International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

Theoretical and Experimental performance

analysis of sandstones and marble pieces as
thermal energy storage materials inside solar still

Hitesh Panchal, D.K. Patel & Prathik Patel

To cite this article: Hitesh Panchal, D.K. Patel & Prathik Patel (2017): Theoretical
and Experimental performance analysis of sandstones and marble pieces as thermal
energy storage materials inside solar still, International Journal of Ambient Energy, DOI:
10.1080/01430750.2017.1298059

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1298059

Accepted author version posted online: 21

Feb 2017.

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Download by: [University of Newcastle, Australia] Date: 27 February 2017, At: 20:53
Publisher: Taylor & Francis & Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Journal: International Journal of Ambient Energy

DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2017.1298059

Theoretical and Experimental performance analysis of sandstones and marble pieces as

thermal energy storage materials inside solar still
1*Hitesh Panchal, 2D.K. Patel, 3Prathik Patel
1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Patan, Gujarat, India.
2Associate Professor, epartment of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Patan, Gujarat, India.
3Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kalol Institute of Technology
and Research Center, Gujarat, India.

*Corresponding Author Email: engineerhitesh2000@gmail.com

Abstract:

Present research paper deals with the theoretical and experimental investigation of the
solar still with two different thermal energy storage materials, namely marble pieces and
sandstones. To carry out above research, three solar stills of 1 meter square area have been
made. All solar stills have been provided with a glass cover cooling and dripping
arrangement for reduction in top loss and maintaining a constant level of water.. It has
been evaluated that, the sandstones with cooling and dripping arrangement gained
remarkable effect to augment the distillate output of a solar still. It is used to augment the
distillate output throughout the day. Theoretical results have also validated with
experimental results and obtained good agreement.

Keywords:

Marble pieces, Sandstones, distillate output, dripping and cooling arrangement

1. Introduction:
Solar still is a device, which is used for the purpose of solar distillation and converts the
brackish or saline water into drinkable water by the action of solar energy. Mehsana
(23.5879607 °N, 72.3693252 °E ) is located in Gujarat state and it has a good blessing from
god in form of solar thermal energy and many researches have done on solar still [1-29].
Different thermal energy absorbing materials have been incorporated in raw water by the
researchers to offer increment in distillate output [30]. Use of rubber mate investigated by
Madani and Zaki [31] for improvement in generation of potable water. Naim Mona and
Abd El Kawi Mervat [32] have carried out research work on increase the absorption of
incident sun rays. Moreover, Nafey et al. [33] have made an effort to improve the potable
water production using thermal energy storage materials like brick pieces, glass pieces,
rubber pieces, and black gravel pieces. Kalidasa Murugavel et al. [34] have carried out
attempt to the various spreading thermal energy storage materials with a lower depth of
saline water. Their purpose was to equally distribute the saline water for an enhancement
in distillate output. Rahim et al. [35] have attempted novel idea to store excess solar
thermal energy during sunshine hours and use it for continuous distillate output in
conventional solar still. In this work, the authors split the basin water into two
compartments like evaporating and heat-storing compartment. Shanmugan [36] used
different thermal energy storage materials in conventional solar still and found concrete
stones have higher distillate output. Sakthivel and Shanmugasundram [37] have carried out
experiments on black granite gravel as thermal energy storage material in a basin of solar
still and obtained remarkable generation of potable water from solar still. Arjunan et al.
[38] have attempted use of blue metal stones. His aim was to store excess solar energy and
he acquired good results. Kalidasa Murugavel et al. [39] have attempted to boost the
distillate output by using minimum mass of water with various materials in climate
conditions of Chennai and found concrete pieces as suitable material. Hitesh Panchal [40]
reviewed various materials used in solar still for obtaining remarkable effect on potable
water production.

Thermal energy storage materials should be cheap and easily available. Hence, in this
present research paper, a single-basin single-slope, solar still with cheap and easily
available thermal energy storage materials have been tested theoretically and
experimentally. The performance of all three solar stills has been tested with glass cover
cooling and dripping arrangement of various thermal energy storage materials like sand
stones, white marble pieces, etc. Experimental and theoretical simulation results are
presented and discussed in this research paper.

