Function Workbook

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IIT MATHEMATICS
FUNCTION
WORKBOOK
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RESULTS OF BEST MENTORSHIP BY THE NUCLEUS TEAM
AIR-1 AIR-3 AIR-6 AIR-8

CHITRAANG MURDIA GOVIND LAHOTI NISHIT AGARWAL AMEY GUPTA
Gen. Category - 2014 Gen. Category - 2014 Gen. Category - 2012 Gen. Category - 2014
JEE MAIN RESULTS 2020 (January Attempt) OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION
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JEE ADVANCED RESULTS OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION
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LAKSHAY SHARMA YATEESH AGRAWAL ABHEY GOYAL TUSHAR GAUTAM PIYUSH TIBAREWAL SATVIK MAYANK DUBEY HRITHIK
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AIR-20 AIR-27 AIR-32 AIR-61 AIR-67 AIR-78 AIR-61 AIR-91

SHASHANK AGRAWAL RAAGHAV RAAJ SHREYA PATHAK SIDDHANT CHOUDAHRY ANISWAR S KRISHNAN AAYUSH KADAM SARTHAK BEHERA ANDREWS G. VARGHESE
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DLP *SDCCP *SDCCP
AIR-2 AIR-19 AIR-33 AIR-48 AIR-51 AIR-53 AIR-86

HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH VIBHAV AGGARWAL S. PRAJEETH SOHAM MISTRI SAYANTAN DHAR GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SATVIK JAIN
Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019
*SDCCP *SDCCP DLP DLP DLP
FUNCTION
1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS Thus a function ‘ƒ’ from set A to set B is subset
Given two non-empty sets A and B. The of A × B in which each a belonging to A
cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered appears in one and only one ordered pair
pairs of the form (a, b) where the first entry belonging to ƒ.
comes from set A & second comes from set B.
Representation of Function :
A × B = {(a, b) | a  A, b  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {p, q} (a) Ordered pair : Every function from
A × B = {(1, p), (1, q), (2, p), (2, q), (3, p), (3, q)} A  B satisfies the following conditions :
Note :
(i) ƒ  A × B
(i) If either A or B is the null set, then A × B
(ii)  a  A there exist b  B and
will also be empty set, i.e. A × B = 
(iii)(a, b)  ƒ & (a, c)  ƒ  b = c
(ii) If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq,
where n(X) denotes the number of elements
(b) Formula based
in set X. (uniformly/ nonuniformly) :
(iii)A Relation R from set A to B is any subset (i) ƒ : R  R, y = ƒ (x) = 4x , ƒ (x) = x2
of A × B. If A R B & (a, b)  R then b is (uniformly defined)
image of a under R and a is preimage of b
 x  1 1  x  4
under R. (ii) ƒ(x) = 
 x 4  x  7
Note : If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then number of (non-uniformly defined)
relations defined from set A to B are 2mn – 1.
 x2 x0
(iii)ƒ(x) = 
2. FUNCTION :  x  1 x  0
A relation R from set A to set B is called a (non-uniformly defined)
function if each element of A is uniquely
associated with some element of B. It is (c) Graphical representation :
denoted by the symbol : If a vertical line cuts a given graph at more
ƒ : A  B or A  B
f
than one point then it can not be the graph
which reads 'ƒ ' is a function from A to B ‘or’ ƒ of a function.
maps A to B,
If an element a  A is associated with an
element b  B, then b is called ‘the ƒ image of
a’ or ‘image of a under ƒ’ or ‘the value of the
function ƒ at a’. Also a is called the ‘pre-image
Graph(1) represent a function but graph(2)
of b’ or ‘argument of b under the function ƒ ’.
does not represent a function.
We write it as
Every function is a relation but every relation
b = ƒ (a) or ƒ : a  b or ƒ : (a, b)
is not necessarily a function.
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3. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF Illustration 2 : Find the range of following
A FUNCTION : functions :
Let ƒ : A  B, then the set A is known as the (i) ƒ(x) = log 2  (x 1) 2
 4
domain of ƒ & the set B is known as co-domain
(ii) ƒ(x) = 3 – cosx
of ƒ. The set of ƒ images of all the elements of
Solution :
A is known as the range of ƒ.
Domain of ƒ = {a  a  A, (a, ƒ(a))  ƒ}
(i) ƒ(x) = log 2  (x 1) 2
 4
Range of ƒ = {ƒ(a)  a  A, ƒ(a)  B} 4  (x – 1)2 + 4 < 
(a) If only the rule of function is given then the   log 2 4  log 2 (x  1)2  4  
domain of the function is the set of those  4  log 2 (x  1)2  4  
real numbers, where function is defined.  Range of ƒ(x) = [4, )
(b) For a continuous function, the interval from (ii) ƒ(x) = 3 – cosx
minimum to maximum value of a function –1  cosx 
gives the range  cosx  4
(c) It should be noted that range is a subset of  Range of ƒ(x) = [2, 4]
co-domain.
Note : Do yourself -1
(i) The complete set of all positive real numbers (i) Find the domain of following functions :
is denoted by R+. 1
(a) y = 1 – log10x (b) y =
(ii) The complete set of all negative real numbers x 2  4x
(ii) Find the range of the following function :
is denoted by R–. 1
(a) log 4 x 
(iii)The complete set of all real numbers other x
then zero is denoted by R0. (b) ƒ(x) = sin(3x2 + 1)
 
(iv) The complete set of all integers is denoted (c) ƒ(x) = 2sin  2x  
 4
by Z.
 
(d) ƒ(x) = cos  2x  
Illustration 1: Find the domain of following  4
functions :
4. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :
1
(i) y = 5  2x (ii) y= (a) Polynomial Function :
x | x | If a function ƒ is defined by
Solution : (i) 5 – 2x  0  x 
5 ƒ(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + .......
2 + an–1x + an where n is a non negative
 Domain is (–, 5/2] integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real
(ii) x – |x| > 0  |x| < x x cannot take numbers and a0  0, then ƒ is called a
polynomial function of degree n. If n is
any real values Domain is 
odd, then polynomial is of odd degree,
if n is even, then polynomial is of even
degree.
Note : Basic algebraic function :
(i) Range of odd degree polynomial is always R. Domain : R
(ii) Range of even degree polynomial is never R. Range :
(i) y = x2
(iii) A polynomial of degree one with no constant R+  {0} or
term is called an odd linear function. i.e. [0, )
ƒ(x) = ax , a  0 Domain :
1
(iv) ƒ(x) = ax + b, a  0 is a linear polynomial (ii) y= R – {0} or R0
x
(v) ƒ(x) = c is non linear polynomial (its Range : R – {0}
degree is zero)
Domain : R0
(vi) ƒ(x) = 0 is a polynomial but its degree is 1
(iii) y= Range : R+ or
not defined x2 (0, )
(vii) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying
the relation ;
ƒ(x) . ƒ(1/x) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(1/x). They are : (iv) y = x3
Domain : R
Range : R
(a) ƒ(x) = xn + 1 &
(b) ƒ(x) = 1  xn, where n is a
positive integer.
(c) Rational function :
(b) Algebraic Function : A function ‘ƒ’ is
A rational function is a function of the form
called an algebraic function if it can be
g (x)
constructed using algebraic operations (such y = ƒ(x) = , where g(x) & h(x) are
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, h (x)
division, and taking radicals) within polynomials & h(x)  0, Domain : R – {x |
polynomials. h(x) = 0}
Any rational function is automatically an
Example : ƒ(x) = x2 1 ;
algebraic function.
x 4  16x 2
g(x) =  (x  2) 3 x  1 (d) Trigonometric function :
x x (i) Sine function
ƒ(x) = sinx
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a
Domain : R
function that satisfies an algebraic Range : [–1, 1], period 2
equation of the form P0(x)yn + P1(x)yn–1

