Site Cable Termination Testing: Methods for Ensuring Safety

SITE TESTING OF
CABLES TERMINATION
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD SITE TESTING OF CABLE TERMINATION
Site High Voltage Testing of Cables
• DC or AC 50 hertz or AC VLF test.

test It is a
pass/fail test.
• Quantitative test includes measurement

of dissipation factor or tangent delta
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD SITE TESTING OF CABLE TERMINATION - 1
DC Hi-pot Test On Cables
Micro
Ampere
It = I1+I2+I3
I1 - leakage current across the cable insulator
I2 - depends on the capacitance of the cable
I3 - p
polarization current
I2
It
I1
I3
time/minutes
5 10 15
Advantages of DC test
• The test set is small and portable.
Disadvantages of DC test
• DC breakdown voltage very much higher than
equivalent AC breakdown voltage for same fault.
• DC voltage distribution very different from AC voltage

in the insulation.
AC at 50 Hz versus AC at 0
0.1
1 Hz
The voltage stress distribution for

frequencies as low as 0.1 0 1 hertz is not
significantly different from that at 50 hertz.
Series resonant test set
R
L
Vout C
AC
Mains
VE C - capacitance of the test object
L - variable inductance
regulator excitation
transformer
Block Diagram of AC 50Hz Test Set

Series Resonant Testing
• Th
The excitation
i i transformer
f supplies
li the
h power to the
h high
hi h voltage
l
circuit consisting of the variable inductance and the test object.
• Operation starts by first adjusting the variable inductance to match

the capacitance of the test object. This tunes the system to
resonance and is normally done at low voltage.
voltage
g can be increased to the required

• The test voltage q value byy the
voltage regulator and testing proceeds as in a conventional test
transformer system.
• Able to provide very high test voltage to a test object having very
high capacitance from a low voltage, low kVA source.
Equation
VE
Vout =
(ωRC ) 2 + (1 − ω 2 LC ) 2
at resonance, ω 2 LC = 1
VE
h Vout =
then
ωRC
Vout ωL
= = Q, where Q is the quality factor of the circuit
VE R
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD SITE TESTING OF CABLE TERMIN8TION - 7
IEEE P400.2-2004 for AC VLF
Site Testing of Cables
• guideline for field testing of shielded power cable

systems using very low frequency.
• Sine wave, 0.1 hertz
• 15 minutes
i t att 2 to
t 3 times
ti phase
h t neutral
to t l voltage
lt
• p
pass/fail test
Variable HV Polarity
Voltage Transformer Switch
50 Hz
HV
230 V
VLF
Sinusoidal
Rate-of-Rise Rectifier and
Discharge Network
Functional Schematic of the VLF System
Dissipation Factor
- Equivalent Circuit for Cable Insulation
I
IR IC IR
V
tan δ =
R C IC
⎛ 1 ⎞
=V
R ⎜⎝ VωC ⎟⎠
IC I
1
=
RωC
δ
IR
Dissipation Factor or
Tangent Delta Measurement
• It is the measure of the quality of the insulation.
• It is measured in the normal AC operating mode

of the cable.
• It is a more sensitive indicator of abnormal cable

insulation.
CRE CBE
CRB
Red
phase
Bl
Blue
phase
CRE , CYE , CBE - capacitance
it b t
between
conductor to earth.
CRY, CYB , CRB – capacitance between

CRY CYB conductors.
Yellow
phase
CYE
Dissipation Factor Equivalent Circuit of the Electrical

Insulation of Multi Core Cables
Dissipation Factor in %
85°C
25°C
Voltage / kV
Dissipation Factor -Temperature Behavior
Dissipation Factor in %
5 10 15 20 25 30 Time
Applied Voltage/kV
Dissipation Factor -Voltage Behavior
Dissipation Factor Typical Values
Insulation Tangent delta (%)

LDPE (low density polyethylene) 0.1
HDPE (high density polyethylene) 0.1
XLPE (cross linked polyethylene) 0.1
Oil-paper 0.3
EPR (ethylene propylene rubber) 0.5
Neoprene 3.0
PARTIAL DISCHARGE
MEASUREMENT IN
CABLE TERMINATION
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT IN CABLE TERMINATION
Partial Discharge - Equivalent circuit
Cable insulation
Cavity
CV
CP
CS
where CP - capacitance of cable