2. Experimental setup

Fig.1. Shows the experimental set up installed on the terrace of Gujarat Power Engineering
and Research Institute, Mehsana, Gujarat, India. The experimental setup consists of a three
same sized (1 square meter cross sectional area) solar stills with condensing glass cover
inclination of 23° (Latitude of Mehsana City), fabricated to accommodate 0.04 m water
depth maximum. For the experiments, 0.02 m depth is taken constant for all solar still. Each
solar still also provided with a glass cover cooling arrangement for prevention of heat loss.
Fig. 2 shows the cooling arrangement provided in the present work. Among all
experimental solar stills, first is with sandstone, second is with the Marble piece as energy
absorbing materials and third solar still is alone still for the purpose of comparison among
first two stills. The bottom surface of each still was painted black chrome paint
(absorptivity = 0.92) to absorb maximum solar radiations. The effective basin area of each
still is made of Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP). It has 5 cm thickness of insulation to resist
against the bottom heat loss. The Condensing cover is made of toughen maintains heat
inside the still. Here, each glass cover is fixed to top of the vertical wall of the still using an
asphalt tar on all sides to make it leak proof against heat loss. The potable water collected
by fixed channel made of fibre reinforce plastic (FRP). A measuring jar is used to collect
potable water from the fixed channel. A saline water tank (25 kg capacity) is installed in the
system as a constant head tank which is used to control the level of water inside the still.
Here saline water is not taken from the sea, but it is prepared water in the laboratory. 40
mg/liter salt is used for the preparation of saline water. Table 1 represents accuracy and
errors of instruments used in this work.
Fig.1. Solar still with thermal energy storage materials
 Fig.2 Cooling arrangement provided to solar still

Table 1 Percentage error and Accuracy of various instruments

Sr.No. Instrument Accuracy Range % Error

Thermocouple
1
(K-Type) ±0.1°C 0-100°C 0.5%

2 Solarimeter ±1W/m2 0-2500 W/m2 2.5%

 Temperature
3 ±0.1 °C 0-200 °C 0.5%
Indicator

4 Anemometer ±0.1 m/s 0-15 m/s 10%

3. Thermal Modeling
For the present experiment, thermal modeling is based on glass cover transmission and
energy balance equations:

3.1 Glass cover transmission

For northern hemisphere places, solar still should face towards the south direction. To
estimate the energy in the still, the sunrays obtained by glass and transmittance with time
are used. Therefore, in present theoretical evaluation, it is to be considered that the sun
rays of the fixed transmittance incident on the glass. Hence, at any point, total incident
sunrays are equal to the rays incident on glass cover, whose face is towards the south
direction.
= (1)
Were, = (t)
Use of sun rays at any point is expressed as:
= (2)
Were = (t)
Solar radiation transmission trough glass cover is shown in Fig.2.
 Fig. 2. Solar radiation transmission phenomena in solar still

3.2 Energy Balance Equation

Fig. 3 shows energy balance of a solar still.

The following assumptions have been used to prepare energy balance equations:
1. There is no existence of temperature gradient of the glass cover.
2. The system is completely free from leakage.
 Fig.3. Energy balance in solar still
3.2.1 Energy balance equation for glass cover:
The summation of absorbed energy and heat transfer from basin water to glass cover
is equal to the sum of Radiative and convective heat transfer of glass cover to ambient
[41].

′ +[ + + ]=[ + ] (3)

′ +ℎ ( − )=ℎ ( − ) (4)

The calculation of the value of ℎ and ℎ Shown in the Appendix.

From equation (3) value of is as below

= (5)
3.2.2 Energy balance equation for basin water:
The amount of sunrays absorbed by basin water equal to the sum of the amount of
heat stored in saline water and energy storage material, heat transfer to the basin water
to the glass cover, heat loss through the side and bottom of the basin and heat transfer
of water inside solar still.

