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. wyali o r T q l i s e b u r mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba iyos molekulis H2O saxiT haerSi, romelic avsebs
dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos qanebis wyliT gaujerebel zonas (aeraciis zonaSi) da maRaltemperaturul
(>1000C) zonebSi, gansakuTrebiT dabali wnevis ubnebSi aeraciis zonaSi wylis orTqli SeiZleba moxvdes
haeridan an miwisqveSa wylebis (gruntis wylebis) zedapiridan aorTqlebis Sedegad. haeris tenianobisa da
temperaturis mixedviT orTqlis moZraoba xdeba maRali simkvrivis mqone zonidan dabali simkvrivis
mqone zonebisken. T a v i s u f a l i (gravitaciuli) wyali ewodeba iseT miwisqveSa wyals, romelsac SeuZlia
imoZraos simZimis Zalis an hidrostatikuri wnevis zegavleniT. aq SeiZleba gamoiyos ubnebi (zonebi),
sadac miwisqveSa wylebi gansxvavebulad moZraoben; gaujerebel zonaSi (aeraciis zona) zevidan qveviT
simZimis Zalis zegavleniT xdeba wylis wveTebis gadanacvleba (gafiltvra); gajerebul zonaSi Tavisufali
zedapiris mqone wylebi moZraoben zedapiris daxris mixedviT, xolo wneviani zedapiris mqone wylebi –
hidrostatikuri wnevis zegavleniT. z e k r i t i k u l mdgomareobaSi miwisqveSa wylebi imyofebian kritikuli
temperaturis (3740C) da wnevis (218 atm.) zeviT (naxazi #1). maRali marilianobis mqone miwisqveSa
wylebisTvis (marilwylebi) es parametrebi sagrZnoblad izrdeba. kritikuli temperaturis da wnevis zeviT
wylis simkvrive uaxlovdeba 1-s, xolo misi molekulis (H2O) siCqare gazis siCqares, e. i. am momentSi
siTxesa da gazs Soris sxvaoba iSleba (hidrogeologiis safuZvlebi, t. 1, 1980). wyali d a k a v S i r e b u l
mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mineralis nawilakis zedapirze, ise minarelis SedgenilobaSi.
mineralis nawilakis zedapirze eleqtrostatikuri an molekuluri ZalebiT, agreTve, forSi an napralSi wylis
zedapiruli daWimulobis ZalebiT Sekavebul wyals fizikurad dakavSirebuli wyali ewodeba. fizikurad
dakavSirebuli wyali, Tavis mxriv, kidev iyofa mtkiced dakavSirebulad, osmosurad da kapilarulad
N3
1) მიწისქვეშა წყლების გენეტური დაყოფა და ზონალობა;
, miwisqveSa hidrosfero mdebareobs zedapiruli da siRrmuli faqtorebis moqmedebis areSi, ris gamoc
miwisqveSa wylebi SeiZleba daiyos e g z o g e n u r, zedapiridan moxvedril da e n d o g e n ur, siRrmidan
(magmidan an mantiidan) SemoWril, saxeobebad (jgufebad) (a. karcevi da sxv. 1971, e. pinekeri, 1977).
am jgufebs Tavis dros e. ziusi (1902) moixseniebda, rogorc v a d o z u r s da i u v e n u rs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom iuvenuri miwisqveSa wylebis raodenoba miwisqveSa hidrosferos saerTo balansSi, dedamiwis
ganviTarebis am etapze, SedarebiT umniSvneloa. egzogenuri da endogenuri wylebi, Tavis mxriv, wylis
saerTo mimoqcevaSi maTi monawileobis mixedviT warmoqmnian oTx genetur tips: infiltraciuls,
sedimentaciurs, metamorfogenuls da magmurs. hidrogeologiur rezervuarebSi wylis moxvedris
Taviseburebis mixedviT ki es tipebi iyofa sxvadasxva genetur saxeobebad (nax. #3). miwisqveSa wylebis
warmodgenili geneturi klasifikaciis sqema Seicavs mxolod ZiriTad klasebs. aq ar ganixileba organuli
warmoSobis wylebi da sxva SedarebiT umniSvnelo saxeobebi.
