Innovation Paper Jovel - PCLAP

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI - WESTERN VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CADIZ CITY
Title of Innovation: Parent-Child Learning Approach Program to Modular Distance

Leaning (Project P-CLAP)
Innovation Category: Curriculum Instruction and Delivery; and Learning Environment
Name of Innovator/s: Jovel J. Oberio
School/Office, District, Division: CNHS-Tagbanon Extension, District 9, Division of

Cadiz City
Date of Implementation: August 2020 – July 2021

Contact No.: 09298538803
Overview
The Department of Education is getting ready for the implementation of its

Learning Continuity Plan and COVID-19 Response Plans to ensure continued learning
and utmost safety of the students, including the marginalized groups of children such as
those with disabilities, children of indigenous families, those living in hard-to-reach
areas, and out of school children and youth. For many children, school is a safe haven
and protective environment. However, the COVID-19 pandemic is shifting children’s
learning from school to home setting.
To ensure that children’s right to learn is supported even on a household setting

it is very relevant that the government and education sectors should give focus on the
importance of providing support to parents, caregivers, and elder siblings in the
effective implementation of adaptive learning methods (Serra, 2020).
Educators such as parents and caregivers should have the capacity and sufficient
support so they can effectively deliver new learning methods which must be gender-
sensitive, inclusive, and should integrate psychosocial and socio-emotional support for
learners during the pandemic (Paraan, 2020).
Meanwhile, DepEd has mandated schools to decide on the use of learning

methods depending on the situation in areas where schools are located and make a
concerted effort to make sure that children are not deprived of their basic right to learn
and to be protected at the same time.
With the conviction that the parents’ engagement in the implementation of

modular based instruction have direct and indirect impact to students learning, the
proponent was convinced the need to implement or introduce an innovation or
programs that aims to boast the knowledge and support of the parents in all school’s
educational initiative, projects and programs, activities, and in the implementation of
modular distance learning in order to gain positive impact on students’ learning despite
crisis. This can be done by defining the causes of parents’ and students’ apathy as
bases in formulating appropriate intervention, strategies and innovation focus on
modular based instruction as an alternative deliver mode of learning amidst pandemic,
crafting or parent handbook to guide parents about health protocols in school and easy
monitoring of students performance in the said modality.
CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Address: Hda. Tagbanon, Brgy. Caduha-an,
Cadiz City, Negros Occidental 6121
School ID: 311402
Innovation Description
In the context of CNHS-Tagbanon Extension High School, Division of Cadiz

City, the school has captured the consolidated results of Learners Enrollment Survey
Form, it reveals that eighty percent (80%) of the school enrollees prefer Modular
Distance Learning as an alternative learning delivery mode for the opening of classes
until there is no face to face learning and twenty percent (20%) prefer the mixed
Modular-Television Based Instruction and Modular-Radio Based Instruction. These
results enable the school to craft its Learning Continuity Plan in response to the needs
and capacity of our students. Since this is new to our students, there will be a lot of
adjustments in their part and also to the parents and teachers. More so, that not all
parents are supportive to every school programs and activities. This scenario is
considered a problem considering that there is an apparent gap between the school’s
expectation and the actual parents’ support. This gap could have impact to students’
academic performance that could lead to lack of interest to study and drop-out.
P-CLAP is a platform that focuses on boosting parental engagement on the

implementation of printed modular distance learning by creating parent task force,
crafting and distributing of contextualized parents handbook and providing them the
opportunity to spearhead programs and initiative to improve the delivery of the said
distance learning modality in order to increase students’ academic performance.
Measures for protecting the parents and

students from exposure to, and infection
with, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),
depend on their exposure risk, including
with the potential for interaction with people
and contamination of the environment.
Parents should adapt health and safety
protocols while entering the school
premises. They should also have the clear
idea on how to support their students
learning in this new education set-up.
Under P-CLAP the school initiated to
distribute this parent-handbook for health
and safety which is easy to understand. So
that parents will be: guided on the
implementation of modular-printed
learning, capacitated to assists other
parents and knowledgeable to monitor the
progress of their students.

