01 ChemicalBonding

ENTHUSE
IIT CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL BONDING
C.O.: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indira Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 Ph. 0744-2799900
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INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
CHEMICAL BONDING 01–91
 Theory 01–52
(i) Vander waal’s forces 01–06
(ii) Bent’s Rule 06–11
(iii) Drago’s Rule 12–14
(iv) Back Bonding 14–17
(v) Bridge Bonding 17–20
(vi) Silicates 20–21
(vii) Odd Electron Molecules 21–23
(viii) Molecules do not exist 24–26
(ix) Hydrolysis 26–34
(x) Ionic Compuonds (Fajan’s Rule) 35–46
(xi) Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) 47–51
(xii) Do your self Answer key 52
 Exercise 53–91
(i) Exercise – I 53–61
(ii) Exercise – II 62–65
(iii) Exercise – III 66
(iv) Exercise – IV 67–70
(v) Exercise – V (NSEC) 71–73
(vi) Exercise # Jee–Mains 74–81
(vii) Exercise # Jee–Advance 82–86
(viii) Answer key 87–88
(ix) Hint and Solutions # Jee–Advance 89–91
CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL BONDING
VANDER WAAL’S FORCES
 These are the weakest type of inter molecular forces that exist among the chemical species
which bring a significant change in physical properties.
 These are non-directional, non-valence cohesive forces. These attractive forces being played
between the two molecules, are independent of the presence of other molecules.
 Solid, liquid or gaseous states of many molecules are explained on the basis of inter molecular
forces other than covalent, ionic or metallic bonds. Although inert gases do not form any type
of bond but may exist in liquid and solid states. This shows that the atoms of inert gases are
attracted by each other through some type of intermolecular forces. These intermolecular forces
are called Vander Waals forces.
 Types of Vander Waal's Forces

(1) Dipole-dipole interaction : The force of attraction between the oppositely charged poles of
two polar molecules (for example : H2S, HCl, PH3 etc.) is called dipole-dipole attraction.
 Two type of arrangements:
(a) Head to Tail (in gas): H Cl .......... H  Cl (E r)
(b) Anti parallel (in solid and liquid): H  Cl (E r)
 
Cl  H
  Anti parallel arrangement is better arrangement than Head to Tail arrangement, when
(a) Thermal agitation is not too high
(b) Molecule is not too fatty.
(2) Dipole-induced dipole interaction : This type of cohesive forces occurs in a mixture of polar
\\chemistry-3\G\SESSION-20-21\IOC\ENTHUSE\CHEMICAL BONDING
and non polar molecules. For example force of attraction between Cl2 and H2O.
  Size of non polar molecules increases then interaction between molecules increases.
(3) Instantaneous dipole-Induced dipole interaction : The weak intermolecular forces operating
in similar non polar gaseous molecules are called London forces. These forces are very weak in
nature and exists only at low temperature. For example weak intermolecular forces in F2, Cl2,
N2, molecules and in nobal gases.
[Notation: upward arrow ( represent increasing value, down ward arrow () represent
decreasing value]
  London forces present in both polar and non-polar species but dominate in non-polar
molecule.
  [Size  LDF  attraction]
  LDF depends upon- (a) size (b) molecular mass (c) polarizable electron
C.O.: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indira Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 Ph. 0744-2799900 1
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CHEMICAL BONDING
 Other type of interaction :
(1) Ion-dipole interaction : Polar molecules are attracted by ions. The negative pole is
attracted by cation and positive pole attracted by the anion.
Na   Cl – – H
(ion) (Polar)
(2) Ion-induced dipole interaction : When non polar molecules come in contact with ions,
its electron cloud gets polarized and the oppositely charged end of it is attracted by the
ion. For example attraction between Na+ and Cl2 molecule.
  Size of non-polar molecule increases, attraction force increases.
Na   Cl2
(ion) (non  polar)
  Boiling point depends on molecular mass and interaction force between molecules.
Boiling point ∝ molecular mass 
 ∝ Interaction between molecules 

  Order of boiling point
(1) BF3<B(Me)3 (2) NF3< N(Me)3
(3) CO> N2 (4) ICl>Br2
(5) CCl4> SiCl4 (6) CH4< SiH4< GeH4< SnH4< PbH4
(7) HF > HI >HBr>HCl (8) H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
(9) H2O > HF > NH3 (10) H2SO4> Me2SO4
(11) H3PO4> Me2PO4 (12) H3BO3> Me3BO3
(13) CH4< CF4 (14) C2H6< C2F6
(15) C3H8< C3F8 (16) C5H12> C5F12
(17) H2> He
  Interaction energy relation with radius :
1
Ion-dipole attraction 
r2
1
Dipole- dipole attraction (Ek) 
r3
1
Ion-induced dipole attraction 
r4
1
Dipole induced dipole attraction (Ed) 
r6
1
Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole attraction (EL) 
r6
Ek> Ed > EL (interaction energy)
Note : H-bonding is a special case of Dipole-Dipole attraction
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Generally boiling point of ionic compound is greater than the covalent compound unless
covalent compound do not have 3-D network like structure.
 Order of boiling point

(i) LiCl < NaCl
(ii) NaCl < SiO2
(iii) NaCl > Dry ice
(iv) SiO2 > NaCl > LiCl > solid CO2
 When the non-polar gas or molecule is passed into polar solvent, after crystallization the
compound obtained is called clathrates. (Ex:- Xe.6H2O)
  Order of Boiling Point :
BF3 < ....................... < BI3
CH4 < ...................... < Ph H4
CH4 < C2H6 < C3 H5 ................
PH3 < A & H3 < SbH3
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
HCl < HBr < HI
He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
H2 < D2 < T2
H2O < D2O
ND3 < ND3
C2 H4 < C2 F4
C2 H2 < C2 F2
O (CH3)2 < S (CH3)2
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
> >
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3

C=C < C=C
CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3
Molecular weight : 84 300 (Approx)
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Solved Example :
Sodium bicarbonate partially soluble in water while potassium bicarbonate completly soluble in
water.
Reason  NaHCO3 exist in polymer for KHCO3 exist in dimer form
NaCHO3
O O
–
O O
C H C H C H [Massive hydrogen bonding]
O O O C
O
KHCO3
O H–O
O=C C=O [Compact hydrogen bonding]
O–H O
Q. Compound in which ion dipole interaction (H-bond) is present

NaHCO3
(i) H2CO3
Na2CO3
KHSO5 
H2SO5 Oxone
(ii) (caro's acid)
K2SO5 
NaNO3 
(Chile salt petre)
(iii) HNO3
(Aqua forties)
KNO3 
(Indian salt petre)
H2PO4–  1° Phosphate
(iv) H3PO4 HPO42–  2° Phosphate
PO43– 
NaH2 PO3 
H3PO4
(v) Na2H PO3 
(Phosphoric acid)
K H SO4 
(vi) H2SO4
(oil of vitrole K2SO4 
or
king of chemicals)
CHEMICAL BONDING
Q. KF & HF are soluble in each other why?

Due to ion dipole attraction
KF  K+ + F–
HF + F–  F– ------- H–F ( HF2 )
HF2 + K+  KHF2
Idenrify the type of force of attraction :-
(1) Na(H2O)x -ion dipole attraction
(2) I(H2O)x -ion dipole attraction
(3) [Co(NO2)6]3+-ion dipole attraction
(4) H9 O4 dipole-dipole, ion-dipole attraction & hydrogen bond
O
H H
H
O O O
H H H H H
H
(5) H3 P ---------- HF dipole–dipole intercation
8 8
H F
P
H H
H
(6) H–CH–C dipole–dipole intercation
(7) CHCl3 O(CH3)3 dipole–dipole intercation

Cl CH3
Cl C–H O
Cl CH3
(8) C2H5NO2 > C2H6 dipole–induced intercation
Polar Non polar
CHEMICAL BONDING
DO YOUR SELF – 1
1. Dipole-dipole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules (as in solids) is
proportional to
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r3 r4 r6 r12
2. Which of the following possess large dipole moments and has more intermolecular attractive
forces ?
(A) CH3–NO2 (B) CH3–CH3 (C) CH3–Cl (D) CH3–CH2–Cl
3. Which of the following order is INCORRECT against the indicated properties
(A) CCl4 > SiCl4 (boiling point) (B) C5H12 > C5F12 (boiling point)
(C) CF4 < CH4 (boiling point) (D) NaCl < SiO2 (boiling point)
4. Which of the following statements are INCORRECT?
(A) BF3 is more volatile than BI3
(B) Xe(g) has lesser interatomic forces than Xe(s)
(C) The boiling point of H2 is lesser than He
(D) OF2 has higher boiling point than CF4
5. Which of the following has Vander Waal's interaction with permanent dipole only ?
(A) Liquid-NH3 (B) Liquid-He
(C) Xe–H2O (D) Both (A) and (C)
BENT’S RULE

PCl5   PCl3 + Cl2.
If all the bonds are sp3d – 3p then why are there strength is different?
 Reason:
It is due to the difference in % s character of hybrid orbital.
s p –1
cos = or Where is Bond Angle
s –1 p
Equatorial Axial
  = 120°  = 90°
s s
cos 120° = cos 90° =
s –1 s –1
% s = 33.33% %s=0
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Key Point:
Bond Angle % S  attractionBond Length  Bond Strength 
(Bond Length = Hybrid orbital length + size of Surrounding atom/central atom)

 Type of hybridization
Equivalent hybridization = sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d2
O
Non- equivalent hybridization = sp3d, sp3d3 H 104.5 H
Hybridisation in H2O :-
Cos 104.5 = –0.25
s
Cos =
s –1
s = 20%
% s character must be greater in order to hold lone pair of electron
% s = 30%
O
% p = 70%
H H
% s = 20%
% p = 80%
Hybridisation of bonded orbital in water = sp4 (only denotes % s–character, not related with
number of orbital)
 NOTE: In a molecule, % s character of lone pair is always greater than that of bonded orbital.
 Statement of Bent’s Rule:
(a) When all surrounding atom are attached with central atom through single bond, then
more electronegative surrounding atom prefer to stay with to that hybrid orbital which
has less percentage of s-character.
(b) Multiple bond and lone pair prefer to stay with that hybrid orbital which has more
percentage s-character.
(c) Lone pair has slightly more percentage s character than multiple bond.
 Percentage of s–character can be defined by mathematical equation.

s p –1
cos = or Where is Bond Angle
s –1 p
CHEMICAL BONDING
Ex. Draw the geometry of PCl3F2
F Cl
Cl F
Cl P Cl P
Cl Cl
Sol.
F F
Correct Wrong
Structure Structure
 Reason:
Because highly electronegative atom occupy axial position (axial position has smaller
percentage of s-character)
 Solved Example:
1. Compare the C – H Bond Length in F3CH and Cl3CH
Ans. F3CH < Cl3CH
2.  H HC
Compare H  C  F FC
  F bond angle in CH2F2
Ans.  H >HC
HC  F>FC
 F
3. Compare the dipole moment () for the given compound:

Ans. P(CH3)2 (CF3)3> P(CH2)3 (CF3)2
4. Compare P – F Bond Length in
Ans. PF2(CH3)3> PF2(CF3)3
5. Compare O – O Bond Length in H2O2 and O2F2

Ans. H2O2> O2F2.
6. Compare N – N Bond Length in
Ans. (a) N2H4> N2F4 (b) N2H2> N2F4
7.  – Feq.in SF4 and SOF4

Compare Feq – S
Ans. SF4> SOF4
 Shape of SF4 molecule

1. See saw 2. Sawhorse 3. Teeter totter
4. Squash tetrahedral 5. disphenoidal
F
F
S
F
F
CHEMICAL BONDING
8. Compare x and y
O > O
x y
H H F F
Exception of bent’s Rule:
Order of Bond Angle: H2O < OCl2 (110.8°)
H2O < OBr2 (111°)
H2O < OI2 (112°)
9. Compare C–F bond length in
Ans. CH4< CHF3< CH2F2< CH3F
10. Compare O–F bond length in

Ans. O2F2> OF2
11. Which of the following is correct regarding H2CSF4?

ˆ – H < Feq – Sˆ – Feq
(A) H – C ˆ – H > Feq – Sˆ – Feq
(B) H – C
(C) Nodal plane of -bond present in axial plane (D) Maximum 6 atoms in one plane.
Ans. (B,C,D)
12. Select the correct statment for given compund :

H y

CC x
H C H
H
(A)  > 109 (B)  < 109 (C)  = 109 (D) Data is insufficient
Ans. (B)
13. Compare x and y.

H H
(i) C C Ans. x<y

x F y F
H F
F F
F
F y
x F
(ii) F C–C–C F Ans. x>y
F F F
CHEMICAL BONDING
H H
C C
(iii) H x Cl Cl y Cl Ans. x > y (Stearic Repulsion)
Cl Cl
F %S = x<y<z
x
(iv) H.O.L. = x > y > z
B z
Cl y
Br B.L. = x<y<z
F F
x Cl y Cl
(v) F P > F P x>y
Cl F
F F
(vi) P(CH3)3 (CF3)2

CF3
x y CH3 Maximum number of atom
CH3 P In one plane = 7 x>y
CH3 Number of plane = 4
CF3
F x F
C3 x>y
(vii) sp
y C sp3 C
F F F F
F F
H x H
(viii) C y>x
y
H C C H
H H H H
H (p) H CH3 (q) CH3 Ph (r) Ph F (s) F

(ix) C C > C C > C C > C C
H H CH3 CH3 Ph Ph F F
p>q>r>s
H x H F y F
(x) B B > B B x>y
H H F F
x y
(xi) N N > N N x>y
H H H H F FF F
CHEMICAL BONDING
x y
(xii) N N > N N x>y
H H F F
O O O O
x y
(xiii) N N < N N x<y
O O O
x
H y
F
(xiv) O O > O O x>y
H F
x
F
(xv) O O > O y x>y
F F F
F F
Cl Cl
(xvi) S x < Se y x<y
F F
F F
O
x y P
P
OO O OO O
(xvii) P OP > P OP x>y
O O O O
P P
O O
x y
P < P
(xviii) x<y
F F Cl Cl
F Cl
O O
x y
(xix) C > C x>y
H H F F
(xx) Compar CH bond length in CH4 , CH3F , CH2F2 , CHF3
CH4 > CH3F > CH2F2 > CHF3
F
y Cl
z x
(xxi) F P x>y>z
Cl
F
CHEMICAL BONDING
DRAGO'S RULE
 On the basis of experimental bond angles of certain molecules fulfilling the following three
conditions,
(i) Central atom belongs to third or lower period in periodic table
(ii) Central atom must contain atleast one lone pair of electron
(iii) Electronegativity of surrounding atom is < 2.5
 Drago generalised that in such molecules justification of experimental bond angle can
be made satisfactory if one considers no hybridisation, i.e., overlapping of almost pure
atomic orbitals from central atom.
 In such molecules bond angle is approximately 90º.
Group 15 Bond angle Group 16 Bond angle
NH3 107º48' H2O 104º28'
PH3 93º36' H2S 92º
AsH3 91º48' H2Se 91º
SbH3 91º18' H2Te 90.5º
 Right order of bond angle.
(a) H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
(b) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
Ex: PH3
Explanation :
600 kJ/mole (energy required for hybridzation) > 3 P–H bond energy
Hence, hybridisation does not occur in PH3.
Ex: PH4+
Explanation:
sp3hybridisation.
Hybridisation occurs because 600 kJ/mole (energy required for hybridzation) < 4P–H bond.
Other example is SiH4
Ex: P4
Explanation:
No hybridisation because central atom belongs to third period and
Electronegativity of surrounding atom less than 2.5.
Que. What is the % of p character in P4?
(A) 50 (B) 75 (C) 25 (D) 33.33
Ans. (B)
CHEMICAL BONDING
Ex: P(SiH3)3 (Tri silyl phosphine)
Explanation:
No hybridisation
Geometry : Pyramidal
 Effect on properties:
(a) Formation of NH4+ or PH4+
PH3 + H+PH4+ (slow)
NH3 + H+NH4+ (fast)
(b) Solubility in water : NH3 > PH3
NH3 + H+–OH– NH4+OH–
PH3 + H+–OH– PH4+OH–
Que. Compare bond angle
(A) PF3< PCl3 (B) PF3> PH3 (C) BF3< BCl3 (D) All of these
Ans. (A,B)
Some important order :

 % of s character in orbital NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3
of lone pair
 % of p character in NH bond NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3
 M-H bond length NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3
(M = N, P, As, Sb)
 Bond angle NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3

 Bond energy NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3
 Thermal stability NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3
 Acidic strength NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3
 Lewis basic strength NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3
 Reducing nature NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3
 Order of solubility in water : NH3 > PH3
CHEMICAL BONDING
DO YOUR SELF – 2
Q.1 Which of the following has greater bond length?
(A) P – O (B) S – O (C) Cl – O (D) O = O
Q.2 The percentage of p-character in the orbital forming P-P bonds in P4 is -

(A) 25 (B) 33 (C) 50 (D) 75
Q.3 Which one of the following has the highest bond angle -
(A) H2O (B) H2S (C) NH3 (D) PH3
Q.4 The bond angle in PH3 is :

(A) Much lesser than in NH3 (B) Equal to than in NH3
(C) Much greater than in NH3 (D) Slightly more than in NH3
Q.5 What can not be explained by VBT –

(A) Overlapping (B) Bond formation
(C) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen (D) Shapes of molecules.
ELECTRON DEFICIENT BONDING

(1) BACK BONDING
Back bonding generally takes place when out of two bonded atoms one of the atom has vacant
orbitals (generally this atom is from second or third period) and the other bonded atom is
having some non-bonded electron pair(generally this atom is from the second period). Back
bonding increases the bond strength and decreases the bond length.
For example, in BF3 the boron atom completes its octet by accepting 2p-electrons of fluorine
into 2p empty orbital.

