Cell biology practical

Lab 2: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis

College of Health Technology
First stage
First semester :2022/2023
Lecturer: M.Sc. Zubaidah M.Agha
zubaidah.Husham@cihanuniversity.edu.iq
 The Cell Theory
 The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the
microscope.

 In 1665, Robrt Hooke describe the cells in a thin slice of

cork.
 The Cell Theory
Cell Theory consists of three principles:

a. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an

organism.

c. Cells come only from the replication of existing cells.

 What is a Cell?
 Cell – Basic unit of living things.

Organisms are either:

 Unicellular – made of one

cell such as bacteria and

amoebas.
OR
 Multicellular – made of

many cells such as plants

and animals.
The Discovery of Cells

before
nucleus

true
nucleus
 Eukaryotes

1. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope

2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
3. Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)
4. DNA – double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly
organized)
5. Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms
6. Ex: animals, plants, fungi
 Prokaryotes

1. NO nucleus
2. NO membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes)
3. ALL are unicellular
4. Smaller than eukaryotic cells
5. Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple)
6. DNA – single strand and circular
7. Ex: ALL Bacteria
 Summary of differences!
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells
small cells (< 5 mm) larger cells (> 10 mm)
always unicellular often multicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-bound always have nucleus and other
organelles membrane-bound organelles

DNA is circular, FREE FLOATING DNA is linear and associated with

DNA proteins to form chromatin

ribosomes are small ribosomes are large

no cytoskeleton PILLI and capsule always has a cytoskeleton

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan Cell wall made out of cellulose
cell division is by binary fission cell division is by mitosis or meiosis

reproduction is always asexual reproduction is asexual or sexual

 Similarities
1. Contain all four biomolecules
(lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)

2. Have ribosomes

3. Have DNA

4. Similar Metabolism

5. Can be unicellular

6. Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall

Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture
 Cell Structures
 Cell membrane
 delicate lipid and
protein skin around
cytoplasm
 found in all cells
 Cell Structures

 Nucleus
 a membrane-bound sac to
store the cell’s
chromosomes(DNA)
 has pores: holes
 Cell Structures

 Nucleolus
 inside nucleus
 location of ribosome
factory
 made of RNA
 Cell Structures

 Mitochondrion
 makes the cell’s
energy
 the more energy the
cell needs, the more
mitochondria it has
 Cell Structures

 Ribosomes
 build proteins from
amino acids in
cytoplasm
 may be free-floating, or
 may be attached to other
parts
 made of RNA
 Cell Structures

 Endoplasmic reticulum
 may be smooth: builds
lipids and carbohydrates
 may be rough: stores
proteins
 Cell Structures
 Golgi Complex
 takes in sacs of raw
material from ER
 sends out sacs
containing finished
cell products
 Cell Structures

 Lysosomes
 sacs filled with
digestive enzymes
 digest worn out cell
parts
 digest food absorbed
by cell
 Cell Structures

 Centrioles
 pair of bundled tubes
 organize cell division
 Cell Structures

 Cytoskeleton
• made of microtubules
• found throughout
cytoplasm
• gives shape to cell &
moves organelles
around inside.
Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall
very strong
made of cellulose
protects cell from
rupturing
glued to other cells
next door
Structures found in plant cells

Vacuole
huge water-filled
sac
keeps cell
pressurized
stores starch
Structures found in plant cells

Chloroplasts
filled with
chlorophyll
turn solar energy
into food energy
How are plant and animal cells different?
 Structure Animal cells Plant cells
cell membrane Yes yes
nucleus Yes yes
nucleolus yes yes
ribosomes yes yes
ER yes yes
Golgi yes yes
centrioles yes no
cell wall no yes
mitochondria yes yes
cholorplasts no yes
One big vacuole no yes
cytoskeleton yes Yes
The End