School ID: 311402
The illustration above illustrates the implementation of P-CLAP in school (CNHS-Tagbanon

Extension) to boost parents’ engagement and support in the implementation of printed-modular
distance learning in which parents are guided by the parents’ handbook in order to efficiently assist
their children at home.
Innovation Statement
This innovation aims to:
a. provide mechanisms for safety, support, and instruction to parents in the

conduct of the implementation of printed modular-based instruction by distributing a
contextualized parent handbook;
b. create a TAGBANON COVID-19 Parent Tasks Force. This tasks force is

composed of parent leaders who will be equipped with all the necessary information at
school’s basic profile data, community linkages, resource generation, programs and
projects, and School Continuity Plan. Their task is to safeguard the distribution and
retrieval of modules, and they are also task to monitor the progress and engagement of
parents within their scope;
c. guide parents in monitoring learners progress by orienting and providing them
an easy to use learners’ tracking tool and feedback form that aims to boost students’
learning in the context of modular based instruction in their respective Sitio or
Hacienda.
d. allow parents to initiate activities like creating their own plan of pick-up and
retrieval of modules, put-up an outpost for planning and dissemination, and others
activities in reaching out learners under their scope and
e. enhance students’ academic performance in modular distance learning
modality through parental engagement.

School ID: 311402
Implementation Procedure
A. Process Flow/Framework
Assessment on the Level of

P-CLAP
Parents Engagement in
Modular Based Instruction in • Distribution of
terms of: Parents
Handbook
• Parenting • Guide Parents’
• Communicating in Monitoring
• Volunteering Learners
• Community Low Parental Progress
Involvement Engagement (Learners’
Analysis and Tracking Tool)
Interpretation of • Creation of
Results Parent-Task
Assessment on the Level of Low Academic Force to
Students Academic Performance Intensify
Performance in terms of: Partnership in
Implementing
 General Average Modular
Learning
As shown in the innovation framework, a 30-item survey questionnaire was conducted

to assess the level of parents’ engagement using 5-point Likert scale rate according to
the five choices numbered from 1- as the lowest and 5 – as the highest, the data was
analyze using mean and standard deviation . To assess the level of students’
performance the general average for the first quarter was utilized and was analyze
using mean and standard deviation.
Since the result of pre-assessment reflects low level in the parental engagement of
parents based on the survey and low academic performance of students based on the
mean generated from their 1st quarter general average. It shows that parents have great
role in the implementation of modular distance learning at home and it is important to
capacitate parents and boost their engagement. In relation to this gaps, the proponent
initiated this innovation that focus on boosting parental engagement and increasing the
level of students’ academic performance through Parent-Child Learning Approach
Program (P-CLAP) in this program the innovator crafted and distributed a parent
handbook, assisted parents to create a parent task force by hacienda, and guide
parents in monitoring learners progress by providing them learners’ tracking tool and
feedback form. Through this innovation (P-CLAP) parents have given opportunity to
spearhead programs and initiative activities to improve the delivery of modular learning.
After the intervention post-assessment was conducted in order to gauge the effectivity
of the innovation.

School ID: 311402
B. Project Management
Project Management Activity Location Persons’ Involved

Pre-Assessment on the Level of Parents’
Engagement in Modular Based Instruction in
terms of:
• Parenting
• Communicating
• Volunteering
• Community Involvement
A 30-item proponent made survey questionnaire
(go through validity testing and reliability testing
since it was also utilized in the conduct of action
research) was conducted to assess the level of
parents’ participation using 5-point Likert scale
School and
rate of their participation according to the five
choices numbered from 1- as the lowest and 5 – Respective Innovation Proponent,
as the highest, the data was analyze using Homes of the Subject Teachers, Parents
mean and standard deviation. The level of Participants and Students
parents’ participation was cross validated by (Parents)
teachers using K-Fold Cross Validation in order
to gather more accurate and non-biased data.
To assess the level of students’ performance the
general average for the first quarter was utilized
and was analyze using standard deviation. The
proponent has conducted a limited face to face
orientation with the parents. The survey
questionnaires were inserted in the learners’ kit.
The parents were instructed to answer the
survey at home and submit the accomplished
questionnaire during the next retrieval and
distribution.
Assessment on the Level of Students