F F F F F
B F B– = F+ B– — F B– — F  B F

F F F F F
Vacant Filled
2p-orbital 2p-orbital
Decrease in B – F bond length is due to delocalised p–p back bonding between filled
p-orbital of F atom and vacant p-orbital of B atom.
The extent of back bonding is much larger if the orbitals involved in the back bonding are of
same size, for example the extent of back bonding in boron trihalides is as follows :
BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 > BI3
CHEMICAL BONDING
There is p-p back bonding in boron trihalide. The extent of back bonding decreases from BF3
to BI3 because of increasing size of p-orbitals participating in back bonding that is from
2p(in F) to 5p(in I).
Molecules Type of back bonding Shape

BF3 2p2p planar
N(CH3)3 no back bonding pyramidal
N(SiH3)3 2p3d planar
P(SiH3)3 No back bonding pyramidal
CH3NCS No back bonding bent
SiH3NCS 2p3d linear
N(GiH3)3 2p4d planar
GiH3NCS No back bonding bent

 Lewis Basic Order: N(CH3)3 > P(SiH3)3> N(SiH3)3

 Lewis Acid Order:
BF3< BCl3< BBr3< BI3
SiF4> SiCl4>SiBr4> SiI4
 Carbene:
Triplet Carbene-:CH2 (Multiplicity = 3)
Singlet Carbene-:CH2 (Multiplicity = 1)
Triplet carbene is more stable than singlet carbene.
 Dichlorocarbene- : CCl2
Singlet dichlorocarbene is more stable than triplet dichlorocarbene.
Que. Which is better proton donor acid- Between (CH3)3COH & (CH3)3SiOH ?
Ans. (CH3)3SiOH, because (CH3)3SiOis stablized by 2p3dback bonding.
Que. Which is better proton donor acid between CHF3 and CHCl3 ?
Ans. CHCl3, because CCl3 is stabilized by 2p3dback bonding.
 Effect of Back Bonding:

a. Bond Length must be decrease.
b. Bond angle may be change
c. Hybridization may be change
 When lone pair of central atom involved in back bonding, bond angle increases.
 When lone pair of surrounding atom involved in back bonding, bond angle increases
due to bond pair- bond pair repulsion.
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Comparison of Bond Length:

dB-O in H3BO3< dB-O in [B(OH)4]
dB-F bond in BF3< dB-F in BF4
Hint:- No back bonding involved in [B(OH)4]andBF4
 Some Important Order:

 Extent of Back Bonding:OCl2 < O(SiH3)2
 Lewis Basic Nature: NCl3> NF3
No back bonding in NCl3 due to its explosive nature.
 Order of Bond Angle: x< y < z
where x =  BOH in B(OH)3, y =  BOC in B(OCH3)3 and z =  BOS in B(OSiH3)3

 Metaboric Acid (HBO2): HBO2 
 (BO2 )n
B3O6 is aromatic, planer, O and B are sp2 Hybridized
 B3N3H6 + 3 HCl 
 B3N3H9Cl3
 3000C
Inorganic Graphite   (BN)x Boron Nitrate 3 D network like structure (- planner)
2p2pback bonding involved in (BN)x
Q. Order of bond angle
2Px
O O O
3dx F3C CF3
1
CH3 CH3 SiH3 2 SiH3 Al Al
F3C CF3 F3C CF3
112° < 144° < 180°
Close to sp3 sp2 sp
Q. Order of bond angle :-

H CH3 SiH3
O  O  O 
< <
B B B
H
O O OCH3 OCH3 OSiH3 OSiH3
H
CHEMICAL BONDING
Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :
H
F O N H2
y z
x < <
B B B
H H H H H H
Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :

number of donar atom strength back bonding 
2p NH2 2p NH2 2p NH2
x y z
> 2p >
2p B B 2p B
H H H NH2 NH2 NH2
(2) BRIDGE BONDING

There are many compounds in which some electron deficient bonds are present apart from
normal covalent bonds or coordinate bonds which are 2c-2e– bonds( two centre two electron
bonds). These electron deficient bonds have less number of electrons than the expected such as
three centre-two electron bonds (3c-2e) which are present in diborane B2H6, Al2(CH3)6,
BeH2(s) etc.
H H H Hb
Ht Ht
B 122º B B
97º B
Ht Ht
H Hb
H H B2 H6
The structure of diborane containing four terminal(t) and two bridging(b) hydrogen atoms. The
model determined by molecular orbital theory indicates that the bonds between boron and the
terminal hydrogen atoms are conventional 2c-2e– covalent bonds. The bonding between the
boron atoms and the bridging hydrogen atoms is, however different from that in molecules such
as hydrocarbons. Having used two electrons in bonding to the terminal hydrogen atoms, each
boron has one valence electron remaining for additional bonding. The bridging hydrogen atoms
provide one electron each. Thus the B2H2 ring is held together by four electrons, an example of
3c-2e– bonding. This type of bond is sometimes called as 'banana bond'. Group 13, gallium is
known to form a similar compound, digallane, Ga2H6.
But Al2Cl6 have covalent bond only and there is no electron deficient bonding as depicted in
the given structure.
CHEMICAL BONDING

Cl Cl Cl
Al Al (Bridging Al – Cl – Al is 3c – 4e bond)
 Cl
Cl Cl
 Keypoints:
 Two Types: (i) 3c 4 ebond (surrounding atom has lone pair)
(ii) 3c2 ebond (surrounding atom has no lone pair)
 3c 4 e bond remove more deficiency as compared to 3c 2e.
 Vacant orbital takes part in hybridisation.
(A) Al2Cl6 :
Information:-
  Number of 3cebond 
  Number of 2cebond 
  Hybridisation of central atom = sp3, Octet: complete
  Octet complete
(B) I2Cl6 :
Information:-
  Planarity:- planar
  Hybridisation of central atom = sp3d2
  Maximum number of atom in a plane = 8
  Number of 3cebond ,
  Number of 2cebond 

  Octet complete
(C) B2H6:
Information:-
  Planarity:- Non- planar
  Maximum number of atom in a plane = 6
  Octet: incomplete, Lewis Acid
  3cebond
  2cebond
 Bridge bonds are stronger and longer than the terminal bonds.
  2 bridging ‘H’ are perpendicular to the plane.
CHEMICAL BONDING
(D) Al2(CH3)6 :
Information:-
  Hybridisation of central atom = sp3
  Planarity:- non- planar
  Number of 3cebond 
  Number of 2cebond 
  Maximum number of atoms in one plane = 10
(E) Be2Cl4
Information:-
  Planarity:-Planar (all atoms are in one plane)
  e– Deficient
  Number of 3cebond 
  Number of 2cebond 
(F) Be2H4 :
Information:-
  Planarity:-Planar (all atoms are in one plane)
  Number of 3cebond 2
  Number of 2cebond 
(G) BeH2(s)( Polymer): 

Information:-
  Planarity:-Non- Planar
 Borane:
(a) NidoBorane: BnHn+4 Ex:B2H6 (di borane), B3H7 (tri borane)
(b) ArachnoBorane: BnHn+6 Ex:B2H8 (di borane 8), B3H9 (tri borane -9)
B2H6  2 X 
[X   X] [BH4 ]
BH2 
CHEMICAL BONDING
DO YOUR SELF – 3
Q.1 N(SiH3)3 has -
(A) sp3 hybridisation, pyramidal shape
(B) sp2 hybridisation, planar shape
(C) sp3 hybridisation, tetrahedral shape
(D) dsp2 hybridisation, square planar shape
Q.2 Correct statement regarding this reaction

BF3 + NH3  [F3B  NH3]
(A) Hybridisation of N is changed (B) Hybridisation of B is changed
(C) NH3 act as a lewis base (D) (B) & (C) both
Q.3 Shape of N(CH3)3 is

(A) pyramidal (B) Linear (C) Tetrahedral (D) None of these
Q.4 Which of the following molecule is stable by back bonding

(A) AlCl3 (B) AlH3 (C) BCl3 (D) ICl3
Q.5 Which of the following represents (3C-4e–) Bridge bonding

(A) Al2Cl6 (B) BH3 (C) B2H6 (D) none of these
SILICATES
 Silicates are metal derivatives of silicic acid, H4SiO4 or Si(OH)4. Silicates are formed by
heating metal oxide or metal carbonates with sand, e.g.
Na2CO3   Na4SiO4, Na2(SiO3)n, etc.
Fused with sand
SiO2
O– O–
–
Si O  Oxygen
O – –
O –
.
 Silicon
O O–
O–
Plane projection of
Silicate ion
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Silicates have basic unit of SiO44–, each silicon atom is bonded with four oxide ions
tetrahedrally.
 There are following types of silicates
Silicates Sharing of O- Contribution of General formula

atom / Basic O-atom/Basic
Tetrahedral unit Tetrahedral unit
Ortho (neso) 0 4 SiO44–
Pyro (closo) 1 3.5 Si2O7–6
Cyclic (cyclo) 2 3 (SiO3)n2n– (n = finite)
Simple chain
2 3 (SiO3)n2n– (n = infinite)
(pyroxene)
Double chain 11  5.5 

 (Si4O11)n6n–
4  2 
(3, 2) avg. = 2.5
(amphibole)
2D or (sheet or
3 2.5 (Si2O5)n2n–
phyllo)
3D (tecto) 4 2 (SiO2)n
ODD ELECTRON MOLECULES

 If number of electron present in molecule are in odd number.

  Example:- Odd electron molecule NO2 ClO3 OF O2 ClO2
Number of electron 23 41 17 17 33
  Information:
(i) All odd electron molecules are paramagnetic in nature.
(ii) Odd Electron bond formation tendency increases then dimerization tendency decreases.
(iii) Bond Order of odd electron molecule is 0.5.
(iv) Bond Order of simple covalent bond is 1.
CHEMICAL BONDING
(v) All odd electron molecules are free radicals
(vi) Odd Electron Bond act as a  as well as bond
  Examples: NO,O2ClO2 (Odd electron act as  bond)

N2+, Li2+, Na2+, (Odd electron acts as  bond)
 Hybridisation of odd electron molecule:

According to fact orbital having odd electron present at high energy level so it doesn't
involve in hybridisation but if surrounding atom is more electronegative then central
atom, then it develop partial positive charge on central atom so orbital contracts towards
central atom and involve in hybridisation.
Odd Electron Hybridisation of odd electron formation of
Molecule central atom present in dimer
2 2
NO2 sp sp hybrid orbital Yes
ClO3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes
CH3 sp2 p- orbital Yes
CF3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes
ClO2 sp2 3 d- orbital No
  Bond order of Cl O bond in ClO2 is 1.75.

 Structure of odd e– molecules

Free electron occupies the one sp3 orbital.
(1) NO2 Structure:- N N

 
O O O– O
The free electron resides

(2) CIO2 Structure:- Cl at the 3d-orbital of Cl-atom

O O
CHEMICAL BONDING
sp3
(3) CIO3:- Structure:- Cl
O O
O
H
(4) CH3:- Structure:- Sp2 C H
H Pz(containing free electron)
Free electron present

(5) CF3:- Structure: C In one sp3 hybrid orbital
F F
F
Q. Which of the following statements is correct for ClO2

Hybrisation = sp2
Orbital of odd e– = d
Resonance present
Number of R.S. = 2
D orbital is involved in resonance bond order = 1.75

1+ = 1.5 + 0.25
6
Explosive in nature
Cl2O4 is not a dimer of ClO2 actually it is a combination of Cl2O4  Cl+ + ClO4
Key point :-

Species Type of orbital (odd e–)

NO2 Sp2
CF3 Sp3
ClO3 Sp3
CH3 Pure ‘P’
ClO2 d-orbital

 Species in which odd e– bond is absent forms strong dimer
eg. NO2  T
 N2O4
ClO3  Cl2O6
T
CH3  T
 C2H6
CF3  C2F2
T
CHEMICAL BONDING
MOLECULES DO NOT EXIST
1. Due to d- orbital contraction:
3d
3p
3s
.47Å
.55Å
+
2.4Å
High energy difference

Ex. PH5, SH4, SH6, XeH2, XeH4, ClI3, (SiH6)-2
Do not exist Exist
PH5 PF5
SH6 SF6
SH4 SF4
XeH2 XeF2
XeH4 XeF4
XeO2H4 XeO2F4
XeO2H2 XeO2F2
XeH6 XeF6
XeH5 XeF5
XeH5 XeF5
2. Due to steric repulsion:

Ex. BCl4, B2Cl6, B2Br6, B2I6, B2F6, SCl6, SBr6, SI6, ICl7, ClI7, [SiCl6]2
Do not exist Exist

SiF62 SiCl62
SF6 SCl6
IF6 ICl7
XeF2 XeCl4
XeCl2 XeCl6
XeF4
XeF6
CHEMICAL BONDING
F Cl
O O
Xe Xe
O O
F Cl
 
PCl5  PCl4+ + Cl–

PCl3 + Cl–  PCl6
PCl6 is possible but PBr6 does not exist PBr2 (cembinate of PBr4  PBr3 ) possible but PI2
does not exit
BF4 BCl4 BBr4 BI4
   
3. Due to absence of vacant orbital

BeF2, BeF3 , BeF42 are possible while BeF53 due to absence of vacant orbital.
  
BeF2 
F
 BeF3 
F
 BeF42 
F
 BeF53
   
2 3
sp sp sp
Other example :
BF4  BF52 
CF4  CF5 
PCl5 NCl5 
SF2  IF2  HClO 

SF4  OF4  HClO2 
SF6  OF6  HClO3 
HClO4 
HFO(g) 
HFO2  F3  Cl3  Br3  I3 
HFO3 
HFO4 
CHEMICAL BONDING
4. Due to reducing nature
FeCl3 FeI3
CuCl2 CuI2
PbF4  PbCl4 PbBr4 PbI4
Reason :- down the group size of halide increases, reducing nature increases.
 I– strong reducing nature as compared to F–, Cl– and Br –

Order of stability
+4   +2
n
red
PbF4 > PbCl4 > PbBr4
+5   +3
n
red
BeF5 is possible but

BiCl5, BiBr5, BiI5 does not exit
Because BiF5 is strong O.A. as compared to other.
HYDROLYSIS
In hydrolysis of covalent molecules the nucleopilic centre of molecule is replaced by OH–
group of water generally through nucleopilic substitution reaction.
Ex. Hydrolysis of SiCl4
H H
Cl O+ Cl
Cl
Si O Si–
HCl
Cl   Si
Cl Cl + H H Cl OH
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Transition state
+ 3H2O – 3HCl
OH
Si
HO OH
HO
Silicic acid
Note: CCl4, NF3, is inert towards hydrolysis due to the absence of d orbital, but under drastic
condition these molecules under goes hydrolysis.
CCl4 + H2O 
superheated
 COCl2 + 2HCl
CHEMICAL BONDING
Note: Hydrolysis of XeF2 & XeF4 takes place through with redox reaction.
1
XeF2 + H2O  Xe + 2HF + O2
2
3
3XeF4 + 6H2O  2Xe + XeO3 + 12HF + O2
2
XeF6 + 3H2O  XeO3 + 6HF
 Condition for SN2:

(i) One bonded atom is positively charge (for interaction with water)
(ii) The same atom must have vacant orbital for taking lone pair of water.
(iii) There should not be any steric hindrance. (SF6 don’t hydrolyse due to this reason)
Ex: CCl4 + H2O No hydrolysis due to absence of vacant d-orbital (possible through SN1
mechanism)
Ex: SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4+ 4HCl

 Explanation:
(i) Product is oxyacid as well as hydracids.
(ii) Hybridisation of reactant is sp3 but that of transition state is sp3d.
(iii) Generally the oxyacid form of central atom and same oxidation state.
(iv) Generally the hydracid form by surrounding atom.
 Solved Example:
Ex: NCl3 + 3H2O  NH3 + 3HOCl
Explanation:
(i) Product is base and oxyacid.
(ii) Hybridisation of central atom doesn’t change in transition state.