3) მიწისქვეშა წყლების ჰიდროგეოდინამიკური და ჰიდროგეოქიმიური
ზონალობა.
hidrodinamikuri zonaloba gamoixateba zevidan qveviT wyalmimocvlis tempis cvalebadobaSi – zeda,
saSualo da qveda zonebSi. zeda intensiuri (aqtiuri) wyalcvlis zona – moicavs Zlier danapralianebul
qanebs, sadac miwisqveSa wylebi moZraobs didi siCqariT. am zonis drenaJi Tavisufalia. Semdeg modis
gaZnelebuli (Senelebuli) wyalcvlis zona, sadac napralianobis intensiurobis SemcirebasTan erTad
miwisqveSa wylebis moZraobis siCqare Senelebulia, drenaJis mniSvneloba Semcirebulia. qveviT modis
danaleqi safaris yvelaze Rrma nawili, sadac drenaJi TiTqmis ar igrZnoba, miwisqveSa wylebis ganaxleba
sdeba geologiur droSi. amitom qveda zonas ewodeba Zlier gaZnelebuli wyalcvlis zona. TiToeul zonaSi
miwisqveSa wylebis ganaxlebis tempi sakmaod gansxvavebulia: I zonisTvis is Seadgens aseul wels; II
zonisTvis – aTeul da aseul aTas wels; III zonisTvis – milion wels.
aRniSnuli zonaloba ufro TvalnaTelia hidrogeoqimiuri TvalsazrisiT, rodesac normaluri Wrilis SemTxvevaSi
zevidan qveviT mrknari (1g/l) hidrokarbonatuli kalciumiani wylebi icvleba Sereuli qimiuri Sedgenilobis
mariliani (1-35g/l) wylebiT, xolo Semdeg qloriduli natriumiani da qloriduli kalciumiani marilwylebiT
N4
1) ქანების ფორიანობა;
qanebSi arsebul sicarieleebs, romlebic SeiZleba iyos marcvlebs (nawilakebs) Soris, mineralize ConCxSi an
napralebSi, f o r i a n o b a ewodeba. qanis forebis saerTo moculobis fardobas qanis saerTo
moculobasTan forianobis koeficienti ewodeba vf n f= --- 100% (4.1) v sadac n f – forianobis koeficienti; vf
– forebis saerTo moculoba; v – qanis saerTo moculobaa. qanebis genezisisa da Semdgomi epigeneturi
gardaqmnebis Sedegad maTSi sicarieleebi SeiZleba iyos urTierTkavSirSi an izolirebuli. am TvalsazrisiT
ganasxvaveben daxurul da Ria forianobas, rasac miwisqveSa wylebis moZraobis TvalsazrisiT
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. vinaidan forebSi ama Tu im raodenobiT yovelTvis aris fizikurad
dakavSirebuli wylebi, romlebic ar monawileoben wylebis gravitaciul moZraobaSi, ganasxvaveben e. w.
efeqtur forianobas (nef), romelic ganisazRvreba gravitaciuli wylebis gamtari forianobis saerTo mocuobis
fardobiT qanis (nimuSis) mTlian moculobasTan. damokidebuleba saerTo (n f), Ria (n0) da efeqtur (nef)
forianobebs Soris aseTia: n f > n0 > nef (4.2) Ria da efeqtur forianobas Soris sxvaoba didad aris
damokidebuli sicarielis zomaze. sicarielis (foris) diametris (d) an napralis zomis (l) mixedviT arCeven sami
saxis forianobas. qanebis sicarielis saxeebi maT diametrze damokidebulebis mixedviT
sicarieleebis formis mixedviT arCeven forovan, napralovan, Rrulovan da gardamavali (forovan-
napralovani) formis qanebs, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebulia maT genezisze da Semdgom epigenetur
gardaqmnebze. f o r o v a n i ewodeba iseT qans, romelsac aqvs izometriuli formis sicarieleebi (pirobiTad
1,0 mm-ze mcire diametris). qanis forianoba geneturad SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos: danaleqi qanis
marcvlebs Soris sivrcesTan, mineralebs Soris darCenil sivrcesTan, magmuri qanebis gacivebiT gamowveul
moculobiT SemcirebasTan, qanebis epigenetur gardaqmnasTan da sxv.
