NAME LAST FIRST M.I.

SCORE

OPIANA CHRISTIAN JOSEPH I.

SUBECT Critical Care Nursing SUBJECT CODE N036 DATE

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY EVALUATION

Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following are components of the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory
system?
a. larynx d. alveolar ducts
b. trachea e. terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts
c. terminal bronchioles
Answer: d. alveolar ducts
2. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called
a. pulmonary ventilation. d. expiration.
b. internal respiration. e. inspiration.
c. external respiration.
Answer: b. internal respiration.
3. Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
a. respiratory bronchioles d. nose
b. terminal bronchioles e. pharynx
c. bronchi
Answer: a. respiratory bronchioles
4. The nasal cavity connects to the pharynx through two openings called the
a. nasal septa. d. external nares.
b. nasal conchae. e. internal nares.
c. paranasal sinuses.
Answer: e. internal nares.
5. The nasal cavity is lined with
a. stratified columnar epithelium. d. ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.
b. transitional epithelium. e. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
c. ciliated pseudostratified columnarepithelium.
Answer: c. ciliated pseudostratified columnarepithelium.
6. The palatine tonsils are found in the
a. nasopharynx. d. larynx.
b. oropharynx. e. nasal cavity.
c. laryngopharynx.
Answer: b. oropharynx.
7. The openings to the eustachian tubes are found in the
a. larynx. d. nasopharynx.
b. fauces. e. laryngopharynx.
c. oropharynx.
Answer: d. nasopharynx.
8. The nasal cavity is divided into right and left sides by the
a. external nares. d. nasal septum.
b. internal nares. e. paranasal sinuses.
c. nasal conchae.
Answer: d. nasal septum.
9. Which of the following is called the Adam's apple?
a. thyroid cartilage d. arytenoid cartilages
b. epiglottis e. glottis
c. cricoid cartilage
Answer: a. thyroid cartilage
10. The greater the pressure of air against the vocal cords,
a. the higher the pitch. d. the lower the pitch.
b. the lower the sound. e. the hoarser the sound.
c. the louder the sound.
Answer: a. the higher the pitch.
11. The false vocal cords
a. aid in the production of sound. d. All of the above.
b. are located in the lower larynx. e. None of the above.
c. produce high pitch sounds.
Answer: b. are located in the lower larynx.
12. Which of the following describes a correct order of structures in the respiratory
passageway?
a. pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
b. larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
c. trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
d. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
e. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
Answer: d. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
13. The C-shaped rings that provide support for the wall of the trachea are made out of a.
hyaline cartilage.
b. elastic cartilage.
c. fibrocartilage.
d. reticular connective tissue.
e. bone.
Answer: a. hyaline cartilage.
14. Histamine
a. has no effect on bronchioles. d. causes muscle spasm.
b. causes bronchoconstriction e. causes inflammation of the
bronchioles.
c. causes bronchodilation
Answer: b. causes bronchoconstriction bronchioles.
15. Epinephrine
a. has no effect on bronchioles. d. causes muscle spasm.
b. causes bronchoconstriction e. causes inflammation of the
bronchioles.
c. causes bronchodilation Answer: c. causes bronchodilation 16. The pain of pleurisy is caused
by
a. bronchoconstriction
b. bronchodilation
c. friction between the swollen pleural membranes.
d. histamine release.
e. parasympathetic stimulation.
Answer: c. friction between the swollen pleural membranes.
17. Which of the following is NOT a structure associated with the lungs?
a. visceral pleura d. endocardium
b. parietal pleura e. oblique fissure
c. cardiac notch
Answer: c. cardiac notch
18. The exchange of gases occurs in the
a. trachea. d. primary bronchus.
b. terminal bronchioles. e. All of the above. c. alveoli.
Answer: d. primary bronchus.
19. The fluid that lines the inside of the alveoli is produced by
a. cuboidal epithelial cells in the terminal bronchioles.
b. alveolar macrophages.
c. squamous pulmonary epithelial cells.
d. surfactant-secreting cells.
e. capillary endothelial cells.
Answer: d. surfactant-secreting cells.
20. Which of the following subdivides to form multiple alveolar ducts?
a. secondary bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles
b. respiratory bronchioles e. alveoli
c. tertiary bronchioles
Answer: b. respiratory bronchioles
21. For air to enter the lungs during inspiration
a. the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.
b. the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure.
c. the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure.
d. the size of the lungs must be decreased.
e. the diaphragm has to be relaxed.
Answer: a. the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.
22. The lungs contain about __________ alveoli.
a. 10,000 d. 300 million
b. 300,000 e. 500 million
c. one million
Answer: d. 300 million
23. The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation is the
a. tidal volume. d. expiratory reserve volume.
b. residual volume. e. minute volume of respiration.
c. inspiratory reserve volume.
Answer: d. expiratory reserve volume.
24. The volume of air in a normal breath is called
a. total lung capacity. d. functional residual capacity.
b. vital capacity. e. residual volume.
c. tidal volume.
Answer: c. tidal volume.
25. The total lung capacity equals
a. TV + IRV + ERV + RV. d. FRC + ERV + RV.
b. IRV + ERV + RV. e. TV + ERV + IRV. c. TV + IRV.
Answer: a. TV + IRV + ERV + RV.
26. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of
a. osmosis. d. active transport.
b. diffusion. e. filtration.
c. exocytosis.
Answer: b. diffusion.
27. All of the following decrease the efficiency of external respiration EXCEPT
a. emphysema.
b. increased alveolar PO2.
c. increased altitude.
d. pneumonia.
e. high alveolar PCO2.
Answer: b. increased alveolar PO2
28. Most oxygen in the blood is transported as
a. deoxyhemoglobin. d. carboxyhemoglobin.
b. gas dissolved in plasma. e. carbaminohemoglobin. c.
oxyhemoglobin.
Answer: c. oxyhemoglobin
29. Nerve impulses travel from the active inspiratory area to the diaphragm via the
a. vagus nerve. d. intercostal nerves.
b. phrenic nerve. e. radial nerve.