(iii) Electronegativity of nitrogen and chlorine is almost equal.
Ex: PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl

Note: Basicity of H3PO3 = 2
Explanation: Condition for proton transfer
(i) Central atom should have lone pair.
(ii) Should have acidic hydrogen (O–H)
(iii) P=O >> P–O (-bond should be (a) 2p– 2p, (b) 2p– 3p, (c) 2p– 3d)
Ex: AsCl3 + 3H2O As(OH)3 + 3HCl
Note: Basicity of H3AsO3 = 3
CHEMICAL BONDING
Q.1. Compare rate of hydrolysis?
(i) (A) MgCl2 (B) AlCl3 (C) CCl4 (D) SiCl4 (E) PCl5
Ans. Correct order CCl4< MgCl2< AlCl3< SiCl4< PCl5
(ii) (A) SnCl2 (B) SnCl4

Ans. SnCl2 < SnCl4
(iii) (A) SnCl4 (B) SnMe4

Ans. SnCl4 > SnMe4
Rate of hydrolysis order

PCl3> AsCl3 SbCl3> BiCl3
 Note:
(i) BeX2 – Predominantly covalent (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
(ii) MgX2 – Predominantly covalent (X = Cl, Br, I)
(iii) AlX3 – Predominantly covalent (X = Cl, Br, I)
(iv) LiF/MgF2/AlF3– Predominantly ionic
Ex: 
SbCl3  H2O  SbOCl  2HCl
Antimonyl chloride

Sb3  H2O  SbO  2H
Antimonyl cation
Ex: 
BiCl3  H2O  BiOCl  2HCl
Bismuthylchloride

Bi3  H2O  BiO

 2H
Bimuthyl cation
 NOTE: On adding acid, equation shifts backward and turbidity disappears.

To distinguish between SbO+ and BiO+, we add tartaric acid. Turbidity of SbO+ disappears but not
of BiO+ this is used to distinguish between the two.
Que. Which of the following ions are present in BiOCl?

(A) Bi+ (B) BiO+ (C) OCl– (D) Cl–
Ans. (B,D)
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Remember:
Parent Oxyacid of following atoms:
(a) P  (i) H3PO3 (ii) H3PO4
(b) S  (i) H2SO3 (ii) H2SO4
(c) N  (i) HNO2 (ii) HNO3
(d) Cl (i) HClO (ii) HClO2 (iii) HClO3 (iv) HClO4
(e) Se  H2SeO4, Te H6TeO6, B  H3BO3, Si  H4SiO4
Que. Identify the product obtained on hydrolysis?

Sol. (i) Cl2O + H2O HClO
(ii) SF4 + H2O  H2SO3 + HF
(iii) SO2Cl2 + H2O  H2SO4 + HCl
(iv) N2O3 + H2O  HNO2
(v) N2O5 + H2O  HNO3
(vi) SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
(vii) SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
 Addition and addition elimination reaction:
(a) P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4
(b) P4O6 + 6H2O  4H3PO3
Que. Identify the product obtained on hydrolysis?

Sol. (i) P4O10 + H2O  4H3PO4
(ii) P4O9 + H2O  3H3PO4 + H3PO3
(iii) P4O8 + H2O  2H3PO4 + 2H3PO3

(iv) P4O7 + H2O  H3PO4 + 3H3PO3
(v) P4O6 + H2O  4H3PO3
Ex: H S O  H2O 
2 2 8  H2O2  H2SO4
marshall'sacid
(i) Partial hydrolysis of H2S2O8

H2S2O8 H2SO4 + H2SO5
(ii) Complete hydrolysis of H2S2O8
H2S2O8 2H2SO4 + H2O2
CHEMICAL BONDING
Ex: H PO
4 2 6  H2O 
 H3PO4  H3PO3
hypophosphoric acid
H PO
4 2 6  H2O 
 H3PO4  H3PO3
Isohypophosphoric acid
Note: Product obtained after hydrolysis of both given compound is same.
 Important
Hydrolysis of Interhalogen compound
(i) ICl + H2O  HOI + HCl
(ii) IF3 + H2O  HIO2 + 3HF
(iii) BrF5 + H2O  HBrO3 + 5HF
(iv) IF7 + H2O  HIO4 + 7HF
Que. Which of the following statement is correct about X and X’?

XX’ + H2O  HX + HOX’
(A) X is more electronegative than X’ (B) X’ has larger size than X
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
 Important
Hydrolysis of noble gases compound
(i) XeF2  H2O  Xe  O2  HF
(ii) 6XeF4 + 12H2O  4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
(iii) Hydrolysis of XeF6
XeF6  3H2O 
 XeO3  6HF
(explosive)
(iv) Alkaline hydrolysis of XeF6

XeF6  3H2O   XeO3  6HF
(explosive)
– –
XeO3 O
H
 HXeO4 
 Xe  XeO6 –4  O2
(unstable )
Two gaseous product Xe and O2 are obtained during alkaline hydrolysis.
Que. Hydrolysis of BCl3

Ans. BCl3 + H2O  H3BO3 + 3HCl
Product of hydrolysis of BCl3 is H3BO3 and HCl.
Ionisation of B(OH)3:
 [B(OH)4]– + H+
B(OH)3 + H2O 
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Hydrolysis of Carbide:
(i) Be2C + H2O Be(OH)2 + CH4
(ii) Al4C3 + H2O Al(OH)3 + CH4
(iii) CaC2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
(iv) BaC2 + H2O Ba(OH)2 + C2H2
(v) Mg2C3 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + C3H4
 Other example of hydrolysis on heating:


2FeCl3  6H2O  Fe2O3  6HCl  9H2O

2AlCl3  6H2O  Al2O3  6HCl  9H2O
 58 C 140
CoCl2  6H2O 
50
 CoCl2  4H2O   CoCl2 .2H2O    CoCl2
(Pink colour) (Red violet) (Blue)
 Sulphide:
(i) MgS + H2O  hydrolysed BaS = Soluble
(ii) M2S + H2O  ×
(where M = Alkali metal)
Note: Sulphide does not hydrolysed, they are soluble in water.
(iii) Exception :
(a) Al3  S–2 
H2 O
 Al2S3 
 Al(OH)3  H2S
(whiteppt)
(b) Cr 3  S–2 

H2 O
 Cr2S3 
 Cr(OH)3  H2S
(green ppt)
(c) Mg 2  S–2 

H2O
 MgS 
 Mg(OH)2  H2S
(whiteppt)
 Phosphides:
(a) M3P + H2O  MOH + PH3 (M = alkali metals)
(b) M3P2 + H2O M(OH)2 + PH3 (M = alkaline earth metals)
(c) Ca3P2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + PH3
Note: Ca3P2 and CaC2 mixture used as Holme’s signal.
Impure PH3 is inflammable due to impurities.
(d) PH3  O2 
 P2O5or P4O10
(Whitefumes)
(e) AlP  dil H2SO4 

 Al2 (SO4 )3  PH3
(pure)
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Important
1100C
(i) CaC2  N2  CaNCN  C
(Nitrolium
goodfertilizer)
(ii) B3N3H6 + H2O  H3BO3 + NH3 + H2
(iii) P4S10 + H2O  H3PO4 + H2S
Note: P4O10 and P4S10 are isostructural
(vi) BF3 undergoes partial hydrolysis
4BF3 + 3H2O B(OH)3 + 3H[BF4]
(v) SiF4 undergoes partial hydrolysis.
3SiF4 + 4H2O  H4SiO4 + 2H2[SiF6]
(vi) Hydrolysis of BeCl2
BeCl2 + H2O  [Be(OH)2]n + HCl
 Alkaline hydrolysis of BeCl2
BeCl2  H2O 

NaOH
[Be(OH)4 ]–2  2NaCl
(vii) Rate of hydrolysis
Order : SF6< SeF6< TeF6

Conclusion : Size , steric crowding , rate of hydrolysis 
 SN1/Drastic condition
Ex: 
SF6   SF5 + F–
SF5  HOH  H2SO4  HF
Ex: CCl4  H2O 

 COCl2  2HCl
(Carbonylchloride)
phosgenegas
CHEMICAL BONDING
Note: CCl4 is a fire extinguisher but it is not used as fire extinguisher at high temperature because it
forms COCl2
Ex: Hydrolysis of NF3 by SN1 mechanism:
2NF3 + 3H2O  N2O3 + 6HF
Note: Via SN1, hydrolysis of SF6 , CCl4, NF3 Can be done.
 Other example
Hydrolysis of oxide
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3
SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
N2O3 + H2O  HNO2
N2O5 + H2O  HNO5
Cl2O7 + H2O  HClO4
Cl2O5 + H2O  HClO3
P4O6 + H2O  H3PO3
PO10 + H2O  H3PO4
Mn2O7 + H2O  HMnO4
CrO3 + H2O  H2CrO4
An example of dissproriation reaction required bond
Combinatic of group number & oxidisation state must be in odd & even.
[1] AX type
ICl + HOH  IOH + HCl Hypo Halous HXO
Halous HXO2
Halic HXO3
Per halic HXO4
[2] AX3 type
3HF H2O
ClF3 + 3HOH   Cl(OH)3   HClO2 Chlonis
[3] AX5 type
SHF 2H2O
BrF5 + SHOH   Br(OH)5   HBrO3
CHEMICAL BONDING
[4] AX7 type
H5IO8
IF7 + 7HOH 7HF
  I(OH)7 Ortho per lodic acid
HIO4
per lodic acid
 Hydrolysis of TeF6
6HF
TeF6 + 6HOH   Te(OH)6
 Hydrolysis of SF4
4HF H2O
SF4 + 4HOH   S(OH)4   H2SO3
Sp3d
 Hydrolysis of SeF4 :-
SeF4 + 4HOH 

–4HF
 Se(OH)4 
–H2O
 H2SeO3
Sp3d
 Hydrolysis of SF6 :-
6 6

SF6 + HOH(v)   SO3 + 6HF
 Hydrolysis of SeF6 :-
SeF6 + 6HOH 

6HF
 Se(OH)6 
2H 2O
 H2SeO4
Sp3d2
 Some common name :
KHSO5 Na2O2 (H2SO4)
oxone solozone oil of vitrol
Or
Flocool
CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC COMPOUNDS
 Properties of ionic compound
(a) Physical state: Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline and brittle due to strong electrostatic
force of attraction. Brittleness  {Same charged ions comes nearer. So they repell each other}
Attraction Repusion
(b) Isomorphism: The phenomenon of different ionic compounds, having same crystal arrangement of
ions is termed as isomorphism
 Condition of Isomorphism:
(i) Same charge on cation & anion between isomorphs
(ii) Same radius ratio range of cation & anion between isomorphs
(iii) Same number of water of crystalization between isomorphs
Ex. (i) ZnSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O are isomorphous
(ii) All alums are isomorphous
(c) Boiling point and melting point: Ionic compounds have high boiling point and melting point
due to strong electrostatic force of attraction among oppositely charged ions.
(d) Conductivity: It depends on ionic mobility.
(i) In solid state - No free ions - Bad conductor of electricity.
(ii) In fused state or aqueous solution Due to free ions - Good conductor of electricity.
Conductivity order: Solid state < fused state < Aqueous solution
(e) Solubility: Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvalents and less soluble in non polar
solvents. Solubility of ionic compounds in water mainly depends upon hydration energy &
lattice energy.
Que. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal hydroxides in water increase down the group?
Ans. Among alkaline earth metal hydroxides, the anion being common , the cationic radius will
influence the lattice enthalpy. Since lattice enthalpy decreases much more than the hydration
enthalpy with increasing ionic size, the solubility increases as we go down the group.
Que. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water decrease
down the group?
Ans. The size of anions being much larger compared to cations, the lattice enthalpy will remain
almost constant within a particular group. Since the hydration enthalpies decrease down the
group, solubility will decrease as found for alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates.
CHEMICAL BONDING
FAJAN'S RULE
 Just as all the covalent bonds have some partial ionic character, the ionic bonds also have
partial covalent character. The partial covalent character of ionic bonds was discussed by
Fajans interms of the following rules :
 The smaller the size of the cation and the larger the size of the anion, the greater the covalent
character of an ionic bond.
 The greater the charge on the cation, the greater the covalent character of the ionic bond.
 For cations of the same size and charge, the one, with electronic configuration (n-1)dx ns0,
typical of transition metals, is more polarising than the one with a noble gas configuration,
ns2 np6, typical of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations.
 The cation polarises the anion, pulling the electronic charge toward itself and thereby
increasing the electronic charge between the two. This is precisely what happens in a covalent
bond, i.e., buildup of electron charge density between the nuclei. The polarising power of the
cation, the polarisability of the anion and the extent of distortion (polarisation) of anion are the
factors, which determine the per cent covalent character of the ionic bond.
  Polarisation power of a cation is usually called ionic potential or charge density.
Charge on cation
Ionic potential  (phi) =
Size of cation
 APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF POLARISATION:

(a) To compare the covalent and ionic character of molecule
(b) To compare the nature of oxide

(c) To compare the electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
(d) Tendency of the formation of complex compounds
(e) To compare the thermal stability of metal salts
(f) To compare the intensity of colour of compounds
(g) To compare the solubility of heavier metal halide in water.
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Factors Affecting polarization :
(1) Charge on cation :
charge , , polarisation  , covalent character , ionic character 
Order of covalent character : NaCl< MgCl2< AlCl3< SiCl4
(2) Size of cation :
size , , polarization , covalent character ,ionic character 
Order of covalent character : LiCl>NaCl>KCl>RbCl>CsCl
(3) Size of anion :
size , polarization , covalent character ,ionic character 
Order of covalent character : NaF<NaCl<NaBr<NaI
(4) Charge on anion :
charge , polarization , covalent character ,ionic character 
Order of covalent character. LiF< Li2O < Li3N
(5) Type of cation :
(i) Inert gas configuration cation : ns2np6 (8e–)
Ex. : Na+ = 1s22s22p6
(ii) Pseudo inert gas configuration cation : ns2np6nd10 (18e–)
Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Some other examples are : Zn+2, Ga+3 , Ge+4 , Ag+, Cd+2 ,Au+ , Hg+2
(iii) Non inert gas configuration: ns2np6nd10(n + 1)s2 (18 + 2e–)
T+ = [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10
Note : order of polarizing power of cation
Non inert gas configuration > Pseudo inert gas configuration > inert gas Configuration
Ex. Order of covalent character :

(a) NaCl<CuCl
(b) KCl<AgCl
(c) CaCl2< CdCl2
(d) CaCl2< PbCl2
(e) CdCl2< PbCl2
CHEMICAL BONDING
INERT PAIR EFFECT
 In p-block elements the stability of the lower oxidation state increases on descending the group.
Because increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly due to poor shielding
effect of inner d & f orbitals and thereby, restrict their (ns electrons) participation in bonding
only np electrons take part in bond formation. As a result of this, +1 oxidation state of Tl is
more stable than it's +3 oxidation state. Pb shows +2 stable oxidation state and Bi shows +3
stable oxidation state.
 For example:
Group 13 Group 14
B (+3) C (+4)
Al (+3) Si (+4)
Ga (+3), (+1) Ge (+4), (+2)
In (+3), (+1) Sn (+4), (+2)
Tl (+3), (+1) Pb (+4), (+2)
Order of stability : Tl+1 > In+1 > Ga+1 (due to inert pair effect)
Pb+2 > Sn+2 > Ge+2 (due to inert pair effect)
Ex. PbCl4 is stable at room temperature whereas PbI4 doesn't exist.

Sol. Due to inert pair effect Pb(+4) is less stable than Pb(+2). Hence it is very good oxidant.
Pb(IV) + 2e–  Pb(II)

Reducing abilities of halides follows the sequence
I– > Br– > Cl–
 Inert pair effect : order of stability

Due to inert pair effect :
 (a)Tl+1> Tl+3 (b) Bi+3> Bi+5 (c) Pb+2> Pb+4 (d) Hg > Hg+2
 (a) Pb4  2e Pb+2 (b) Tl3  2e Tl+ (c) Bi 5  2e  Bi+3
(Oxidizing agent) (Oxidizing agent) (Oxidizing agent)
Note : PbO2, Pb2O3 (PbO + PbO2), Pb(ClO4) are oxidizing agents because Pb+2 is more stable
than Pb+4
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Reducing power order I– > Br– > Cl– > F–
PbI4  PbI2 + I2

Spontaneous
(a)
PbI4 does not exist because Pb+4 act as oxidizing agent and I– act as reducing agent.
Pb+4 + I– 
 Pb+2 + I2
PbBr4   PbBr2 + Br2
On
(b) Warming
PbCl4 
 PbCl2 + Cl2
Heating
(c)
CuI2 

FeI3 
   does not exist
BiI5 
 
TlI3[with I ]
Note : Only pentahalide of Bi is BiF5 is possible. [F is weak reducing agent]
2  3 
  (a) Cu  I 
Cu2I2  I2  Fe2  I2
(b) Fe  I 
(O.A.) (R.A.) (O.A.) (R.A.)
5 
 Bi3  I2
(c) Bi  I 
3 
Tl  I2
(d) Tl  3I 
(O.A.) (R.A.) (O.A.) (R.A.)
But TI3 [with I3] exists, TI3 T+ I3
Note : [CuI4]2– complex does not exists, [CuI4]3– exists.