2) · ქანების ტენტევადობა და შეღწევადობა;
qanis Tvisebas gaataros wyali (an sxva siTxe) simZimis Zalis an wneviTi gradientis zegavleniT
SeRwevadoba ewodeba. wyalSeRwevadoba ki aris qanis filtraciuli Tviseba da xasiaTdeba e. w. filtraciis
koeficientiT (K). filtraciis koeficientis sidide damokidebulia qanis (forianoba) da siTxis (siblante da
simkvrive) Tvisebebze. SeRwevadoba xasiaTdeba SeRwevadobis koeficientiT (KS), romelic filtraciis
koeficientTan Semdeg damokidebulebaSia:
sadac µ - siTxis dinamikuri siblante, V – wylis moculobiTi wona, g – simZimis Zalis aCqareba, p – siTxis
simkvrive, ν – siblantis kinematikuri koeficienti (gaviCi, 1988). SeRwevadobis koeficientis ganzomilebaa
m2 , im pirobiT Tu /K/=m/dR.R, /ν/=m 2 /wm da /g/=m/wm2 . hidrogeologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT navTobis
hidrogeologiaSi, qanebis SeRwevadobis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben agreTve darsis erTeuls. darsis
erTeulad miRebulia SeRwevadoba, romlis drosac qanis (nimuSis) 1 sm2 ganivkveTSi 1 smze, 1 atm
wnevis dros siTxis xarji aris 1 sm3 . qanebi xasiaTdeba sakmaod gansxvavebuli SeRwevadobiT, rac pirvel
yovlisa maT genezisze da mdgomareobaze aris damokidebuli (cxrili #6). rogorc #6 cxrilidan Cans, qanebi
SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes Zalian kargi da kargi SeRwevadobiT (KS=10 da meti d), naxevradSeRwevadobiT
(10-0.1 d) da praqtikulad SeuRwevadi TvisebiT. SeRwevad qanebs miekuTvnebian qviSebi, qviSaqvebi,
dakarstuli da danapralianebuli qanebi. naxevradSeRwevad qanebs miekuTvnebian qviSian-Tixiani
dauxarusxebeli qanebi. praqtikulad SeuRwevad qanebs warmoadgens subkapilaruli da kapilaruli qanebi,
Tixebi, argilitebi, agreTve mtkice kldovani (fiqlebi, granitebi da sxv.) qanebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTod
SeuRwevadi qanebi ar arsebobs. cnobilia, rom garkveul Termodinamikur da hidrogeologiur pirobebSi
(did siRrmeSi) Tixebic ki atareben wyals.
3) · ქანების ეფექტური ფორიანობა, მაქსიმალური ტენიანობა.
vinaidan forebSi ama Tu im raodenobiT yovelTvis aris fizikurad dakavSirebuli wylebi, romlebic ar
monawileoben wylebis gravitaciul moZraobaSi, ganasxvaveben e. w. efeqtur forianobas (nef), romelic
ganisazRvreba gravitaciuli wylebis gamtari forianobis saerTo mocuobis fardobiT qanis (nimuSis) mTlian
moculobasTan. damokidebuleba saerTo (n f), Ria (n0) da efeqtur (nef) forianobebs Soris aseTia: n
qanebSi ama Tu im raodenobiT yovelTvis aris Tavisufali sivrce, romelic SeiZleba daikavos wyalma, gazma
da navTobma. qanebis Tvisebas, Seicavdes wyals, ewodeba tenSemcveloba. misgan gansxvavebiT qanis
tenianoba gamoixateba tenis moculobis (an wonis) SefardebiT qanis moculobasTan (an wonasTan)
qanis wyliT sruli gajerebis dros (Tu masSi ar aris haeri an gazi) wylis moculoba qanSi arsebuli sicarielis
tolia (µ=ω0- ωu). qanis tenSemcvelobas ZiriTadad axasiaTeben sruli tenianobis dros masSi Semavali
gravitaciuli wylis raodenobiT, romelic gamoiTvleba am wylis moculobis (an wonis) mSral qanTan
SefardebiT da ewodeba wyalgacemis koeficienti (µ). wyalgacema aseve SeiZleba gamoiTvalos sruli
tenSemcvelobisa da umciresi tenSemcvelobis sxvaobiT (µ=ω0- ωu). qanis wyalgacema damokidebulia
forianobis xasiaTze da ramdenadac didia efeqturi forianoba, miT metia wyalgacema da piriqiT, kapilaruli
forianobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi klebulobs qanis wyalgacemis xarisxi.
N5
1) მიწისქვეშა წყლების ფერი, სუნი, გემო, სიმკვრივე;
wylis fizikuri Tvisebebi (gamWvirvaloba, feri, suni, gemo, temperatura, simkvrive, siblante,
eleqtrogamtaroba da radioaqtiuroba) misi xarisxis Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia. g a m W v i r
v a l o b a. wylis gamWvirvaloba damokidebulia masSi arsebuli ativnarebuli nivTierebebis raodenobaze.
