PR2 Las 16 18

16
Data Collection
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF AGUSAN DEL SUR
AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN Grade 12
Week 3-4 Quarter 2
November __ - -November __, 2021
Date & Learning Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of delivery
Time Area
Monday- Getting ready for an awesome day!
Friday
7:00 AM– 7:30
AM
7:30 AM- 8:30 Have a short exercise/meditation/bonding with family.
AM
8:30 AM – 9:30 Have a short exercise/meditation/bonding with family.
AM Homeroom Guidance Program (Every Monday only)
9:30 AM-10:00 BREAK
AM
November Practical At the end of the lesson, you are
__ - Nov. Research expected to: LAS 16: Data Collection ✓ Hand-in of Printed
__, 2021 2 Modules and
✓ Collect data using appropriate - Learning Competency Digitized Modules
10:00 AM- LAS 16 instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1) - Key Concepts to the Parents at
12:00 PM - Guided Practice (1. school.
1:00PM– 3:00
Specifically,
PM 1. Differentiate the different Answer Me! 2. Write
quantitative research instruments; me Down) ✓ Reinforcement of
Note: Do not 2. Discuss the guidelines in - Independent Practice material
forget to work using questionnaires as data (1. Quantitative or Not delivery using
on your collection procedure; 2. Observe! Facebook page
learning tasks 3. Identify the various online - Application (1.Try Me! and messenger
according to tools; and 2.My Data Collection and other
your class 4. Appreciate the importance of Instrument ) means of
schedule data collection technique in - Assessment (Multiple communication.
research. Choice)
- Answer Key ✓ The materials are
also available at
✓ Present and interpret data in LAS 17: Presentation the school’s
LAS 17 tabular and graphical forms and Interpretation of learning
(CS_RS12-IId-g-2). Data management
system, in your
Specifically, - Learning Competency section’s group
1. Identify the different non-prose - Key Concepts chats and other
materials for used for data - Guided Practice learning
presentation in research; (Present Me!) platforms.
2. Interpret the data shown by - Independent Practice
non-prose materials; and (Look and Explain
3. Appreciate the importance of Me!)
graphs and tables in research data - Application (1.
presentation and interpretation. Interpret Me! 2.
Decision Making)
- Assessment
- Answer Key
Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

School/Station: Agusan Del Sur National High School Division: Agusan Del Sur
Email address: amor.lalisan@deped.gov.ph / joji.daguio@deped.gov.ph
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Nov. __ - Practical . At the end of the lesson, you are LAS 18: Using Statistical
Nov. __, Research expected to: Techniques to Analyze ✓ Hand-in of Printed
2021 2 Data Modules and
* To use statistical techniques to Digitized Modules
10:00 AM-12:00 LAS 18 analyze data—study of differences - Key Concepts to the Parents at
PM
1:00PM– 3:00 and relationships limited for bivariate - Guided Practice school.
PM analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3). (What’s My Mean and
Standard Deviation?) ✓ Reinforcement of
Note: Do not Specifically, - Independent Practice material
forget to work 1. Identify the different statistical (Am I Rejected or delivery using
on your techniques used to analyze data. Accepted?) Facebook page
learning tasks 2. Interpret the data using the - Application (What’s and messenger
according to different statistical methods; and My Relationship?) and other
your class 3. Appreciate the importance of - Assessment (Multiple means of
schedule using statistical software in Choice) communication.
analyzing data. - Answer Key
- Reference ✓ The materials are
also available at
the school’s
learning
management
system, in your
section’s group
chats and other
learning
platforms.
Prepared by:
Research Teachers:
Charo Anne M. Aguillon Joanna Marey F. Mondejar

Joji D. Daguio Jennyvi H. Papellero
Amor R. Lalisan Jason P. Resma
Checked and Reviewed:
Jennyvi H. Papellero, MT II
Subject Group Head - HUMSS 1A1
Nenita C. Gelacio, MT-II

Assistant School Principal
Approved by:
Marilou P. Curugan, DM-HRM
School Principal IV

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETNO.16

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Data Collection
Name: Section:
II.LEARNING COMPETENCY
✓ Collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
5. Differentiate the different quantitative research instruments;
6. Discuss the guidelines in using questionnaires as data collection procedure;
7. Identify the various online tools; and
8. Appreciate the importance of data collection technique in research.
III. KEY CONCEPTS
Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in writing your data analysis and
interpretation. Data Collection involves obtaining relevant information regarding the specified research questions
or objectives. This can be done by utilizing research instruments that are either developed or adopted. In
collecting the data, the researcher must decide on the following questions: (1) Which data to collect? (2) How to
collect the data? (3) Who will collect the data? (4) When to collect the data? (Barrot, 2018, p138).
Quantitative research instruments comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests, and observation. On the
other hand, data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involve: (a) direct interaction with
individuals on a one to one basis, (b) and or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.
When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following steps are to be considered:
1. Be clear with your research question.
2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
6. Present your findings.
How do you collect your data? Look at the different kinds of research instruments. Check all that seem helpful
in answering your research questions. You may choose more than one.
Data Collection Method

