COMBINED CLASS 1.

1 D RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ESE 2019

1. The exchange of gases between the blood within the capillaries and tissue fluid
surrounding the body's cells is called?
a. External respiration
b. Cell metabolism
c. Cellular respiration
d. Internal respiration
2. Control system of Breathing is by the following except?
a. Chemoreceptors for O2 or CO2,
b. Mechanoreceptors in the lungs and joints,
c. Control centers for breathing in the brain stem (medulla and pons),
d. Abdominal muscles, whose activity is directed by the brain stem centers.
3. Each of the following changes in arterial blood composition is detected by peripheral
chemoreceptors and produces an increase in breathing rate: which one cannot?
a. Decreases in arterial PO2
b. Increases in arterial PCO2
c. Increase in arterial pH.
d. Bohrs effect
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about receptors?
a. Lung stretch receptors. Mechanoreceptors are present in the smooth muscle of the
airways.
b. Irritant receptors. Irritant receptors for noxious chemicals and particles are located
between epithelial cells lining the airways.
c. J receptors. Juxtacapillary (J) receptors are located in the alveolar walls and,
therefore, are near the capillaries.
d. Joint and muscle receptors. Have no effect on the inspiratory center.
5. Which statement is NOT true about Asthma?
a. Respiratory disease of the bronchi and bronchioles.
b. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath.
c. Presents with a cough that will expel mucus.
d. Its communicable disease.
6. The following statements are TRUE about alveolar ventilation which one is NOT TRUE.
a. Alveolar ventilation is 4200ml per minute.
b. Alveolar ventilation is 350mls per respiratory circle.
c. Alveolar ventilation equals to tidal volume minus dead space.
d. During alveolar ventilation 150mls of tidal volume reaches alveolar sac.
7. During transport of oxygen. The following statements are true, which one is not true?
 a. O2 is carried in two forms in blood: dissolved and bound to hemoglobin.
b. Dissolved O2 alone is adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues; thus, a
second form of O2, combined with hemoglobin, is not needed.
c. More than 95% of oxygen is combined with hemoglobin.
d. 2, 3 DPG reduces hemoglobin affinity for oxygen at the cellular level.
8. During transport of carbon dioxide. Which of the following statement is not true?
a. CO2 is carried in the blood as dissolved CO2,
b. As bicarbonate (HCO3-), which is a chemically modified form of CO2.
c. HCO3- is not quantitatively the most important of these forms.
d. Accumulation of carbon dioxide at cellular level can react with water leading to
Bohr’s effect.
9. Carbon monoxide is dangerous because?
a. It binds strongly to hemoglobin, making it unavailable to oxygen.
b. It binds strongly to plasma, making it unavailable to carbon dioxide.
c. It raises the blood’s pH level, causing a person to hyperventilate
d. It dissociates readily after binding to hemoglobin.
10. The following statements is true about carbon dioxide except which one?
a. Carbonic anhydrase is found in high concentration in red blood cells. It catalyzes the
hydration of CO2 to form H2CO3.
b. In the red blood cells, H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
c. The H+ in above reaction will not be buffered by deoxyhemoglobin Borh’s effect.
d. Accumulation of carbon dioxide may lead to Bohr’s effect

11. Which of the following statement is NOT true.

a. During inhalation or exhalation air is pulled towards or away from the lungs, by several
cavities, tubes, and openings.
b. The organs of the respiratory system make sure that oxygen enters our bodies and carbon
dioxide leaves our bodies.
c. The respiratory tract is the path of air from the nose to the lungs.
d. The lower respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchi,
Bronchioles, and the Lungs.
12. Pulmonary ventilation involves the following except?
a. Breathing.
b. External respiration.
c. Exchange of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the lungs.
d. Cellular respiration.
13. During pulmonary ventilation. The following statement is true on pressure changes
except?
a. Air moves by bulk flow from an area of high pressure to low pressure.
 b. All pressures in the respiratory system are not relative to atmospheric pressure (760mmHg at
sea level).
c. Air will move in or out of the lungs depending on the pressure in the alveoli.
d. The body changes the pressure in the alveoli by changing the volume of the lungs.
14. Pulmonary ventilation equals to
a. 6000mLs
b. 4200mls
c. 500mls
d. 350mls
15. Alveolar ventilation equals to
a. 4200mls
b. 6000mls
c. 500mls
d. 350mls
16. Alveolar ventilation(VA)/Perfusion(Q) ratio normal equals to
a. 0.84
b. 0.67
c. 0.5
d. 0.1
17. The following statements about pleura are true which one is NOT.
a. The parietal pleura is attached to the thoracic wall whereas the visceral pleura is
attached to the lung itself.
b. The right lung is completely enclosed in a sac called the pleural sac.
c. The intrapleural fluid lubricates the lungs to easy sliding.
d. Changing the pressure of intrapleural fluid allows the lungs and the thoracic wall to
move together during normal breathing.
18. The following are the functions of mucociliary escalator (System) that extends from the
top of the trachea all the way down to the bronchioles. Which function is carried out by
dead space?
a. Structural support
b. Humidification
c. Purification
d. Filtration.
19. Which of the following is function of dead space?
a. Structural support
b. Humidification
c. Filtration
d. Purification.
20. During Respiratory cycle the following statements is true, which one is not true?
a. External intercostal muscle and internal intercostal muscle act
oppositely/antagonistic.
 b. External intercostal muscle and the diaphragmatic muscles contracts during
inspiration.
c. During inspiration the atmospheric partial pressure is negative compared to lungs
pressure of oxygen which is positive.
d. Recoiling mechanism of respiratory structures makes the exhalation to be passive
during quiet breathing.
21. The following factors determines lung compliance. Which one does NOT?
a. Pleural effusion
b. Pneumothorax
c. Pulmonary edema
d. Hypoxia.
22. Which of the following statement is NOT true about surfactants?
a. They function by overcoming the forces of surface tension.
b. They are secreted by alveolar type II epithelial cells.
c. Whose function is to MOP/remove water molecules from the alveolar sac to reduce
the surface tension.
d. Insufficient production of surfactants prevents Respiratory Distress Syndrome in
newborns.
23. Tidal volume equals to?
a. 2900mls.
b. 500mls.
c. 150mls.
d. 350mls
24. Inspiratory reserve volume equals to?
a. 1400mls
b. 500mls.
c. 150mls
d. 3300mls
25. Expiratory reserve volume equals to?
a. 500mls.
b. 2900mls.
c. 1000mls.
d. 350mls
26. Dead space equals to?
a. 1400mls.
b. 150mls.
c. 2900mls.
d. 3300mls
27. Vital capacity equals to?
a. Total of tidal, inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes.
b. Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory volume.
 c. Sum of tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
d. Sum of inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.
28. Voluntary breathing is caused by?
a. Cerebral cortex
b. Medulla oblongata
c. Pituitary gland
d. chemoreceptors
29. Involuntary breathing is caused by?
a. Medulla oblongata
b. Cerebral cortex
c. Pituitary glands.
d. Chemoreceptors.
30. The following statements are true about chemoreceptors except?
a. Are sensitive to pH.
b. Stimulated by Borh’s effect.
c. Sensitive to carbon dioxide build up.
d. Sensitive to oxygen saturation.

SHORT ESSAYS. (ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS @ 10MARKS)

1. Differentiate between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation (5 marks).

2. Calculate the normal alveolar ventilation: perfusion ratio (5marks).
3. Discuss transport of Respiratory gases in the body (5marks).
4. Discuss the mechanism of breathing (5marks).