miwisqveSa wylebSi, rogorc cnobilia, ativnarebuli nivTierebebi iSviaTad arsebobs (isic zedapirul
wylebTan siaxlovis SemTxvevaSi). wylis gamWvirvalobas Cveulebrivad zomaven dagraduirebuli
brtyelZiriani manzuris daxmarebiT da gansazRvraven svetis simaRliT (sm), romlis drosac SesaZlebelia
menzuris qveS moTavsebuli standartuli Sriftis wakiTxva. gamWvirvaloba ufro zustad SeiZleba gaizomos
fotometrulad standartul etalonur suspenziasTan Sedarebis gziT. sasmel-sameurneo wyalmomaragebis
miznisaTvis saWiro wyali unda akmayofilebdes pirobebs: gamWvirvaloba Sriftis mixedviT 30 sm-ze meti
da standartul Skalaze ara umetes 1.5 mg/l. f e r i. miwisqveSa wylebi Cveulebriv uferoa. wyals SeiZleba
feri misces masSi Semavalma organulma an qimiurma nivTierebebma da gazebma. wyals moyviTalo ruxi
feri SeiZleba misces humusis mJavam, momwvano-mowiTalo mikroorganizmebma (wyalmcenareebma),
momwvanomocisfro – rkinis Jangma da gogirdwyalbadma da a. S. wylis feri ganisazRvreba fotometrulad,
gradusebSi, specialuri xsnarebiT damzadebul Skalaze. s u n i da g e m o. wylis suni da gemo
damokidebulia masSi Semavali gazebis, qimiuri da organuli (maT Soris cocxali) nivTierebebis
Semcvelobaze. misi Sefaseba ZiriTadad warmoebs SegrZnebiT (ynosviT da gemos gasinjviT) Cveulebrivi
temperaturis (200C) dros da fasdeba xuTbaliani sistemiT (0 – ar aqvs, 1-2 – Zlier susti, 3 – susti, 4-5 –
sagrZnobi da Zlieri). wyals SeiZleba arasasiamovno (laye kvercxis) suni misces gogirdwyalbadis mcire (1
mg/l) raodenobamac ki. hidrokarbonatis didi Semcveloba, gansakuTrebiT kalciumTan da magniumTan
erTad, agreTve Tavisufali naxSirmJavas Semcveloba wyals aZlevs sasiamovno gemos. natrium-qloris
gazrdili Semcveloba (500 mg/l) wyals aZlevs motkbo gemos, xolo gadametebuli Semcveloba - momlaSo
gemos, sulfatis gazrdili (>500 mg/l) Semcveloba - momwaro gemos. sunis da gemos aRniSnuli
parametrebi ar arian toksikuri maCveneblebi, magram mainc gasaTvaliswinebelia wylis xarisxis Sefasebis
normebSi.
s i m k v r i v e. sufTa wylis simkvrive 40C temperaturaze erTis (0.99797 g/sm3 ) tolia. miwisqveSa
wylebis simkvrive icvleba 1.0-dan 1.5- mde da damokidebulia temperaturaze, wnevaze da wyalSi gaxsnil
nivTierebebsa da gazze.
miwisqveSa wylebis moZraobis ZiriTadi saxeebia – filtracia, orTqlis gadatana da migracia. miwisqveSa
wylebis f i l t r a c i a ZiriTadad ganixilavs wylebis moZraobas gajerebis zonaSi, sadac filtraciis ZiriTad
mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens hidrostatikuri dawneva H, xolo dawneviT horizontebSi – wylisa da
fenis drekadi Zalebi, romlebic fenis wnevis (P) cvalebadobiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli. mineralizebuli
miwisqveSa wylebis SemTxvevaSi qanebSi maT mamoZravebel Zalad, iseve rogorc fluidebis an navTobisa
da gazis moZraobisas, miCneulia dayvanili dawneva an dayvanili wneva. o r T q l i s g a d a t a n a
ZiriTadad xorcieldeba aeraciis zonaSi, sadac paralelurad mimdinareobs wylis infiltraciuli, kapilaruli,
afskurida sxva saxis moZraobani. radgan aeraciis zona xasiaTdebaarasruli gajerebiT, amitom wylis
moZraoba ganisazRvreba mravali faqtoriT, romelTagan mniSvnelovania qanebis tenianoba. am
ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba aeraciis zonis ZiriTadi hidrofizikuri parametrebi da orTqlis gadatanis xasiaTi.