Academic Performance in terms of:
• General Average Innovation Proponent,
Subject Teachers
The general average of Grade 7 to Grade 10
students for the first quarter were captured and
analyze using the mean and standard deviation.
Analysis and Interpretation of Results Innovation Proponent
Crafting/Distribution/Orientation of Parents’ Innovation

Handbook. The proponent crafted a parents Proponent/School Head
handbook using Hiligaynon as a medium, as
desktop publishing resource person and

School ID: 311402
learning resource evaluator of division and

GCED Philippines he incorporate simple images
and visuals, easy to comprehend visuals suited
to parents. The Handbook is divided into six (6)
segments which are the following:
1. Ano ang Modular Distance Learning kag ano
ang mga Galamiton sa Pag-implementar.
2. Mga Safety Protocols nga Dapat Tumanon.
3. Mga Hilikuton nga Dapat Tanda-an.
4. Guiya sa Pag-monitor sa Pagtu-on sang Bata.
5. Lista sang mga Natapos nga Buluhaton sang
Bata.
6. Mga Obserbasyon kag Suhisyon
Parents were given copy of the handbook in 1:1
ratio. The proponent utilized fund from
donations, available materials, and resources in
school.
During the limited face to face PTA meeting by
grade level following IATF protocols the
proponent/school head conducted the
orientation of the content and how to maximize
the utilization of the handbook. Since the
learners’ progress tool and feedback form was
already incorporated in the handbook.
Innovation
Proponent/School Head
and Teachers
Retrieval and Distribution of
Grade 7- Parent Tasks
Modules/LASs/Learners Kit by Hacienda in
Hda. Tagbanon Force:
their respective kiosk
Hda. Mariano Roxan S. Katipunan
Monitoring of the Progress of Submission of
Modules, Gathering of Parents Feedback Hda. Maluga Ruby C. Brignas
facilitated by Parent Leaders
Virginia O. Navarna
Force:
Annaliza O. Sugiran
Florenda A. Delicano

School ID: 311402
Jocelyn S. Navarro
Force:
Josefina A. Aguilar
Eleanor T. Leonardo
Ailyn R. Buyan
Force:
Archie P. Seballos
Melanie M. Fuentes
Ruby G. Sabanal
Force:
Annabelle S. Dejan
Lilibeth F. Villaforte
Mary Jane D. Jison
Retrieval and Distribution of Hda. Busloton Innovation

Modules/LASs/Learners Kit by Hacienda in their Proponent/School Head
Hda. San Jose
respective kiosk and Teachers
Hda. Pelaring
Monitoring of the Progress of Submission of Grade 7- Parent Tasks
Modules, Gathering of Parents Feedback Force:
Maribel L. Lamberto
Mary D. Lumberto
Joselyn S. Calumag
Force:
Marivic H. Suplagio
Mary Lanie D. Colaler
Renaldo S. Brignas
Force:
Omar Barcelona

School ID: 311402
Jocelyn Pelio
Lolita Olinares
Force:
Mary Jane Marshall
Joseph D. Magbanua
Gregorio F. Pasicaran
Force:
Rosalie Supligio
Joseph Magbanua
Elizabeth Azuelo
Retrieval and Distribution of Hda. Paraiso Innovation

Modules/LASs/Learners Kit by Hacienda in their Proponent/School Head
Hda. Lagnon
respective kiosk and Teachers
Hda. Banas
Monitoring of the Progress of Submission of Grade 7- Parent Tasks
Modules, Gathering of Parents Feedback Force:
Rosalie Supligio
Joseph Magbanua
Elizabeth Azuelo
Force:
Ninfa Baladero
Rosalia Batic Batic
Cristy Maquelan
Force:
Joselyn Navarro