1. Questionnaires
a. Structured
b. Semi-structured
c. Unstructured
d. Face-to-face
e. Online
2. Tests
a. Standardized
b. Non-standardized
c. Recall Questions
d. Recognition Questions
e. Open-ended Questions
3. Interviews
a. Face-to-face
b. Phone
c. Video
4. Observations
a. Controlled
b. Natural
c. Participant

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Research Instruments
Questionnaires
A questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from the participants.
It consists of indicators that is aligned to the research questions. Gathering of information can be carried out in
the following methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail, messenger, social media post, or using
computer programs or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).
In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following approaches: (1) scale (usually Likert scale); and (2)
conversion of responses into numerical values, e.g. strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as 2, and
strongly disagree as 1. The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings. A questionnaire is an
instrument used to collect data while a survey is a process of collecting, recording, and analyzing data.
Questionnaires can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
There are three structures of making a questionnaire. The first, structured questionnaires employ closed-
ended questions. Unstructured questionnaires, on the other hand, use open-ended questions in which the
research participants can freely answer and put his thoughts into it. Lastly, semi-structured questionnaires are
combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones. Structured type is commonly used in quantitative
studies because it is easier to code, interpret objectively, and, most of all, easier to standardize.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants.
2. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since their identity can be made
anonymous.
Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire

1. The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack depth.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

1. Choose the method of administering the questionnaire.
a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the emotions, behavior, and non-verbal cues
of the participants
b. Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need not to be taken
2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.
a. Personal information. This section which contains background information of the participants. (Names
are optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that might be needed. (This applied
only for quantitative research)
3. Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with specific research questions or objectives.
4. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering the questionnaire.
5. Use routing (directing technique) if there is a need to skip some items in the questionnaire.
6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.
7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple terms.
8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the questions.
a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent, great extent, moderate extent,
small extent, none at all)
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good, poor) Later, these responses
will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five-point Likert scale)
9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary.
10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive questions.
11. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.

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12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires.

13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the questionnaire.
15.Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them and archive them digitally.
Tests
Tests are used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing some
characteristics. There are two types of test used in quantitative research: Standardized test and Non-
standardized test.
Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups. It is usually administered by
institutions to assess a wide range of groups such as students and test-takers. It is considered as more reliable
and valid. Examples are Achievement test, University Entrance Exam, Personality Tests, and the likes.
Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain set of people.
Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from memory (e.g. fill-in-the blank test,
identification test, enumeration test, etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given choices the best or correct choice
(e.g. multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their responses, expressing their
thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing tests and other performance-based tests).
The following table shows the types of test and examples.

Type Subtype What the Participants Will Do Example
Close test Supply words or phrases that have Questionnaires can be structured,
been deleted/ removed from a test. semi-structured, or __________
Recall Identification Provide an answer to the given What type of questionnaire employs
question using pure recall. close-ended questions?
Enumeration List down the answers, whether List the steps in conducting
chronologically or not. quantitative research.
Multiple Choose the best/ correct answer Which of the following does NOT
Choice from three to five options. belong to the group?
A. Collecting data B.Tabulating
data
C. Interpreting data D.Differing data
Matching Match the items in Column A with the Match the terminologies in Column A
items in Column B. with their synonyms in Column B.
Recognition Column A Column B
1. Data A. Participants
2. Respondents B.
Representative
3. Sample C. Information
Dichotomous Choose an answer from two options Write TRUE on the space before
either True or False or Modified True each number if the statement is
or False. correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.
__________1. Data collection is the
first step in conducting quantitative
research.
Non- Provide a lengthy answer in writing Explain the process of obtaining the
performance or orally. sample size from the population.
Open- based
ended Performance- Perform a task where they are Present a role play about conducting
based expected to prepare a presentation an interview on study habits among
or written work students.