m i g r a c i a warmoadgens miwisqveSa wylebis moZraobis yvelaze zogad saxeobas, romlis drosac wylis
meqanikuri gadaadgilebis garda mimdinareobs wyalSi gaxsnili nivTierebebisa da dakavSirebuli wylis
fizikur-qimiuri gardaqmnis procesebi. migraciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa miwisqveSa wylebix k o n v
e q t u r i gadatana da hidrodispersia. amasTan, Tu pirvelSiwylis cvalebadoba (mineralizaciis, qimiuri
Sedgenilobis da sxv.) xdeba misi moZraobis zegavleniT, meoreSi – masTan erTad moZraobis wamyvan
Zalad gvevlineba gaxsnili nivTierebebis k o n c e n t r a c i i s gradienti. dedamiwis qerqis did siRrmeebSi
miwisqveSa wylebis moZraoba mimdinareobs aRniSnuuli Zalebisa da procesebis kompleqsuri
zemoqmedebiT, romelic Tavis mxriv garTulebulia maRali dawnevisa da temperaturis zegavleniT. did
siRrmeebSi aRniSnuli procesebis mimdinareobis Sedegad xdeba wylis gravitaciuli, fizikuri da qimiurad
dakavSirebuli saxeobebis gardaqmna da urTierTSi gadasvla.
filtraciis pirobebSi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala aris gravitaciis (simZimis) Zala, romelic gamoisaxeba
gravitaciuli potencialiT φ (wylis nakadis erTeuli moculobis gravitaciuli Zalis xvedriTi energia)
aqtiuri cirkulaciis zonaSi wylis moculobiTi wonis umniSvnelo cvalebadobis gamo SeiZleba gadavideT
hidrostatikur dawnevaze
romelsac aqvs sigrZis ganzomileba da axasiaTebs nakadis energiis potencials aRebul wertilSi. (5.2) –
gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad, hidrostatikuri dawneva Sedgeba dawnevis simaRlisgan (piezometruli
simaRlisgan) h=P/γ da ordinatisgan Z (manZili SerCeuli sibrtyidan), romelic gansazRvravs mdgomareobis
energias. nakadis kinetikuri energia xasiaTdeba dawnevis siCqaris sididiT. amrigad, wylis nakadis jamuri
energia, romelic pirvelad dadgenili iqna d. bernuli mier, ganisazRvreba hidrodinamikuri dawnevis sididiT:
moculobiTi wonis cvalebadobis SemTxvevaSi dawneva icvleba da silin-bekCurinis mixedviT is SeiZleba
warmodgenili iqnas dayvanili wnevis saxiT:
sadac γ0 – wylis moculobiTi wona safard sibrtyeze Z0. γ0 – pirobiTad iReben mtknari wylis moculobiT
wonas. filtraciis winaRobis fizikuri xasiaTis mixedviT arCeven dinebis or reJims – laminarulsa da
turbulenturs. laminaruli (Wavluri) reJimni SeimCneva dinebis mcire siCqareebis dros da mimdinareobs
hidravlikuri arevis gareSe. turbulentur reJims axasiaTebs Wavlis araTanabroba (mouwesrigebloba),
pulsacia, aqtiuri hidravlikuri dineba, rac miwisqveSaA wylebis nakadis Zlier didi siCqareebis dros xdeba.
sadac V – nakadis filtraciis siCqarea; Q - nakadis xarji; F - nakadis ganivkveTis farTobi. V – sidide ar
Seesatyviseba filtraciis WeSmarit siCqares, radgan misi gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli
gravitaciuli wylis gamtari farTobi. aseTi farTobi ki iqneba mxolod efeqturi forianobis farTobi (nef F), ris
gamoc nakadis filtraciis WeSmariti siCqare miiRebs Semdeg saxes: Q U = ------ (5.6) nef F
vinaidan miwisqveSa wylebis filtraciul nakads umetes SemTxvevaSi aqvs umniSvnelo siCqare, am dros
warmoqmnili hidrodinamikuri dawneva miCneulia hidrpstatikuri dawnevis eqvivalenturad. es saSualebas
iZleva gaangariSebisas gamoiricxos inerciis ZalebiT gamowveuli energia da ZiriTadad miCneuli iqnas
moZraobis laminaruli reJimi, romlis drosac filtraciis siCqaresa da dawnevis gradients Soris arsebobs
wrfivi damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba, romelic pirvelad daadgina frangma mecnierma a.
darsim (1856), misi kanonis saxels atarebs filtraciis siCqaris formulis (5.5) gamoyenebiT darsis kanoni
SeiZleba warmovidginoT: V = KJ (5.8) saidanac kargad Cans, rom filtraciis koeficients aqvs filtraciis
siCqaris ganzomileba (m/dR.R) da erTeuli dawneviTi gradientis (J=1) dros ricxobrivad misi tolia. darsis
kanons aqvs gamoyenebis farTo diapazoni, magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac es kanoni irRveva.