School ID: 311402
Sally Muncada
Flordeliza Escadelor
Force:
Rose M. Naga
Sandra D. Malunes
Edwardo S. Capulan Sr.
Retrieval and Distribution of

Modules/LASs/Learners Kit
Monitoring the Progress of Submission of
Modules by putting a note on their handbook, Parent Task Force,
Gathering of Parents Feedback and Returning Innovation
School
of Checked/Recorded Activity/Test in Modules Proponent/School Head
or LASs/ Discussion with Parents and Feed and Teachers
backing facilitated by Advisers and Subject
Teachers
Post-Assessment on the Level of Parents’ School and Innovation Proponent,

Engagement in Modular Based Instruction in Respective Subject Teachers, Parents
terms of: Homes of the and Students
Participants
• Parenting (Parents)
• Communicating
• Volunteering
• Community Involvement
A 30-item survey questionnaire was conducted
to assess the level of parents’ participation using
5-point Likert scale rate of their participation
according to the five choices numbered from 1-
as the lowest and 5 – as the highest, the data
was analyze using mean and standard deviation
. The level of parents’ participation was cross
validated by teachers using K-Fold Cross
Validation in order to gather more accurate and
non-biased data. To assess the level of
students’ performance the general average for
the first quarter was utilized and was analyze
using standard deviation. The proponent has
conducted a limited face to face orientation with
the parents. The survey questionnaires were
inserted in the learners’ kit. The parents were

School ID: 311402
instructed to answer the survey at home and

submit the accomplished questionnaire during
the next retrieval and distribution.
Analysis and Interpretation of Results,

Crafting of Analysis Plan Based on the Result
School Innovation Proponent
of Post-Assessment for Improvement and
Sustainability of the Programs and Innovations.
C. Timeline
Phases Program/Activities Objectives Persons Time Frame

Involved
Identification of  To submit an action Division
Issues and Problem plan and action Research 1stweek of
Preparatory research proposal Committee August,
Phase to the Division 2020
Submission of Research School Head
Action Plan and Committee /Innovation 2nd week of
Action Research Proponent August,
Proposal for 2020
Innovation
 To identify the Parents

Identify parents and parents and September
students who will students who will Teachers 26-27, 2020
participate in the participate in the
conduct of the study. conduct of the School Head
study. /Innovation
Proponent
Undertake  To undertake Parents

conference/orientati conference to the Last week of
on on the research target participants Teachers September
participants regarding the action 2020 – 1st
research School Head Week of
Pre-  To discuss the /Innovation September
Implementation ethical Proponent 2020
Phase considerations and
confidentiality of the
data in the conduct
of the study
Validity and  To conduct validity 30 Pre-

Reliability Testing of and reliability determined 1st week of
the Crafted Survey testing of the Parents from December

School ID: 311402
Questionaire research instrument Burgos NHS 2020

at Burgos National
High School. School Head
/Innovation
Proponent
School Head
of Burgos
NHS and
Researcher
Implementation Conduct Close  To conduct close Parents 1st week of
Phase Supervision in the supervision in the January
Conduct of the conduct of survey Advisers 2021
Survey to the actual question to the
participants actual participants School Head
/Researcher
Consolidation of  To consolidate School Head
Survey Project P-CLAP /Innovation 1st to 2nd
Questionnaires Parents’ Survey Proponent week of
Questionnaire and January
Results/Findings Students’ 1st Parents 2021
Quarter General
Interpretation of Average
Results/Findings  To interpret results 3rd week of
January
2021
Implementation of  To craft parents Parents

Innovation handbook using From March
Hiligaynon as a Teachers 2021-July
medium 2021
 To distribute the School Head
Parents Handbook /Innovation
in 1:1 ratio. Proponent
 To Conduct
Orientation on the
utilization of Parents
Handbook
 To create and
organized the
Parent Tasks Force
 To conduct closed
monitoring on the
retrieval and
distribution of
modules as
facilitated by parent
task force and
teachers.