+ ....... + Pn–1(x)y + Pn(x) = 0. Where n (ii) Cosine function
ƒ(x) = cos x
is a positive integer and P0(x), P1(x)....... are Domain : R
Range : [–1, 1], period 2
Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0.
Note : (i) All polynomial functions are
Algebraic but not the converse.
(ii) A function that is not algebraic is
called Transcendental Function.
(iii) Tangent function
ƒ(x) = tan x
Domain :
 (2n  1) 
R – x | x  , n  I
 2 
Range : R, period 
(iv) Cosecant function
ƒ(x) = cosec x
Domain : R – {x | x = nn  I}
Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2
(v) Secant function
ƒ(x) = sec x
Domain : R – {x|x = (2n + 1)
/2 : n  I}
Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2
(vi) Cotangent function
ƒ(x) = cot x
Domain : R – {x|x = n, n  I}
Range : R, period 
 
(e) Exponential and Logarithmic Function :
A function ƒ(x) = ax(a > 0), a 1, x R is
called an exponential function. The inverse
of the exponential function is called the
logarithmic function, i.e. g(x) = logax.
Note that ƒ(x) & g(x) are inverse of each
other & their graphs are as shown. (If
functions are mirror image of each other
about the line y = x)
Domain of ax is R Range R+
Domain of loga x is R+ Range R
(f) Absolute Value Function :
A function y = ƒ(x) = x is called the absolute
value function or Modulus function. It is
defined as :
 x if x0
y=|x|= 
  x if x0
For ƒ(x) = | x |, domain is R and range is [0, )
1
For ƒ(x) = , domain is R – {0} and range
|x|
is R+.
(g) Signum Function :

A function y = ƒ(x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :
 1 for x0
y = ƒ(x) =  0 for x0

 1 for x0
It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/x ; x  0

Note : ƒ(x) = (sgn(x))x  ƒ(x) = |x|
Note-1 : ƒ(x) = a1/x, a > 0 Domain : R
Domain : R – {0} Range : {–1, 0, 1}
Range : R+ – {1}
1
Note-2 : ƒ(x) = logxa =
log a x
Domain : R+ – {1}
Range : R – {0}
(a > 0) (a  1)
(h) Greatest integer or step up function : Illustration 4 : Find the value of
The function y = ƒ(x) = [x] is called the 1 1 1   1 2946 
greatest integer function where [x] denotes  2    2  1000   .....  2  1000 
the greatest integer less than or equal to x. where [.] greatest integer function ?
Note that for : Solution :
x [x] 1 1 1   1 499   1 500 
 
 2   2 1000   .....  2  1000    2  1000 
[ 2, 1) 2
[ 1,0) 1  1 1499   1 1500 
.....    
[0,1) 0  2 1000   2 1000 
[1, 2) 1
+…… +  1  2499    1  2500   .....  1  2946 
   
 2 1000   2 1000   
 2 1000 
= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447

= 3000 + 1341 = 4341 Ans.
(i) Fractional part function :

It is defined as : g(x) = {x} = x – [x] e.g.
the fractional part of the number 2.1 is
2.1 – 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of –3.7
is 0.3 The period of this function is 1 and
graph of this function is as shown.
Domain : R x {x}
Range : I [ 2, 1) x  2
Properties of greatest integer function :
[ 1,0) x 1
(i) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and x – 1 < [x]  x,
[0,1) x
0  x – [x] < 1
[1, 2) x 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m, if m is an integer.
 0, x  I
(iii) [x] + [–x] = 
1, x  I
Illustration 3 : If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x – 2] + 5,

then find [x + y] where [.] denotes greatest
integer function.
Solution : y = 3[x – 2] + 5 = 3[x] – 1
so 3 [x] – 1 = 2 [x] + 3
[x] = 4  4  x < 5 then y = 11
so x + y will lie in the interval [15, 16) Domain : R
so [x + y] = 15 Range : [0, 1)
Properties of fractional part function : 1
Now, let 2x – 1 > 0 i.e x >
(i) 0  {x} < 1 2
(ii) {[x]} = [{x}] = 0 2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
(iii) {{x}} = {x} 2[x] + 2{x} – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
(iv) {x + m} = {x}, m  I [x] = –1
1, x  I  –1  x < 0 which is not a solution as x >
1
(v) {x} + {–x} = 
0, x  I 2
1
x = is the only solution.
Illustration 5 : Solve the equation 4
|2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} where [.] denotes greatest (j) Identity function :
integer and {.} denotes fractional part function. The function ƒ : A  A defined by ƒ(x) = x
Solution : We are given that,  x  A is called the identity of A and is
|2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} denoted by IA. It is easy to observe that
1 identity function defined on R is a bijection.
Let, 2x – 1  0 i.e. x  . The given equation
2
yields.
1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}
1 – 2[x] – 2{x} = 3[x] + 2{x}
1 – 5[x] = 4{x}
1  5[x]
 {x} = (k) Constant function :
4
A function ƒ : A  B is said to be a
1  5[x]
0  <1 constant function if every element of A has
4
0  1 – 5[x] < 4 the same f image in B. Thus ƒ : A  B ; ƒ
3 1 (x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant
– < [x] 
5 5 function. Note that the range of a constant
Now, [x] = 0 as zero is the only integer lying function is a singleton.
3 1
between – and
5 5
1
{x} =
4
1 1
 x= which is less than ,
4 2
1
Hence is one solution.
4
 1 
Do yourself -2 ƒ(x) is defined if – log1/2 1  4  – 1 > 0
(i) Let {x} & [x] denotes the fraction and  x
integral part of a real number x respectively,  1 
or if log1/2 1  4  < – 1
then match the column.  x
Column-I Column-II  1 
or if 1  4  > (1/2)–1
(A) [x ]  4
2
(p) x  [2, 4)  x
(B) [x] – 5[x] + 6 = 0 (q) x  (–, –2] [2, )
2
1
(C) x = {x} (r) x  (–, –5) or if 1  4  2
x
(D) [x] < – 5 (s) x  {–2}
1
(t) x  [0, 1) or if 4
1
x
5. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS or if x1/4 < 1
If ƒ & g are real valued functions of x with or if 0 < x < 1
domain set A, B respectively, D(f) = (0, 1)
ƒ + g, ƒ – g, (ƒ. g) & (ƒ/g) as follows :
(a) (ƒ ± g)(x) = ƒ(x) ± g(x) Illustration 7 : Find the domain
domain in each case is A  B 1
ƒ(x) = where [.] denotes greatest
(b) (ƒ. g)(x) = ƒ(x).g(x) [ x  5]  11
domain is A  B
integer function.
f f (x)
(c)   (x)  Solution :  x  5  11
g g (x)
domain A  B – {x | g(x) = 0} so  x  5  11 or  x  5  11
 x  > 16  x   6
Illustration 6 : Find the domain of the following
function : |x|  17 or |x| < –6 (Not possible)
(i) y = log(x–4) (x2 – 11x + 24)  x  –17 or x  17
so x  (–, –17]  [17, )
  1  
(ii) ƒ(x) = log2   log1/2 1  4   1
  x 
Illustration 8: Find the range of following functions
2
Solution : (i) y = log(x–4)(x – 11x + 24) 1
(i) ƒ(x) =
Here 'y' would assume real value if, 8  3sin x
x – 4 > 0 and  1, x2 – 11x + 24 > 0 (ii) ƒ(x) = log 2  2  log (16sin x 1) 
2
2
x > 4 and  5, (x – 3) (x – 8) > 0

