Introduction To Earthquake Design 01

Design guidance on Eurocode 8 for
practicing engineers for timber structures
Tomi Toratti
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
Earthquake hazard and risk

• Earthquake hazard: Any physical
phenomenon, such as ground
shaking
h ki or ground d ffailure,
il th
thatt iis
associated with an earthquake and
that may produce adverse effects on
h man acti
human activities.
ities (Science and
Technology Dictionary)
• Earthquake risk: The probability that
social
i l or economic i consequences off
earthquakes will equal or exceed
specified values at a site, at several
sites or in an area
sites, area, during a
specified exposure time. (STD)
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/
2
3
Surface faulting
Collapsed barn (source: Tom Fumal, USGS)
Mole-track Izmit (source: Tom Retaining wall (source: Tom Fumal,

Fumal USGS)
Fumal, USGS)
4
Liquefactions
• Sand ejected through a crack forming a • Tilting of apartment buildings at

series of sand boils along the railroad Kawagishi-Cho, Niigata, produced
tracks byy liquefaction
q of the soil during
g the
1964 Niigata Earthquake
Moss Landing State Beach (Source: Dan Orange, Shinano river bank, Kawagishi-cho apartment buildings
www es ucsc edu/)
www.es.ucsc.edu/) suffered bearing capacity failures (source:
www.ce.washington.edu/)
5
Tsunamis
• Tsunami is a sea wave that results from large-scale seafloor displacements.
Building damage, Banda Aceh, Sumatra 2005

After Tsunami in Banda Aceh, Sumatra 2005
(source: USGS)
(source: USGS)
6
Landslides and floods
• 1995 landslide in La Conchita,

• Southeastern end of Izmit Bay showing
California
coastal subsidence,
subsidence Izmit,
Izmit Turkey
Earthquake, August 17, 1999
(source: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/)
(source: USGS) 7
Fire following earthquakes
• San Francisco Earthquake (1906) • Great Kanto Earthquake (1923)
(source: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/)
(http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/)
8
Ground shaking
• P
Partial
ti l collapse
ll off r.c. frame
f
structure in Bucharest during • Office building with partially destroyed first floor
Vrancea earthquake, Mar. 4, 1977 during Kobe earthquake, January 16, 1995
source: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
source: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/
9
August 17, 1999 earthquake of 7.4 M ,

- 15000 - 20000 casualties,
- 35000 totally destroyed buildings
10
11
12
Amplitude parameters - PGA and PGV
• Peak ground acceleration (PGA): related to the force induced in rigid

structures
• Peak ground velocity (PGV): good correlation to damage in structures
• Disadvantage
• A single
i l peak k iis a poor measure ffor a complex
l motion.
ti
• Structural properties are not accounted for.
V
Vrancea, 30.08.1986,
30 08 1986 MMagurele
l (B)
(B), EW
2
2
n, m/s
1
acceleration
-1 -1.15
-2
0 10 20 30 40 50
time, s
13
ag = 0.4 g
14
Local site effects - Frequency content
• Stiff
S soil:
so a amplification
p ca o
of spectral
accelerations in the
short-period range
• Soft soil: amplification
of spectral
accelerations
l ti i th
in the
long-period range
15
Factors affecting seismic motion

4
1. Source factors 3
2. Travel path 1 2
3. Local site effects

4. Soil-structure interaction Parkfield 1966, Cholame #2, 065
Northridge 1994, Sylmar, 360

Loma Prieta 1989, Corralitos, 090
Vrancea 1977, INCERC, NS
El Centro 1940, Imperial Valley, S00E
Erzincan 1992, Meteorological Station, FN
Western Washington 1949, Olympia, 086
16
Elastic spectrum Se(T) in Eurocode 8 (Ec8)
Analytical formulation:
3
⎧ ⎡ T ⎤ TB TC Type 11,
⎪ g
a ⋅ S ⋅ ⎢1 + (2 . 5 ⋅ η − 1)⎥ 0 ≤ T ≤ TB Soil A,
⎪ ⎣ TB ⎦ 2
PGA=1
⎪a ⋅ S ⋅η ⋅ 2.5 TB ≤ T ≤ TC
⎪ g
SA
S e (T ) = SA = ⎨ ⎡ TC ⎤
⎪a g ⋅ S ⋅η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎢ ⎥ TC ≤ T ≤ TD 1
TD
⎪ ⎣T ⎦
⎪ ⎡T ⋅ T ⎤
⎪a g ⋅ S ⋅η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎢ C 2 D ⎥ , TD ≤ T 0
⎩ ⎣ T ⎦ 0 1 2 3 4
T(s)
Where: a g ⋅ S = PGA
η = 1, for ξ = 5%
17
Design spectra for different soil types
4
Type 1, Soil A, PGA=1
PGA 1
Soil S TB(s) TC(s) TD(s) Type 1, Soil B, PGA=1
Type 1, Soil C, PGA=1
type 3
Type 1, Soil D, PGA=1
A 1 0 15
0.15 04
0.4 2 Type 1, Soil E, PGA=1
PGA 1
SA
2
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2
C 1 15
1.15 02
0.2 06
0.6 2 1
D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2
0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2
0 1 2 3 4
T(s)
18
Elastic design using Ec8 spectra