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Interview
A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions, values,
emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data.
Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews
Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews

It uses closed-ended questions. It uses open-ended questions.
It contains a rating scale or rubric. No rating scale or rubric needed.
Responses are numerical. Responses are non-numerical
A large sample size is used. Small sample size is used.
Structured type is used to minimize Unstructured, semi-structured, informal
“interviewer effect”, which means that the interviews and focus group discussions
responses of the participants may be (FGD) are used.
affected by the behavior displayed by the
researcher on the manner that the questions
are presented.
The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly structured, but here’s a distinction between the two:
Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires

Items are read to the participants. Participants answer on their own.
Researchers may ask follow-up questions.
Researchers may not ask follow-up
questions.
Researchers may ask follow-up questions Researchers may not ask follow-up
questions
Useful when the target participants can’t Not applicable for blind and uneducated
answer a printed or encoded questionnaire (no read, no write) participants.
(blind or uneducated).
Observation
Observation is another method of collecting data that is frequently used in qualitative research. However, it
can be used in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length,
width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed)
Observation allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon. It has greater flexibility in the
observation method. However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne
effect phenomenon. Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-consuming especially when observations need
to be conducted for many years.
Forms of Observation
1. Controlled Observation. It is usually used in experimental research and is done under a standard procedure.
It provides more reliable data (obtained through structured and well-defined process). The procedure can be
replicated, and the data are easier to analyze. Lastly, the observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not
interact with the participants).
2. Natural Observation. It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It has greater ecological validity (i.e. flexibility
of the findings to be generalized to real-life contexts). It also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially
intended by the researcher. Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the
presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants
3. Participant Observation. It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that the
participants belong to. It can be performed covertly (i.e. participants are not aware of the purpose behind the
observation. It can be done also overtly, wherein participants know the intention or objectives of the observation.

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Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation
Observational Description
Role
Complete Observe the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants with as few external factors
observer affecting it as possible. The observer is neither seen nor noticed by the participants. The
participants are less prone to the Hawthorne effect.
Observer as Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or natural behavior with as few
participant external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is known and recognized by the
participants as part of their group or community but has limited interaction with them.
Participant as Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or natural behavior. The
observer observer is considered a researcher and not a member of the group or community which
is being investigated. However, the observer is fully engaged with the participants.
Complete Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior of the participant with as few
participant external factors affecting it as possible. Taking this role raises ethical issues about
possible deception. He acts like an “undercover” member of the community. He fully
involved with the participants who are unaware that they are being observed.
Guidelines in Conducting an Observation
Before the During the Observation After the

Observation • Make sure to note the Observation
• Clarify the date, time, and place • Code or arrange
research where the observation is the data gathered
objectives. conducted. according to the
• Be ready with • Limit the person who will variables of the
observation observe. study.
checklist. • Explain the purpose of • Tabulate the data,
• Determine your the observation to use numerical
time of participants if applicable. value for
observation and • Avoid causing quantitative
collection disruptions while research.
technique. observing. • Review the data
• Record only • Make sure to guarantee gathered to
relevant anonymity of determine the
information. participants. gaps before
• Prepare consent • Make use of multiple proceeding.
form for human recording schemes such
observation. as taking notes, videos,
audios, and photos but
with proper ethical
considerations.
USEFUL ONLINE TOOLS
Google Forms are free online forms that allows the researcher to construct, administer, and analyze
surveys.
Step-by-step on how to use the Google forms:

Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz
1. Go to forms.google.com.
2. Click Blank +.
3. A new form will open.
Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz (You can add, edit, or format text, images, or videos in a form.)
1. Edit your form.

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2. Create a quiz/survey with Google Forms.

3. Choose where to save form responses.
Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out
1. When you are ready, you can send your form to others and collect their responses
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (www.surveygizmo.com)
1. Radio Buttons 2. Checkboxes
3. Drop Down Menus 4. Drag and Drop
5. Likert Scale
6. Slider Scale
7. Star Ranking 9. Image Select
8. Net Promoter Score (NPS)

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10. Matrix
Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research
Ethical considerations should always be practiced especially when human participants are involved.
Researchers ensure that participants are treated properly; especially during data collection. The use of consent
form respects the right of every participant to be informed and to make voluntary participation.
Informed Consent Form is a document that provides the participants with the information they need in
deciding whether they will participate or not in your study. The informed consent form must be accomplished
before gathering data from the participants. This document must be signed both by the researcher and the
participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual conduct of the data collection process. It usually
contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions that they will be subject to the
study)
Sample Informed Consent
RESEARCH SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENT
To the participants:
Read this consent form and ask questions and clarifications before you decide
to participate in this study or not. You are also free to ask questions during your
participation in this research.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Project Information
Research Title: IMPROVING SPEED AND ACCURACY IN MATH PROBLEM-

SOLVING USING THE SINGAPOREAN METHOD AMONG
GRADE 7 STUDENTS OF GuNHS-X
Researcher: Rico A. Lopez Phone: 09283434567/856-3454
School: Gulaman National High School-X Department: Senior High School
1. PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY

You are asked to participate in a research study that seeks to offer a
Singaporean Method in solving mathematical problems. The Singaporean
method is a method that aims to develop speed and accuracy in solving problems
in mathematics. Additionally, the study aims to determine the effectiveness of the
Singaporean Method in solving mathematical problems.