1
 x > 4 and  5, x < 3 or x > 8 Solution : (i) ƒ(x) =
8  3sin x
x > 8
–1 3 sinx  1
Domain (y) = (8, )
 1 1
  1   Range of f =  , 
(ii) We have ƒ(x) = log2   log1/2 1  4   1 11 5 
  x 
(ii) ƒ(x) = log 2  2  log (16sin x 1) 
2
2 Illustration 10 : The function
 x 1 
1  16 sin2 x + 1  17 ƒ(x) = log(x – 1) – log(x – 2) and g(x) = log  
 x2
 0  log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  log2 17
are identical when x lies in the interval
 2 – log2 17  2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  2
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, )
Now consider 0 < 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  2
(C) (2, ) (D) (–, )
–  < log [2 – log2 (16sin2x + 1)]  log 2 2 = 2
2 Solution : Since ƒ(x) = log (x – 1) – log (x – 2).
the range is (– , 2] Domain of ƒ(x) is x > 2 or x  (2, ) …(i)
 x 1  x 1
x  [x] g(x) = log   is defined if >0
Illustration 9 : Find the range of ƒ(x) = ,  x2 x2
1  x  [x]
 x  (–, 1)  (2, ) …….(ii)
where [.] denotes greatest function.
x  [x] {x} From (i) and (ii), x  (2, ) Ans. (C)
Solution : y = 
1  x  [x] 1  {x} Do yourself -4
1 1 1 1 y y
   1   x= (i) Are the following functions identical ?
y {x} {x} y 1 y x2
x
y (a) ƒ(x) = & (x) 
0  {x} < 1  0  <1 x2 x
1 y
(b) ƒ(x) = x & (x) = x 2
Range = [0, 1/2)
(c) ƒ(x) = log10x2 & (x) = 2log10|x|
Do yourself -3
7. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
(i) Find domain of following functions :
 
(a) ƒ(x) = sin 1  x 2  x  2 
1
log10 (x  1)
A function is said to be homogeneous with
respect to any set of variables when each of its
(2x  1) terms is of the same degree with respect to
(b) ƒ(x) =
x  3x 2  2x
3 those variables.
For examples 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogenous in
(ii) Find range of following functions : x & y. Symbolically if, ƒ(tx, ty) = tn ƒ(x, y) then

(a) ƒ(x) = log2 log1/2 (x 2  4 x  4)  ƒ(x, y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
1
(b) ƒ(x) =
2  cos3x Illustration 11 : Which of the following function
6. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION : is not homogeneous ?
(A) x3 + 8x2y + 7y3 (B) y2 + x2 + 5xy
Two function ƒ & g are said to be equal if :
(a) The domain of ƒ = the domain of g
xy 2x  y  1
(C) (D)
(b) The co-domain of ƒ = co-domain of g and x  y2
2
2y  x  1
(c) ƒ(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their Solution : It is clear that (D) does not have the
common domain (i.e. should have the same same degree in each term. Ans. (D)
graph)
8. BOUNDED FUNCTION : 10. APPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL RULE :
A function is said to be bounded if there exists Illustration 13: Determine all functions
a finite M such that |ƒ(x)| M,  x  Dƒ. f satisfying the functional relation.
9. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :  1  2(1  2 x)
ƒ(x) + ƒ   where x  R – {0, 1}
A function defined by an equation not  1  x  x(1  x)
solved for the dependent variable is called  1  2(1  2 x)
Solution : Given ƒ(x)  ƒ  
an implicit function. e.g. the equations  1  x  x(1  x)
x3 + y3 = 1 & xy = yx, defines y as an
2 2
implicit function. If y has been expressed in = – …..(i)
x 1 x
terms of x alone then it is called an Explicit
1
function. Replacing x by we obtain
1 x
Illustration 12 : Which of the following function
 
is implicit function ?  1   1  2
ƒ   ƒ   2(1  x) 
x 2  ex  5 1 x  1
1
 1
1
(A) y  1
(B) y = x2  1 x  1 x
1  cos x
x 2 log x  1   1 2
(C) xy – sin(x + y) = 0 (D) y =  ƒ    ƒ  1    2 x  .…(ii)
sin x 1 x   x x
Solution : It is clear that in (C) y is not clearly  1
expressed in x. Ans. (C) Again replacing x by 1   in (i) we obtain
 x
 