Required:
}
Location → Spectral parameters TB, TC, TD, S and ag
Damping ratio (ξ)
Period of vibration (T)
3
FH = m ⋅ SA (T)
2
SA((T))
FH
SA
1
FY FY>F
FH
0
Don’t change rigidity! 0 T 1 2 3 4
T(s)
19
Particularities of the elastic approach
• Advantages:
• Takes into account the dynamic properties of the ”building” by the
fundamental period (T) and damping (ξ).
• Shortcomings:
• The simplification of a structure into an SDOF may not be acceptable.
• The supposition that the oscillator is elastic is also restrictive. Usually,
it is not feasible to build buildings which withstand earthquakes in the
elastic range
range.
• Solutions:
• Use of multi-mass oscillator (MDOF).
• Combine
C bi multiple lti l vibration
ib ti modes. d Ad
Adaptt with
ith ““correction”
ti ” coefficients
ffi i t
and procedures the SDOF response to an MDOF response.
20
Definition of design goals in ”modern” codes
• At ultimate limit state (ULS) Ec8 aims at “no-collapse requirement”.

• This means that the structure shall withstand the designg seismic
actions (DSA) without local or global collapse and must retain
structural integrity and a residual load bearing capacity. The
primary aim is to save the lives of the occupants
occupants.
• DSA defined by a reference seismic action with probability of
exceedence of 10 % in 50 years, or the reference return period of
475 years.
21
22
Introduction
• Main sources Eurocode 5 and 8, Step lectures B13 and C17
• Timber structures have a good reputation with regard to seismic
loadings
23
Factors effecting the seismic performance
• VVulnerable
l bl parts
t iin ti
timber
b structures
t t are th
the jjoints,
i t anchorages,
h
floor diaphragms and soft stories
• Advantages of timber structures:

- Low self-weight
- Ductility and energy dissipation of mechanical connections (and
shear walls)
24
Soft storey failure in the foundation
25
Eurocode 8
• Eurocode 8 part 1-1, General rules - Seismic actions and general

requirements for structures. In this part, the general requirements
anddddefinitions
fi iti off seismic-resistant
i i i t t buildings
b ildi are stated.
t t d Al
Also, the
th
calculation method of seismic loads and relevant load
combinations are given
• Eurocode
E d 8 partt 1 1-2,
2 GGenerall rules
l ffor bbuildings.
ildi Thi partt outlines
This tli
the general rules regarding seismic resistance.
• Eurocode 8 part 1-3, Specific rules for various materials and
structures. This part handles the different building materials
(concrete, steel, timber and masonry) and gives detailed structural
requirements as well as detailing the specifications for buildings
made
d off these
th materials.
t i l Th
The partt ddescribing
ibi ti timber
b structures
t t iis iin
Chapter 8, on pages 158-164.
26
Table 2.1 The significance of the building regularity (EC8)
Building regularity Simplification allowed Behaviour factor, q
Plan Elevation Model Analysis
yes yes planar lateral force * reference
yes no planar multi-modal decreased
no yes spatial lateral force * reference
no no spatial multi-modal decreased
* The fundamental period T0 should be less than 4×Tc and less than 2 seconds.
27
Base shear force