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Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a
significant difference between the learner’s problem-solving skill during the
pretest and the posttest? (2) Is there a significant difference between the scores
of the learners in rating their problem-solving skill before and after introduced to
the Singaporean Method? (3) Is there a significant difference in the problem-
solving performance and the self-report scores between the control and
experimental group?
2. PROCEDURES
You will be asked to use the workbook prepared by the Math Society and
attend the math class at the Computer Laboratory. You will also be interviewed
via Focus Group Discussion to obtain information regarding your reactions or
responses to the approach. Specifically, you will be asked to do the following: (1)
You will be asked to attend the Math class that uses the Singaporean approach
for the whole term. (2) You will be interviewed by your Math teacher for two (2)
hours about your responses regarding the Singaporean approach of learning
Mathematics and the challenges you encounter using this approach.
The expected duration of your participation is from October 2020 to January
2021.
3. POSSIBLE RISKS OR DISCOMFORTS

No possible risks can pose danger to you in any form during the conduct of
this study. The implementation of the method may last for three (3) months or
approximately 12 weeks and the interview may last for two hours
4. POSSIBLE BENEFITS
The findings of this research will benefit your teachers in expanding their
teaching practices to effectively deal with developing a very potential problem-
solving skill among its learners. This study is also useful for both public and
private school administrators in the country in preparing a math curriculum with
an intervention that is anchored upon the result of this study to develop and
enhance the problem-solving skills among high school students.
5. FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
No amount will be required from you during your participation in this study.
6. CONFIDENTIALITY
Your identity in this study will be treated with utmost confidentiality. The results
will be published for academic purposes only. However, any data obtained as a
result of your participation in this study may be checked by the sponsor, by the
person conducting this study and or by the research panelists.
7. TERMINATION OF RESEARCH STUDY

You are free to choose whether or not to participate in this study. There will
be no penalty if you choose not to participate. You may withdraw from your
participation at any time without penalty.
8. AVAILABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Any further questions you have about this study will be answered by the
researcher.
9. AUTHORIZATION
I have read and understood this consent form, and I volunteer to participate in
this research study. I understand that I will receive a copy of this form. I voluntarily
choose to participate, but I understand that my consent does not take away any
legal rights in the case of negligence or other legal fault by anyone who is involved
in this study. I further understand that nothing in this consent form is intended to
replace any applicable laws.
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Participant’s Signature Over Printed Name

Date: ______________________________
Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature Over Printed Name (if underage)

Date: ______________________________
Researcher’s Signature Over Printed Name

Date: ______________________________
III. GUIDED PRACTICES:

GUIDED PRACTICE 1: ANSWER ME!
Directions: Look at the questionnaire below. Answer the questions that follow by checking the box that best
describes you.
A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habit
Constructs Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
1. I study where there is a good
lighting.
2. I study in a room where the
temperature is cool.
3. The desk where I study is always
clear from distractions.
4. I use earplugs to minimize
distracting sounds.
5. I study facing a wall.
6. I don’t do other things while I am
studying.
7. I prepare ahead of time all the
materials that I will need for
studying.
8. I avoid wasting my times on
Facebook, etc. in between my
study time.
9. I review my notes after class and
use it for review.
10. I take breaks from time to time
during study time.
GUIDED PRACTICE 2: WRITE ME DOWN

Directions: Interview five (5) families in your barangay or other possible options may be presented depending
on the current situation in your community. Create three (3) interview questions regarding their situation during
the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Make sure that the responses of your interview questions are quantifiable.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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4. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICES:
INDEPENDENT PRACTICE 1: QUANTITATIVE OR NOT?

Directions: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview questions? Put a check (/) the
space provided before the number if the following questions illustrate quantitative nature and mark it with X if it
is not.
_____ 1. How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance purposes?
_____ 2. How regularly do you go to malls in a week?
____ 3. How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for dating?
_____ 4. What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men and women?
_____ 5. What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made between men and women?
_____ 6. What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class participation among Grade 7
students?
_____ 7. What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel exposure?
_____ 8. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among public school teachers?
_____ 9. Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis? _
_____ 10. Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID_19 pandemic affects a person, a family, a
school, or a community?
_____ 11. How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”?
_____ 12. How does your family view your gender crisis?
_____ 13. What does your school or community do to educate you about the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?
_____ 14. Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or community after the enhanced
community quarantine was lifted?

_____ 15. Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president?
INDEPENDENT PRACTICE 2: OBSERVE ME!

Directions: What type of observation is illustrated in the following observation notes? Write the letter of your
choice on the space provided before the number. Choose from the choices below:
A. complete observer C. participant as observer
B. observer as participant D. complete participant
_____ 1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication.