School ID: 311402
Conduct Post  To compare the Parents 2nd week -3rd

Assessment using pre-assessment to week of July
the same Survey post assessment Junior High 2021
Questionnaire result and to find School
Post out if the Students
Implementation Consolidation of intervention
Phase Survey significantly improve School Head
Questionnaires the parents’ /Innovation
engagement and Proponent
Results/Findings students’ academic
performance
Interpretation of
Results/Findings
Drawing of
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Plan for  To craft an Analysis Division 1st week of
Improvement and Plan for Innovation August2021
Sustainability of the Improvement and Committee
Programs Sustainability
School Head
/Innovation
Proponent
D. Resource Utilization
Program/Activities Resources Needed Projected Amount Source of Fund

(in Php)
Copies of Action Plan,
Submission of Action Plan,
Action Research
Action Research Proposal for None None
Proposal of the
the Innovation
Innovation
Reproduction of Survey Reproduction of

Donations
Questionnaires for Pre- Parents’ Survey 1000.00
Assessment Questionnaires
Gathering of Students General

Grade Sheets None None
Average from the Advisers
Undertake
conference/orientation on the
research participants
Attendance Sheets None None
Signing of Agreement
Printing, Reproduction and Printer 15,000.00 Available Office

School ID: 311402
A4 Glossy Paper
Equipment
Photo paper
Binding of Parents Handbook
Glue
Donations
Undertake
Parents Task Force
Conference/Orientation on
Parent Task Force Leaders by
Attendance Sheets
Hacienda None None
Parents’ Contextualized
Orientation and Distribution of
Handbooks
Parents Handbook to Parents
Reproduction of Survey
Reproduction of
Questionnaires for Post- Donations
Parents’ Survey 1000.00
Assessment
Questionnaires
Conduct of Post-Assessment
Total 17,000.00 - Donations in form of
Materials and Equipment
E. Progress Monitoring
After the intervention programs post-assessment was conducted the same 30-item
survey questionnaire was conducted to assess the level of parents’ engagement.
Based on the result the innovation significantly improve the level of parents’
engagement in the areas of Parenting, Communicating, Volunteering, and Community
Involvement from mean score of 3.05 with the verbal interpretation of satisfactory to
4.71 with the verbal interpretation of outstanding. For students general average there is
also a significant increase in the general average from 81.15% in the 1st quarter
(before the intervention) to 88.46% in the 2nd quarter (after the intervention). The
results of the post assessments were also utilized as basis for program enhancement
and sustainability of the innovation.
Innovation Output/Outcomes
Outputs/Outcomes Beneficiary/ies
Survey Questionnaire on the Level of

Teachers, School Heads, Parents
Parents Engagement in the New Normal
Parents Handbook in the New Normal Parents and Students
Teachers, School Heads, Parents
Active Parent Task Force by Hacienda
and Students
Increased Parents Engagement in the Areas
of Parenting, Communicating, Volunteering, Teachers, School Heads, Parents
and Community Involvement based from the and Students
result of Post-Assessment
Increased Academic Performance among
Students in Modular Distance Learning
Grade 7-11 Students
based from the comparative results of their
General Average

School ID: 311402
Sustainability Plan
In order to ensure the sustainability of Parent-Child Learning Approach Program

to Modular Distance Learning (P-CLAP) the innovation proponent plans to:
a. Craft an Analysis Plan based from the comparative result of pre-test and
post-test on the level of parents engagement and students’ academic performance
before and after the interventions.
b. Improve and align the contents of the parents’ handbook to the proposed
school learning continuity plan for the School Year 2021-2022.
c. Align and include the resources needed in printing and reproduction of
handbook to school improvement plan/annual improvement plan.
d. Include resource generation on reproduction of parent handbook in crafting
Brigada Implementation Plan and also include the parents’ handbook distribution and
orientation as activities to be included in Brigada Eskwela Implementation.
c. Continue to intensify and empower the P-CLAP Parent-Task Force by
conducting constant communication of the plans of the school and organize an activity
to recognize the efforts of the parents.
d. Craft a proposal on the district-wide utilization of Contextualized Health and
Safety Parents Handbook in Hiligaynon to guide and empower parents in different
schools in the District while implementing distance learning.
Prepared by:
JOVEL J. OBERIO
(Innovator/School Head)
Approved:
ALLAN R. RIVERA, PhD
(District Supervisor)