The base shear force acts in both principal directions of the building.
Fb = Sd (T0) W λ
Where T0 is the fundamental period of the building
Sd is the ordinate of the design spectrum
W is the total weight of the building (see Chapter 6)
λ is a correction factor, having a value of 0,85 if T0<TC or 1,0 otherwise.
To estimate the fundamental period, T0, of the building, EC8 has a simple procedure:
T0 = 0.05 H0.75
Where the building height is in metres and the time in seconds.
Fb
z i Wi
Fi = Fb
∑zW
j
i i
2/3 x H
Fb
28
⎡ T ⎛ 2 .5 ⎞ ⎤
S d = α S ⎢1 + 0 ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟⎥ jos T < Tb (5.a ) 0.6
⎣ Tb ⎝ q ⎠⎦
2.5
Sd = α S jos Tb < T0 < Tc (5.b) 0.4
q SE T
2.5 ⎛ Tc ⎞
Sd = α S ⎜ ⎟≥ βα jos Tc < T0 < Td (5.c) 0.2
q ⎜⎝ T0 ⎟⎠
2.5 ⎛⎜ TcTd ⎞
⎟ ≥ βα
Sd = α S jos Td < T0
0
(5.d ) 0 1 2 3 4
q ⎜⎝ T0 2 ⎟
⎠
T
Table 2.2 Parameters for the spectrum equations for the different subsoil classes (EC8). The national authorities will decide which type response
spectrum will be used.
S Tb Tc Td S Tb Tc Td
Subsoi
S b i []
[s] []
[s] []
[s] []
[s] []
[s] []
[s]
l class
Type 1 Type 2
recommended for large earthquakes
A 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.00 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2
B 1.2 0.15 0.50 2.00 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2
C 1.15 0.20 0.60 2.00 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2
D 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.00 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2
E 1.4 0.15 0.50 2.00 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2
29
The mass in seismic design
W = ∑ Gkj + ∑ψ E ,i Qki
Gkjj is the characteristic dead load and
ψE,iQki is the probable variable load during an
earthquake.
ψ E ,i = ϕψ 2i
ψ2i is the long-term value for variable loads

0.3 for live loads,
and 0.2 for snow loads in Nordic countries and for altitudes
above 1000 m and 0 for other countries
0 for wind loads (EC1 and EC5),
ϕ is 0.5 for all storeys except the top storey for which it is 1.0
(no correlation between storey loads, if correlation exists then ϕ = 0.8).
ϕ is 1.01 0 for storage loads (EC8)
Combining loads in seismic design

Ed = ∑ Gkj + γFb + ∑ψ E ,i Qki
Where, γ is the importance factor (γI = 1.4 hospitals, fire stations, power stations; γII = 1.2 schools, cultural buildings;
γIII = 1.0 residential and commercial buildings; γIV = 0.8 agricultural buildings),
Gkj and Qki are the characteristic values of the dead and variable loads,,
ψE,i is the seismic combination coefficient of the quasi-permanent value of the live load.
30
Ultimate limit state
Resistance
The following condition should apply for all structures and connections
E d = f {∑ Gkj , γFb , ∑ψ Ei Qki } ≤ Rd = R{

fk
}
γM
The design resistance of the structures is determined so that the material strength corresponds to the
instantaneous load duration class. The material safety factor is γM = 1.3 for non-dissipative structures (Type A) and
γM = 1.0 when the structure dissipates
p energy
gy ((Types
yp B and C). )
Ductility
Equilibrium
- anchorage for overturning: upward tension at ends of shear walls,

- anchorage
g for sliding,
g base shear at the bottom of shear walls
31
Special rules for timber structures
Type A, q = 1.5: Structures having low capacity to dissipate energy such as: cantilevers,
beams, two or three pinned joint arches, trusses joint with connectors.
Type B, Structures having medium capacity to dissipate energy such as:

q = 2,0
2 0 :Glued wall panels with glued diaphragms
diaphragms, connected with nails and bolts
bolts,
trusses with doweled and bolted joints, mixed structures with timber frame and non-load-
bearing infill.
q = 2.5:
5 Hyperstatic
ype stat c po
portal
ta frames
a es with
t do
doweled
e ed a
and
d bo
bolted
ted jo
joints
ts
yp C, Structures having
Type g high
g capacity
p y to dissipate
p energy
gy such as:
q = 3.0: Nailed wall panels with glued diaphragms, connected with nails and bolts,
trusses with nailed joints
q = 4.0 : Hyperstatic portal frames with doweled and bolted joints
q = 5.0 : Nailed wall panels with nailed diaphragms, connected with nails and bolts.
32
Shear capacity of different sheathing panels in seismic design
14
Fasteners screw 3.5 (3.9x29 Gyprocille) K100 mm

