qdwf,? qkrf:aujplrf;Omif;wh:ekrf,cofrj:rguf,vmwf;acj;bdef:plrf
qlrf:qgrf:sv; wmif:pefxkid uf Gj,xSi;f wif:erfbl,bof./

wSrf;rhmemif:ekrf,xlnf:
M.A Candidate, MCU
295

OSifObmrf

Knowledge will give you power, but character

respect.
-Bruce Lee

wmif:N.awyeftAefpSif:? ulnf: zmifpmif;

vgi;f bl,Oof:vDeef. yAefwD;eyf.brf/
ydef,wSrf;-vmofpAif odqwd f.w (ukefpAif)

296

OSifObmrf
OAef;rmh
qkdof;qof;Wj,e vl,wmef: ikdef:xkef: (Scholarship)
Oif,cwh:vkuf;pAef:r[,
qkyf;xd (9) yD-2013 (ekdif;xkef:-3000 omwf,)
cyf. Qkod f;qof;Wj,e

omef;/ygu.f

rldif:/oAif:

ike
d f:xke:f

Qof;TOj, rpj,nj,edi,f w

owf.r[,

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

Qkrf: Nrf;pSif:r[,

rldi:f bh

6,000

Qof;cl: Okqdif,wj, vl,yef ayj;sr;

rldi:f qdwf,

3,000

Qof;cl: ac,rde,f w vl,yef ayj;sr;

erf.vef;

3,000

Qof;cl: rpj,Omhzj.

omef;qge;f

au:OD:

3,000

6 Qkrf:Oifcwh:owf.wgef:Oau:

elef:xykId

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

rldi:f zlif:

rldi:f vmof:

30,000

yD;qmh:egwf:+emif:zde:f zj:
sv;vku;f bdi:f emif:OSiMf rf

297

OSifObmrf
8

Qkrf: cl:Ogef owf.Omhrh

yxlrfxeD

3,000

Qkrf: sr;yj;blif,

rpj,cBmh:

rldi:f ugu,f

9,000

10

Qkrf: qmh:OSipf ef

rldi:f ugu,f

9,000

11

Qkrf: ao,bj,odwf.q

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

12

emif:vmofcrf:

ygu.f -4

ymifvlif

3,000

13

yD;OD,p+emif:tl:Oj,

OefOmh:wh:

wj;cD;vAuf:

3,000

14

Qmh:puf.cldof:+emif:ekrf,xlnf: vgv
h Sif

wlef;wD:

3,000

15

yD;qmh:egi.f +emif:OSifelef:

ygu.f -4

ymifvlif

3,000

omef;NofvD;

xki.f ylif:

3,000

sv;vkuf;bdif:emif:tdef:tgef:
16

yD;qmh:ilnf,+emif:ekrf,

17

emif:vcgi,f ? emif:Omof sv;

vku;f qmh:vl,wmef:yef
egiv
f Sif.
qmh:xeD:

3,000

ymifvlif

18

emif:bD,? emif:auBL,

ygu.f -3

ymifvlif

3,000

19

emif:OSifref;

egiv
f Sif.

ymifvlif

3,000

298

OSifObmrf
20

yj;rBL.bAe,f

21

emif:uAifemif:vmofcrf:? emif:ele:f zgif sv;emif:

vbAe,f ?
emif:crf:vgwf;Nrf;uefvl,wm
ef:
Qof;cl:WD,yj,avj:u sv;
emif:vSif: cofyD;egi.f wif:
pdew
f Suf,
Nde:f Nrf;yj:emif:rlef: cof
wif:Nde:f

22

rldi:f ygef

3,000
3000

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

oAif:uAif:pmh:

23 Qof;cl:

aw,qnj,e sv;
Qmh:eef,wd+emif:Okod fe,gh ?
egiv
f Sif
Qmh:aej,+emif:Olnf,el.
sv;qmh:uke Nrf;uefv,l wmef:

vmh:cj;