Do yourself -5  1   
 ƒ   + ƒ 1

2

2
(i) Find the boundness of the function  1  x  
1 1 1   1 1  1
   1  1  
x2   x  x  x 
ƒ(x) =
x4 1  1 2x
 ƒ  1   + ƒ(x) = – 2x
(ii) Which of the following function is implicit  x x 1
function ? ….(iii)
(A) xy – cos(x + y) = 0
subtracting (ii) from (i) then
(B) y = x3
 1 2
2 ƒ(x) – ƒ  1   = 2x –
(C) y = log(x + x + 1)  x 1 x
(D) y = |x| Now adding (iii) and (iv) we get
2x 2
2ƒ(x) = 
(iii)Convert the implicit form into the explicit x 1 1  x
function : x 1
 ƒ(x) =
(a) xy = 1 (b) x2y = 1. x 1
11. BASIC TRANSFORMATIONS ON GRAPHS : (iii)Drawing the graph of y = ƒ(–x) from the
(i) Drawing the graph of y = ƒ(x) + b, b  R, known graph of y = ƒ(x)
from the known graph of y = ƒ(x) To draw y = ƒ(–x), take the image of the
curve y = ƒ(x) in the y-axis as plane mirror.
It is obvious that domain of ƒ(x) and ƒ(x) + b

are the same. Let us take any point x0 in the
domain of ƒ(x). y x x  ƒ(x0). (iv) Drawing the graph of y = |ƒ(x)| from
0
The corresponding point on ƒ(x) + b would the known graph of y = ƒ(x)

be ƒ(x0) + b. |ƒ(x)| = ƒ(x) if ƒ(x)  0 and |ƒ(x)| = –ƒ(x)
For b > 0 ƒ(x0) + b > ƒ(x0) it means that if ƒ(x) < 0. It means that the graph of
the corresponding point on ƒ(x) + b would
be lying at a distance 'b' units above the ƒ(x) and |ƒ(x)| would coincide if ƒ(x)  0
point on f(x). and for the portions where ƒ(x) < 0
For b < 0  ƒ(x0) + b < ƒ(x0) it means that
graph of |ƒ(x)| would be image of y = ƒ(x)
the corresponding point on ƒ(x) + b would in x-axis.
be lying at a distance 'b' units below the
point on ƒ(x).
Accordingly the graph of ƒ(x) + b can be
obtained by translating the graph of ƒ(x) (v) Drawing the graph of y = ƒ(|x|) from
either in the positive y-axis direction (if b > 0) the known graph of y = ƒ(x)
or in the negative y-axis direction (if b < 0),
 ƒ(x), x  0
through a distance |b| units. It is clear that, ƒ(|x|) =  .
 ƒ(  x), x  0
(ii) Drawing the graph of y = –ƒ(x) from the Thus ƒ(|x|) would be a even function,
known graph of y = ƒ(x)
graph of ƒ(|x|) and ƒ(x) would be
To draw y = –ƒ(x), take the image of the
identical in the first and the fourth
curve y = ƒ(x) in the x-axis as plane mirror.
quadrants (as x  0) and as such the
graph of ƒ(|x|) would be symmetric
about the y-axis (as (|x|) is even).
(vi) Drawing the graph of |y| = ƒ(x) from (ix) Drawing the graph of y = ƒ(ax) from
the known graph of y = ƒ(x) the known graph of y = ƒ(x).
Clearly |y|  0. If ƒ(x) < 0, graph of
|y| = ƒ(x) would not exist. And if ƒ(x)  0,
|y| = ƒ(x) would give y = ± ƒ(x).
Hence graph of |y| = ƒ(x) would exist
only in the regions where ƒ(x) is non- Let us take any point x0  domain of
negative and will be reflected about the x0
ƒ(x). Let ax = x0 or x = .
x-axis only in those regions. a
Clearly if 0 < a < 1, then x > x0 and ƒ(x)
1
will stretch by units along the y-axis
a
and if a > 1, x < x0, then f(x) will
(vii) Drawing the graph of y = ƒ(x + a), a compress by 'a' units along the y-axis.
 R from the known graph of y = ƒ(x)
Note :
(i) A function h(x) is defined as
h(x) = max. {ƒ(x), g(x)} then
 ƒ(x) ƒ(x)  g (x)
h(x) = 
 g (x) g (x)  ƒ(x)
(i) If a > 0, shift the graph of ƒ(x) (ii) A function h(x) is defined as
through 'a' units towards left of ƒ(x). h(x) = min. {ƒ(x), g(x)} then
(ii) If a < 0, shift the graph of ƒ(x)  ƒ(x) ƒ(x)  g (x)
h(x) = 
through 'a' units towards right of  g (x) g (x)  ƒ(x)
ƒ(x).
Illustration 14 : Find ƒ(x) = max {1 + x, 1 – x, 2}.
(viii) Drawing the graph of y = aƒ(x) Solution : From the graph it is clear that
from the known graph of y = ƒ(x) 1  x ; x  1

ƒ(x) =  2 ; 1  x  1
1  x ; x 1

It is clear that the corresponding points

(points with same x co-ordinates) would
have their ordinates in the ratio of 1 : a.
Illustration 15 : Draw the graph of y = |2 –|x –1||. y
Solution :
x
Do yourself -6
(i) Draw graph of following functions :
(a) y  n x  1
Illustration 16 : Draw the graph of
(b) y = min.{x2 + 1, 3–x}
4
y=2–
| x  1|
12. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
Solution :
One-One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function ƒ : A  B is said to be a one-one
function or injective mapping if different
elements of A have different ƒ images in B.
Thus there exist x1, x2  A & ƒ(x1), ƒ(x2)  B,
ƒ(x1) = ƒ(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  ƒ(x1)  ƒ (x2).
Illustration 17 : Draw the graph of y = |e|x| – 2|

Solution :
Many-one function (not injective) :

A function ƒ : A  B is said to be a many one
function if two or more elements of A have the
same ƒ image in B.
Thus ƒ : A  B is many one there exist
x1, x2  A , ƒ(x1) = ƒ(x2) but x1  x2.
Illustration 18 : Draw the graph of