kanonis gamoyenebis zeda sazRvari aRiniSneba kargi SeRwevadobis qanebSi filtraciis didi siCqareebis
dros. darRveva dakavSirebulia inerciis Zalebis sagrZnobi gamovlenisas. filtraciis ZiriTadi kanoni
ganzogadoebuli saxiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegi orwevriani damokidebulebiT: J=aV+bV2=V/K(1+αV)
(5.9) romelic pirvelad SemoTavazebuli iqna a. darsis da f. forxheimeris mier. (5.9) damokidebulebaSi
a=1/K da b=α/K filtraciuli parametrebia, sadac K - filtraciis koeficientia nakadis laminaruli reJimis dros,
xolo α - arawrfivi filtraciis koeficienti. aRniSnuli formula moicavs yvela pirobebs (SemTxvevas): mcire
siCqareebisas wrfivi filtraciiT dawyebuli, rodesac bV2 wevri warmoadgens umniSvnelo sidides αV
wevrTan SedarebiT (ZalaSia darsis kanoni J= αV; V=KJ), da damTavrebuli pirobebiT, rodesac siCqare didia
da aV wevri bV2 -Tan SedarebiT umniSvneloa (Sezi-krasnopolskis formula J= bV2 ; V=Kα√J). arawrfivi
moZraobis mxedvelobaSi miReba saWiroa maSin, rodesac αV sidide erTis Tanazomadia. eqsperimentuli
kvlevebiT damtkicebulia, rom bunebriv pirobebSi filtraciis didi koeficientis drosac ki dawnevis
danakargebi nakadis daxris umniSvnelo cvalebadobaSi gamoixateba, rac darsis kanonis darRvevas ver
iwvevs. mas SeiZleba adgili hqondes nakadis filtraciis mkveTri intensivobis lokalur zonebSi, romelic
warmoiqmneba donedamwevi WaburRilebis moqmedebis areSi da sxv. darsis kanonis darRveva aseve
SeiZleba moxdes mcire siCqareebis dros, romelic SeiniSneba wvrildispersul qanebSi molekuluri
mizidulobis gamo. Tu CavTvliT, rom wvrildispersul qanebSi forebi warmoadgens erTgvarovan forul
sistemas, maSin filtraciis ZiriTadi kanoni, rodesac J≥J0, SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegnairad: V = K [J - 4/3
J0]
N7
1) ჰიდროგეოლოგიური სტრუქტურები და რეზერვუარები;
hidrogeologiuri struqtura warmoadgens miwisqveSa wylebis garkveul sivrcobriv ganawilebas qanebSi.
wyalSemcveli qanebis koleqtoruli Tvisebebis mixedviT gamooiyofa martivi anu forovani da napraluri
hidrogeologiuri struqturebi. rodesad es martivi struqturebi gvxvdeba erTobliobaSi, maSin
warmoiqmneba rTuli hidrogeologiuri struqturebi: forovan-fenebrivi, napralur-fenebrivi, ZarRvul-
napraluri da a. S. miwisqveSa wylebis bunebriv wyalSemcvel struqturebs axasiaTebs sarTulebrivi
ganlageba. magaliTad, platformul da naoWa regionebSi gamoyofen struqturul sarTulebs: 1) fundaments
– qveda sarTuli, agebuls ZiriTadad kristaluri qanebiT da 2) safars – zeda sarTuli, agebuls ZiriTadad
danaleqi qanebiT. im regionebSi, sadac fundamenti gamodis dedamiwis zedapirze, is gaxsnil
hidrogeologiur struqturas warmoadgens; xolo Tu fundamenti gadafarulia danaleqi safari, struqtura
hidrogeologiurad daxurulia. fundamentSi gavrcelebulia napraluri da napralur-ZarRvuli wylebi, danaleq
safarSi – forovani da fenebrivi wylebi (g. kamenski da sxv. 1959, a. zaicevi, n. tolstixini, 1963). struqturul-
hidrogeologiuri sarTulebis da wylis gabatonebuli cirkulaciis tipis mixedviT gamoyofen miwisqveSa
wylebis rezervuarebis or ZiriTad tips: 1) arteziul auzs – daZiruli regioni, romelic ZiriTadad amovsebulia
fenebrivi danaleqi da maT qveS ganlagebuli fundamentiT; 2) hidrogeologiuri masivs – fundamentis
Sverili, romelic ZiriTadad warmodgenilia danapralianebuli kristaluri qanebiT. ufro vrclad hidrogeologiuri
rezervuarebi SeiZleba ganmartebuli iqnas Semdegnairad. arteziuli auzi warmodgenilia uaryofiTi
formebiT: RrmuliT, sinkliniT Tavisi mimdebare ferdobebianad, sadac wyalSemcveli horizontebi Seicaven
zeda nawilSi udawnevo, xolo siRrmeSi dawneviT forovan fenebriv wyals; hidrogeologiuri masivi
warmodgenilia dadebiTi teqtonikuri formebiT, kristaluri qanebis masiviT an danaoWebuli struqturiT,
sadac fenebriobas hidrogeologiuri mniSvneloba dakarguli aqvs. masivSi qanebis wyalgamtaroba