3,000

24

Qkrf: yD;egif.wh:rldi:f cmif wif: rldi:f cmif

OAi;f Nrf;uefvl,wmef:

rldi:f cmif

3,000

25

Qmh:yg:h +emif:vlif

26

yj;crf:tgi,f cofwmif:Nde:f

rldi:f ygef

3,000

27

yj;tdi,f

ej:rlef:

ukepf Aif

3,000

299

au:OD:

3,000

OSifObmrf
28

emif:qdi,f nke.f
cofwmif:Nde:f

wlef;wD:

3,000

29

yD;emif:Mrf sv; emif:rge:f

rl,sq;

3,000

30

wkrf:wlef;wh:

rldi:f ugu,f

6,000

31

yD;qmh:qmh:+emif:rlofMrf

ygu.f -4

ymifvlif

3,000

32

emif:Olnf,tki,f cofsr;vku;f
wmif:Nde:f

rldi:f Ol;

3,000

33

Qmh:rldi:f +emif:qmrfee
l f:

ygu.f wkrfrlof

ymifvlif

3,000

34

yD;emif:uBL:

rldi:f ygef

3,000

35

emif:bdi:f vlif

ymifvlif

9,000

36

emif:Mrf+emif:at:
cofwmif:Nde:f

pdew
f Suf,

sr;zj.vlif

3,000

37

emif:bdif: sv; vku;f bdi:f NofvD;_

emif:rge:f Mrf
erf.cluf.

xki.f ylif:

3,000

38

yD;Okoef:+emif:ele:f
Nrf;vlnf;rl,yD;qkrf:egi.f vku;f

ygu.f Omrf
r[,Okif

300

ymifvlif

3,000

OSifObmrf
vmefwif:OAi;f
39

Qmh:qgrfcldof:+emif:crf:v

ygu.f -1

ymifvlif

3,000

40

Emif:qmrfMrf

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

41

Emif:crf:egi.f

42

Vki:f Okqdif,wj,+yj;cke
d fsv; egiv
f Sif
vku;f bdi:f emif:crf:zdwf;

Ymifvlif

3,000

43

Qkrf:Nde:f Nrf;puf.

rldi:f ugu,f

3,000

44

Qof;OD,Idxrf,r sv; qkrf:

wuj,Oxj: xki.f qvmef:
qvmef:
wif:OAif f;

rldi:f bh

3,000

45

sr;qmif:bgwf;crf:sv;

ygu.f 3omef;
qmif;crf:

ymifvlif

vgyh BL:

Ymifvgi:f

rldi:f ugu,f

qmh:tSuf.u+emif:rBL:
46

yD;Olnf,ax:+yD;tkib
f D,
yD;ekbD,

47

yD;vrgi,f +emif:crf:tdi,f /
qhm:crf:tl:+emif:crf:uSof;?
Qhm:oef:OSif+emif:qmrfcrf:

301

Vmh:cj;

3,000

3000

3,000

3000

OSifObmrf
sv; qhmqmrfcldof:
Nrf;wkrfie
kd f;vl,wmef:wif:OAi;f vh;

1,92,000

ymi

omwf,

Qgrf:eif,tef wuj,Owf.xj:yD;"egi.f "pof:cof wD;qrfwD;uh

vh;rD:q[Owf.xj,aq,wej,zlud f,qkdef;cmofO[aO vl,wmef:urf.uSrf
qgh;xSrfrj:ikdef:xkef:e[: ymifyg:h pyf.wge;f vkuf;pAef:r[,Oif,cwh:rldif:uguf,
qkdif;xh:ygu;f urf: (9) eif,ehe.h - pof:rku.f qkrf:vku;f pAef:Oif,cwh:
rldif:uguf,wif:OAi;f rD:wmif:Nrf"qlrf:"
Ojxktekarj:Wej,qgrf:wuj,
Owf.xj:pof:cofsw."oj;"aObof. P;tefqof;wj,ezl;ule:f vDpof:
wif:OAif; vh;rD:wlofqu[ wf:bAefOldo:f Oj,aObof. qAo:f Mwf;xkid rf ldif:
crf:rpj,edyf.ymef,aOurf:vlnf;wj./
edyfyefeOfO yqfqabj apjwk
OjXk OjXk OjXk

uAyf:wmif,serkuf.qkrf:zl;ygiuf mef
vkuf;pAef:Oifcwh: rldif:uguf,
25.08.2013

302

OSifObmrf
OAef;rmh
Qkdof;qof;wj,e vl,wmef:ikdef:ugifumif yyf.vduf;OSifObmrf
yD 2010
rmhcyf.
1.
2.