ƒ(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1).
Solution : ƒ(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1) Note :
1 1 (i) If a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of
= [ cos(2x  2)  cos2] – [ cos(2x + 2) +1]
2 2 the function atmost at one point, then the
1 1 function is one-one.
= cos2 – <0
2 2
(ii) If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph Note :
of the function atleast at two points, then f (i) A polynomial function of degree even
is many-one. define from R  R will always be into.
(iii) If continuous function ƒ(x) is always (ii) A polynomial function of degree odd
increasing or decreasing in whole domain, defined from R  R will always be onto.
then ƒ(x) is one-one. (iii) Quadratic by quadratic without any
(iv) All linear functions are one-one. common factor define from R  R is
always an into function.
(v) All trigonometric functions in their domain
Thus a function can be one of these four types:
are many one
one-one onto
(vi) All even degree polynomials are many one (injective &
(vii) Linear by Linear is one-one surjective)
(i)
(viii)Quadratic by quadratic with no common (also known
factor is many one. as Bijective
mapping)
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
one-one into
If the function ƒ : A  B is such that each (ii) (injective but
element in B (co-domain) is the f image of not surjective)
atleast one element in A, then we say that ƒ is a many-one
function from A 'onto' B. Thus ƒ : A  B is onto
(iii)
surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that (surjective but
not injective)
ƒ(a) = b.
many-one
into (neither
(iv)
surjective nor
injective)
Note that : if range is same as co-domain,

then ƒ(x) is onto. Illustration 19 : Let A = {x : –1  x  1} = B
be a mapping ƒ : A  B. For each of the
Into function : following functions from A to B, find whether
If ƒ : A  B is such that there exists atleast one it is bijective or non-bijective.
(a) ƒ(x) = x|x| (b) ƒ(x) = x3
element in co-domain which is not the image of
x
any element in domain, then ƒ(x) is into. (c) ƒ(x) = sin
2
Solution :
 x 2 , 1  x  0 
(a) ƒ(x) = x|x| =  2 
x , 0  x 1 
Graphically,
The graph shows ƒ(x) is ne-one, as the straight Solution : Let ƒ(x) = y = x – 1000
line parallel to x-axis cuts only at one point. x = y + 1000 = g(y) (say)
Here, range ƒ(x)  [–1, 1] here g(y) is defined for each y  I, but g(y) 
Thus, range = co-domain N for y  –1000.
Hence ƒ(x) is into.
Hence, onto.
Therefore, ƒ(x) is one-one onto or (Bijective).
Illustration 21 : Let f : R  R be a function
defined by ƒ(x) = x + x 2 , then f is
(A) injective (B) surjective
(C) bijective (D) None of these
3
Solution : We have, ƒ(x) = x + x 2 = x + | x |
(b) ƒ(x) = x ,
Clearly, f is not one-one as ƒ(–1) = ƒ(–2) = 0
Graphically;
and –1  – 2
Graph shows ƒ(x) is one-one onto (i.e.
Also, ƒ is not onto as ƒ(x)  0  x  R
Bijective)
range of ƒ = (0, )  R
[as explained in above example]
Illustration 22 : Let ƒ : R  R be a function

defined as ƒ(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 3 cosx –
4sinx; then ƒ is -
(A) Injective (B) Surjective
x (C) Bijective (D) Not Surjective
(c) ƒ(x) = sin Solution : We have
2
Graphically; ƒ(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 3cosx – 4sinx
Which shows ƒ(x) is one-one and onto as  ƒ'(x) = 6x2 – 12x + 12 – 3sinx – 4cos x
range = co-domain. ƒ'(x) = 6(x  1)2  6  (3sinx  4cosx)

 
g (x) h (x)
Therefore, ƒ(x) is bijective.
range of g(x) = [6, )
range of h(x) = [–5, 5]
hence ƒ'(x) always lies in the interval
[1, )  ƒ'(x) > 0
Hence ƒ(x) is increasing i.e. one-one function
Now x  ƒ  & x  ƒ&
Illustration 20 : Let ƒ : N  I be a function ƒ(x) is continuous
defined as ƒ(x) = x–1000. Show that ƒ(x) is an hence its range is R  ƒ is onto so ƒ is bijective.
into function. Ans. (C)
x 2  3x  a 13. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-
Illustration 23 : Let ƒ(x) = , where UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTION:
x2  x 1
ƒ : R  R. Find the value of parameter 'a' so Let ƒ : A B & g : B C be two functions.
that the given function is one-one. Then the function goƒ : A C defined by
(goƒ)(x) = g(ƒ(x))  x A is called the
x 2  3x  a composite of the two functions ƒ & g.
Solution : ƒ(x) =
x2  x 1
Diagramatically    
 g (ƒ(x))
x ƒ(x)
ƒ g
ƒ'(x) = (x  x  1)(2 x  3)  (x  3x  a)(2 x  1)
2 2
(x  x  1) 2
2
Thus the image of every x A under the
2x 2  2x(1  a)  (3  a) function goƒ is the g-image of ƒ-image of x.

(x 2  x  1) 2 Note that goƒ is defined only if x A, ƒ(x)
Let, g(x) = –2x2 + 2x (1 – a) + (3 – a) is an element of the domain of ‘g’ so that we
can take its g-image.
g(x) will be negative if 4(1 – a)2 + 8 (3 – a) < 0
1 + a2 – 2a + 6 – 2a < 0  (a – 2)2 + 3 < 0 Properties of composite functions:
which is not possible. Therefore function is not (a) In general composite of functions is not
commutative i.e. goƒ ƒog.
monotonic.
Hence, no value of a is possible. (b) The composition of functions is associative
i.e. if ƒ, g, h are three functions such that
Do yourself -7 ƒo(goh) & (fog)oh are defined, then
(i) Is the function ƒ : N  N (the set of natural ƒo(goh) = (ƒog)oh.
numbers) defined by ƒ(x) = 2x + 3 surjective ? (c) The composition of two bijections is a
bijection i.e. if ƒ & g are two bijections
(ii) Let A = R – {3}, B = R – {1} and let ƒ : A  B
such that goƒ is defined, then goƒ is also a
x2
defined by ƒ(x)  . Check whether the bijection.
x3
function ƒ(x) is bijective or not. Illustration 24 :
1
If ƒ(x) = x2 + 1, g(x) = , then find
(iii) A mapping ƒ : A  [–1,1] defined by x 1
ƒ(x) = sinx,  x  R, where A is a subset of (ƒog)(x) and (goƒ)(x).
R (the set of all real numbers) is one-one Solution :
and onto if A is the interval, then A is Given, ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 ….(1)
belongs to 1
g(x) = …..(2)
   x 1
(A) [0, 2] (B)   , 
 2 2  1 
Now (ƒog) (x) = ƒ(g(x)) = ƒ   =
(C) [–] (D) [0, ]  x 1 
ƒ(z),
where z =
1  g (x)  1, g (x)  1
x 1 ƒ(g(x)) = 
2 g (x)  1, 1  g (x)  2
= z2 + 1 [ ƒ(x) = x2 + 1] Here, g(x) becomes the variable that
2 means we should draw the graph.
 1  1
=  1  1 It is clear that g(x)  1 ;
 x 1  (x  1)2
 x  [–1, 1] and 1 < g(x)  2 ;
Note : Domain of ƒog(x) is x  R – {1}
 x  (1, 2]
2
(goƒ)(x) = g(ƒ(x)) = g(x + 1) = g(u),  x 2  1, 1  x  1
where u = x2 +1  ƒ(g(x)) =  2
2x  1, 1  x  2
1 1 1
=  2  2
u 1 x  1 1 x
Note : Domain if goƒ(x) is x  R – {0}
Illustration 25 :
If ƒ be the greatest integer function and
g be the modulus function, then
 5  5
(goƒ)     (ƒog )    
 3  3
(A) 1 (B) – 1 Illustration 27 :
(C) 2 (D) 4 Find the domain and range of
Solution : h(x) = g(ƒ(x)), where
Given  [x], 2  x  1
ƒ(x) =  and
 5  5 | x | 1, 1  x  2
(goƒ)     (ƒog )    =
 3  3
 [x],   x  0
  5     5   g(x) =  , [.] denotes
g ƒ     ƒ  g    sin x, 0  x  
  3    3  the greatest integer function.
 5 Solution :
= g(–2) – ƒ   = 2 – 1 = 1
 3   ƒ(x) ,   ƒ(x)  0
h(x) = g(ƒ(x)) = 
sin(ƒ(x)), 0  ƒ(x)  
Ans.(A)
Illustration 26 :
From graph of f(x), we get
 x  1, x 1
Let ƒ(x) =  and  [x] , 2  x  1
2 x  1, 1  x  2 h(x) = 
sin(| x | 1), 1  x  2
 x 2 , 1  x  2
g(x) =  , find (ƒog)  Domain of h(x) is [–2, 2]
 x  2, 2  x  3 and Range of h(x) is
Solution : {–2, –1}  [sin3, 1]
(d) If ƒ & g are two bijections ƒ : A B,
g : B C then the inverse of goƒ exists
and (goƒ)–1 = ƒ –1og–1.
(e) Since ƒ(a) = b if and only if ƒ–1(b) = a,
the point (a, b) is on the graph of ‘ƒ’ if
and only if the point (b, a) is on the
graph of ƒ–1. But we get the point (b, a)
from (a, b) by reflecting about the line
Do yourself -8 : y = x.
(i) ƒ(x) = x3 – x & g(x) = sin 2x, find
(a) ƒ(ƒ(1)) (b) ƒ(ƒ(–1))
       