ganisazRvreba napralianobiT da rRvevebiT. amitom mis farglebSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia napraluri da
napralur-ZarRvuli udawnevi da dawneviTi wylebi. danaoWebuli struqturebis lokalur ubnebSi SeiniSneba
napralur-fenebrivi wylebic. miwisqveSa wylebi rogorc auzebSi, ise masivebSi moZraoben kvebis aridan
gantvirTvis arisken, romelic auzebSi centriskenul, xolo masivebSi centridanul xasiaTs atarebs
hidrogeologiur masivebSi miwisqveSa wylebi SedarebiT mcire siRrmemdea gavrcelebuli, rac intensiuri
gamofitvis napralianobis siRrmiT ganisazRvreba. ufro Rrmad, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, miwisqveSa
wylebi rRvevis zonebSi gvxvdeba. hidrogeologiuri auzebi da masivebi zogjer qmnian sakmaod rTul
erTobliobas: arteziul olqs an hidrogeologiur naoWa olqs. arteziuli olqi moicavs danaleqi qanebis vrcel
daZirul teritorias, romelic aerTianebs erTmaneTTan ramodenime arteziul auzs. hidrogeologiuri
danaoWebuli olqi ki aerTianebs hidrogeologiur masivebs (kristaluri fundamentis Sverilebi) da maT Soris
moTavsebul mTaTaSua arteziul auzebs.
aeraciis zonaSi miwisqveSa wylebis moZraoba ganixileba rogorc tenis vertikaluri gadatana gravitaciuli da
kapilarul-sorbciuli Zalebis zegavleniT. aseTi moZraobis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens Tavisufali gravitaciuli
wylebis daRmavali dineba (infiltracia) dedamiwis zedapiridan miwisqveSa wylebis pirvel horizontamde.
meore saxea miwisqveSa wylebis moZraoba zeviT orTqlis da kapilaruli wylebis saxiT, miwisqveSa wylebis
pirveli horizontidan dedamiwis zedapirisaken.
2) გრუნტის წყლები
kapilaruli arSiis wylebis qvemoT Tavisufali zedapiriT gamoiyofa gruntis wylebi. es Tavisufali
zedapiri warnoadgens Teoriul sibrtyes, romelic Seesatyviseba gajerebvis zonis wylebis dones
(devisi, uisti, 1970). gruntis wylebi, zeda wylebisgan gansxvavebiT, warmoadgens dedamiwis
zedapiridan pirveli mudmivi wyalSemcveli horizontis gravitaciul wylebs, romlebic ganlagebuli
arian pirvel wyalgauval fenaze an zonaze. gruntis wylebs aqvT Tavisufali wylis zedapiri, romlis
zeviT Cveulebrivad ar arsebobs mTliani wyalgauvali saxuravi (nax. #9) da amitom is aeraciis zoniT
mWidro kavSirSia atmosferosTan. radgan gruntis wylebis zedapiri Tavisufalia (udawnevoa),
amitom WaburRiliT an WiT misi gaxsnisas wylis done ar icvleba da Tavdapirvel doneze rCeba.
zogjer, rodesac gruntis wylebis donis zeviT ganlagebulia mcire zomis wyalgauvali qanebi, wylis
zedapiri iZens mcire adgilobriv dawnevas. gruntis wylebis zedapirs sxvanairad sarkisebur
zedapirsac uwodeben. geomorfologiuri pirobebis, gaologiuri agebulebisa da hidrogeologiuri
Taviseburebebis mixedviT arCeven gruntis wylebis nakads da auzs. nakadi ewodeba gruntis
wylebis horizonts, sadac wylis moZraoba xdeba simZimis Zalis zegavleniT zedapiris daxrilobis
mimarTulebiT, rodesac gruntis wylebis horizonts aqvs CaRrmavebuli formis wyalgauvali sagebi
da horizontuli sarkiseburi zedapiri, maSin mas auzi ewodeba. gruntis wylebi ZiriTadad
moTavsebulia fxvier da sustad Secementebul qanebSi (fenebrivi wylis tipi) an avsebs gamofitvis
zonis napralebs (napraluri wylis tipi). dedamiwis humiduri zonis platformul teritoriebze gruntis
wylebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia 10-15 m siRrmemde meoTxeuli da neogen-meoTxeuli asakis fxvier
naleqebSi. aridul zonebSi gruntis wylebi ganlagebulia ufro Rrmad (50 m da met siRrmemde)
rogorc fxvier, ise kldovani qanebis gamofitvis zonaSi. Zveli kristaluri masivebis teritoriebze da
axalgazrda naoWa olqebSi (mTaTaSua CaRrmavebebis garda, sadac agreTve ganviTarebulia
mZlavri meoTxeuli fxvieri qanebi) gruntis wylebis horizonti, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia qanebis
zeda napralur zonasTan. am raionebSi (gansakuTrebiT eroziulad intensiurad danawevrebul
ubnebze) gruntis wylebi SeiZleba mdebareobdnen zedapiridan 200-250 m-is da met siRrmeze.