Stability of higher oxidation state  down the group
CX4> SiX4> GeX4> SnX4> PbX4 (Where X is F, Cl, Br, I)
Stability of lower oxidation state  down the group.

CX2< SiX2< GeX2< SnX2< PbX2 (Where X is F, Cl, Br, I)
 Application of Fajan’s Rule:

 Thermal stability:
Anionic part polyatomic
Ionic
Anionic part monoatomic
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Thermal stability of Ionic compound having polyatomic anion:
Order of Thermal stability:
(a) Li2CO3< Na2CO3< K2CO3< Rb2CO3< Cs2CO3
(b) BeCO3< MgCO3< CaCO3< SrCO3< BaCO3
(c) Li2SO4< Na2SO4< K2SO4< Rb2SO4< Cs2SO4
(d) BeSO4< MgSO4< CaSO4< SrSO4< BaSO4
(e) LiNO3< NaNO3< KNO3< RbNO3< CsNO3
(f) Be(NO3)2< Mg(NO3)2<Ca(NO3)2<Sr(NO3)2< Ba(NO3)2
(g) NaHCO3< KHCO3< RbHCO3< CsHCO3
(h) Be(HCO3)2< Mg(HCO3)2<Ca(HCO3)2<Sr(HCO3)2< Ba(HCO3)2
Note: Na, K ,Rb, Cs carbonate do not decompose on heating, they melt at high temperature.
 Heating effect of carbonate:

(a) CaCO3   CaO + CO2

(b) PbCO3   PbO + CO2

(c) FeCO3   FeO + CO2

(d) ZnCO3   ZnO + CO2

(e) Li2CO3   Li2O + CO2
 Oxides of native metal (Ag, Hg, Au, Pt) are less stable and further decompose on heating

 
Ag 2CO3   Ag 2O  CO2  Ag 2Ois obtained
(yellowish  white
or white) 
 1
Ag 2O   2Ag  O2
2
 1 
HgCO3   Hg  O2  CO2  HgO is not obtained
2 

Note: CuO 
high temp.
 Cu 2O
Black Red
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Thermal stability of ionic compound having monoatomic anion :
MX  M+ + X– [Thermal Stability decided by Lattice Energy]
L.E = Kq1q2/r2(rc + ra)
1
  L.E.  charge L.E. 
size
  Charge , L.E.   size, L.E. 
Thermal stability Lattice energy
Ex : (a) LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl (b) LiBr > NaBr > KBr > RbBr > CsBr
(c) Li2O > Na2O > K2O > Rb2O > Cs2O (d) Li3N > K3N > Rb3N
(e) KF > KCl > KBr > KI
 Important :
 O2–2 , O2–1, —
OH (They are diatomic anion)
Peroxide Superoxide
T.S. acts as polyatomic
acts as monoatomic
Solubility
(a) LiOH<NaOH< KOH <RbOH<CsOH
(b) Na2O2< K2O2< Rb2O2< CS2O2
(c) KO2< RbO2< CsO2
 Colour of Ionic compound :

Higher the polarization of ionic compound greater will be the colour intensity of ionic
compound.
AgF AgCl AgBr AgI
Ex.:
white pale yellow yellow
Que. Predict the colour of CuCl and CuBr if colour of CuI is white :
Ans. White
** Ionic Mobility :
, Hydrate size , Ionic mobility 
CHEMICAL BONDING
    
Ex. (i) Hydrate Size Li(aq) > Na (aq) > K (aq) > Rb(aq) > Cs(aq)
    
Ionic Mobility Li(aq) < Na (aq) < K (aq) < Rb(aq) < Cs(aq)
2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Hydrate Size Be(aq.) > Mg(aq.) > Ca (aq.) > Sr(aq.) > Ba (aq.)
2 2 2 2 2
Ionic Mobility Be(aq.) < Mg(aq.) < Ca (aq.) < Sr(aq.) < Ba (aq.)
– – – –
(iii) Hydrate Size F(aq.) > Cl(aq.) > Br(aq.) > I(aq.)
– – – –
Ionic Mobility F(aq.) < Cl(aq.) < Br(aq.) < I(aq.)
Exception Case
(iv) Note :  of : Be+2 > Al+3
6.4 6
2 3
Hydrate Size Ba (aq.) > Al(aq.)
2 3
Ionic Mobility Be(aq.) < Al(aq.)
 Solubility
Case-I:Down the group, H.E.  , L.E  , solubility 
(a) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF (b) BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
(c) BeS < MgS < CaS < SrS < BaS (d) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
Case-II: Down the group, solubility 
(a) LiClO3 > NaClO3 > KClO3 > RbClO3 > CsClO3 (chlorate)
(b) LiClO4 > NaClO4 > KClO4 > RbClO4 > CsClO4 (perchlorate)
(c) BeSO3 > MgSO3 > CaSO3 > SrSO3 > BaSO3 (sulphite)
(d) BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4 (sulphate)
(e) BeS2O3 > MgS2O3 > CaS2O3 > SrS2O3 > BaS2O3 (thiosulphate)
(f) BeCrO4 > MgCrO4 > CaCrO4 > SrCrO4 > BaCrO4 (chromate)
(g) BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3 (carbonate)
Note : Br–/I– : They follow trend of polyatomic
(a) LiBr > NaBr > KBr > RbBr > CsBr (b) NaI > LiI > KI > RbI > CsI
Case –III: If number of cations> number of anions, then solubility  down the group.
(a) Li2O < Na2O < K2O < Rb2O < Cs2O
(b) Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3
(c) NaHCO3< KHCO3< RbHCO3< CsHCO3
(Sparingly soluble)
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Reason:Massive H bonding in NaHCO3 (Sparingly Soluble)
O O H O O H O O H
C C C
O O O
Compact H-bonding in KHCO3, RbHCO3, CsHCO3 (Completely Soluble)

O H O
O C C O
O H O
Que. Find order of Ksp.

Solubility , Ksp
NaHCO3< KHCO3< RbHCO3< CsHCO3
Case (IV): Number of monoatomic anion > Number of cation, then solubility  down the
group.
Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2
But if number of polyatomic anion > number of cation, then solubility  down the group.
Be(NO3)2 > Mg(NO3)2 > Ca(NO3)2 > Sr(NO3)2 > Ba(NO3)2
BeX2 > MgX2 > CaX2 > SrX2 > BaX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) – Exception to key point
 Key point : (For Cases I to IV)

If number of polyatomic anion > Number of cation then solubility  down the group, otherwise
solubility increases down the group.
 Alkaline earth metals :
(a) BeS2O3 > MgS2O3 > CaS2O3 > SrS2O3 > BaS2O3 (Thiosulphate)
(b) BeCrO4 > MgCrO4 > CaCrO4 > SrCrO4 > BaCrO4 (Chromate)
(c) BeSO3 > MgSO3 > CaSO3 > SrSO3 > BaSO3 (Sulphite)
 Hydroxide :
(a) Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2
(b) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
 Carbonate :
(a) BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3
(b) Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3
CHEMICAL BONDING
  Nitrate :
(a) LiNO3 > NaNO3 > KNO3 > RbNO3 > CsNO3
(b) Be(NO3)2 > Mg(NO3)2 > Ca(NO3)2 > Sr(NO3)2 > Ba(NO3)2
  Other example
(a) BeS < MgS < CaS < SrS < BaS
(b) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF
(c) BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
(d) LiClO4 > NaClO4 > KClO4 > RbClO4 > CsClO4
(e) LiClO3 > NaClO3 > KClO3 > RbClO3 > CsClO3
(f) BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
 Exception in solubility :
1. LiCl>NaCl>KCl<RbCl<CsCl
or
LiCl>CsCl>RbCl>NaCl>KCl
2. MgF2< CaF2< SrF2< BaF2<BeF2
3. Oxalate MgC2O4< CaC2O4< SrC2O4<BaC2O4<BeC2O4

 Solubility order of heavier metal halides (in polar solvent):

AgF  AgCl  AgBr  AgI 

PbF2  PbCl2  PbBr2  PbI2  Polar Solvent
HgF2  HgCl2  HgBr2  HgI2 
CHEMICAL BONDING
NATURE OF OXIDE
 Order of acidic character:
(a) Li2O > Na2O > K2O > Rb2O > Cs2O (b) MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO
(c) ZnO > MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO (d) NiO > CaO > SrO > BaO
(e) PbO > CaO (f) PbO < PbO2
(g) SnO < SnO2
 s block-metal oxide are basic except BeO

 Nature of non-metallic oxides :
O
H2O
SO3 HO S O H
O
 E.N of non-metal , acidic nature 

(a) CO2 > SiO2
(b) CO < CO2 positive charge , EN , acidic nature 
(c) SO2 < SO3
(d) N2O  NO  N2O3  N2O4  N2O5 
(e) H2SO3 < H2SO4

(f) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
(g) HNO2 < HNO3
(h) H3PO2> H3PO3> H3PO4
(i) Na O  MgO  Al2O3  SiO2  P2O5  SO3  Cl2O7

2
StrongBasic Basic Amphoteric weakacid Acidic Strong acid Strong acid
(j) MnO Mn3O4 Mn 2O3 MnO2 Mn 2O7

Basic  acidic
Amphoteric
(k) CrO Cr2O3 CrO2 CrO3

Basic   Acidic
Amphoteric
 Rule:
(a)  < 2.1, Basic (b)  = 2.2 – 3.2, Amphoteric (c)  > 3.2, Acidic
CHEMICAL BONDING
Que. Predict the nature of metal oxide if polarising power of metal cation is 2.2
Ans. 2.2 < 2.1  Basic
 Amphoteric oxides:
(a) Oxides of Pb, Zn, Be, Al, Ga, Sn, Cr+3 (b) As2O3, Sb2O3, V2O5
 Melting Point:
Melting point  Lattice energy
1
Lattice energy  , Lattice energy  charge
size
(a) LiF > LiCl > LiBr > LiI (b) CaF2 > CaCl2 > CaBr2 > CaI2
(c) NaF < AlF3 (d) ZnF2 > ZnCl2
Exception:
1. NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl > LiCl
2. Kl > NaI > Rbl > CsI >LiI
3. NaF > KF > LiF > RbF > CsF
4. CaF2 > MgF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 > BeF2
5. BeX2 < ……….. < BaX2 X = (Cl, Br, I)
6. MgO > CaO > BeO > SrO > BaO
DO YOUR SELF – 4
1. In which of the following species the bonds are non-directional ?
(A) NCl3 (B) RbCl (C) BeCl2 (D) BCl3
2. Out of following which one has least value of melting point

(A) LiCl (B) BeCl2 (C) MgCl2 (D) CaCl2
3. Out of following which one has maximum ionic character -

(A) NaCl (B) KCl (C) CaCl2 (D) MgCl2
4. Which of the following has highest melting point -

(A) NaCl (B) NaI (C) NaBr (D) NaF
5. Among LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3 and CCl4, the covalent bond character follows the order -
(A) LiCl < BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4 (B) LiCl > BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(C) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4 (D) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
CHEMICAL BONDING
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT)
 Given by Hunds & Mulliken
(1) Two atomic orbital come nearer & then overlap each other to form two molecular orbitals
(2) Combination of atomic orbital (AO) forms molecular orbital (MO)
Types of molecular orbitals
Molecular orbitals of diatomic molecules are designated as (sigma), (pie), (delta) etc.
In this nomenclature, the sigma () molecular orbitals are symmetrical around the inter
molecular axis (assumed to be z-axis) while pi () molecular orbitals are not symmetrical.
(a) s-s combination of orbitals
Molecular
orbital Nodal plane
Atomic Atomic
orbital orbital
1s* 1s 1s*
Energy
1s
Antibonding sigma
Molecular orbital
1s 1s
+
1s 1s 1s 1s
Bonding sigma
Molecular orbital
(b) p-p combination of orbital(end to end overlap)
Molecular
orbital Nodal plane
Atomic Atomic
orbital orbital 2pz
*2pz
2pz
1s*
Energy
Antibonding sigma
2pz Molecular orbital
2pz
2pz 2pz 2pz 2pz

Bonding sigma
Molecular orbital
(c) p-p combination of orbitals (side by side overlap)
Molecular Nodal plane
orbital
Atomic Atomic
2px
orbital
*2px
orbital 2px
*2px
Energy
Antibonding pi
Molecular orbital
2pz 2px
2px
2px 2px 2px
Bonding pi
Molecular orbital
CHEMICAL BONDING
(d) s-p combination of orbitals
Molecular
orbital Nodal plane
Atomic Atomic
orbital orbital
Energy *2spX
*2spz
Antibonding pi
2s 2pz Molecular orbital
2spz
2spz
Bonding sigma
Molecular orbital
(3) Energy of BMO < Energy of ABMO.
(4) Molecular orbitals can be filled by electrons according to Aufbau, Hund's, Pauli's principle.
(5) Energy order of the molecular orbitals of homonuclear di-atomic molecules.
Note: Molecular orbital energy order for up to N2 (molecule having ≤ 14 electrons)
1s  1s*  2s  *2s  2px  2py  2pz  *2px  *2py  *2pz
Note: Molecular orbital energy order for O2 and F2 (molecule having > 14 electrons)
1s  1s* ;  2s  *2s  2pz  2px  2py  *2px  *2py  *2pz
 *,  * = antibonding molecular orbital
,  = bonding molecular orbital
Ex. Why molecular orbitals have different order of energy in N2 & O2 ?

Sol. s-p mixing
Hint
CHEMICAL BONDING
AO MO AO AO MO AO
*2p *2p
2p *2p *2p 2p 2p *2p *2p 2p

2p 2p 2p
2p 2p 2p
Energy
Energy
*2p
*2s
2p 2p 2s 2s
2p *2s
The correct MO energy-lavel diagram The correct MO energy-lavel diagram
When s-p mixing is not allowed. When s-p mixing is allowed, the energies
of the sp and 2p orbitals are reversed.
 Bond Order
Bond order can be defined as:
Nb  Na
Bond order =
2
Nb = No. of electron in bonding MO's
Na = No. of electron in antibonding MO's
 If bond order = 0, it means species does not exist.
 Bond order of 1, 2 & 3 corresponds to a single bond, double & triple bond respectively.
 Bond orderstabilityof moleculebondlength 
 Magnetic behaviour
 If the molecule has one or more unpaired electron, it will be paramagnetic,
 If all the electrons are paired it will be diamagnetic.
 Magnetic strength can be calculated by using spin only formula of magnetic moment (μ).
 μ= n(n  2) B.M. (where n = number of unpaired electron)

H2 = Configuration: (1s) , (1s)
2 *0
Ex.
Nb  Na 2  0
Bond order = = = 1, Hence H – H (diamagnetic)
2 2
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Order of Ionisation Energy:
(a) N2 > O2 (b) N2 > N (c) O2 < O (d) N2 > O
(e) O2 < N2 (f) CO < N2 (g) O2 > NO (h) F2 > F
 For Axial: After two rotation from 180, If sign is changed then orbital is ungerade, if not then
gerade.
Gerade molecular orbital have even no. of nodal plane and ungerade molecular orbital have odd
no. of nodal plane.
 Key Points: for axial-
B  G 0 , A  U 1
For side ways-
A  G 2 , B  U 1
Q. Halogen are diamagnetic but colourful.explain:
Colours: F2 : Pale yellow
Cl2 : Greenish yellow
Br2 : Reddish-Brown
I2 : Violet
Ans. Halogen are colourful due to HOMO-LUMO transition.
HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
In F2 molecule HOMO is ABMO
In O2 molecule HOMO is ABMO
In N2 molecule HOMO is BMO
In CO molecule HOMO is NBMO
R V/I
VIBGYOR
O B
Y G
  E  
 Note :
1. If bond order is fractional, then it wants to make it integer greater than previous
–
NO 
–e
NO
B.O.2.5 B.O.3
2. If bond order is greater, then molecule is more stable.