CV - capacitance of cavity
CS - capacitance of the insulation in series with the cavity
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT IN CABLE TERMINATION - 1
Partial Discharge in Cables
• Due to cavity in the insulation due to improper extrusion

process or impurity of the insulation material.
• If a voltage is applied across an insulation containing a cavity,

then the cavity will start to discharge when the voltage exceeds
the breakdown voltage, Vb.
• Vb is a function of pd where,
p = ggas ppressure
d = gas gap separation
Partial Discharge in Cables
Vb
pd
Cavity that does not discharge at the operating voltage of the cable are
quite harmless.
harmless
But cavity that discharges at operating voltage cannot be tolerated, since
the ensuing degradation of the insulation due to partial discharge will
l d to
lead t breakdown
b kd off the
th insulation.
i l ti
Partial Discharge
On Line Type Off Line Type
Partial Discharge – Off Line Measurement
step-up cable under test
transformer Blocking inductor
coupling
capacitor
p
Standard
capacitor,CS
Pico-Coulomb
PD measurement Pulse
set Generator
Calibration circuit
Partial discharge
sensors
HFCT type
TEV type
(High frequency Capacitor coupler
(Transient earth Ultrasonic type Embedded RTD
current type
voltage)
transformers)
Partial Discharge – Types of Sensors
Partial Discharge – What Is TEV?
• TEV stands for Transient Earth Voltage.
• Transient - a temporary phenomenon.
• Earth Voltage - refers to voltage of exposed

conductive parts which are
connected to earth
earth.
• TEV - temporary increase in earth voltage

which disappear after a very short time.
Partial Discharge – Transient Earth Voltage
• Amplitude varies from mill volts to volts
• nanoseconds rise time
• electromagnetic wave of 3 to 60 MHz
• TEV amplitude - a function of discharge

amplitude and attenuation
of propagation path.
• Capacitive couplers placed at external metal

surface
f off electrical
l t i l equipment
i t using
i a magnett
• Pulse width - a few tens of nanoseconds

1
• Bandwidth =
10 nanosecondds
= 100 MHz
JOINT
HIGH VOLTAGE CONDUCTOR

Discharge
Probes
DETECTOR
EM WAVE

Partial Discharge
Discharge-TEV
TEV Sensor from EA Technology of UK
Partial Discharge- TEV Sensor from IPEC of UK
Partial Discharge-
Discharge- Good TEV readings for 24kV rated Toshiba AIS, VCB
Front Reading (DB)
PANEL
Jan-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03
1 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 3 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
5 3 3 3 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
6 3 4 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 3 0 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 3 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 4 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 4 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
13 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
14 3 4 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1
15 4 2 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1
16 4 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
18 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
19 4 3 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 4 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
BACKGROUND 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 4 1 1
Back Reading (DB)

PANEL
1 3 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 2
2 3 4 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 0 2
3 3 2 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
4 4 3 3 0 3 1 2 3 1 1 1
5 4 3 3 0 3 1 2 3 1 0 2
6 5 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1
7 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
8 6 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 3 1
9 6 0 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 1
10 7 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1
11 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 2
12 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
13 3 0 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
14 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
15 4 4 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2
16 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 2
17 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
18 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
19 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
20 3 3 3 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
Side Reading (DB)