(c) ƒ  g    (d) ƒ  g   
  2    4 
   
(c) g(ƒ(1)) (f) g  g   
  2 
 x  1; 0  x  2
(ii) If ƒ(x) =  , then find
 | x |; 2  x  3
ƒog(x).
14. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :

Let ƒ : A B be a one-one & onto
function, then there exists a unique
function g : B  A such that ƒ(x) = y
 g(y) = x, x  A & y  B. Then g
is said to be inverse of ƒ.
Thus g = ƒ–1 : B  A = {(ƒ(x), x))|(x,
ƒ(x))  ƒ}.
Properties of inverse function :
(a) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(b) If ƒ : A B is a bijection & g : B  A
is the inverse of ƒ, then ƒog = IB and
goƒ = IA, where IA & IB are identity
functions on the sets A & B
respectively. If ƒoƒ = I, then ƒ is inverse The graph of ƒ–1 is obtained by
of itself. reflecting the graph of ƒ about the line
(c) The inverse of a bijection is also a y = x.
bijection.
Drawing the graph of y = ƒ–1(x) from (b) Onto :
the known graph of y = ƒ(x) As x tends to larger and larger values so
For drawing the graph of y = ƒ–1(x) take does ƒ(x) and
the reflection of y = ƒ(x) about the line when x  ƒ(x) 
y = x. The reflected part would give us Similarly as x , ƒ(x)  i.e.
the graph of y = ƒ–1(x). < ƒ(x) <  so long as x  ()
e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin–1x. Hence the range of ƒ is same as the set
We know that y = ƒ(x) = sinx is R. Therefore ƒ(x) is onto.
invertible if Since ƒ(x) is both one-one and onto,
   ƒ(x) is invertible.
ƒ :   ,   [1,1]
 2 2 (c) To find ƒ–1(x) : Interchange x & y
 then inverse mapping would
e y  e y
   = x  e2y – 2xey – 1 = 0
ƒ–1 : [–1, 1]    ,  . 2
 2 2
2x  4x 2  4
 ey = ey = x ± 1  x 2
2
Since ey > 0, hence negative sign is
ruled out and
Hence ey = x  1  x 2
Taking logarithm, we have y = n(x 
1  x 2 ) or ƒ–1(x) = n(x  1  x 2 )
Illustration 29 :
Find the inverse of the function ƒ(x) =
Illustration 28 :
Let ƒ : R  R be defined by ƒ(x) = (ex –

loga x  x 2

 1 ; a > 1 and assuming
it to be an onto function.
e–x)/2. Is ƒ(x) invertible ? If so, find its
Solution :
inverse.
Solution : Given ƒ(x) = loga x  x  1
2
 
Let us check for invertibility of ƒ(x) :
log a e
(a) One-One :  ƒ'(x) = 0
(1  x 2 )
ƒ(x) =  e x  e x 
1
2 which is a strictly increasing functions.
Thus, ƒ(x) is injective, given that ƒ(x) is
ƒ'(x) =  e x  e x 
1

2 onto. Hence the given function ƒ(x) is
 ƒ'(x) > 0, ƒ(x) is increasing function invertible. Interchanging x & y
 ƒ(x) is one-one function.
 
loga y   y
2
1  x  15. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :
Consider a function ƒ(x) such that both
 y+ (y)2  1  a x ……(i) x and –x are in its domain then
If
and (y)2  1  y  a  x ……(ii)  ƒ( x)  ƒ(x) then ƒ is said to be an even function

1 x  ƒ(  x)  ƒ(x) then ƒ is said to be an odd function
From (i) and (ii), we get y = (a – a–x)
2 Note :
1 x –x (i) ƒ(x)  ƒ(x) = 0 ƒ(x) is even &
or ƒ–1(x) = (a – a )
2 ƒ(x) + ƒ(x) = 0  ƒ(x) is odd.
Illustration 30 : (ii) A function may neither be odd nor
Find the inverse of the function even.
ƒ(x) = n(x2 + 3x + 1); x  [1, 3] and (iii) The only function which is defined on
the entire number line & is even and
assuming it to be an onto function.
odd at the same time is ƒ(x) = 0.
Solution :
(iv) Every constant function is even
Given ƒ(x) = n(x2 + 3x + 1) function.
2x  3 (v) Inverse of an even function is not
 ƒ'(x) = > 0  x  [1, 3]
(x  3x  1)
2 defined.
Which is a strictly increasing function. (vi) Every even function is symmetric about
Thus ƒ(x) is injective, given that ƒ(x) is the y-axis & every odd function is
onto. Hence the given function ƒ(x) is symmetric about the origin.
invertible. Special Note : If a function ƒ(x) is
Interchanging x & y defined as ƒ(a + x) = ƒ(a – x) then this
 (y)2 + 3(y) + 1 – ex = 0 function is symmetric about line x = a
(vii) Every function which has '–x' in it's
3  9  4.1  e x  domain whenever 'x' is in it's domain,
 y=
2 can be expressed as the sum of an even
3  5  4e  x & an odd function.
= ƒ(x)  ƒ(  x) ƒ(x)  ƒ(  x)
2 i.e. ƒ(x) = 
2
  2 
3  5  4e  x EVEN ODD
 y= (as y  [1, 3]) (viii) If ƒ(x) is odd and defined at x = 0. Then