O 2  NO
B.O.2 B.O.2.5
3. CO CO+
Bond order: 3 > 3
Bond length: 1.128A° 1.115A°
Electron is removed from NBMO having slight anti-bonding character, so bond order slightly
increase.
CHEMICAL BONDING
DO YOUR SELF – 5
Q.1 In the conversion of N2 into N2+ the electron will be lost from which of the following molecular
orbitals ?
(A) 2PZ (B) 2PZ (C) 2PX (D) 2PX
* *
Q.2 The bond orders in BN, BO and CO respectively are -

(A) 2, 3, 5/2 (B) 2, 5/2, 2 (C) 2, 5/2, 3 (D) 5/2, 2, 3
Q.3 Which of the following leads to bonding ?
(A) s-orbital p-orbital (B) s-orbital p-orbital
+ + +
– +–
(C) p-orbital p-orbital (D) p-orbital d-orbital

– + – +
+ – +
– + –
Q.4 In an antibonding molecular orbital, electron density is minimum -

(A) Around one atom of the molecule
(B) Between the two nuclei of the molecule
(C) At the region away from the nuclei of the molecule
(D) at no place
Q.5 Which have odd bond order -
(A) O2 (B) O2 (C) NO (D) All

CHEMICAL BONDING
ANSWER KEY
Do your self - 1
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer C A C D B
Do your self - 2
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer A D C A C
Do your self - 3
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer B D A C A
Do your self - 4
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer B B B D C
Do your self - 5
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer B C B B D
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # I
WEAK FORCES
1. The correct order of boiling point of NCl3, NClF2, NF3 is :
(A) NCl3 > NClF2 > NF3 (B) NCl3 < NClF2 < NF3
(C) NClF2 < NCl3 < NF3 (D) NCl3 < NF3 < NClF2
2. Which of the following option is correct about Boiling point ?
(A) C3F8 < C3H8 (B) CH4 < CF4 (C) C2H6 > C2F6 (D) CF4< CH4
3. At room temperature, iodine is solid, Bromine is liquid and chlorine exist in gaseous phase due
to following factor:
(A) Surface area (B) Molecular volume
(C) Ease of polarisation (D) All of these
4. Graphite is used as lubricant in high temperature machinery because:
(A) Hexagonal layers slide over each other.
(B) In between two layer Vandar Waal Force is present.
(C) Both A & B
(D) None
5. Dipole-induced dipole interaction depends upon
(A) size of polarisable particle (B) dipole moment of permanent dipole
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
6. Which of the following interaction is responsible for the formation of clathrates compounds:
(A) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
(B) Ion-dipole interaction
(C) Dipole-dipole interaction
(D) Dipole-induced dipole interaction
7. Which of the following statement is correct ?
(A) Noble gases are insoluble in water.
(B) The solubility of noble gases in water is fairly high due to London dispersion force.
(C) The solubility of noble gases increases with the decrease in size of the noble gas atom.
(D) The solubility of noble gases in water is fairly high due to dipole- induced dipole
interaction.
8. Which of the following interaction is present in Xe6H2O
(A) Keesom force (B) Debye force (C) Ion-dipole (D) None of these
BENT'S RULE AND DRAGO'S
9. Which of the following order of bond angle is CORRECT.

(A) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 (B) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(C) OF2 < H2O < Cl2O (D) SiF4 < SiCl4 < SiBr4 < SiI4
CHEMICAL BONDING
10. Calculate the percentage of p character in the orbital occupied by the lone pair of electrons in
 is 104. 5 and cos (104.5º) = –0.25]
water molecule.[Given : HOH
(A) 80% (B) 20% (C) 70% (D) 75%
11. Which of the following statement is correct for F3C – CF2 – CF3 ?
(A) All C–F bond lengths are identical .
(B) Two C–F bond attached to middle carbon atom are longer as compared to the other C–F
bond at the terminal carbon.
(C) Two C–F bonds attached to the middle carbon atom are shorter as compared to the other
C–F bond at the terminal carbon.
(D) None of these
12. The correct order of dC–H in the following option is
(A) CHF3 = CH2F2 = CH3F (B) CHF3 > CH2F2 > CH3F
(C) CH2F2 > CH3F > CHF3 (D) CH3F > CH2F2 > CHF3
13. The strongest P–O bond is found in the molecule
(A) F3PO (B) Cl3PO (C) Br3PO (D) (CH3)3PO
14. Consider the following compounds :
(I) ClF3 (II) BrF3
The order of the angles between axial and equatorial bond pairs is
(A) I > II (B) I < II (C) I = II (D) none
15. Out of C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2. Compound which have highest C-C bond length is :-
(A) C2H4 (B) C2H2
(C) C2H6 (D) All have equal C-C bond length
16. The correct sequence for polarity of the following molecule
1. Benzene 2. Inorganic Benzene 3. PCl3F2 4. PCl2F3
(P stands for polar and NP stands for non–polar)

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(A) P NP NP P (B) NP NP NP P
(C) NP P NP P (D) NP P P NP
17. N2H4 reacts with conc. H2SO4 to produce a salt [NH3 –NH3] +2
SO4–2
in which.
(A) dN–N (salt) > dN–N (N2H4) (B) dN–N (salt) < dN–N (N2H4 )
(C) dN–N (salt) = dN–N (N2H4) (D) Cannot be predicted
BACK BONDING
18. The approximate hybridisation of the oxygen atom in disiloxane, (SiH3)2O, is-
(A) sp2 (B) sp3 (C) sp (D) sp3d
CHEMICAL BONDING
19. Which of the following will not form adduct ?
(A) (CH3)2O + BF3 (B) (SiH3)2O + BF3 (C) NH3 + BF3 (D) CH3NH2 + BF3
20. Select the correct statement about the reaction
BF3 + NH3  BF3.NH3
(A) Octet of 'N' is incomplete in product
(B) Octet of boron is complete in product
(C) During the reaction total number of sigma bonds remain same in the reactant as well as in
the product
(D) Type of -bond between boron and nitrogen is 2p – 2p
21. Which of the following has highest bond energy ?
(A) C-F in (CF4) (B) C-Cl in (CCl4) (C) C-Br in (CBr4) (D) B-F in (BF3)
22. The incorrect statement regarding O(SiH3)2 and OCl2 molecule is/are :
(A) The strength of back bonding is more in O(SiH3)2 molecule than OCl2 molecule
(B) Si— O —Si bond angle in O(SiH3)2 is greater than Cl— O —Cl bond angle in OCl2
(C) The nature of back bond in both molecules is 2p – 3d
(D) Hybridisation of central O-atom in both molecules is same
23. The direction of back bonding from surrounding atom to central atom is observed in which of
the following compound
(A) CCl3 (B) C(CN)3 (C) :CCl2 (D) [B(OH)4]–
MULTICENTERED BOND / BRIDGE BONDING

24. Which of the following molecule has 3C – 4e- bond ?
(A) Al2Cl6 (B) Be2Cl4
(C) I2Cl6 (D) All are having 3C – 4e- bond
25. In which of the following molecules/species all following characteristics are found ?
(a) Tetrahedral hybridisation
(b) Hybridisation can be considered to have taken place with the help of empty orbital(s).
(c) All bond lengths are identical i.e. all A–B bond lengths are identical.
(A) B2H6 (B) Al2Cl6 (C) BeCl2 (g) (D) BF4–
26. The number of three centre two electron bonds in a molecule of diborane is :-
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
27. Which of the following ligand is not responsible for symmetrical bond cleavage in B2H6 ?
(A) Me2S (B) H– (C) THF (D) NH3
 
28. Which of the following have both 3c–2e and 2c–2e type of bond ?
(A) BeH2(s) (B) BeCl2(s) (C) Al2H6 (D) Si2Cl6
-
29. Which of the following molecule have 3C–4e bond as well as planar geometry ?
(A) Al2Br6 (B) Al2I6 (C) I2Cl6 (D) (AlH3)n
CHEMICAL BONDING
SILICATE
30. A cyclic silicate anion is represented as [Si3O9]n–. The value of 'n' is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
31. In which of following silicate structure, the number of corner shared per tetrahedron is '2'.
(A) Four membered cyclic silicate (B) Pyrosilicate
(C) Orthosilicate (D) 2D-Silicate
32. If four SiO4 units are forming single chain type arrangement then find the total number of
unshared 'O' atom.
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 8
33. Thortvetite, Sc2Si2O7 is :
(A) a pyrosilicate (B) a sheet silicate (C) an orthosilicate (D) an amphibole silicate
ODD ELECTRON SPECIES

34. Find the odd electron specie in which odd electron is present in pure 'p' atomic orbital.
   
(A) NO2 (B) ClO2 (C) CF3 (D) CH3
HYDROLYSIS
35. Which of the following is an uncommon hydrolysis product of XeF2 and XeF4?
(A) Xe (B) XeO3 (C) HF (D) O2
36. In which of the following reactions is INCORRECT according to its products formed.
(A) PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl (B) NCl3 + 3H2O  NH3 + 3HOCl
(C) ICl + H2O  HClO + HI (D) N2O4 + H2O  HNO3 + HNO2
37. Which of the following compound produce only oxyacid on hydrolysis :-

(A) IF7 (B) XeF6 (C) P4O6 (D) CrO2Cl2
38. Which of the following compound does not undergoes in partial hydrolysis ?
(A) BF3 (B) SiF4 (C) SbCl3 (D) NCl3
39. The correct increasing order of extent of hydrolysis is :
(A) CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5 (B) CCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 < PCl5 < SiCl4
(C) CCl4 < SiCl4 < PCl5 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 (D) CCl4 < PCl5 < SiCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2
40. XeF6 on complete hydrolysis gives:
(A) Xe (B) XeO2 (C) XeO3 (D) XeO4
CHEMICAL BONDING
MOLECULE DOES NOT EXIST
41. Which of the following molecule does not exist ?

(A) PbI2 (B) VI3 (C) ClF7 (D) CuI
INERT PAIR EFFECT

42. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(A) Oxidizing power order : SiCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
(B) Ionic character order : CsBr > RbBr > KBr > NaBr > LiBr
(C) The ionic character of lead(II) halides decreases with increase in atomic no. of halogen
(D) The oxidation state of Tl in TlI3 is +3.
43. Statement-1: Hg22+ is good oxdising agent
Statement-2: 6s electrons are strongly attracted towards nucleus of Hg, due to poor shielding
of 4f electrons
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
44. Statement-1: SnCl4 doesn't exist and converts into SnCl2 and Cl2 spontaneously at room
temperature
Statement-2: SnCl4 is more stable than SnCl2.

(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC COMPOUND
45. Which of the following substance has the largest negative lattice enthalpy ?
(A) NaCl (B) CaBr2 (C) NaBr (D) CaCl2
46. Choose the correct code for the following statements.
I. The (–)ve value of H for the dissolution of ionic compound is enough to predict the
compound is soluble in water at any temperature.
II. For the alkali metals carbonate, solubility order decreases down the group.
III. For the alkali metals ozonide, the thermal stability order increases down the group.
IV. For the alkaline earth metals nitride, the thermal stability order increases down the group.
(A) T T F F (B) T F F T (C) T F T F (D) F T T F
47. Out of the following which one has the highest values of covalent character?
(A) ZnCl2 (B) CdCl2 (C) HgCl2 (D) CuCl
48. Compound having lowest Melting point.
(A) BeCl2 (B) MgCl2 (C) CaCl2 (D) SrCl2
49. Which of the following order is correct of the given property.
(A) LiCl >NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl : Thermal stability order
(B) BeF2 < MgF2 < CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2 : solubility order
2– — 2+ +
(C) NO > NO > NO = NO > NO : bond length order
(D) BaO > SrO > CaO > BeO > MgO : basic character order
50. Which of the following has highest covalent character.
(A) CaCl2 (B) ZnCl2 (C) KCl (D) CuCl
51. Which of the following order is CORRECT
(A) BeF2 < BaF2  Solubility (B) BeO < BeF2  Melting point
(C) BeO < MgO  Acidic character (D) MgF2 < AlF3  Covalent character
52. Which of the following order is CORRECT about thermal stability.
(A) Li2CO3 < Cs2CO3 (B) BeCO3 < BaCO3

(C) LiNO3 < CsNO3 (D) All of these
53. Which of the following order is/are INCORRECT:-
(A) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Lattice energy)
(B) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Melting point)
(C) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Polarizing power of cation)
(D) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (% ionic character)
54. The correct solubility order is/are :
(I) CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3 (II) Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3
(III) K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3 (IV) Na2CO3 > K2CO3 > Rb2CO3
(A) II, IV (B) I, IV (C) II, III, IV (D) I, II, III
CHEMICAL BONDING
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
55. Which of the following species have more number of electrons in bonding MO's as compared
to antibonding MO's :-
(A) O2– (B) N2+ (C) C2 (D) All of these
56. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT:-
(A) KO2 is paramagnetic in nature
(B) All halogens are coloured gases at room temperature
(C) O2 is paramagnetic gas
(D) Bond order of OF is 1.5
57. Assuming that if Hund's rule is violated, then the paramagnetic specie is :
(A) B2 (B) O2 (C) NO (D) O2
58. Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length?
(A) B2 (B) C2 (C) F2 (D) O2–
59. During change of O2 to O2– ion, the electron adds in which one of the following orbitals ?
(A) σ* 2pz orbital (B) σ 2pz orbital
(C) π* 2px / π* 2py orbital (D) π 2px /π 2py orbital
60. The molecular orbital with highest energy in a nitrogen molecule is
(A) 2p (B) 2p (C) *2p (D) *2p
61. According to Molecular orbital theory which of the following is correct ?
(A) LUMO level for C2 molecule is 2px orbital
(B) In C2 molecules both the bonds are  bonds
(C) In C22–ion there is one  and two  bonds
(D) All the above are correct
62. N2 and O2 are converted to monocations N2+ and O2+ respectively, which is wrong statement :
(A) In N2+, the N—N bond weakens

(B) In O2+, the O—O bond order increases
(C) In O2+, the paramagnetism decrease
(D) N2+ becomes diamagnetic
63. Which of the following species absorb maximum energy in its HOMO-LUMO electronic
transition ?
(A) O2 (B) N2– (C) C2 (D) N2
CHEMICAL BONDING
MISCELLANEOUS
64. Molecule in which central atom has sp3d2 hybridization is present.
(A)IF7 (B) IO6–5 (C) XeF2 (D) XeO4
65. Which of the following oxyacid has S-S linkage :
(A) H2S2O8 (B) H2S2O7 (C) H2S2O3 (D) All of the above
66. Which of the following molecule/ion is planar and polar both;-
(A) NO3 (B) NO2 (C) PF5 (D) NH3
67. Choose the element which show maximum number of covalencies out of the given elements.
(A) F (B) N (C) C (D) Cl
68. Which of the following order in correct against the property indicated:-
(A) PH4 < PCl4< PBr4 (bond angle)
(B) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 (dipole moment)
(C) CCl4 < B(OH)3 < PCl5 (number of valence electrons used for bonding by central atom)
(D) CH4 < CCl4 < CBr4 (order of bond polarity)
69. Which of the following have different shape from the others :-
(A) NOF3 (B) XeO4 (C) SOCl2 (D) BF4
70. Which of the following molecule/atom has lowest enthalpy of fusion ?
(A) H2 (B) He (C) Br2 (D) I2
71. Increasing order of stability of the +2 oxidation state of the ions ?
(A) Ca2+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ (B) Pb2+ < Ge2+ < Sn2+
(C) Ge2+ < Sn2+ < Pb2+ (D) Cu2+ < Au2+ < Ag2+
72. Two hybrid orbitals have a bond angle of 120º. The percentage of s-character in the hybrid
orbital is nearly:
(A) 25% (B) 33% (C) 50% (D) 66%
73. Which of the following species has the same number of X–O–X linkage, where X = S or P ?
(I) S4O62– (II) S3O9 (III) S2O52– (IV) P3O93–
(A) II & IV (B) II & III (C) I & III (D) I & IV
CHEMICAL BONDING
ASSERTION -REASONING TYPE
In the following set of questions, a statement I is given and a corresponding statement II is
given below it. Mark the correct answer as:
(A) If both statement I and statement II are true and statement II is the correct explanation for
statement I.
(B) If both statement I and statement II are true but statement II is not the correct explanation
for statement I.
(C) If statement I is true but statement II is false.
(D) If statement I is false but statement II is true.
74. Statement I : XeH4 does not exist but XeF4 exists.
Statement II : F is more electronegative than H and causes lesser extent of d orbital contraction
as compared to that by H atom.
75. Statement I : (AlCl3)2 is not electron deficient [Al(CH3)3]2 is electron deficient
Statement II : (AlCl3)2 possesses 3c – 2e bond.
76. Statement I : [AlBr4]– exists while the existence of [BBr4]– is questionable.