_____ 2. Pilots watching their monitors for airplane movements and locations.
_____ 3. A biology teacher recording the daily data on bacteria growth at the Bio laboratory.
_____ 4. A guidance counselor watching a friend's reaction to her barkada’s confession.
_____ 5. An adviser watching her students work during independent work time.
_____ 6. An online tutorial company manager is observing the conversation of the interviewer and the
applicant to determine the quality of their performance.
_____ 7. A principal observing a math teacher gives a lesson to her class to evaluate her performance as an
educator.
_____ 8. A parent is watching her children interact with other children on the playground.
_____ 9. An actress is watching her movie premier unfold on the big screen.
_____ 10. A group of Grade 12 students went to BFAR to perform certain duties as what the workers are
doing.

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V. APPLICATION:
APPLICATION 1: TRY ME!
Directions: Create a Google form related to the study that you are conducting. Follow the steps in making a
Google Form. Make sure to take note of the parts of a questionnaire. Print/show your output to your teacher.
APPLICATION 1: MY DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT.

Directions: Decide on what type of data collection instrument you will use in obtaining data for your research
study. Why will you use this specific data collection method? Once you have decided on what data collection
instrument to use, it is time to create your questions as a basis for data gathering. Make sure to align each of
your questions or items to the research questions. Write also a draft of your one-page informed consent.
VI. ASSESSMENT:
Directions: Choose the correct answer from the given choices. Write only the letter of your chosen answer.
1. What type of a questionnaire is commonly used in quantitative research?

A. Structured B. Semi-structured C. Unstructured D. All of the above
2. Which one is NOT a guideline in using questionnaires for data collection?
A. In administering the questionnaire, a researcher may choose between face-to-face or online method.
B. The open-ended question section of the questionnaire applies to quantitative research only.
C. Use simple terms to make the questions brief, clear and concise.
D. Specific and clear instructions should be provided to the respondents.
3. What type of test requires a test taker to provide an answer by remembering facts?
A. Essay B. Multiple choice C. Matching D. Identification
4. What observational role does a researcher perform when he is fully engaged with the participants?
A. Complete observer C. Complete participant
B. Observer as participant D. Participant as observer
5. What online tool is shown?
A. Drop Down Menus B. Drag and Drop C. Checkboxes D. Radio buttons
VII. ANSWER KEY:
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. C

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17
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 17

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Name: Section:
I. LEARNING COMPETENCY:
✓ Present and interpret data in tabular and graphical forms (CS_RS12-IId-g-2).

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4. Identify the different non-prose materials for used for data presentation in research;
5. Interpret the data shown by non-prose materials; and
6. Appreciate the importance of graphs and tables in research data presentation and
interpretation.
II. KEY CONCEPTS:
In the previous lesson, you were presented with options as to how you will gather your data. Once the data
are collected, you need to encode and organized them for systematic purposes. This will be the focused of this
lesson. In this process, you will need to edit, code, tabulate and summarize information through graphs and
tables for presentation and interpretation purposes. The process also allows the removal of unnecessary
information.
Techniques in Data Processing
Remember to organize your data based on your research questions. The data processing involves three
actions: editing, coding, and tabulation.
Editing is a process wherein the collected data are checked. At this stage, handling data with honesty should
be employed. When you edit it is expected that you will not change, omit, or makeup information if you think that
the data you collected is insufficient or does not meet your personal expectations. The main purpose of editing
is for checking the consistency, accuracy, organization, and clarity of the data collected. Data editing can be
done manually like traditional tallying or with the assistance of a computer or combination of both.
Coding is a process wherein the collected data are categorized and organized. It is usually done in qualitative
research. In quantitative research, coding is done to assign numerical value to specific indicator especially if it is
qualitative in nature. This numerical value will be useful when you are going to analyze your data using statistical
tool. Just make sure that the categories created are aligned with your research questions. Consider the following
example.
Tabulation is a process of arranging data. In many studies, table is used to do this process. Tabulation can
done manually or electronically using MS Excel. Again organize the data based on your research questions.
Before inputting your data into the table, it will be helpful to review your statistics class on how to arrange data
according to the statistical techniques you will use. Take note that the digital tool you are going to use will also
matter on how you are going to tabulate your data; like MS Excel, Minitab, or other digital tools have different
ways of entering your data. Correct arrangement of your data will be helpful during actual data analysis.