c. thoracic nerve.
Answer: b. phrenic nerve
30. Approximately how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate?
a. Less than 40% c. 60% e. 90%
b. 50% d. 70%
Answer: d. 70%
31. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflation reflex of the lungs?
a. Stretch receptors are activated during overinflation.
b. Proprioceptors are activated to stimulate deeper inspirations.
c. The inspiratory area is inhibited.
d. Once this reflex is activated, exhalation begins.
e. This is a protective reflex that prevents damage to lungs due to overinflation.
Answer: b. Proprioceptors are activated to stimulate deeper inspirations
32. The primary chemical stimulus used to control breathing is changes in the concentration of
a. carbon monoxide in the blood. d. oxygen in the blood.
b. H+ and carbon dioxide in the blood. e. carbonic acid in the blood.
c. bicarbonate in the blood.
Answer: H+ and carbon dioxide in the blood
33. The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the
a. pons. d. pneumotaxic area.
b. medulla oblongata. e. apneustic area.
c. hypothalamus.
Answer: b. medulla oblongata
34. Painful or labored breathing is referred to as
a. rhinitis. c. dyspnea. e. epistaxis.
b. apnea. d. tachypnea.
Answer: c. dyspnea
35. A disorder characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is
a. chronic bronchitis. c. pleurisy. e. tuberculosis.
b. emphysema. d. asthma.
Answer: d. asthma.
36. Respiration rates are mainly controlled by the
a. medulla oblongata & midbrain and the amount of O2 in the blood.
b. medulla oblongata & pons and the amount of CO2 in the blood.
c. medulla oblongata & midbrain and the amount of CO2 in the blood.
d. medulla oblongata & pons and the amount of O2 in the blood.
e. medulla oblongata & hypothalamus and the amount of O2 in the blood.
Answer: b. medulla oblongata & pons and the amount of CO2 in the blood
37. The vocal cords are located in the
a. esophagus. c. larynx. e. laryngopharynx.
b. trachea. d. nasopharynx.
Answer: c. larynx.
38. Cartilaginous rings
a. make the trachea rigid to keep the airway open.
b. make the bronchi rigid to keep them open.
c. are C shaped in the trachea to allow the esophagus to expand behind it.
d. are made of hyaline cartilage.
e. all of the above are true.
Answer: e. all of the above are true
39. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center that consists of neurons located in the a.
cerebellum.
b. medulla oblongata and pons.
c. midbrain and hypothalamus.
d. cerebrum
e. cerebellum and cerebrum.
Answer:b . medulla oblongata and pons.
40. The flap of elastic cartilage covered by epithelium that closes off the larynx and prevents
food and water from entering the larynx during swallowing is the
a. epiglottis. d. arytenoid cartilage.
b. glottis. e. cricoid cartilage.
c. thyroid cartilage. Answer: a. epiglottis
41. Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
a. transport of nutrients to tissue.
b. ventilation of lungs.
c. gas exchange between lungs and blood.
d. helps regulate pH.
e. production of sound.
Answer: a. transport of nutrients to tissue
42. Which of the following are directly connected to the laryngopharynx?
a. larynx d. all of the above.
b. oropharynx e. only A and C.
c. esophagus.
Answer: d. all of the above
43. Which of the following affect the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
a. partial pressure of oxygen d. carbon dioxide in the tissue
b. temperature e. all of the above. c. acidity
Answer: e. all of the above
44. Carbon monoxide:
a. binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin
b. binds to the heme group of hemoglobin
c. binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does
d. binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin
e. binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen
does
Answer: e. binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme
than oxygen does
45. Smoking can cause:
a. emphysema. d. increased mucus secretion.
b. smoker's cough and chronic bronchitis. e. all of the above. c. lung
cancer.
Answer: e. all of the above
46. All of the following are normal changes that occur in the respiratory system during exercise
EXCEPT
a. blood flow to the lungs increases.
b. oxygen diffusion rate increases.
c. less carbon dioxide is produced.
d. ventilation rate increases.
e. depth of ventilation increases.
Answer: c. less carbon dioxide is produced
47. The vital capacity can decrease by as much as __________ by the age 70.
a. 15% c. 23% e. 50%
b. 25% d. 40%
Answer: d. 40%
48. Why is the left lung about 10% smaller than the right lung?
a. The stomach is found on the left side of the body and pushes up against the diaphragm.
b. The large blood vessels like the vena cavae and aorta take up space on the left side.
c. The majority of the mass of the heart is found on the left side.
d. The right side of the body does more work so it needs more air.
e. The thymus gland takes up more space on the left side.
Answer: c. The majority of the mass of the heart is found on the left side 49.
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?
a. alveolar squamous epithelial cells d. capillary basement membrane
b. basement membrane of alveolar cells e. capillary endothelial cells
c. thin layer of smooth muscle
Answer: c. thin layer of smooth muscle
50. Deep labored inhalations involve contraction of all of the following muscles EXCEPT the
a. sternocleidomastoid. d. external intercostals.
b. diaphragm. e. internal intercostals. c. scalenes.
Answer: e. internal intercostals
51. Yawning is a modified respiratory movement that
a. involves relaxation of the external intercostal muscles.
b. involves contraction of the abdominal muscles.
c. is stimulated by irritation of the nasal mucosa.
d. involves spasmodic closure of the larynx.
e. involves a smooth contraction of the diaphragm.
Answer: e. involves a smooth contraction of the diaphragm.
52. The chloride shifts
a. involves movement of bicarbonate to outside of RBCs in exchange for chloride.
b. raises the chloride concentration of venous blood.
c. is necessary for efficient transport of oxygen by the blood.
d. only happens in people with emphysema.
e. helps maintain electrical balance between plasma and interstitial fluid.
Answer: a. involves movement of bicarbonate to outside of RBCs in exchange for chloride.
Which is which True or False:
53. External respiration is another name for breathing.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False