Statement II : Al is larger in size as compared to B atom.
77. Statement I : dMn–O in MnO4– is less than that in MnO42–
Statement II : The higher oxidation state of an element causes higher extent of d orbital
contraction and forms more effective  bond with O atoms
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # II
WEAK FORCES
1. Which of the following option(s) is/are CORRECT?
Type of interaction distance-energy function
1 1
(A) dipole-dipole  (B) H-bonding 
r3 r3
1 1
(C) Ion-dipole  2
(D) London force  6
r r
2. The correct order of the boiling point is/are -
(A) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe (B) H2 < He
(C) H2 < D2 < T2 (D) BF3 < BMe3
BENT'S AND DRAGO'S RULE

3. Which of the following order is correct regarding %p- character ?
(A) H2S has higher p-character in S – H bond than the O – H bond in H2O
(B) PH3 has higher p-character in P – H bond than the N – H bond in NH3
(C) NH4 has higher p-character in N – H bond than the P–H bond in PH4
(D) None of these
4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
(A) Axial bond length > equatorial bond length in PF5
(B) axial bond length (P –F) < equatorial bond length (P–Cl) in PF2Cl3
(C) All P–F bond lengths are equal in PF5
(D) axial bond length (P–F) > equatorial bond length (P–Cl) in PF2Cl3
5. Choose the correct angle order.

 in PH = 
(A) HPH HCH in CH4 .  in NH3 < HPH
(B) HNH  in PH3
4
 in NH3 < HPH

(C) HNH  in PH (D) OSO  in NO
 in SO2 < ONO
4 3 3
6. In which of the following back bonding is NOT possible -

(A) N(CH3)3 (B) BO3–3 (C) P(CH3)3 (D) BF4–
BACK BONDING
7. Molecule(s) in which maximum number of atoms in a plane may be ten.
(A) B2Me4H2 (B) Al2(CH3)6 (C) N(SiH3)3 (D) [Co(NH3)6]3+
CHEMICAL BONDING
8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT -
(A) [B3O6]–3 ion is non-planar but B3N3H6 is planar
(B) (SiH3)3N is planar but (SiH3)3P is pyramidal
(C) H3C–N C S is bent but SiH3 - NCS is linear
(D) (CH3)3N is pyramidal but (GeH3)3N is planar
9. Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT -
(A) CHF3 is less acidic than CHCl3
(B) R3C–O–H is more acidic than R3Si–O–H
(C) In BF3 back bonding is possible but in CO back bonding is not possible
(D) PH3 is more basic than NH3
10. Select the correct order of bond angle.
(A) O(SiH3)2 > OCl2 (B) N(SiH3)3 > N(CH3)3
(C) O(SiH3)2 < OCl2 (D) N(SiH3)3 < N(CH3)3
11. In which of the following compounds, underlined atom can change their hybridisation due to
back bonding :-
(A) B3 N3H6 (B) N(SiH3 )3 (C) O(Si H3 )2 (D) H3 BO3
MULTICENTERED BOND
12. No X–X bond exists in which of the following compounds having general form of X2H6 ?
(A) B2H6 (B) C2H6 (C) Al2H6 (D) Si2H6
13. Which of the following molecules have CORRECT indicated overlapping.

Molecule Overlapping in the bridge bond (if any)
(A) Si2Cl6 sp3–p–sp3
(B) Be2H4 sp2–s–sp2

(C) Si2H6 sp3–s–sp3
(D) B2H6 sp3–s–sp3
SILICATE
14. In which of the following cases the number of corner oxygen shared per tetrahedron is '2' -
(A) Pyroxene chain silicate (B) Amphibole chain silicate
(C) 5-membered cyclic silicate (D) None of these
CHEMICAL BONDING
ODD ELECTRON SPECIES
15. Select correct statement about NO2 :
(A) It is odd electron specie (B) N–O bond order = 1.5
(C) Paramagnetic specie (D) Isoelectronic with CO2
16. The number of specie(s) which are not perfectly planar.
   
(A) C H3 (B) C F3 (C) CHF2 (D) CH2F
17. Which of the following statement is CORRECT :-
(A) The free electron of ClO3 molecule is present in d-orbital of Cl-atom

(B) The free electron of CF3 is present in sp3 hybrid orbital
(C) NO is polar
(D) The free electron of ClO2 molecule is present in d-orbital of Cl-atom
HYDROLYSIS
18. Which of the following compounds do not give free halogen acid (Hydra acid) on hydrolysis
with excess water as a final product ?
(A) NCl3 (B) PCl3 (C) SiCl4 (D) BF3
MOLECULE DOES NOT EXIST

19. Which of the following species do not exist in nature.
(A) PI5(TBP form) (B) PbI4 (C) HFO3 (D) ICl7
20. Which of the following do/does not exist ?
(A) SH6 (B) HFO4 (C) FeI3 (D) HClO3
INERT PAIR EFFECT

21. Which of the following have (18 + 2) electron configuration ?
(A) Pb2+ (B) Cd2+ (C) Bi3+ (D) S–2
22. Which of following stability order is/are correct due to inert pair effect.
(A) Hg > Hg2+ (B) Bi3+ < Bi5+ (C) Pb2+ > Pb4+ (D) Fe2+ < Fe3+
IONIC COMPOUND
23. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT :-
(A) MgCO3 < BaCO3 (Thermal stability) (B) LiF < CsF (Solubility)
(C) Li3N > K3N (Thermal stability) (D) MgSO3 > BaSO3 (Solubility)
CHEMICAL BONDING
24. Select the CORRECT order against the mentioned property :-
(A) NaNO3 < KNO3 < RbNO3 (Thermal stability)
(B) NaF> KF > RbF (Covalent nature)
(C) Si – O < P – O < S – O < C l – O ( -bond strength)
(D) F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2 (Bond length)
25. Correct order of solubility in water will be?
(A) LiCl > NaCl > KCl < RbCl < CsCl (B) Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3
(C) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF (D) BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3
26. Which of the following will give metal oxide on heating?
(A) CaCO3 (B) AgNO3 (C) K2CO3 (D) Li2CO3
27. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT :-
(A) NaCl < LiCl (melting point) (B) CaF2 > CaO (lattice energy)
(C) LiNO3 < NaNO3 (thermal stability) (D) Be3N2 > Ba3N2 (thermal stability)
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

28. Which of the following have identical bond order ?
(A) O22+ (B) NO+ (C) CN– (D) CN+
29. Assuming that if Hund's rule is violated, then the diamagnetic specie(s) is/are :
(A) B2 (B) O2 (C) N2 (D) O2
30. The paramagnetic molecule(s) which have non fractional bond order :-
(A) O2 (B) O2Ɵ (C) N22– (D) B2
MISCELLANEOUS
31. Bond angles which are associated with sp3d3 hybridization.
(A) 90º (B) 120º (C) 180º (D) 72º

32. Which of following statement is/are CORRECT for ClOF3 ?
(A) In hybridisation central atom uses its dxy orbital
(B) In -bond formation central atom uses its 'p' orbital
(C) The shape of molecule is see-saw
(D) The molecule is non-planar
33. Which of the following species are planar as well as polar.
(A) I3+ (B) NO2– (C) PCl3 (D) BO33–
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # III
INTEGER TYPE
1. Which of the following pairs have dipole-dipole interaction?
(BF3 + BF3), (CCl4 + Na+) (HCl + HCl), (CHCl3 + CHCl3), (K+ + HCl), (Na+ + Cl–)
2. Find the number of molecules in which axial orbital length is higher than equatorial orbital
length of central atom : PCl5, PCl3F2, PF4Cl, PCl2F3, PF5
3. Find the total number of 2C – 2e– bond in Al2(C6H5)6 (excluding  bond)
Fill your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer.
4. Find the number of molecules, which do not have hybridisation, according to Drago's rule.
PH3, SH2, AsH3, H2Se, SiH4
5. 6XeF4 + 12H2O  4X + 2Y + 24HF + 3O2
In above reaction find the difference of oxidation state in central atom of X and Y.
6. Total number of molecules in which bridge bond formed by sp3–s–sp3 type overlap
B2H6 , Al2 (CH3)6 , I2 Cl6 , Al2 H6 , Si2 Cl6
7. Among the following total number of planar molecules/ions is.
H3O+, I3, NO2Ɵ, ClF3, XeF2, ICl4Θ, OCl2
8. For the given compounds, number of compounds which undergo complete hydrolysis in
presence of excess amount of water in ordinary condition :
SF4, XeF2, BiCl3, NF3, NCl3, POCl3, BF3
9. Find out the number (s) of molecule in which bond angle around under line atom is 120º :-

H3BO3 , P(SiH3 )3 , N(SiH3 )3 , C H3 , N(CH3 )3 , SnCl3
10. Find the number of chemical species which undergoes hydrolysis through redox reaction.
XeF2 , XeF4, XeF6 , SF4 , PCl3 , PCl5
11. Find the maximum number of F atom(s) in one plane in XeF5+ :-

12. Find the number of molecules which are polar
PCl3F2, PCl2F3, P(CH3)3 (CF3)2, P(CH3)2 (CF3)3
13. Ratio of sp3 and sp2 hybridized atoms in the anionic part of Borax is_______
(if ans is 12 : 4 then represented as 124 and fill your answer as sum of digits (excluding
decimal places) till you get the single digit)
14. Number of species having bond order 2 will be?
O2+2 ,N2+2 ,N2–2 ,O2+,N2+ ,C2,B2–2
15. Find the total number of 2C – 2e– bond in Al2 (C6H5)6 (excluding  bond)
Fill your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer.
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # IV
Paragraph for Question 1 to 2
Bent's rule can be stated as follows. "The central atom projects the hybrid orbitals of less
s-character" towards more electronegative atom.
1. Which of the following statement is CORRECT ?
(A) CH3F is not perfect tetrahedral
(B) PCl3F2 has got a trigonal bipyramidal (T.B.P) shape.
(C) In PCl3F2, the two fluorine atoms preferably are positioned in the axial directions.
(D) All are correct
2. Which of the following order is CORRECT ?

(A) dC–H in CH3Cl > dC–H in CH3F (B) dC–H in CH3Cl < dC–H in CH3F
 (PH3) > HPH
(C) HPH  (PH4+) (D) H– Ĉ –H in CH4 > F– Ĉ –F in CF4

Back bonding is a type of sideways overlapping.
3. Which of the following molecule has 2p – 3d back bonding.
(A) PCl3 (B) CCl3– (C) BCl3 (D) (BO2–)3
4. Which of the following has CORRECT order of strength of back bonding.
(A) BF3 > BCl3 (B) O(SiH3)2 > S(SiH3)2
(C) N(SiH3)3 < NH2SiH3 (D) All are correct
Qualitatively, the formation of molecular orbitals can be understood in terms of the
constructive or destructive interference of the electron waves of the combining atoms. In the
formation of bonding molecular orbital, the two electron waves of the bonding atoms reinforce
each other due to constructive interference while in the formation of antibonding molecular
orbital, the electron waves cancel each other due to destructive interference.
5. Which of the following combinations give(s) antibonding sigma molecular orbital if z-axis is
the internuclear axis ?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
6. Which of the following specie does not exist :-

(A) HeH+ (B) Be2 (C) C22– (D) NO+
CHEMICAL BONDING
According to Bent's Rule, which states : more electronegative substituents prefer hybrid
orbitals having less s-character and more electropositive substituents prefer hybrid orbitals
having more s-character
7. Among the following, which has/have equatorial bonds becomes stronger and shorter than the
axial bonds ?
(A) PCl5 (B) ClF3 (C) SF4 (D) All of these
8. Which of the following has CORRECT order of their indicating properties?
(A) F– Ĉ –F(CH2F2) >H– Ĉ –H(CH4); bond angle
(B) PH3 < PF3 ; bond angle
(C) POF3 < POCl3 ; P – O bond strength
(D) All of these

When a substance undergoes nucleopilic substitution reaction and the nucleophile is solvent
itself, then the reaction is known as solvolysis, if the solvent used is water then the reaction is
called as hydrolysis.
9. The product(s) of hydrolysis of NCl3 is/are :-
(A) HNO2 (B) HCl (C) NH3 (D) HOCl
10. Which of the following compounds on hydrolysis produce oxyacid having basicity three in
water :-
(A) PCl5 (B) AsCl3 (C) PCl3 (D) BCl3

Molecular orbital theory is based on linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO). According
to LCAO when respective atomic orbitals of the atoms interact, they undergoes constructive
and destructive interference giving two types of molecular orbital i.e. bonding and antibonding
molecular orbitals respectively.
11. Which of the following overlapping result ungerade molecular orbital.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12. Which of the following property does not change when O2 is converted to O2– :-
(A) Magnetic behaviour (B) Magnetic moment
(C) Bond order (D) Number of bonding electron
CHEMICAL BONDING
Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 15
Bridge bonding is a specific kind of bonding in pages of chemistry. In general σ-bond pair
delocalisation is very difficult. But electron deficiency of the central atom forces to delocalise
and forms this kind of bond.
13. The state of hybridisation of central atom in dimer form of both BH3 and BeH2 is
(A) sp2, sp (B) sp3, sp2 (C) sp3, sp3 (D) sp2, sp3
14. Which of the following molecule has complete octet
(A) B2H6 (B) Al2Cl6 (C) Be2Cl4 (D) BeH2
15. Which of the following is/are electron deficient compounds?
(A) NaBH4 (B) B2H6 (C) Al2Cl6 (D) BeCl2(s)
MATCHING LIST
16. List I List II
(Species) (Bond order)
(P) O2– (1) 2.5
(Q) N2+ (2) 1.0
(R) H2+ (3) 1.5
(S) B2 (4) 0.5
Code : (P) (Q) (R) (S) (P) (Q) (R) (S)

(A) 2 3 4 1 (B) 3 1 4 2
(C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 4 1 2 3
17. List I List II
(Unit of silicate) (Number of shared oxygen atom per tetrahedral unit)
(P) Si2O7–6 (1) 3
–3
(Q) (Si2O5.5 )n (2) 1
(R) SiO2 (3) 2.5 (avg.)
(S) (Si2O52–) (4) 4
Code : (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 2 3 4 1
(B) 3 1 2 4
(C) 2 3 1 4
(D) 4 2 3 1
CHEMICAL BONDING
18. Match column-I with column-II :-
List I List II
(P) BF3 (1) Exist in dimeric form
(Q) AlCl3 (2) Effective back bond is present
(R) SiO2 (3) Acts as lewis acid
(S) CO (4) Exist in polymeric form
Select correct code of your answer :
Code : (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 3 2 4 1
(B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 3 1 4 2
(D) 1 2 3 4
MATRIX MATCH
19. Column-I Column-II
(A) BF3 (P) Intra molecular lewis acid-base interaction
(B) BCl3 (Q) 2p – 3p back bond
(C) H3BO3 (R) Lewis acid
(D) B(OCH3)3 (S) Incomplete octet of central atom boron
(T) sp2 hybridisation of boron
20. Column-I Column-II
(Cumulative interaction)
(A) HCl and HCl (P) dipole - dipole

(B) HCl and C6H6 (Q) Ion-dipole

(C) Na and NH3 (R) Ion-induced dipole
(D) K+ and CCl4 (S) Dipole - induced dipole
(T) London dispersion force
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # V
NATIONAL STANDARD EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY (NSEC) STAGE-I
1. Which of the following pairs has the strongest hydrogen bonding between themselves?
(A) SiH4 and SiF4 (B) CH4 and CH3OH [NSEC-2002]
(C) CH3COCH3 and CHCI3 (D) HCO2H and CH3CO2H
2. The number of hydrogen bonds formed by each H2O molecule in an ice crystal is :
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3 [NSEC-2003]
3. The molecule with non-zero dipole moment is [NSEC-2004]
(A) BF3 (B) PCI3 (C) SiCI4 (D) CIF3
4. Bond orders of NO and NO+ are respectively [NSEC-2004]
(A) 2.5 and 3 (B) 2 and 4 (C) 3.5 and 2.5 (D) 4 and 2
5. The molecular orbital with highest energy in a nitrogen molecule is [NSEC-2004]
(A) 2p (B) 2p (C) *2p (D) *2p
6. The substance that has the lowest boiling point is [NSEC-2004]
(A) HCI (B) H2S (C) PH3 (D) SiH4
7. The compound in which H-bonding is not possible is : [NSEC-2005]
(A) CH3OCH3 (B) H2O (C) CH3CH2OH (D) CH3COOH
8. In solid CuSO4. 5H2O, copper is coordinated to [NSEC-2005]
(A) One water molecule (B) three water molecules
(C) Five water molecules (D) four water molecules.
9. In thiosulphuric acid H2S2O3, the oxidation states of sulphur atoms are [NSEC-2006]
(D) –II, + VI.
(A) + II,+ II (B) 0, + IV (C) + I , + III