2
ƒ(0) = 0.
–1
3  5  4e 
x
Hence f (x) =
2
Do yourself -9 :
(i) Let ƒ : [–1, 1]  [–1, 1] defined by
ƒ(x) = x|x|, find ƒ–1(x).
(ii) ƒ(x) = 1 + n(x + 2), find ƒ–1(x).
ƒ(x) g(x) ƒ(x) + g(x) ƒ(x) – g(x) ƒ(x) . g(x) ƒ(x) / g(x) (goƒ)(x) (ƒog)(x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
Illustration 31 : x x x x
=x+  1  x   1  ƒ(x)
Which of the following functions is e 1 2
x
e 1 2
(are) even, odd or neither : Hence ƒ(x) is an even function.
(i) ƒ(x) = x2sinx (ii) ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y) for all x, y  R
(ii) ƒ(x) = sinx – cosx Replacing x, y by zero, we get
ex  e x ƒ(0) = 2ƒ(0)
(iii) ƒ(x) =  ƒ(0) = 0
2
Solution : Replacing y by –x, we get
(i) ƒ(–x) = (–x)2 sin(–x) = –x2 sinx = –ƒ(x). ƒ(x) + ƒ(–x) = ƒ(0) = 0
Hence ƒ(x) is odd.  ƒ(x) = –f(–x)
(ii) ƒ(–x) = sin(–x) – cos(–x) = –sinx – Hence ƒ(x) is an odd function.
cosx. Do yourself -10 :
Hence ƒ(x) is neither even nor odd. (i) Which of the following functions is
e x  e (  x) e x  ex (are) even, odd or neither :
(iii) ƒ(–x) =   ƒ(x)
2 2 (a) ƒ(x) = x3sin3x
Hence ƒ(x) even ex  e x
2 2
(b) ƒ(x) =
Illustration 32 : 2x
Identify the given functions as odd, ex  e x
(c) ƒ(x) = x  x
even or neither : e e
(i) ƒ(x) = x
x x
 1 (d) ƒ(x) = x2 + 2x
e 1 2
(ii) ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y) for all x, y  R 16. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
Solution : A function ƒ(x) is called periodic if
x x there exists a positive number T (T > 0),
(i) ƒ(x) = x  1
e 1 2 where T is the smallest such value
Clearly domain of ƒ(x) is R ~ {0}. We called the period of the function such
have, that ƒ(x + T) = ƒ(x), for all values of x,
x x ex .x x x + T within the domain of ƒ.
ƒ(–x) =  x   1   1
e 1 2 1  ex 2 Note :
(e  1  1) x x
x (i) Odd powers of sinx, cosx, secx, cosecx
  1
(e x  1) 2 are periodic with period 2.
(ii) Non zero integral powers of tanx, cotx | sinx  cosx |
(iii) ƒ(x) =
are periodic with period . | sinx |  | cosx |
(iii) Non zero even powers or modulus of 
(iv) ƒ(x) = tan [x]
sinx, cosx, secx, cosecx are periodic with 2
period . (v) ƒ(x) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx)
(iv) ƒ(T) = ƒ(0) = ƒ(T) , where ‘T’ is the (1  sinx)(1  sec x)
(vi) ƒ(x) =
period. (1  cosx)(1  cosecx)
(v) If ƒ(x) has a period T then ƒ(ax + b) (vii) ƒ(x) = ex[x]cosx|cos2x|........cosn
has a period T/|a|(a  0). Solution :
Proof : Let ƒ(x + T) = ƒ(x) and ƒ[a(x +
ƒ(x) = e
n(sinx)
(i) + tan3x – cosec(3x – 5)
T') + b] = ƒ(ax + b)
ƒ(ax + b + aT') = ƒ(ax + b) Period of e
nsinx
= 2, tan3x = 
ƒ(y + aT') = ƒ(y) = ƒ(y + T)
2
T cosec(3x – 5) =
 T = aT'  T' = 3
a
 Period = 2
(vi) If ƒ(x) & g(x) are periodic with period T1
(ii) ƒ(x) = x – [x – b] = b + {x – b}
& T2 respectively, then period of ƒ(x) ±
g(x) is  Period = 1
L.C.M. of (T1, T2). | sinx  cosx |
(iii) ƒ(x) =
(a) LCM of T1 & T2 is defined when T1/T2 | sinx |  | cosx |
is rational. Since period of |sinx + cosx| =  and

 a p  LCM of (a, p) period of |sinx| + |cosx| is . Hence
(b) LCM of  ,   2
 b q  HCF of (b, q)
ƒ(x) is periodic with  as its period
In case if there exists a finite K such

that K < LCM of T1 and T2 and overall (iv) ƒ(x) = tan [x]
2
function repeats itself after every K,  
then period of the function will be K. tan [x + T] = tan [x]
2 2
(vii) Every constant function is always  
periodic, whose period is undefined.  [x + T] = n + [x]
2 2
(viii) Inverse of a periodic function does not  T=2  Period = 2
exist. (v) Let ƒ(x) is periodic then ƒ(x + T) = ƒ(x)
Illustration 33 :  cos(sin(x + T)) + cos(cos(x + T)) =
Find the periods (if periodic) of the cos(sinx) + cos(cosx)
following function, where [.] denote the If x = 0 then cos(sinT) + cos(cosT)
greatest integer function    
n(sinx) = cos(0) + cos(1) = cos  cos  + cos  sin 
 2  2
3
(i) ƒ(x) = e + tan x – cosec(3x – 5)