54. The nostrils are also called external nares.

a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
55. The middle portion of the pharynx is the nasopharynx.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
56. The mucous membrane lining the larynx forms two pairs of folds.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
57. The trachea is located lateral to the esophagus.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
58. Tertiary bronchi divide into terminal bronchioles.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
59. The narrow top portion of the lung is called the apex.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
60. The right lung is divided into three lobes by deep surface fissures.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
61. In order for inspiration to occur, the volume of the thoracic cavity needs to be increased.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
62. Some of the main functions of the nasal cavity are to filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
63. The pressure inside the lungs is the alveolar pressure.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
64. The record of pulmonary volumes and capacities produced using a spirometer is called a
spirogram.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
65. In clinical practice, the word ventilation means inspiration only.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
66. The total pressure of a gas mixture is calculated by multiplying the partial pressures.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
67. The transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and body tissues is a function of the
blood.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
68. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens leading to a volume increase and
pressure decrease in the thoracic cavity. Expiration involves the reverse process in which the
diaphragm relaxes leading to a volume decrease and pressure increase in the thoracic cavity.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
69. If PCO2 is lower in the alveoli than in the blood, CO2 will diffuse from the capillary blood into
the alveoli.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
70. The right lung is smaller than the left lung because of the position of the heart.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
71. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity and diaphragm, while the visceral pleura covers
the lungs.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
72. Cigarette smoke is the single most preventable cause of death and disability worldwide
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
73. Rhinitis is the scientific name for a nose job.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False