27 mm Kerto-Q LVL
12 21 mm Kerto-Q LVL
15 mm spruce plywood
10 9 mm spruce 12 mm spruce plywood

plywood
Gypsum
yp board
4 (Gyproc GN13)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
33
34
35
Example 2, A four-storey timber house case, calculation of the seismic load and design of some details
Input values:
Ground acceleration = 0.35 g,
Subsoil class B
Floor dead load 1 KN/m2 (the weight of the walls is assumed to be included in this figure)
Roof dead load 0.75 KN/m2
Live load qh = 2.0 KN/m2
Importance factor γIII = 1.0 (residence)
The seismic load is determined considering the vertical loads present in the different storeys of the building. This load
i calculated
is l l t d using
i eq. 6
6:
∑ G + ∑ψ
kj E ,i Qki
Gkj is the characteristic dead load and ψEIQki is the probable live load during a seismic event.
Combination coefficient:
ψ2i is 0.3 (the quasi-permanent value of the live load (EC1 and EC5) ,
ϕ is 0.5 except for the top storey for which it is 1.0 (EC8)
36
Table L2.1 combining

g the loads in the different storeys.
y
Storey Gkj Qki ψ2i ϕ ψE,i Gkj + ψEIQki
Roof 0.75 0.75

Storeyy 4 1.0 2.0 0.3 1 0.30 1.60
Storeys 2,3 1.0 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.15 1.30
Storey 1 Loads transferred directly to the foundations
Following the table above, the total vertical load is:
∑ G + ∑ψ
kjj E ,i Qki = 0.75 + 1.60 + 1.30 + 1.30 = 4.95 KN/m2
•Ground acceleration is ag = 0.35 g
•Subsoil class B
•Building braced with shear walls of plywood sheathing and mechanical

fasteners,
q = 5.0
50.
•Building area: 288 m2
37
38
Traditional timber-masonry
building from Turkey.
Turkey
(Izmit Turkey Earthquake August
17 1999
17, 1999.
http://www.eerc.berkeley.edu/turke
y
y/index.html).
)
39

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Introduction To Earthquake Design 01

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Design guidance on Eurocode 8 for

practicing engineers for timber structures

Earthquake hazard and risk

Collapsed barn (source: Tom Fumal, USGS)

Mole-track Izmit (source: Tom Retaining wall (source: Tom Fumal,

• Sand ejected through a crack forming a • Tilting of apartment buildings at

Building damage, Banda Aceh, Sumatra 2005

Landslides and floods

• 1995 landslide in La Conchita,

Fire following earthquakes

• San Francisco Earthquake (1906) • Great Kanto Earthquake (1923)

August 17, 1999 earthquake of 7.4 M ,

Amplitude parameters - PGA and PGV

• Peak ground acceleration (PGA): related to the force induced in rigid

Local site effects - Frequency content

Factors affecting seismic motion

3. Local site effects

Northridge 1994, Sylmar, 360

Vrancea 1977, INCERC, NS

El Centro 1940, Imperial Valley, S00E

Erzincan 1992, Meteorological Station, FN

Western Washington 1949, Olympia, 086

Elastic spectrum Se(T) in Eurocode 8 (Ec8)

Design spectra for different soil types

Elastic design using Ec8 spectra

Particularities of the elastic approach

Definition of design goals in ”modern” codes

• At ultimate limit state (ULS) Ec8 aims at “no-collapse requirement”.

Factors effecting the seismic performance

• Advantages of timber structures:

Soft storey failure in the foundation

• Eurocode 8 part 1-1, General rules - Seismic actions and general

Table 2.1 The significance of the building regularity (EC8)

Building regularity Simplification allowed Behaviour factor, q

Plan Elevation Model Analysis

yes yes planar lateral force * reference

yes no planar multi-modal decreased

no yes spatial lateral force * reference

no no spatial multi-modal decreased

Base shear force

The mass in seismic design

ψ2i is the long-term value for variable loads

Combining loads in seismic design

Ultimate limit state

E d = f {∑ Gkj , γFb , ∑ψ Ei Qki } ≤ Rd = R{

- anchorage for overturning: upward tension at ends of shear walls,

Special rules for timber structures

Type B, Structures having medium capacity to dissipate energy such as:

Shear capacity of different sheathing panels in seismic design

Fasteners screw 3.5 (3.9x29 Gyprocille) K100 mm

10 9 mm spruce 12 mm spruce plywood

Table L2.1 combining

Roof 0.75 0.75

Following the table above, the total vertical load is:

•Ground acceleration is ag = 0.35 g

•Building braced with shear walls of plywood sheathing and mechanical

•Building area: 288 m2

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