P a g e | 17
Presentation and Interpretation of Data
The next step after editing, coding, and tabulating the data is to present them into graphical or visual
presentation called non-prose materials. The purpose of presenting the data in this way is to make the outlined
of the results more presentable. Non-prose materials are composed of graphs, bars, tables, charts, diagrams,
illustrations, drawings, and maps.
In quantitative research, tables and graphs are usually used. Standard format in presenting the data into a
table or a graph like its title, labels, contents, and many more can be followed as well when school institutional
format is not provided or identified. You may visit APA, CMOS, or MLA on how to do so.
Tables
Table helps summarize and categorize data using columns and rows. It contains headings that indicate the
most important information about your study.
To interpret the tables, one needs to do the following:
• Analyze the connections among the details of the headings.
• Check the unusual pattern of the data and determine the reason behind these.
• Begin with the table number and the title.
• Present the significant figures (overall results, high and low values, the unusual pattern).
• Refrain from repeating again what’s inside the table.
• Support your findings with literature and studies that confirms or contrasts your results.
• Establish the practical implications of the results. This will add value to your research findings.
• End with a brief generalization
Sample Interpretation for the Given Table
Sample 1

P a g e | 18
Sample 2
Graphs
Graphs focuses on how a change in one variable relates to another. Graphs use bars, lines, circles, and
pictures in representing the data. In interpreting the graph, it is the same process in table. In choosing what type
of graph to use, determine the specific purpose of the presentation. Line Graph illustrates trends and changes in
data over time, Bar Graph illustrates comparisons of amounts and quantities, while Pie Graph (Circle Graph)
displays the relationship of parts to a whole.

P a g e | 19
Sample Interpretation of a Line Graph
Sample Interpretation of a Pie Graph
III.GUIDED PRACTICE: PRESENT ME!

Directions: Present the following data using a specific non-prose material according to its purpose. Use a
separate paper for your presentation.
According to the latest Facebook post of Department of Health-Philippines DOH COVID-19 CASE
BULLETIN #106, dated June 28, 2020. Source: https://bit.ly/3dMehug; https://bit.ly/31nmgv2.

P a g e | 20
1. There are a total of 24, 137 Active Cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines (Data as of June 27, 2020) with the
following breakdown:
Asymptomatic - 898 persons
Mild - 23, 090 persons
Severe - 125 persons
Critical - 24 persons
2. These are the data on hospital beds and mechanical ventilators for COVID-19 patients with the following
breakdown:
Ward beds - 3, 179 (41.15% occupied)
Isolation Beds - 8,925 (37.93% occupied)
ICU Beds - 1, 313 (36.63% occupied)
Ventilators - 1, 883 (22.89% in use)
IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICES: LOOK AND EXPLAIN ME!

Directions: Interpret each figure given below. Follow the guidelines in interpreting the graph. Write a brief
interpretation of the data on the space provided for each figure.
Graph 1. Line Graph of COVID-19 cases in the Philippines since March 15-June 27, 2020
Interpretation:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Interpretation:
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

P a g e | 21
Interpretation:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_
V. APPLICATION:
APPLICATION 1: INTERPRET ME!

Directions: Interpret the table following the suggested guidelines. Write brief interpretation on the space
provided.
Interpretation:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

P a g e | 22
APPLICATION 2: DECISION MAKING:

Directions: Perform the task below. You may write or encode your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Since you are done gathering your data, it is now time to tally the obtained data on a separate sheet of
paper. Decide on what type of data presentation you will use in your research study. Why will you use this
specific graph?
VI. ASSESSMENT:
Directions: Select the correct or best answer from the choices given. Write only the letter of your chosen
answer.
1. What data processing technique involves the assigning of numerical values to a specific indicator?
A. Editing B. Coding C. Tabulation D. Interpretation
2. Which graph could show the increase or decrease in the population of JHS students in ASNHS in the past
decade?
A. Pie B. Bar C. Line D. All of the above
3. To show the COVID-19 vaccine brands mostly preferred by teenagers, what graph should be used?
4. Which of the following data processing technique allows a researcher to check the accuracy of the collected
data?
A. Editing B. Coding C. Tabulation D. Interpretation
5. The percentage of SHS students enrolled in the different strands, which graph can be used appropriately?
VII.ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A
References
Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Asia: Mc-Graw Hill Companies,
Inc., 2006.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 6 th ed., McGraw-Hill
Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://bit.ly/3eBIVrs
GraphPad Sofware. 2018. https://bit.ly/2X5JCTC
QuestionPro. 2020. “What is a star rating question?”. QuestionsPro Suvey Software. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://bit.ly/2VD5EMg
https://www.surveygizmo.com/resources/blog/new-ways-to-ask-quantitative-researchquestions-in-online-surveys/

P a g e | 23
18
USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO

ANALYZE DATA

P a g e | 24
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 18

USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA
Name: _____________________________________________ Section: ____________
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
* To use statistical techniques to analyze data—study of differences and relationships limited for bivariate
analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4. Identify the different statistical techniques used to analyze data.
5. Interpret the data using the different statistical methods; and
6. Appreciate the importance of using statistical software in analyzing data.
I. INTRODUCTION:
In the previous lesson, you were presented with options on how to present and analyze your data through
tables and graphs. As mentioned previously, data analysis goes hand in hand with data presentation and is
considered a time-consuming task because it involves a series of investigations, classifications, mathematical
calculations, and graphical recording, among others.
You are fully aware that planning your research study is needed. Thus, it is assumed that when you begin
your research study, you have already identified the scale of measurement to use in your research study.
Comprehensive statistical analysis is important before making conclusions about your study.
II. KEY CONCEPTS:

Statistical Techniques
1. Percentage is any proportion from the whole.
𝑃𝐴𝑅𝑇
Formula: 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐶𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸(%)= ( ) 𝑋 100
𝑊𝐻𝑂𝐿𝐸
Example:
Here’s a data gathered by Purok A City High School administration regarding the number of Grade 7 parents
who opted to receive digital copies of the learning modules.
Table 1: Percentage of Parents who Opted to Receive Digital Copies of Learning Modules

7-C 32 16 (16÷32)X100 = 50%
7-D 30 11 (12÷30)X100 = 40%
P a g e | 25
TOTAL 117 76 (76÷117)X100 = 64.96%
2. Mean or average is the middlemost value of your list of values and this can be obtained by
adding all the values and divide the obtained sum to the number of values.
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁( 𝑋̅ ) =
𝑆 𝑆𝑈𝑀 𝑂𝐹 𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈
𝐸
Formula:
𝑆 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅 𝑂𝐹 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈
𝐸
Example:
1. Ungrouped Data
Refer to Table 1 above, to get the mean or average number of parents who opted to
receive digital copies of learning modules, do the following:
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁( 𝑋̅ ) =
24+ 25+ 16 + 11 76
4
= 4 = 19
2. Grouped Data
Here’s the data gathered from the survey on Study Habits conducted by the Grade 12
students to the 150 Grade 7 students of Purok A City High School.
Table 2: Mean Distribution of the Study Habits of Students

A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habits
Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Mean (𝑋̅) Verbal
Agree (4) (3) (2) Disagree Description
(5) (1)
I study where 120x5 10x4 0x3 15x2 5x1 600 + 40 + 0 + 30 + 5 Strongly
there is good =600 =40 =0 =30 =5 150 Agree
lighting. =4.5
I study in a 100x5 20x4 5x3 10x2 15x1 500 + 80 + 15 + 20 + 15 Agree
room where =500 =80 =15 =20 =15 150
the =4.2
temperature
is cool.
28

P a g e | 26

P a g e | 27

P a g e | 28

P a g e | 29

P a g e | 30

P a g e | 31
III.GUIDED PRACTICE: WHAT’S MY MEAN and STANDARD DEVIATION?
1. Compute the value Pearson’s r: ______________________________________

2. Interpretation:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What linear equation best predicts the posttest given the pretest in Math?
___________________________________________________________________
4. If a student made a pretest score of 43 in Math, what grade would you expect the
posttest score the student will obtain?
___________________________________________________________________
5. Show the line of best fit and its interpretation.
Activity 4: Am I Rejected or Accepted?

IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICES: AM I REJECTED or ACCEPTED?
Directions: A random sample of 10 Grade 7 students has grades in MAPEH, where marks
range from 90 (Good) to 98 (Excellent). The general average grade (Gen. Ave.)
of all Grade 7 students as of the last 5 years is 95. Is the Gen. Ave. of the 10
Grade 7 students different from the population’s Gen. Ave? Use 0.05 level of
significance.
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAPEH 92 95 95 96 97 98 95 94 98 92
Grade
Given: 𝑛=10 𝛼=0.05 𝜇0 =95 𝑋̅ =___ sd= ___
1. Perform hypothesis testing using the Critical Value Approach.

2. Perform hypothesis testing using the P-Value Approach.
Activity 5: Let’s go Online

V. APPLICATION: WHAT’S MY RELATIONSHIP?
Direction: Go to the link below and practice what you’ve learned from this lesson:
https://bit.ly/3c6evv2
https://bit.ly/36EfqBZ
https://bit.ly/3gmMbYS
https://bit.ly/2ZGYNEu
https://bit.ly/2A7L6DE
https://bit.ly/2TGK4Fr
What I Have Learned
Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning experience on
using statistical techniques in data analysis. Let your essay reveal how much you learned
about each concept behind each topic dealt with in this lesson. Express which concepts are
the most understood, slightly understood, and the least understood ones.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
P a g e | 32
1. Compute the value Pearson’s r: ______________________________________

2. Interpretation:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What linear equation best predicts the posttest given the pretest in Math?
___________________________________________________________________
4. If a student made a pretest score of 43 in Math, what grade would you expect the
posttest score the student will obtain?
___________________________________________________________________
5. Show the line of best fit and its interpretation.
Activity 4: Am I Rejected or Accepted?