qkdof;
Dr. qmh:rgu,f crf: +
emif:Olnf,rki,f cofwif:Nde:f
emif:olof:OSif tgeNf ofaO
TOj,sv;wuf.uj,wif:OAi;f
ef:G yD

wD;bl,

rldof;

ike
d f:

oAif:vj;OAof;

2010

2,000,000
Kyat

2010

8000

rldi:f wh:

Nrf;wif:rlwf:ike
d f:xh: 8000 sv;
ike
d f:rmef; 2,000,000 Kyat

2010

yD - 2012
rmhcyf.

qkdof;

wD;bl,

oef:xD.

UK

6.12.2012

2.

Qof;cl:vlif Dr. crf:rmh xrf,r

Oj,rd
Qof;cl:rpj,auj:vdi,f

ymifvlif

6.12.2012

2000

3.

Qof;cl:rpj,OSif'j.

vmif:cldof:

6.12.2012

2000

1.

303

ike
d f:
4000

OSifObmrf
ef:G yD 2012 Nrf;ike
d f:xh:wif:rlwf: 8000 wArfwArf

yD - 2014
rmhcyf.

qkdof;

wD;bl,

oef:xD.

ike
d f:

rldi:f zlif:

23.1.2014

wj;cD;vAuf:

17.1.2014

6000

1.

qof;ayj;Odex
f rf:
cl:oj:oke:f qkrf. vl,wmef:
rldof;tjbkwArf (50) clyf,

35000

2..

bdi:f qmrfMrf (vmh:cj;)

3.

qof;cl: Dr. OSifNdi:f

eIdef,w (uxdu? MCU)

vmh:cj;

21.1.2014

5000

vki:f qmif:eef,wj, +
yj;qmif:bdif:cofwif:Nde:f

ygu.f (2)
oAif:vmh:cj;

21.1.2014

5000

4.
5.

6.

qof;cl:ynf,nj,azj:u Ndif:OSif
(PhD, Candidate Mahidol
University)

rldi:f Ol;

qof;cl:ej,Iw aej,crf:

rldi:f egif
304

21.1.2014
21.1.2014

USD
150
USD

100

OSifObmrf
7.

qmh:puf.cldof: (arjOgef aujNrf; omef;wgi,f eD,?

Omif;wh:ekrf,) + emif:ekrf,xlnf: aq;oAif:
(arjOgefaujNrf;Omif;wh:ekrf,)
wlef;wD:

12.01.2014

5000

M.A Candidate, MCU

8.

9.

Dhammavi
jaya
Division,
MCU
Thailand

Phramaha Supachai
and devotees

qof;cl:aw,qnj,e
aej,vSif: M.A Candidate,

vmh:cj;

21.1.2014

3000

3000
22.1.2014

MCU

qof;cl:aw,odef,wj,zdyj,v
OSifcrf:wh: (vku;f pAef: Ph.D,
Mahidol University )
qof;cl:udwf.wdOj,Ij,zdyj,v

13.01.2014

2000

rldi:f Ol;

13.01.2014

2000

au:OD:

13.01.2014

2000

qof;awqoke,f w wke
d f:vSif:
qof;odqdwf.w vmofpAif

Zmhcke,f
ukepf Aif

23.1.2014

2000

15.

qof;TOj,rpj,nj,edi,f w

owf.rf,G ?
uki:f xAyf;

13.01.2014

1000

16.

qof;aOj:ze OSifcldof:

uAif:wkif

16.1.2014

1000

10.
11.

erf.crf:

PhD Candidate, MBU

12.

qof;cl:Okre OSifvmof

M.A

Candidate, MCU

13.
14.