74. While laryngitis is common among all people, cancer of the larynx is found almost exclusively
in people who smoke.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
75. Diaphragmatic breathing is deep breathing involving movement of the ribs, while costal
breathing is shallow breathing involving movement of the abdomen.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
76. Hypocapnia induced by voluntary hyperventilation can be dangerous, especially to
swimmers, because the oxygen level may drop dangerously low and cause fainting.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
77. The interior structure of the nose consists of two large smooth-walled cylindrical chambers
that conduct air from the external nares to the nasopharynx.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
78. The coughing reflex is initiated when anything other than air passes into the larynx.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
79. In general, men have lower pitched voices because testosterone stimulates the thickening
and lengthening of the false vocal folds.
a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
80. Expiration during normal quiet breathing is a passive process requiring no muscular
contractions.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
81. Bicarbonate ions are produced by combining carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic
acid, which then dissociates to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
Know What Is Being Asked Short Answers Identification:
82. The branching of the trachea into progressively smaller more numerous passageways forms
what is commonly referred to as the BRONCHIOLES.
83. The membrane that encloses and protects the lungs is the PLEURAL MEMBRANES.
84. Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called RESPIRATORY
BRONCHIOLES.
85. The maneuver used to expel an aspirated object is called the HEIMLICH maneuver.
86. The respiratory gases are exchanged across the RESPIRATORY membrane.
87. The visual examination of bronchi through a bronchoscope is called BRONCHOSCOPY .
88. When the diaphragm contracts it PULLS DOWNWARD .
89. The term applied to normal quiet breathing is EUPNIA .
90. The chemical composed of combinations of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the
tendency of alveoli to collapse is called PULMONARY SUFRACTANT.
91. The total volume of air taken in during one minute is called the TIDAL VOLUME .
92. The air that remains in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume has been expelled is
called the RESIDUAL volume
93. The sum of residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume is the FUNCTION RESIDUAL
CAPACITY .
94. The MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY area controls the basic rhythm of respiration.
95. The process that involves the flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs is called
BREATHING.
96. The protective mechanism that prevents overinflation of the lungs is called the

Hering–Breuer inflation reflex .

97. Rapid and deep breathing is called HYPERVENTILATION .

98. The temporary cessation of breathing is known as APNEA.
99. The structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory passages is the EPIGLLOTIS.
100. The central chemoreceptors used to control respiration are located in the MEDULLA.
101. The total volume of air that you can breathe out after a maximal inspiration is called the
VITAL capacity.
102. The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and
water to form carbonic acid is called CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.
103. List, in correct order, the passageways that make up the conducting zone of the respiratory
system.
The sequence of air passage during inhalation is as follows:

Nostrils→pharynx→larynx→trachea→alveoli.

104. Describe the major functions of the nasal cavity.

Through the utilization of the mucociliary system, the nasal cavity serves to humidify, warm,
filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air in addition to defending the respiratory tract. The
olfactory receptors are also found in the nasal cavity.

105. Name and briefly describe the three basic processes of respiration.
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the three stages of respiration.
To produce ATP, these metabolic processes convert glucose into its byproducts.
Without oxygen, many organisms can engage in anaerobic respiration. Explanation:

• A cytoplasmic mechanism called glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules with
three carbons each and releases energy. Hexokinase, a phosphorylating enzyme, assists
in the phosphorylation process that traps glucose. This reaction uses adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), and the end result, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase.
• All aerobic organisms use the citric acid cycle, commonly referred to as the TCA cycle or
the Krebs cycle, to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA obtained
from carbs, lipids, and proteins.
• In the metabolic process known as oxidative phosphorylation, cells use enzymes to
oxidize nutrients in order to release the molecule oxygen's chemical energy, which is
then used to create adenosine triphosphate. Most eukaryotes do this within their
mitochondria.
106. Define asthma.
is when the airways may get constricted, swell, and create more mucus . As a result,
breathing could become challenging, and might have EXPERIENCE shortness of breath,
coughing, and wheezing when exhale.

107. Describe how the inspiratory area of the medullary rhythmicity area is able to control both
inspiration and expiration during normal quiet breathing.

- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group are located in the
medulla oblongata(VRG). The DRG helps to maintain a steady breathing rhythm by
inducing inspiration by causing the intercostal and diaphragm muscles to contract.
When the DRG is no longer active, the diaphragm and intercostals are no longer
stimulated to contract, which permits them to relax, leading to expiration. Forced
inspiration is caused by the contraction of the accessory muscles involved in forced
breathing, which are stimulated by neurons in the VRG. The accessory muscles
involved in forced expiration are likewise stimulated to contract by the VRG.