VI. ASSESSMENT:
Directions:
Directions: Select the correct
A random sampleor best answer
of 10 Gradefrom the choices
7 students given.
has Writeinonly
grades the letterwhere
MAPEH, of yourmarks
chosen
answer. range from 90 (Good) to 98 (Excellent). The general average grade (Gen. Ave.)
of all Grade 7 students as of the last 5 years is 95. Is the Gen. Ave. of the 10
1. The guidance counselor of GUNHS tabulated the data about Junior High School students’ daily absences and obtained
Grade 7 students different from the population’s Gen. Ave? Use 0.05 level of
the average per day. The graph below shows the result of her tabulation. What is the best interpretation of the graph?
significance.
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAPEH 92 95 95 96 97 98 95 94 98 92
Grade
Given: 𝑛=10 𝛼=0.05 𝜇0 =95 𝑋̅=___ sd= ___
1. Perform hypothesis testing using the Critical Value Approach.

2. Perform hypothesis testing using the P-Value Approach.
Activity 5: Let’s go Online
Direction: Go to the link below and practice what you’ve learned from this lesson:
A. The graph shows that Friday has the highest recorded number of absences all throughout the school year.
B. GUNHS students should undergo an intervention and participate in a“Time Management Seminar”.
https://bit.ly/3c6evv2
C. The graph shows that students from GUNHS are absentees.
https://bit.ly/36EfqBZ
D. The graph shows that only few students are absent daily.
https://bit.ly/3gmMbYS
2. Inhttps://bit.ly/2ZGYNEu
which of the following situation does a Type I error occurs?
A. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is false.
https://bit.ly/2A7L6DE
B. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is true.
https://bit.ly/2TGK4Fr
C. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false.
D. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true.
3. Which of the following is true about the significance level?
What the
A. It measures I Have
probability Learned
of rejecting a correct null hypothesis.
B. It is set after a statistical test is conducted.
C. It is always set at 0.05.
D. It results in a p-value.
4. When does a positive correlation occurs?
Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning experience on
A. When one variable goes up, and the other goes down.
using statistical techniques in data analysis. Let your essay reveal how much you learned
B. When two variables move in opposite directions.
about each
C. concept
When twobehind
variableseach
move topic dealtdirection.
in the same with in this lesson. Express which concepts are
the most understood, slightly understood,
D. When two variables remain constant. and the least understood ones.
5. What is the decision that you will make if the p-value is lower than the alpha level?
_________________________________________________________________________
A. Do not accept the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis
_________________________________________________________________________
C. Accept the null hypothesis.
D. Reject the null hypothesis.
_________________________________________________________________________
VII.ANSWER KEY
_________________________________________________________________________
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D
36


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16

Republic of the Philippines

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Charo Anne M. Aguillon Joanna Marey F. Mondejar

Checked and Reviewed:

Nenita C. Gelacio, MT-II

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETNO.16

III. KEY CONCEPTS

Data Collection Method

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Advantages of Using Questionnaire

Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire

Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires.

Types of Test Questions

The following table shows the types of test and examples.

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews

Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews

Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

Guidelines in Conducting an Observation

Before the During the Observation After the

USEFUL ONLINE TOOLS

Step-by-step on how to use the Google forms:

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

2. Create a quiz/survey with Google Forms.

Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (www.surveygizmo.com)

1. Radio Buttons 2. Checkboxes

3. Drop Down Menus 4. Drag and Drop

7. Star Ranking 9. Image Select

8. Net Promoter Score (NPS)

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

RESEARCH SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENT

Research Title: IMPROVING SPEED AND ACCURACY IN MATH PROBLEM-

1. PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

3. POSSIBLE RISKS OR DISCOMFORTS

7. TERMINATION OF RESEARCH STUDY

8. AVAILABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Participant’s Signature Over Printed Name

Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature Over Printed Name (if underage)

Researcher’s Signature Over Printed Name

III. GUIDED PRACTICES:

GUIDED PRACTICE 2: WRITE ME DOWN

IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICES:

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE 1: QUANTITATIVE OR NOT?

community quarantine was lifted?

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE 2: OBSERVE ME!

_____ 1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication.

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

APPLICATION 1: MY DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT.

1. What type of a questionnaire is commonly used in quantitative research?

A. Drop Down Menus B. Drag and Drop C. Checkboxes D. Radio buttons

VII. ANSWER KEY:

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Developed by: Amor R. Lalisan and Joji Dela Cruz-Daguio

Name: _________________________________ Section:

Given: 𝑛=10 𝛼=0.05 𝜇0 =95 𝑋̅ =_ sd= _

Given: 𝑛=10 𝛼=0.05 𝜇0 =95 𝑋̅=_ sd= _