10. Lewis dot structures of compounds of representative elements normally follow the octet rule.
Which of the following does not obey the octet rule? [NSEC-2006]
(A) CO32– (B) O3 (C) SO2 (D) I3–
11. Considering z-axis to be the internuclear axis, the combination of orbitals on Li and CI atoms
respectively, that can lead to a stable sigma bond [NSEC-2006]
(A) 2s and 3py (B) 1s and 3py (C) 1s and 3pz (D) 2s and 3pz.
12. The structures of AlCl3 and PCl3 can be described as [NSEC-2006]
(A) Both planar (B) Both pyramidal
(C) Planar and pyramidal respectively (D) pyramidal and planar respectively.
CHEMICAL BONDING
13. The hybrid orbitals used by chlorine in CIF3 molecule are of the type [NSEC-2006]
3 2 2 3
(A) sp (B) sp (C) sp d (D) sp d
14. The non-linear molecule is [NSEC-2006]
(A) SO2 (B) CO2 (C) HCN (D) C2H2
15. Which of the following pairs is a Lewis acid & a Lewis base ? [NSEC-2007]
+ 2– – + –
(A) CI & Ag (B) NH3 & BF3 (C) SO4 & HSO4 (D) H & OH
16. Trisilylamine N (Si(CH3)3)3 is [NSEC-2006]
(A) acidic (B) basic (C) neutral (D) amphoteric
17. Which type of bond exists between the two boron atoms in a diborane molecule ?
[NSEC-2007]
(A) 2-Center-2electron (B) 3-Center-2-electron
(C) 3-Center-3-electron (D) 4-Center-4-electron
18. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the oxygen molecule is- [NSEC-2007]
(A) Diamagnetic (B) Paramagnetic (C) Ferromagnetic (D) non magnetic
19. In which of the following pairs are both molecules polar ? [NSEC-2008]
(A) O2 and H2O (B) BF3 and PCl3 (C) SO2 and SCl2 (D) CS2 and NO2
20. The species containing the maximum number of lone pairs in the central atom is :
[NSEC-2009]
– –
(A) ClO3 (B) XeF4 (C) SF4 (D) I3
21. The electron-pair geometry of the central oxygen atom of ozone is – [NSEC-2009]
(A) linear (B) trigonal planar
(C) tetrahedral (D) trigonal bipyramidal
22. The sequence of molecular orbitals for the carbide ion (C22–) is – [NSEC-2009]
(A) 1s *1s 2s *2s 2p
2 2 2 2 4
(B) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2p4 2p2

(C) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2p4 2p2 *2p2
(D) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2p4 2p2 *2p4
23. The change in hybridization of aluminium when Al2Cl6 decomposes in the gas phase is :
[NSEC-2010]
(A) sp2  sp3 (B) sp  sp2 (C) sp  sp3 (D) sp3  sp2
24. The species that contains maximum number of electrons in the antibonding molecular orbitals
is : [NSEC-2010]
(A) O22– (B) O2 (C) O2– (D) O2+
CHEMICAL BONDING
25. The compound that has the highest ionic character associated with the X-Cl bond is
[NSEC-2010]
(A) PCl5 (B) BCI3 (C) CCl4 (D) SiCl4
26. According to VSEPR theory the shape of IF5 molecule will be : [NSEC-2011]
(A) Tetrahedral (B) trigonal bipyramid
(C) Square pyramid (D) Trigonal planar
27. The compound that does not have a  bond is : [NSEC-2011]
(A) SO2 (B) SF6 (C) O2 (D) SO3
28. The species in which the central atom uses sp2 hybrid orbitals is [NSEC-2012]
+
(A) PH3 (B) NH3 (C) CH3 (D) SbH3
29. In which of the following ion/molecule , the 'S' atom does not assume sp3 hybridization ?
[NSEC-2012]
2–
(A) SO4 (B) SF4 (C) SF2 (D) S8
30. Which of the following compounds has the least tendency to form hydrogen bonds between
molecules? [NSEC-2012]
(A) NH3 (B) H2NOH (C) HF (D) CH3F
+
31. The bond order of NO ion is : [NSEC-2012]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2.5 (D) 3
32. Which of the following molecular structures is NOT possible? [NSEC-2012]
(A) OF2 (B) SF2 (C) OF4 (D) SF4
33. Which of the following molecular structures is NOT possible? [NSEC-2014]
(A) OF2 (B) SF2 (C) OF4 (D) SF4
34. The species having highest bond energy is [NSEC-2015]
(A) O2 (B) O2+ (C) O2– (D) O22–
35. The structure of a molecule of N (SiMe3)3 is [NSEC-2015]

(A) Pyramidal with angle close to 110º
(B) T-shaped with angle 90º
(C) Bent T-shaped with angle close to 89º
(D) Trigonal planar with bond angle close to 120º
36. The order of p-d interaction in the compounds containing bond between Si/P/S/Cl and
oxygen is in the order [NSEC-2015]
(A) P > Si > Cl > S (B) Si < P < S < Cl (C) S < Cl < P < Si (D) Si > P > S > Cl
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # JEE-MAIN
1. The bond order in NO is 2.5 while that in NO+ is 3. Which of the following statement is true for
these two species ? [AIEEE–2004]
(1) Bond length in NO+ is equal to that NO (2) Bond length in NO is greater than NO+
(3) Bond length in NO+ is greater than NO (4) Bond length is unpredictable
2. The states of hybridization of boron and oxygen atoms in boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively
[AIEEE 2004]
3 2 2 3 2 2
(1) sp and sp (2) sp and sp (3) sp and sp (4) sp and sp3
3
3. The maximum number of 90º angles between bond pair-bond pair of electrons is observed in :-
(1) dsp2 hybridization (2) sp3d hybridization [AIEEE 2004]
3 3 2
(3) dsp hybridization (4) sp d hybridization
4. Which one of the following specie is diamagnetic in nature ? [AIEEE-2005]
(1) He2+ (2) H2 (3) H2+ (4) H2–
5. Which of the following molecule\ion does not contain unpaired electrons? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) N2+ (2) O2 (3) O22– (4) B2
6. Among the following mixtures, dipole-dipole as the major interaction, is present in
[AIEEE-2006]
(1) KCl and water (2) benzene and carbon tetrachloride
(3) benzene and ethanol (4) acetonitrile and acetone
7. A metal, M forms chlorides in its +2 and +4 oxidation states. Which of the following statement
about these chlorides is correct ? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) MCl2 is more ionic than MCl4
(2) MCl2 is more easily hydrolysed than MCl4

(3) MCl2 is more volatile than MCl4
(4) MCl2 is more soluble in anhydrous ethanol than MCl4
8. The decreasing values of bond angles from NH3 (106º) to SbH3 (91º) down group-15 of the
periodic table is due to [AIEEE-2006]
(1) decreasing lp – bp repulsion (2) increasing electronegativity
(3) increasing bp – bp repulsion (4) increasing p-orbital character in sp3
9. In which of the following ionization process, the bond order has increased and the magnetic
behaviour has changed [AIEEE-2007]
(1) NO  NO +
(2) O2  O2 +
(3) N2  N2 +
(4) C2  C2 +
CHEMICAL BONDING
10. Which of the following species exhibits the diamagnetic behaviour [AIEEE-2007]
+ 2–
(1) O2 (2) O2 (3) NO (4) O2
11. which one of the following pairs of species have the same bond order? [AIEEE-2008]
– + – + – –
(1) CN and NO (2) CN and CN (3) O2 and CN (4) NO and CN+
+
12. The bond dissociation energy of B–F in BF3 is 646 kJ mol–1 whereas that of C–F in CF4 is 515
kJ mol–1. The correct reason for higher B–F bond dissociation energy as compared to that of
C–F is :- [AIEEE-2009]
(1) Significant p – p interaction between B and F in BF3 whereas there is not possibility of
such interaction between C and F in CF4.
(2) Lower degree of p – p interaction between B and F in BF3 than that between C and F in
CF4
(3) Smaller size of B-atom as compared to that of C-atom
(4) Stronger  bond between B and F in BF3 as compared to that between C and F in CF4
13. Using MO theory predict which of the following species has the shortest bond length ?
[AIEEE-2009]
– 2– 2+ +
(1) O2 (2) O2 (3) O2 (4) O2
14. Among the following the maximum covalent character is shown by the compound :-
[AIEEE-2011]
(1) AlCl3 (2) MgCl2 (3) FeCl2 (4) SnCl2
15. Which one of the following molecules is expected to exhibit diamagnetic behaviour ?
(1) C2 (2) N2 (3) O2 (4) S2 [AIEEE-2013]
16. In which of the following pairs of molecules/ions, both the species are not likely to exist ?
[JEE-M-2013]
(1) H2+, He22– (2) H2–, He22– (3) H22+, He (4) H2–, He22+
17. Stability of the species Li2, Li2– and Li2+ increases in the order of :- [JEE-M-2013]
+ – – + – + –
(1) Li2 < Li2 < Li2 (2) Li2 < Li2 < Li2 (3) Li2 < Li2 < Li2 (4) Li2 < Li2 < Li2+
18. Which one of the following properties is not shown by NO ? [JEE-M-2014]
(1) It combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
(2) It's bond order is 2.5 (3) It is diamagnetic in gaseous state
(4) It is a neutral oxide
19. The correct order of thermal stability of hydroxides is : [JEE-M-2015 (on line)]
(1) Ba(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2
(2) Mg(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
(3) Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
(4) Ba(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2
CHEMICAL BONDING
20. Which of the alkaline earth metal halides given below is essentially covalent in nature :-
[JEE-M-2015 (on line)]
(1) SrCl2 (2) CaCl2 (3) BeCl2 (4) MgCl2
21. Which one of the following alkaline earth metal sulphates has its hydration enthalpy greater
than its lattice enthalpy ? [JEE-M-2015]
(1) BaSO4 (2) SrSO4 (3) CaSO4 (4) BeSO4
22. The intermolecular interaction that is dependent on the inverse cube of distance between the
molecules is :- [JEE-M-2015]
(1) London force (2) Hydrogen bond
(3) ion-ion interaction (4) ion-dipole interaction
23. Which one has the highest boiling point ? [JEE-M-2015]
(1) Kr (2) Xe (3) He (4) Ne
24. Which intermolecular force is most responsible in allowing xenon gas to liquefy?
(1) Ionic [JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2016]
(2) Instantaneous dipole- induced dipole
(3) Dipole - dipole
(4) Ion - dipole
25. The bond angle H–X–H is the greatest in the compound : [JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2016]
(1) NH3 (2) H2O (3) PH3 (4) CH4
26. Which of the following species is not paramagnetic? [JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2017]
(1) NO (2) CO (3) O2 (4) B2
27. Which of the following is paramagnetic ? [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(1) CO (2) O22– (3) NO+ (4) B2
3 2
28. sp d hybridization is not displayed by : [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
3–
(1) [CrF6] (2) BrF5 (3) PF5 (4) SF6
29. The number of S=O and S–OH bonds present in peroxodisulphuric acid and pyrosulphuric acid
respectively are : [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(1) ( 2 and 4) and (2 and 4) (2) (4 and 2) and ( 2 and 4)
(3) ( 2 and 2) and (2 and 2) (4) (4 and 2) and ( 4 and 2)
30. The correct sequence of decreasing number of -bonds in the structures of H2SO3, H2SO4 and
H2S2O7 is [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(1) H2S2O7 > H2SO4 > H2SO3 (2) H2SO3 > H2SO4 > H2S2O7
(3) H2S2O7 > H2SO3 > H2SO4 (4) H2SO4 > H2S2O7 > H2SO3
CHEMICAL BONDING
31. The increasing order of the boiling point for the following compounds is : -
[JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(I) C2H5OH (II) C2H5Cl (III) C2H5CH3 (IV) C2H5OCH3
(1) (III) < (II) < (I) < (IV) (2) (II) < (III) < (IV) < (I)
(3) (IV) < (III) < (I) < (II) (4) (III) < (IV) < (II) < (I)
32. The number of P–OH bonds and the oxidation state of phosphorus atom in pyrophosphoric acid
(H4P2O7) respectively are : - [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(1) five and four (2) five and five (3) four and five (4) four and four
33. The group having triangular planar structures is : - [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
2– –
(1) CO3 ,NO3 ,SO3 (2) NCl3,BCl3,SO3
(3) NH3,SO3,CO32– (4) BF3,NF3,CO32–
34. In the molecular orbital diagram for the molecular ion, N2+, the number of electrons in the 2p
molecular orbitals is : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
35. Which of following is a Lewis acid ? [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) PH3 (2) B(CH3)3 (3) NaH (4) NF3
36. (I) (II) [JEE Main online - 2018]
H—N---N---N
In hydrogen azide (above) the bond orders of bonds (I) and (II) are :
(I) (II)
(1) <2 >2
(2) >2 <2
(3) >2 >2
(4) <2 <2
37. The decreasing order of bond angles in BF3, NH3, PF3 and I3– is : [JEE Main online - 2018]
– –
(1) I3 > NH3 > PF3 > BF3 (2) I3 > BF3 > NH3 > PF3
(3) BF3 > I3– > PF3 > NH3 (4) BF3 > NH3 > PF3 > I3–
38. Xenon hexafluoride on partial hydrolysis produces compounds ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Compounds ’X’
and ‘Y’ and the oxidation state of Xe are respectively : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) XeO2(+4) and XeO3(+6) (2) XeOF4(+6) and XeO3(+6)
(3) XeO2F2(+6) and XeO2(+4) (4) XeOF4(+6) and XeO2F2(+6)
39. Among the oxides of nitrogen : N2O3, N2O4 and N2O5 ; the molecule(s) having nitrogen-
nitrogen bond is/are : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) Only N2O5 (2) N2O3 and N2O5 (3) N2O5 and N2O5 (4) N2O3 and N2O4
CHEMICAL BONDING
40. Which of the following conversions involves change in both shape and hybridisation ?
[JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) NH3  NH4+ (2) CH4  C2H6
(3) H2O  H3O+ (4) BF3  BF4–
41. A group 13 element ‘X’ reacts with chlorine gas to produce a compound XCl 3 is electron
deficient and easily reacts with NH3 to form Cl3XNH3 adduct; however, XCl3 does not
dimerize. X is : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) B (2) Al (3) Ga (4) In
42. Which of the following best describes the diagram below of a molecular orbital?
(1) A non-bonding orbital (2) An antibonding  orbital

(3) A bonding  orbital (4) An antibonding  orbital
43. In KO2, the nature of oxygen species and the oxidation state of oxygen atom are, respectively:
(1) Oxide and – 2 (2) superoxide and – 1/2
(3) Peroxide and – 1/2 (4) Superoxide and – 1
44. The number of P – O bonds in P4O6 is: [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) 6 (2) 9 (3) 12 (4) 18
45. In XeO3F2, the number of -bond(s) , -bond(s) and lone pair(s) on Xe atom respectively are

(1) 5, 2, 0 (2) 4, 2, 2 (3) 5, 3, 0 (4) 4, 4, 0
46. Identify the pair in which the geometry of the species is T-shpes and squarepyramidal,
respectively : [JEE Main online - 2018]
– –
(1) CIF3 and IO4 (2) ICl2 and ICI5
(3) XeOF2 and XeOF4 (4) IO3– and IO2F2–
47. The incorrect geomerty is represented by : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(1) BF3 - trigonal planar (2) H2O - bent
(3) NF3 - trigonal planar (4) AsF5 - trigonal bipyramidal
CHEMICAL BONDING
48. Correct statements among a to d regarding silicones are : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(a) They are polymers with hydrophobic character
(b) They are biocompatible.
(c) In general, they have high thermal stability and low dielectric strength.
(d) Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as grease.
(1) (a), (b) and (c) only (2) (a), and (b) only
(3) (a), (b), (c) and (d) (4) (a), (b) and (d) only
49. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following is true with respect to Li2+ and
Li2– ? [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) Both are unstable (2) Li2+ is unstable and Li2– is stable
(3) Li2+ is stable and Li2– is unstable (4) Both are stable
50. The one that is extensively used as a piezoelectric material is : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) Quartz (2) Amorphous silica (3) Mica (4) Tridymite
51. Aluminium is usually found in +3 oxidation state. In contrast, thallium exists in +1 and +3
oxidation states. This is due to : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) lanthanoid contraction (2) lattice effect
(3) diagonal relationship (4) inert pair effect
52. In which of the following processes, the bond order has increased and paramagnetic character
has changed to diamagnetic? [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) O2  O22– (2) O2  O2+ (3) NO  NO+ (4) N2  N2+
53. The type of hybridisation and number of lone pair(s) on electrons of Xe in XeOF4 respectively,
are : [JEE Main online - 2019]