PANEL
1 2 3 2 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
10 4 3 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
11 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
20 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT IN CABLE TERMINATION -13
Partial Discharge – What is HFCT?
• HFCT = high frequency current transformer
• Does not respond to 50Hz current
• Frequency range of 300kHz to 20MHz
• Soft ferrite range
• Split core construction
Partial Discharge - Split core HFCT sensor (300kHz to 20MHz)
10
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0MHz 10MHz 100MHz
Partial Discharge Frequency Spectrum
0 1.3 6.7 104 180 222 222 224 218 200
Partial Discharge
Discharge- Frequency response of HFCT
Partial Discharge – Transfer Impedance
Ratio of the output voltage to a constant input current,

as a function of frequency.
frequency
Output Voltage
Transfer Impedance =
Input
p Current
50
45
e (mV/mA))
40
35
mpedance
30
25
Transfer im
20
15
10
T
0
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.00 100.0
Frequency (MHz)
Partial Discharge – Transfer Impedance Curve
What is Ultrasound?
• Sound waves beyond the hearing range of

the human ear
• Audio range of human ear (20Hz to 5000Hz)
• Sound waves in the 20kHz to 120kHz range.
Ultrasound- Airborne ultrasonic sensor with output in the ultrasonic
frequency
q y range
g ((40kHz ± 1kHz))
Ultrasound-Contact ultrasonic sensor with output in the ultrasonic
frequency range (100kHz ± 20kHz)
Ultrasound-Contact ultrasonic sensor with output in the audio
frequency range (20Hz to 5000Hz)
Ultrasound-Airborne ultrasonic sensors with output in the audio
frequency range (20Hz to 5000Hz)
Ultrasound – Frequency Range
1) Frequency range of human ear (20Hz - 5000Hz)
2) The sound of arcing, tracking, corona. (around 40Hz)
3) The
Th sound
d off iinternal
t l partial
ti l di
discharge.
h (20kH
(20kHz - 30kHz)
30kH )
Ultrasound – Block Diagram for Ultrasonic Measurement
ULTRASONIC DETECTOR
OSCILLATOR 20 Hz TO 5000 Hz
EAR PHONE
20 kHz TO AMPILFIER
100 kHz PIEZO-ELECTRIC
PIEZO ELECTRIC
SENSOR SOUND RECORDER
MIXER
A/D MINI DISC D/A
EAR PHONE
SOUND CARD FFT SOFTWARE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN TIME DOMAIN

DISPLAY DISPLAY
COMPUTER

Site Cable Termination Testing: Methods for Ensuring Safety

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Site Cable Termination Testing: Methods for Ensuring Safety

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SITE TESTING OF

• DC or AC 50 hertz or AC VLF test.

• Quantitative test includes measurement

• DC voltage distribution very different from AC voltage

The voltage stress distribution for

Block Diagram of AC 50Hz Test Set

• Operation starts by first adjusting the variable inductance to match

g can be increased to the required

• guideline for field testing of shielded power cable

Functional Schematic of the VLF System

• It is the measure of the quality of the insulation.

• It is measured in the normal AC operating mode

• It is a more sensitive indicator of abnormal cable

CRY, CYB , CRB – capacitance between

Dissipation Factor Equivalent Circuit of the Electrical

Dissipation Factor -Temperature Behavior

Insulation Tangent delta (%)

where CP - capacitance of cable

• Due to cavity in the insulation due to improper extrusion

• If a voltage is applied across an insulation containing a cavity,

On Line Type Off Line Type

Partial Discharge – Types of Sensors

• TEV stands for Transient Earth Voltage.

• Transient - a temporary phenomenon.

• Earth Voltage - refers to voltage of exposed

• TEV - temporary increase in earth voltage

• Amplitude varies from mill volts to volts

• nanoseconds rise time

• electromagnetic wave of 3 to 60 MHz

• TEV amplitude - a function of discharge

• Capacitive couplers placed at external metal

• Pulse width - a few tens of nanoseconds

HIGH VOLTAGE CONDUCTOR

Partial Discharge – Transient Earth Voltage

Back Reading (DB)

Side Reading (DB)

• Does not respond to 50Hz current

• Frequency range of 300kHz to 20MHz

• Soft ferrite range

• Split core construction

Ratio of the output voltage to a constant input current,

Partial Discharge – Transfer Impedance Curve

• Sound waves beyond the hearing range of

• Audio range of human ear (20Hz to 5000Hz)

• Sound waves in the 20kHz to 120kHz range.

1) Frequency range of human ear (20Hz - 5000Hz)

2) The sound of arcing, tracking, corona. (around 40Hz)

FREQUENCY DOMAIN TIME DOMAIN

You might also like