School ID: 311402
References
Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators
and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Epstein, J. L. (2011). Perspectives and previews on research and policy for school,
family and community partnerships. In A. Booth & J. Dunn (Eds.), Family-school
links: How do they affect educational outcomes? (pp. 209–246) Hillsdal, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators
and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Henderson, A. T., & Mapp, K. L. (2002). A new wave of evidence - the impact of school,
family, and community connections on student environmental consciousness.
Retrieved from https://www.sedl.org/connections/resources/evidence.pdf
Jeynes, W. H. (2011). Parental involvement research: Moving to the next level. School
Community Journal, 21(1), 9-18.
Mode of Verifications (MOVs)
a. Survey Questionnaire on the Level of Parents Engagement in the New Normal

b. Pre-Assessment Result on the Level of Parents Engagement in the New Normal
c. 1st Quarter General Average
d. Contextualized Parents Handbook in the New Normal
e. Documentation of the Program
f. Approved Innovation Proposal
g. Approved Action Research Proposal
h. Post-Assessment Result on the Level of Parents Engagement in the New Normal
i. 4th Quarter General Average
j. District Memorandum on the District Level Utilization of Contextualized Parents
Handbook
k. Certificate of Recognition (National Research Colloquium 2021) presenting the study:
Parent Child Learning Approach Program to Modular Distance Learning.
School ID: 311402

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Republic of the Philippines

Title of Innovation: Parent-Child Learning Approach Program to Modular Distance

Innovation Category: Curriculum Instruction and Delivery; and Learning Environment

Name of Innovator/s: Jovel J. Oberio

School/Office, District, Division: CNHS-Tagbanon Extension, District 9, Division of

Date of Implementation: August 2020 – July 2021

The Department of Education is getting ready for the implementation of its

To ensure that children’s right to learn is supported even on a household setting

Meanwhile, DepEd has mandated schools to decide on the use of learning

With the conviction that the parents’ engagement in the implementation of

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

In the context of CNHS-Tagbanon Extension High School, Division of Cadiz

P-CLAP is a platform that focuses on boosting parental engagement on the

Measures for protecting the parents and

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

The illustration above illustrates the implementation of P-CLAP in school (CNHS-Tagbanon

This innovation aims to:

a. provide mechanisms for safety, support, and instruction to parents in the

b. create a TAGBANON COVID-19 Parent Tasks Force. This tasks force is

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Assessment on the Level of

As shown in the innovation framework, a 30-item survey questionnaire was conducted

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Project Management Activity Location Persons’ Involved

Assessment on the Level of Students

Analysis and Interpretation of Results Innovation Proponent

Crafting/Distribution/Orientation of Parents’ Innovation

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

learning resource evaluator of division and

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Retrieval and Distribution of Hda. Busloton Innovation

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Retrieval and Distribution of Hda. Paraiso Innovation

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Retrieval and Distribution of

Post-Assessment on the Level of Parents’ School and Innovation Proponent,

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

instructed to answer the survey at home and

Analysis and Interpretation of Results,

Phases Program/Activities Objectives Persons Time Frame

 To identify the Parents

Undertake  To undertake Parents

Validity and  To conduct validity 30 Pre-

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Questionaire research instrument Burgos NHS 2020

Implementation of  To craft parents Parents

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Conduct Post  To compare the Parents 2nd week -3rd

Program/Activities Resources Needed Projected Amount Source of Fund

Reproduction of Survey Reproduction of

Gathering of Students General

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Survey Questionnaire on the Level of

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

In order to ensure the sustainability of Parent-Child Learning Approach Program

CNHS-TAGBANON EXTENSION HIGH SCHOOL

Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators

and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

family and community partnerships. In A. Booth & J. Dunn (Eds.), Family-school

Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators

and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

family, and community connections on student environmental consciousness.

Retrieved from https://www.sedl.org/connections/resources/evidence.pdf