3 3 2 3
(1) sp d and 2 (2) sp d and 2 (3) sp d and 1 (4) sp3d2 and 1
54. Two pi and half sigma bonds are present in : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) N2+ (2) N2 (3) O2+ (4) O2
55. The number of 2-centre-2-electron and 3-centre-2-electron bonds in B2H6, respectively, are:
(1) 2 and 2 (2) 4 and 2 [JEE Main online - 2019]
(3) 2 and 4 (4) 2 and 1
56. The chloride that cannot get hydrolysed is : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) SiCl4 (2) CCl4
(3) PbCl4 (4) SnCl4
CHEMICAL BONDING
57. The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13 elements follows the order :-
(1) Ga < Al < In < Tl (2) Al < Ga < In < Tl
(3) Al < Ga < Tl < In (4) Tl < In < Ga < Al
58. The hydride that is NOT electron deficient is :- [JEE Main online - 2019]
(1) SiH4 (2) AlH3
(3) B2H6 (4) GaH3
59. The relative strength of interionic/ intermolecular forces in decreasing order is:
(1) dipole-dipole > ion-dipole > ion-ion (2) ion-dipole > dipole-dipole > ion-ion
(3) ion-dipole > ion-ion > dipole-dipole (4) ion-ion > ion-dipole > dipole-dipole
60. The dipole moments of CC14, CHC13 and CH4 are in the order : [JEE Main online - 2020]
(1) CH4 = CCl4 < CHCl3 (2) CC14 <CH4 < CHCl3
(3) CHCl3 < CH4 = CCl4 (4) CH4 < CC14 < CHCl3
61. The number of bonds between sulphur and oxygen atoms in S2O82 and the number of bonds
between sulphur and sulphur atoms in rhombic sulphur, respectively, are :
(1) 4 and 6 (2) 8 and 8 (3) 4 and 8 (4) 8 and 6
62. The predominant intermolecular forces present in ethyl acetate, a liquid, are :
(1) London dispersion, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding [JEE Main online - 2020]
(2) hydrogen bonding and London dispersion
(3) Dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding

(4) London dispersion and dipole-dipole
63. Arrange the following bonds according to their average bond energies in descending order :
C – Cl, C – Br, C – F, C – I [JEE Main online - 2020]
(1) C – F > C – Cl > C – Br > C – I (2) C – Cl > C – Br > C – I > C – F
(3) C – I > C – Br > C – Cl > C – F (4) C – Br > C – I > C – Cl > C – F
66. If the magnetic moment of a dioxygen species is 1.73 B.M, it may be :
(1) O2 or O2 (2) O2 or O2 (3) O2 or O2 (4) O2, O2 or O2
CHEMICAL BONDING
65. The acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides, respectively, are: [JEE Main online - 2020]
(1) MgO, Cl2O, Al2O3 (2) N2O3, Li2O, Al2O3
(3) Cl2O, CaO, P4O10 (4) Na2O, SO3, Al2O3
66. The number of sp2 hybrid orbitals in a molecule of benzene is : [JEE Main online - 2020]
(1) 6 (2) 24 (3) 18 (4) 12
67. The sum of the total number of bonds between chromium and oxygen atoms in chromate and
dichromate ions is ___________ : [JEE Main online - 2020]
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # JEE-ADVANCE
1. The molecules that will have dipole moment are : [IIT–1992]
(A) 2, 2–dimethylpropane (B) trans-pent-2-ene
(C) cis-hex-3-ene (D) 2, 2, 3, 3–tetramethylbutane
2. Which of the following have identical bond order ? [IIT–1992]
(A) CN¯ (B) O2¯ (C) NO+ (D) CN+
3. Among the following the one that is polar and has the central atom with sp2 hybridisation is :
(A) H2CO3 (B) SiF4 (C) BF3 (D) HClO2 [IIT–1997]
4. Which of the following is soluble in water ? [IIT–98]
(A) CS2 (B) C2H5OH (C) CCl4 (D) CHCl3
5. The correct order of hybridization of the central atom in the following species NH 3, [PtCl4]2–,
PCl5 and BCl3 is : [IIT–2001]
(A) dsp2, sp3d, sp2 and sp3 (B) sp3, dsp2, sp3d, sp2
(C) dsp2, sp2, sp3, sp3d (D) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
6. The common features among the species CN–, CO and NO+ are : [IIT–2001]
(A) bond order three and isoelectronic
(B) bond order three and weak field ligands
(C) bond order two and -acceptors
(D) isoelectronic and weak field ligands
7. Which of the following molecular specie has unpaired electron(s) ? [JEE–2002]
(A) N2 (B) F2 (C) O2– (D) O22–
8. According to molecular orbital theory which of the following statement about the magnetic
character and bond order is correct regarding O2+ [JEE–2004]
(A) Paramagnetic and Bond order < O2
(B) Paramagnetic and Bond order > O2
(C) Diamagnetic and Bond order < O2
(D) Diamagnetic and Bond order > O2
9. Among the following, the paramagnetic compound is [JEE–2007]
(A) Na2O2 (B) O3 (C) N2O (D) KO2
10. The species having bond order different from that in CO is [JEE–2007]
– + –
(A) NO (B) NO (C) CN (D) N2
CHEMICAL BONDING
11. Statement-1 : In water, orthoboric acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid. [JEE–2007]
Statement-2 : In water, orthoboric, acid acts as a proton donor.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
12. Statement-1 : Pb+4 compounds are stronger oxidizing agents than Sn4+ compounds
Statement-2 : The higher oxidation states for the group 14 elements are more stable for the
heavier members of the group due to 'inert pair effect' . [JEE–2008]
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
13. Match each of the diatomic molecules/ions in Column I with its property/properties in
Column II. [JEE–2009]
Column I Column II
(A) B2 (P) Paramagnetic
(B) N2 (Q) undergoes oxidation

(C) O2– (R) Undergoes reduction
(D) O2 (S) Bond order  2
(T) Mixing of 's' and `p' orbitals
14. In the reaction [JEE–2009]
2X + B2H6  [BH2(X)2]+ [BH4]–
the amine(s) X is (are)
(A) NH3 (B) CH3NH2 (C) (CH3)2NH (D) (CH3)3N
15. The species having pyramidal shape is [JEE–2010]
(A) SO3 (B) BrF3 (C) SiO32– (D) OSF2
CHEMICAL BONDING
16. Assuming that Hund's rule is violated, the bond order and magnetic nature of the diatomic
molecule B2 is [JEE–2010]
(A) 1 and diamagnetic (B) 0 and diamagnetic
(C) 1 and paramagnetic (D) 0 and paramagnetic
17. The value of n in the molecular formula BenAl2Si6O18 is [JEE–2010]
18. The total number of diprotic acids among the following is [JEE–2010]
H3PO4 H2SO4 H3PO3 H2CO3 H2S2O7
H3BO3 H3PO2 H2CrO4 H2SO3
19. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non-zero oxidation state is
O, Cl, F, N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti [JEE–2010]
20. Assuming 2s-2p mixing is NOT operative, the paramagnetic species among the following is :
[JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) Be2 (B) B2 (C) C2 (D) N2
21. Match the orbital overlap figures shown in List-I with the description given in List-II and
select the correct answer using the code given below the lists. [JEE Adv. 2014]
List-I List-II
(P) (1) p – d  antibonding
(Q) (2) d – d  bonding
(R) (3) p – d  bonding

(S) (4) d – d  antibonding
Code :
P Q R S
(A) 2 1 3 4
(B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 2 3 1 4
(D) 4 1 3 2
CHEMICAL BONDING
22. Three moles of B2H6 are completely reacted with methanol. The number of moles of boron
containing product formed is - [JEE Adv. 2015]
23. When O2 is adsorbed on a metallic surface, electron transfer occurs from the metal to O2. The
TRUE, statement (s) regarding this adsorption is (are) [JEE Adv. 2015]
(A) O2 is physisorbed
(B) heat is released
(C) occupancy of *2p of O2 is increased
(D) bond length of O2 is increased
24. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, [JEE Adv. 2016]
(A) C22– is expected to be diamagnetic
(B) O22+ is expected to have a longer bond length than O2
(C) N2+ and N2– have the same bond order
(D) He2+ has the same energy as two isolated He atoms
25. The order of the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom in H3PO2, H3PO4, H3PO3, and H4P2O6
is [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) H3PO4 > H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H4P2O6
(B) H3PO3 > H3PO2 > H3PO4 > H4P2O6
(C) H3PO4 > H4P2O6 > H3PO3 > H3PO2
(D) H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H4P2O6 > H3PO4
26. The correct statement(s) about the oxoacid, HClO4 and HClO is(are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) HClO4 is more acidic than HClO because of the resonance stabilization of its anion
(B) HClO4 is formed in the reaction between Cl2 and H2O

(C) The central atom in both HClO4 and HClO is sp3 hybridized
(D) The conjugate base of HClO4 is weaker base than H2O
27. The colour of the X2 molecules of group 17 elements changes gradually from yellow to violet
down the group. The is due to [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) the physical state of X2 at room temperature changes from gas to solid down the group
(B) Decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap down the group
(C) decrease in * -* gap down the group
(D) decrease in ionization energy down the group
CHEMICAL BONDING
28. Among the following, the correct statement(s) is (are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) Al(CH3)3 has the three-centre two- electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(B) AlCl3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(C) BH3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(D) The Lewis acidity of BCl3 is greater than that of AlCl3
29. The option(s) with only amphoteric oxides is (are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) Cr2O3 BeO, SnO, SnO2 (B) ZnO, Al2O3, PbO, PbO2
(C) NO, B2O3, PbO, SnO2 (D) Cr2O3, CrO, SnO, PbO
30. Among H2, He2+, Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2, O2–, and F2 the number of diamagnetic species is
(Atomic number H = 1, He = 2, Li = 3, Be = 4, B = 5, C = 6, N = 7, O = 8, F = 9)
[JEE Adv. 2017]
31. The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each central atom in the following species
is
[TeBr6]2–, [BrF2]+ , SNF3 and [XeF3]–
(Atomic number : N = 7, F = 9, S = 16, Br = 35, Te = 52, Xe = 54) [JEE Adv. 2017]
32. Each of the following options contains a set of four molecules. Identify the option(s) where all
four molecules possess permanent dipole moment at room temperature. [JEE Adv. 2019]
(1) NO2, NH3, POCl3, CH3Cl (2) BeCl2, CO2, BCI3, CHCI3
(3) SO2, C6H5Cl, H2Se, BrF5 (4) BF3, O3, SF6, XeF6
33. Among B2H6, B3N3H6, N2O, N2O4, H2S2O3 and H2S2O8, the total number of molecules
containing covalent bond between two atoms of the same kind is________ [JEE Adv. 2019]
CHEMICAL BONDING
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # I
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D
8. B 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. A
15. C 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. B 21. D
22. D 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. C
29. C 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. B
36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. C 41. C 42. D
43. A 44. D 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. C
50. B 51. D 52. D 53. D 54. D 55. D 56. B
57. D 58. B 59. C 60. C 61. D 62. D 63. D
64. B 65. C 66. B 67. D 68. B 69. C 70. B
71. C 72. B 73. A 74. C 75. A 76. A 77. A
EXERCISE # II
1. ABCD 2. ACD 3. AB 4. AB 5. ACD 6. ACD 7. AB

8. BCD 9. BCD 10. AB 11. BD 12. AC 13. BD 14. AC
15. ABC 16. BCD 17. BCD 18. AD 19. ABCD 20. ABC 21. AC
22. AC 23. ABCD 24. ABCD 25. ABC 26. AD 27. CD 28. ABC
29. ABC 30. ACD 31. ACD 32. CD 33. AB
EXERCISE # III
1. 2 2. 5 3. 7 4. 4 5. 6 6. 2 7. 6
8. 4 9. 2 10. 2 11. 4 12. 2 13. 4 14. 4
15. 7
EXERCISE # IV
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D
8. B 9. CD 10. AB 11. AD 12. AD 13. B 14. B
15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C
19. A P,R,S,T; B P,Q,R,S;T; C P,R,S,T ; D P,R,S,T 20. A-P,T; B-S,T; C-Q,T; D-R,T
CHEMICAL BONDING
EXERCISE # V
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. A
8. D 9. D 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A
15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. B
22. B 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. C
29. B 30. D 31. D 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. D
36. B
EXERCISE # JEE-MAIN
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2 5. 3 6. 4 7. 1
8. 4 9. 1 10. 4 11. 1 12. 1 13. 3 14. 1
15. 2 16. 3 17. 2 18. 3 19. 3 20. 3 21. 4
22. 2 & 4 23. 2 24. 2 25. 4 26. 2 27. 4 28. 1&3
29. 4 30. 1 31. 4 32. 3 33. 1 34. 2 35. 2
36. 1 37. 2 38. 4 39. 4 40. 4 41. 1 42. 4
43. 2 44. 3 45. 3 46. 3 47. 3 48. 3 49. 4
50. 1 51. 4 52. 3 53. 4 54. 1 55. 2 56. 2
57. 2 58. 1 59. 4 60. 1 61. 2 62. 4 63. 1
66. 1 65. 2 66. 3 67. 12
EXERCISE # JEE-ADVANCE
1. BC 2. AC 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C
8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. C

13. A-P,Q,R,TB-Q,R,S,TC-P,Q,RD-P,Q,R,S
14. BC 15. D 16. A 17. 3 18. 6 19. 2 20. C
21. C 22. 6 23. BCD 24. AC 25. C 26. ACD 27. BC
28. ACD 29. AB 30. 6 31. 6 32. 1 & 3 33. 4.00
Result Highlights 2020
6 100
RANK 39
99.9986085
RANK 40
99.9986085
RANK
Percentile Percentile Percentile

HARSHVARDHAN AGARWAL VAIBHAV SAHA DAKSH KHANDELWAL
DLP CCP CCP
2019
100 Percentile 99.99 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.96 Percentile 99.96 Percentile
HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SARTHAK ROUT VIBHAV AGGARWAL RITVIK GUPTA BHAVYA JAIN AYUSH PATTNAIK SAYANTAN DHAR
2019 (*SDCCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP)
IIT CHEMISTRY
ENTHUSE
Child Help Line No. 1098, Hope Society Kota + 91-72443 33666

01 ChemicalBonding

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ENTHUSE

AIR-1 AIR-3 AIR-6 AIR-8

JEE ADVANCED RESULTS OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION

AIR-10 AIR-12 AIR-23 AIR-24 AIR-37 AIR-42 AIR-66 AIR-98

AIR-20 AIR-27 AIR-32 AIR-61 AIR-67 AIR-78 AIR-61 AIR-91

AIR-2 AIR-19 AIR-33 AIR-48 AIR-51 AIR-53 AIR-86

AIR-9 AIR-54 AIR-62 AIR-104 AIR-129 AIR-142 AIR-171

AIR-179 AIR-350 AIR-430 AIR-437 AIR-441 AIR-460 AIR-462

 Types of Vander Waal's Forces

Note : H-bonding is a special case of Dipole-Dipole attraction

 Order of boiling point

CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3

Molecular weight : 84 300 (Approx)

Q. Compound in which ion dipole interaction (H-bond) is present

Q. KF & HF are soluble in each other why?

(7) CHCl3 O(CH3)3 dipole–dipole intercation

 Percentage of s–character can be defined by mathematical equation.

3. Compare the dipole moment () for the given compound:

5. Compare O – O Bond Length in H2O2 and O2F2

7.  – Feq.in SF4 and SOF4

 Shape of SF4 molecule

10. Compare O–F bond length in

11. Which of the following is correct regarding H2CSF4?

12. Select the correct statment for given compund :

13. Compare x and y.

(i) C C Ans. x<y

(vi) P(CH3)3 (CF3)2

H (p) H CH3 (q) CH3 Ph (r) Ph F (s) F

Hence, hybridisation does not occur in PH3.

Some important order :

 % of p character in NH bond NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3

 Bond angle NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3

 Bond energy NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3

 Thermal stability NH3 > PH3 > ASH3 > SbH3

 Acidic strength NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3

 Reducing nature NH3 < PH3 < ASH3 < SbH3

 Order of solubility in water : NH3 > PH3

Q.2 The percentage of p-character in the orbital forming P-P bonds in P4 is -

Q.4 The bond angle in PH3 is :

Q.5 What can not be explained by VBT –

ELECTRON DEFICIENT BONDING

Molecules Type of back bonding Shape

 Lewis Basic Order: N(CH3)3 > P(SiH3)3> N(SiH3)3

Ans. (CH3)3SiOH, because (CH3)3SiOis stablized by 2p3dback bonding.

 Effect of Back Bonding:

 Comparison of Bond Length:

 Some Important Order:

Q. Order of bond angle :-

Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :

(2) BRIDGE BONDING

  Number of 2cebond 

(G) BeH2(s)( Polymer): 

Q.2 Correct statement regarding this reaction

Q.3 Shape of N(CH3)3 is

Q.4 Which of the following molecule is stable by back bonding

Q.5 Which of the following represents (3C-4e–) Bridge bonding

 There are following types of silicates

Silicates Sharing of O- Contribution of General formula

Pyro (closo) 1 3.5 Si2O7–6

Cyclic (cyclo) 2 3 (SiO3)n2n– (n = finite)

Double chain 11  5.5 

ODD ELECTRON MOLECULES

 If number of electron present in molecule are in odd number.