(ii) ƒ(x) = x – [x – b], b  R On comparing T =
2
(1  sinx)(1  secx)  L.C.M. of two different kinds of
(vi) ƒ(x) =
(1  cos x)(1  cosecx) irrational number does not exist.
(1  sin x)(1  cosx)sinx 
 not periodic.
cos x(1  sinx)(1  cosx) x 2
 ƒ(x) = tanx (iii) Period of sin  2 3
3 / 3
Hence ƒ(x) has period . x 2
(vii) ƒ(x) = ex[x]  |cosx| cos2x|........|cosn Period of cos  4 3
2 3 /2 3
Period of x – [x] = 1
 L.C.M. of two similar irrational number
Period of |cosx| = 1
1 exist.
Period of |cos2x| =
2  Periodic with period = 4 3
……………………….. Ans.
1
Period of |cosnx| =
n Do yourself -11 :
So period of ƒ(x) will be L.C.M. of all (i) Find the periods (if periodic) of the
period = 1 following functions.
Illustration 34 : (a) ƒ(x) = n(cosx) + tan3x.
Find the periods (if periodic) of the (b) ƒ(x) = ex–[x], [.] denotes greatest integer
following functions, where [.] denotes function
the greatest integer function x x
(i) ƒ(x) = ex–[x] + sinx (c) ƒ(x) = sin  cos
2 2
x x
(ii) ƒ(x) = sin  cos
2 3 17. GENERAL :
x x If x, y are independent variables, then :
(iii) ƒ(x) = sin  cos
3 2 3 (a) ƒ(xy) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)  ƒ(x) = kn x
Solution :
(b) ƒ(xy) = ƒ(x) . ƒ(y)  ƒ(x) = xn, n  R
(i) Period of ex–[x] = 1
or ƒ(x) = 0
Period of sinx = 2
(c) ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) . ƒ(y)  ƒ(x) = akx or
 L.C.M. of rational and an irrational ƒ(x) = 0
number does not exist. (d) ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)  ƒ(x) = kx,
 not periodic. where k is a constant.
x 2
(ii) Period of sin  2 2
2 / 2
x 2
Period of cos  2 3
3 / 3
Miscellaneous Illustration :
Illustration 35 :
ABCD is a square of side . A line
parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance
'x' from the vertex A cuts two adjacent
sides. Express the area of the segment of
the square with A at a vertex, as a
function of x. Find this area at x = 1/ 2
and at x = 2, when  = 2.  2 
 x , 0x
 2
Solution : s(x) =  ;
2 2x  x 2   2 , 
There are two different situations  x  2

 2

Case-I : when x = AP  OA, i.e., x  1 1
2  2 at x 
area of s(x) =  2
1
x.2x = x2 8( 2  1) at x  2
ar(AEF) = 
2
Ans.
( PE = PF = PA = x)
Illustration 36 :
If the function ƒ(x) satisfies the
functional rule, ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y) 
m
x, y  R & ƒ(1) = 5, then find  ƒ(n)
n 1
Solution :
Here, ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y);
put x = t – 1, y = 1
 ƒ(t) = ƒ(t – 1) + ƒ(1) ....(1)
Case-II : when x = AP > OA, i.e., x > but
2  ƒ(t) = ƒ(t – 1) + 5
x  2  ƒ(t) = {ƒ(t – 2) + 5} + 5
ar(ABEFDA) = ar(ABCD) – ar(CFE)  ƒ(t) = ƒ(t – 2) + 2(5)
= 2 
1
2
  
2  x .2 2  x   ƒ(t) = ƒ(t – 3) + 3(5)
.............................
[CP = 2  x ] .............................
 ƒ(t) = ƒ{t – (t –1)} + (t – 1)5
 
= 2  22  x 2  2 2x  2 2x  x 2  2
 ƒ(t) = ƒ(1)+ (t – 1)5
 the required function s(x) is as follows :  ƒ(t) = 5 + (t – 1)5
 ƒ(t) = 5t
m m
7: (i) not onto (ii) yes (iii) B
  ƒ(n)   (5n) = 5[1  2 + 3 + ..... +
n 1 n 1
5m(m 1) 8: (i) (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0

m] = (d) 0 (e) 0 (f) 0
2
m
5m(m 1)  x  2, 0  x  1
Hence,  ƒ(n) 
n 1 2
. (ii) 
 x  1, 1  x  2
 x, 2x3

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF 
  x , 1  x  0
1: (i) (a) x  (0, ) 9: (i) ƒ–1(x) = 

 x, 0  x 1
(b) x  (– , 0)  (4, )
(ii) y = –2 + ex–1
1 
(ii) (a)  ,   (b) [–1, 1]
2  10: (i) (a) even (b) odd (c) odd
(c) [–2, 2] (d) [–1, 1] (d) neither even nor odd
2: (i) (A)  (p, q, r, s), (B)  (p), (C)  11. (i) (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 
(t), (D)  (r)
3: (i) (a) (–1,0)  (0,1]
 1
(b)  ,    (0,1)  (2, )
 2
1 
(ii) (a) (–,) (b)  ,1
3 
4: (i) (a) no (b) no (c) yes
 1
5: (i) 0, 2  (ii) A
1 1
(iii) (a) y = (b) y =
x x2
6: (i)
(ii)
2019
100 Percentile 99.99 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.96 Percentile 99.96 Percentile
HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SARTHAK ROUT VIBHAV AGGARWAL RITVIK GUPTA BHAVYA JAIN AYUSH PATTNAIK SAYANTAN DHAR
2019 (*SDCCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP)

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AIR-1 AIR-3 AIR-6 AIR-8

JEE MAIN RESULTS 2020 (January Attempt) OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION

JEE ADVANCED RESULTS OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION

AIR-10 AIR-12 AIR-23 AIR-24 AIR-37 AIR-42 AIR-66 AIR-98

AIR-20 AIR-27 AIR-32 AIR-61 AIR-67 AIR-78 AIR-61 AIR-91

AIR-2 AIR-19 AIR-33 AIR-48 AIR-51 AIR-53 AIR-86

equation of the form P0(x)yn + P1(x)yn–1

(iv) Cosecant function

Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2

(v) Secant function

Domain : R – {x|x = (2n + 1)

Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2

(vi) Cotangent function

Domain : R – {x|x = n, n  I}

(g) Signum Function :

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/x ; x  0

Note-1 : ƒ(x) = a1/x, a > 0 Domain : R

Domain : R – {0} Range : {–1, 0, 1}

= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447

(i) Fractional part function :

Illustration 3 : If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x – 2] + 5,

x > 4 and  5, (x – 3) (x – 8) > 0

It is obvious that domain of ƒ(x) and ƒ(x) + b

The corresponding point on ƒ(x) + b would the known graph of y = ƒ(x)

It is clear that the corresponding points

Illustration 17 : Draw the graph of y = |e|x| – 2|

Many-one function (not injective) :

Illustration 18 : Draw the graph of

Note that : if range is same as co-domain,

Illustration 22 : Let ƒ : R  R be a function

range = co-domain. ƒ'(x) = 6(x  1)2  6  (3sinx  4cosx)

14. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :

 y= (as y  [1, 3]) (viii) If ƒ(x) is odd and defined at x = 0. Then

5m(m 1) 8: (i) (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0

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