INTRODUCTION

 Tobacco smoke is a combination of around 5,000 chemicals

with dynamic and reactive properties .
 These components are generally toxic and carcinogenic, where
they could exemplify a major source of toxic chemicals that
affect humans' health and initiate different diseases.
 Based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) data, smoking
tobacco causes around 5.4 million early deaths globally .
However, as the trends increase, it is expected to have 10
million deaths yearly by 2025 because of tobacco smoking .
These deaths are mostly related to different types of cancer
(particularly lung cancer), cardiovascular diseases, and
inveterate respiratory diseases. Nevertheless, the surrounding
of where smoking is consumed is dangerous to other people,
especially children, where various sicknesses could be
developed just because of being close to smokers .
 It was found that the number of individual chemicals that exist
in the cigarette's smoke is unidentified but could exceed
100,000.
 Cigarette's pyrolysis could vary depending on the cigarette itself
and/or the smoking-inhalation situation; hence the produced
‘chemicals’ compositions are different .
 The natural pyridine alkaloids, such as nicotine pyridine,
naturally exist in the tobacco plant's leaves. Thereby, smoking
cigarettes can be replaced with smokeless habits of tobacco
products, for instance, chewing the tobacco itself or its gums, in
order to avoid the smoke emissions .
 The nicotine ratio in tobacco differs from one plant to another,
depending on the tobacco type and planting conditions. Here,
nicotine presents around 90% of the alkaloids that exist in
tobacco, which equals nearly 1.5 wt.% nicotine (8.4 mg of
nicotine for each cigarette) .
 The other 10% of tobacco's alkaloids are nicotyrine, nornicotine,
anatabine, anabasine, and myosmine .
 The tobacco plant produces nicotine to protect itself from
predators and insects since nicotine is toxic and can exterminate
them. Nitrogen deficiency is a common problem in plants;
therefore, nicotine is produced upon request to intensively take
care of the product and keep its quality high .
 The leaves of tobacco include more than 3800 recognized
compounds, while there are 5000-6000 identified compounds
during smoking.
 This indicates that there are nearly 2800 compounds produced
from the smoking pyrolysis process that ’don't present in the
plant .
 When an individual inhales the cigarette's smoke, the nicotine
condenses the dispersed particles in the lungs' fluid. This covers
an area of 100 m2 surface area of the 300 million pulmonary
alveoli.
 Nicotine normally transfers from the blood to the brain at a
rapid rate of 8– 10 seconds without resistance and achieves the
peripheral nervous system .
 This is even faster than the intravenous injection, putting the
smoker into a trance and fulfill his/her desire by adjusting the
nicotine levels in the blood. However, different factors are
related to nicotine uptakes, such as the inhalation volume, depth,
and frequency, in addition to the smoker's body conditions.
 WHAT IS EXTRACTION?

 Extraction is the process of selectively removing a compound of

interest from a mixture using a solvent. For an extraction to be
successful the compound must be more soluble in the solvent
than in the mixtur. Additionally, the solvent and mixture must
be immiscible (not soluble in one another).

 Making tea is a good example of extraction. Water is placed in

contact with tea bags and the "tea" is extracted from the tea
leaves into the water. This works because the "tea" is soluble in
water but the leaves are not.

 Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a

separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2
immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase.
SMOKING CAUSES AND
EFFECTS
 Category Smoking causes and
Effects
Smoking and Increased Health Smokers are more likely than
Risks nonsmokers to develop heart
disease, stroke, and lung cancer.
 For coronary heart disease
by 2 to 4 times.
 For stroke by 2 to 4 times1
 Of men developing lung
cancer by 25 times.
 Of women developing lung
cancer by 25.7 times.
Smoking and Cardiovascular Smokers are at greater risk for
Disease diseases that affect the heart and
blood vessels (cardiovascular
disease).
 Smoking causes stroke and
coronary heart disease,
which are among the
leading causes.
 Even people who smoke
fewer than five cigarettes a
day can have early signs of
cardiovascular disease.
 Smoking damages blood
vessels and can make them
thicken and grow narrower.
 This makes your heart beat
faster and your blood
pressure go up. Clots can
also form.
Smoking and Respiratory Smoking can cause lung disease
Disease by damaging yourairways and the
small air sacs (alveoli) found
in Lungs.
 Lung diseases caused by
smoking include COPD,
which includes emphysema
and chronic bronchitis.
 Cigarette smoking causes
most cases of lung cancer.
 If you have asthma, tobacco
smoke can trigger an attack
or make an attack worse.
 Smokers are 12 to 13 times
more likely to die from
COPD than nonsmokers.
Trachea, bronchus, and lung
Smoking and Cancer Smoking also increases the risk of
dying from cancer and other
diseases in cancer patients and
survivors,
Smoking can cause cancer almost
anywhere in human body.
 Bladder
 Blood (acute myeloid
leukemia)
 Cervix
 Colon and rectum
(colorectal)
 Esophagus
 Kidney and ureter
 Larynx
 Liver
  Oropharynx (includes parts
of the throat, tongue, soft
palate, and the tonsils)
 Pancreas
 Stomach

AIM AND SCOPE

Aim:

To extract Nicotine from Tobacco based on Cigarettes.

Scope:

In this project,we take cigarettes and measure the quantity of Nicotine

present in it.
 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

In this project,the selected Cigartte samples will be analyzed by a very

simple experiment explained below.The amount of Nicotine sulphate
present in Cigarettes samples can be obtained using this experiment.
Aim:

 To Extract Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes.

Apparatus Required:

 250 ml Beaker

 Filter Paper

 Separating funnel

 China Dish

 Physical Balance

 Glass Rod

Chemicals Required:

 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

 Kerosene as solvent

 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

 Cigarettes
Procedure:

 Collect different samples of cigarettes.

 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on

separate pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a
physical balance and label them. Place them in a dry place.

 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in

100ml beakers. Stir them with the help of a glass rod.

 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully

dissolved. Collect them separately in separating funnels.

 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner.

Before pouring, ensure that the valve is closed.

 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the

two liquids and leave it for two days without disturbing. Two
layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter
layer in the top separates out.

 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through
the open valve. The lighter layer remains in the separating
funnel.

 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each

separating funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order to mix
them and leave it for sometime.

 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the
bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.

 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier
layer in a test tube.
  Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same
procedure for the different samples and label them after the
name of the cigarettes from which they have been obtained.

 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to

cold water and leave them for a day or two.

 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical

balance.

Observation Table:

s.no Cigarette Sample Quantity of Nicotine

Sulphate
1. Country Cigarette(Beedi) 0.17 gram
2. Sample A 0.06 gram
3. Sample B 0.05 gram

Result:

 The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in

tobacco from beedis (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes (0.05g in
Sample B and 0.06g in Sample A).
 CONCLUSION
This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco
contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the
content in company manufactured branded cigarettes.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.en.wikipedia.com

 http://emedicine.medscape.com

 http: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk

 http://www.cdc.gov