305

22.1.2014

USD

50

OSifObmrf
17.

rl,sq;

17.1.2014

1000

ugBif:xguf.uBmef.?
wj;ukif;
ujvd? ukefpAif

19.1.2014
22.1.2014

1000
1000

16.1.2014

600

13.01.2014

500

1.1.2014

500

13.1.2014

500

au:OD:

17.1.2013

500

ugBuf.sr:
rldi:f bh
vj;OAof;
ugBuf.sr:

22.1.2014

500

23.1.2014

500

23.1.2014

500

28.

qof;cl:rpj,tlwh:
qof;tde,f wj,qj,I tgi,f vl,
bdi:f tgrfcrf:
qof;wdu.f cnj,e crf:OfG

29.

qof;ao,ykvfv

xki.f ylif:

19.1.2014

18.

qof;oyf.y xkef:vSif:
qof;TOj,aqj:wdu (rldif:ukid f)
M.A Candidate, MCU

19.
20.
21.

qof;ac,rde,f w crf:vSif:
qof;yef,wdw Omhiof:vldef
qof;cl:Ol,Idb OSifcil f: M.A

rldi:f bmif:
vj;OAof;

Candidate, MCU

22.

qof;cl:ynf,nj,qj,I crf:clif:
M.A Candidate, MCU

23.
24.

qof;Okcrf: Okqdwf.w
(rgu,f OAof;)
qof;cl:qj,Idef,w (qmif:yD:)

Zjqgif:?
rldi:f bmif:vSif
ugBif:yAi:f vlif

M.A Candidate, MCU

25.
26.
27.

30.
31.

vki:f qmif:ugef:wdi,f n +
yj;qmif:urf,cofwif:Nde:f
qof;tde,f wj,qj,I

omef;egif?
oAif:erf.qmif
Oefvcgh ldof:?
OD,ayj.

306

16.1.2014

27300
Kyat

20000
Kyat

20000

22.1.2014

Kyat

24.1.2014

500

OSifObmrf
efG:yD 2013 Nrf;wif:rlwf:vh;ikdef:xh: 79600 omwf,
ikdef:USD 300 (awj,vj,)
ikdef:rmef; 67300 yBj:
rmhwgif:/

-qgrf:vlnf;qof;wj,epof:cof vh;vl,wmef: rj:ikdef:ugifumifwj, ]]yyf.

vdu;f OSiO
f bmrf}}wif:OAi;f qldof:eh. erf.wge:f zgef:vDref:qrf. ike
d f:qldof:
eef. rku.f qkrf:vku;f pAef:Oif,cwh:qef.qgrf rldi:f uguf, vh;tofqf.G wkod f:pAwf:tgu,f
yyf.]]OSifObmrf}} yDOykd f,yDbl,/
-OAe;f rmhqkod f;qof;wj,e yyf.vdu;f eef. Oifoj;qkdof;OAifqof;wj,e
pof:cof wluf:cmif.oh.ayj:oj;ehqikd f wdwf:wmrfuyf:Okdyf,vmwf;rj:wD;sengsiam2011@gmail.com eh.vh;bl,/

307

OSifObmrf
acj;Nrfqlrf:
***************
qgrf:eif,tefqof;wj,epof:cof vh;vl,wmef: Nrf;Mrf:urf.uSrf
qgh;xSrfvl,wmef: rldefeif,ike
d f:urf.xSrfvku;f pAef:rf,G ? tefvh;vl,
wmef:uj;yyf.OSiO
f bmrfsv; vh;bgif;uki,f Oif,cqof;tgif,vduf; (B.A
& M.A) wj, (22) qof; rldo;f yDrf,G wh: efG:yD 2013 qldo:f eh.qkdif ej:rkef
ukOlof,ref:qrf.-

P;bl,vDrD:ikdef:
P;pmif;vDudkuf:ykdef:
P;ynf,nj,pSi:f ukdef:
P;cke
d ;f bf,G ef:G avj:usv;wif:xrf,r
eif,uefwif:OAif;aOurf:
edyfyefeOfO yqfqabj apjwk
Ojxk Ojxk Ojxk

-qkrf:ygifyAefyyf.
OSiO
f bmrf rmh (3)
24 January 2014
308