′ =( + ) +ℎ ( − )

+ℎ ( − )+ ℎ ( − ) (6)

( + ) = ′ -ℎ ( − )
- ℎ ( − ) - ℎ ( − )
(7)

Were = = (t)
The calculation of the value of ℎ and ℎ shown in the appendix.
Substitute the value for From equation (4) to the equation (6) and rearrange the
equation we get,

+ =Q (8)

Where,

P= -
( ) ( )( )

( )
Q= +
( ) ( )( )
 ( )
+
( )

The equation (7) is like a + =Q linear differential equation (Leibnitz

equation) and the general solution of an equation is

y = dt + c (9)

So, y= = +c (10)

Now for initial condition, t = 0, = put in equation (9), we get

c= - (11)
So, final equation for is

= (1- )+ (12)

The value of and is use to find out the the distilled output.
So, the hourly distillate output is determined by:
ℎ ( − )
= ×3600 (13)

Hourly efficiency is determined by:

Me L
η= × 100 (14)
∆

Where, ∆ interval over which the solar radiation is calculated.

4. Result and Discussion

The following design values were applied to evaluate the numerical simulation of a
solar still.

αb =0.36 αg =0.05, αw =0.34, FR =0.831, Mw =25kg, εeff =0.82 , Li =0.05 m , Ki =0.57

W/ m K , hw =250 W/m2 K Δt 3600 s , Cw =4190 J/Kg K , σ =5.67 × 10−8 W/m2K ,(ατ)c
=0.8, ULC =2.44 W/m2 K, h2 5.7 + 3.8 V, V = 3 m/s, L= 2.25 × 105 J/Kg.

The variable climate parameters like solar radiation intensity and ambient
temperatures have been measured at every hour used to get the results from the
numerical simulations.

Experiments have been performed with thermal energy storage materials like
sandstones and marble pieces during sunshine hours of different days continuously
during March and May 2015. The solar radiation intensity remains same for all
solar stills during the day of experimental observations. S. Shanmugan [15] carried
out experiments on single solar still with varying sensible heat storage materials.
They took experimental observations of days, where the solar intensity remained
same. But in the present research work, three separate solar stills have been used,
hence results obtained would be accurate because the solar intensity, wind velocity
and ambient temperature remained same. Fig. 4 shows the variation of solar
radiation intensity with respect to the time interval for the experimental
observation days in which observations made with different thermal storage
materials. It is clearly shown that, the solar intensity seems to be maximum
between 12pm and 2 pm for all solar stills.
 900

800

700
Solar Intensity (W/m2)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
Time (hr)

Fig. 4. Variation of solar radiation intensity and with respect to time interval

Fig. 5 represents the variation of distillate output obtained from various thermal
energy storage materials (sandstones and marble pieces) throughout the
experimental day. The experimental observations have been made by dripping as
well as cooling arrangement to decrease top heat loss and maintain a constant level
of water inside the still. From the Fig. 5, it is also found that, the storage materials
increased distillate output of a solar still compared with alone solar still. For the
purpose of comparison, it is found that, the sandstones have obtained higher
distillate output compared with marble pieces throughout the day [42].
 0.7
0.6
Distillate output (kg)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
Time (hr)

Solar still with Sandstones Solar still with marble pieces Alone solar still

Fig.5 Sunshine hours distillate output in solar still

It is clearly shown in Fig. 6 that, the potable water received by different solar still
during off-sunshine hours. It is clearly said from the graph that, the generation of
potable water by solar still having sandstones obtained about 0.45 kg/m2 and
marble pieces obtained 0.25 kg/m2 during time period of evening 06: 00 pm to
next day 08:00 am.
0.12

0.1
Distillate ouptut (kg)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00
Time (hr)

Solar still with sandstones solar still with marble pieces alone solar still
 Fig.6 Sunshine hours distillate output in solar still

4.5
4
3.5
Distillate ouptut (kg)

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Solar still with sandstones Solar still with marble pieces Alone solar still
Condition of Solar still

Fig. 7 Variations of distillate output received from solar still during 24 hours time
interval

If experimental distillate output is taken for the period of 24 hours, then sand
stones contained solar still, marble pieces contained solar still and alone solar still
obtained 3.9, 3.41 and 3.0 kg/m2 . It is as shown in Fig. 7. Hence, the total
increment of 30% and 14% obtained by sandstones contained solar still compared
to alone solar still and marble pieces contained solar still

Table 2 represents various properties possessed by various materials used in the

present experiment. Among the both thermal energy storage materials, sandstones
have high specific heat capacity than the marble pieces. Moreover, the higher
specific heat capacity is leading to higher trapping of solar thermal energy within
the material and used the trapped energy during off-sunshine hours. It is a reason,
why the solar still contained sandstones obtained higher distillate output during the
night time. Also, the sandstones have inbuilt pore holes and due to the pore holes,
the hot water inside the solar still basin stored in it and release its stored thermal
energy during the absence of sun rays. Higher thermal conductivity also leads to
the bottom heat loss from the solar still. Higher thermal conductivity was found in
marble pieces compared with sand stones. It is also a reason behind lower distillate
output obtained by marble pieces as a storage material.

Thermal Specific Heat

Experimental Mass Density
conductivity capacity
materials (kg/m²)
(W/m K) (J/kg K)

Marble Pieces 2563 2.07 820

Sand stones 2323 1.83 980

Table 2: Properties of sand stones and marble pieces as thermal energy storage
materials

Many Researchers have worked on the remarkable effect of temperature difference

between the water and glass cover on the performance of a solar still [5-7]. Hence,
Fig. 8 represents the effect of temperature difference between the water and the
glass cover temperature on solar still performance. From the figure, it is clearly
shown that, the difference in temperature between the water and inner glass cover
surface is extreme during 12pm to 01:00 pm and after that it falls progressively for
thermal energy storage materials and alone solar still.
 90
80
70
Temperature (C)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
Time (hr)
water temp for sandstones glass cover temp for sandstones
water temp for marble pieces glass cover temp for marble pieces
water temp for alone solar still glass cover temp for alone solar still

Fig. 8 comparisons of water and glass cover temperatures for solar still

There is found a notable temperature difference between water and the inner glass
cover surface of a solar still having sandstones as appropriate materials. Hence, the
rate of distillate output enhances proportionally with the increased temperature
difference during mid day or peak sunny hours. And also during such hours, the
lower the water depth in the basin has been kept by dripping arrangement into the
basin by the dripping arrangement and glass cover cooling, which improves the
potable water production owing to the low thermal heat capacity of water and also
reduction in glass cover temperature. Experiments have also been carried out
without the dripping and cooling arrangements provided in still. It is found that, for
constant higher water depth of the still, the distillate output reduces when
compared to the dripping and cooling arrangement to the solar stills. Everyday
about 12 liter of water is used for dripping arrangement and 11 liter for the cooling
arrangement.

A Microsoft Excel 2012 was used to determine the numerical results of glass and
water temperatures and distillate output. It is clearly said from Fig. 9, that the
theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement with each other. But,
the deviations are found less in the case of sand stones solar still compared with
marble pieces solar still. The side and bottom loss are responsible for the
deviations.

80 0.8
70 0.7
60 0.6

Distillate output (kg)

Temperature (C)

50 0.5
40 0.4
30 0.3
20 0.2
10 0.1
0 0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
Time (hr)

Water Temp (exp) Water Temp (Theo) Glass Temp (Exp)

Glass Temp(Theo) Distillate output (Exp) Distillate output (Theo)

Fig. 9 Experimental and theoretical Comparisons of temperatures and distillate

output of sand stones as thermal energy storage materials

It is clearly seen the little deviation in various parameters shown in Fig. 9. To see
the effect of dripping and cooling arrangement for the performance of sandstones
as thermal energy storage materials, two solar stills having with and without use of
above arrangements have compared with 1.5 cm constant water depth. From Fig.
10, it is clearly demonstrated that the cooling and dripping arrangement increased
the distillate output by increment of water temperature and reduction in glass cover
temperature. Cooling arrangement provides reduction of average 5 to 6 degrees of
inner glass cover temperature. Also from the 24 hours of observations, it has
found that, the distillate output of sandstones as thermal energy storage found 4.4
kg/m2 distillate output. It is 12% higher distillate output without the use of dripping
and cooling arrangement.
0.8
0.7
0.6
Distillate output (kg)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
Time (hr)
without dripping and cooling with dripping and cooling

Fig. 10 Effect of cooling and dripping arrangement on solar still with sandstones

5. Conclusion

The following conclusions obtained from the above research work:

• The thermal performance of solar still has been modeled theoretically

including the transmittance and total sun radiation of south-facing
condensing cover and it is experimentally validated.
• Sandstones are one of the best thermal energy storage purpose to enhance
the distillate output not only during the daytime, but also nighttime due to its
higher specific heat capacity and pore holes.
 • Sandstones in the basin of a solar still with cooling and dripping
arrangement found significant effect on the performance of a solar still. It
reduces the top glass cover temperature and also maintain constant water
level. Hence, the distillate output is enhanced.
• Sandstones and marble pieces inside the solar still obtained 30% and 14%
increment in potable water compared with alone still.
• There is a close match of experimental and theoretical results of solar still
with sandstones as thermal energy storage materials.
• Glass cover cooling arrangement reduced the temperature around the 4 to 5
degrees.

Nomenclatures:

Aw = = Area of Basin (m 2)
Ag = Area of Glass Cover (m 2)
Abs =Area of Sidewall and bottom loosing heat (m 2)
=Specific heat of water in Still J /kg. ͦ C)
=Specific heat of energy storage material in Still J /kg. K
h1 =Total heat transfer Coefficient from water to the glass cover (W/m 2 K)
h2 = Convective heat transfer coefficient from glass to ambient (W/m 2 K)
h3 =Conductive heat transfer coefficient from basin sidewall to ambient (W/m 2 K)
ℎ = Convective heat transfer coefficient from water to glass (W/m 2 K)
ℎ = Evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water to glass (W/m 2 K )
ℎ = Radiative heat transfer coefficient from water to glass (W/m 2 K )
ℎ = Radiative heat transfer coefficient from glass to ambient (W/m 2 K)
ℎ = Convective heat transfer coefficient from glass to ambient (W/m 2 K)
ℎ = heat transfer coefficient from feed water (W/m2 K)
( ) = Solar radiation Received (W/m 2)
 =Thermal conductivity of basin material (0.048 W/m .K) FRP board
=thickness of basin material (m)
=Mass of saline or brackish water
=hourly distillate output (kg/m 2 h)
= mass of energy storage material (18 kg)
Mew =daily distillate output (kg/m 2 .day)
=Partial vapour pressure at inner surface glass temperature (N/m 2)
=Partial vapour pressure at water surface temperature (N/m 2)
=Reflectivity of glass
=Reflectivity of water surface
Ta =Ambient temperature (ͦ C)
= Inner surface glass cover temperature (ͦ C)
Tw =Basin water temperature (ͦ C)
V = Air velocity (m/s)
=absorptivity of glass
′ = fraction by which solar radiation is absorbed by water mass
=emissivity of glass cover
=emissivity of water
= effective emissvity
Exp = Experimental
Theo = Theoretical

Appendix:

′ = (1- ) (15)

′ = (1- )(1- ) (1- ) [1-∑ µj exp (-ηjdw) ] (16)

Here, ∑ µj exp(-ηjdw) ] is attenuation factor, the value of which depends on water depth; as

per [29] for 0.04m water depth the attenuation factor is 0.6185.also ′ and ′ are as per [29]

 The co-efficient of heat transfer are

 ℎ =ℎ +ℎ +ℎ (17)

( )
Were, ℎ = 0.884 [ − + ]

[( ) ( ) ]
ℎ =

ℎ = 0.016273 ℎ

Were,ℎ ,ℎ ,ℎ are as per [30].

= + −1

5144
= exp[ 25.317 − ]
273 +

5144
= exp[ 25.317 − ]
273 +

ℎ =ℎ +ℎ (18)

ℎ = [( + 273) − ( + 273) ]

ℎ = 5.7 + 3.8

Were, = − 12

ℎ = (19)

Were, ℎ ,ℎ and ℎ are as per [30]

 ℎ = (20)

Here we are assume that the value of every hour distilled output is taken as mass of feed water
entered during every hour.

 L is the latent heat of Vaporization

(1) 3.1615 × 106 × [1- (7.616×10-4× )], When >70°C (21)

(2) 2.49 × 106 × [1- ((9.4×10-4× ) + (1.312 ×10-7× 2

)
-9 3
– (4.19 × 10 × ))] When Tw < 70°C (22)

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