gruntis wylebis kveba ZiriTadad xdeba wyalSemcveli horizontis gavrcelebis zeviT, aeraciis zonaSi
atmosferuli naleqebis (wvimis, Tovlis dnobis, zedapiruli wylebis) infiltraciisa da orTqlis
kondensaciis xarjze. garkveul konkretul SemTxvaSi gruntis wylebis kveba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sxva wylebis xarjzec (mdinaris da sarwyavi arxis wylebi, siRrmeSi ganlagebuli dawneviTi wylebi
da sxv.). infiltraciis sidide damokidebulia atmosferuli naleqebis xangrZlivobasa da intensivobis
xasiaTze, agreTve, aeraciis zonis liTologiur ASedgenilobasa da wyalgamtareblobaze. gruntis
wylebis kvebaSi gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs xangrZliv wvimebs, romelsac Tan axlavs
haeris maRali tenianoba. garda aRniSnulisa infiltraciis sidide agreTve damokidebulia reliefis
xasiaTze, mcenareul safarze, klimatze da sxv. gruntis wylebis donis aweva da daRmavali
wyaroebis debitebis momateba, damokidebuli zemoT aRniSnul faqtorebze, gamovlindeba
atmosferuli naleqebis mosvlidan garkveuli periodis Semdeg. es periodi (infiltraciisTvis saWiro
dro) SeiZleba iyos mcire da sakmaod xangrZlivi. amosferuli naleqebis zegavlena gruntis wylebis
wyaroebis debitebis matebaSi gansakuTrebiT swrafad (ramdenime saaTis Semdeg) SeiniSneba
danapralebuli da dakarstuli qanebis gavrcelebis ubnebSi, radgan miwisqveSa wylebi aseT
qanebSi ufro didi siCqariT moZraobs, vidre forovan qanebSi (qviSuri qanebi). bevr adgilebSi,
gansakuTrebiT mSrali klimatis mqone regionebSi (udabnoebSi), gruntis wylebis kveba xdeba
kondensaciuri warmoSobis wylebis xarjze (aeraciis zonaSi qanis nawilakebze haeris orTqlidan
kondensirebuli wyali). gruntis wylebis kondensaciuri kveba agreTve SeiniSneba maRalmTian
regionebSi (magaliTad, kavkasionis alpur zonaSi), sadac dabali temperaturis gamo gamofitul
fxvier naleqebSi (deluvioni, koluvioni da a. S.) moxvedrili wylis orTqli kondensirdeba nawilakebis
zedapirze. gruntis wylebis kveba zogan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, SeiZleba moxdes mis qveviT
ganlagebuli dawneviTi wylebis gantvirTvis xarjze. es gansakuTrebiT xSiria im adgilebSi, sadac
arteziuli horizontis saxuravi drRveulia da gaCenil hidrogeologiur fanjaraSi xdeba dwneviTi
wylebis gadmoRvra da Sereva gruntis wylebSi. aseTi SemTxvevebi xSirad SeiniSneba meoTxeuli
asakis fxvieri qanebiT agebul arteziul auzebSi. magaliTad, alaznis arteziuli auzis pirveli wneviani
horizonti hidrogeologiuri fanjrebis arsebobis gamo sakmaod intensiur gantvirTvas ganicdis da
ereva gruntis wylebSi .
3) გრუნტის წყლების ჰორიზონტის კვება, გავრცელება და განტვირთვა .
gruntis wylebis kveba zogan SeiZleba moxdes mis qveviT ganlagebuli dawneviTi wylebis gantvirTvis
xarjze. es gansakuTrebiT xSiria im adgilebSi, sadac arteziuli horizontis saxuravi drRveulia da gaCenil
hidrogeologiur fanjaraSi xdeba dwneviTi wylebis gadmoRvra da Sereva gruntis wylebSi. aseTi
SemTxvevebi xSirad SeiniSneba meoTxeuli asakis fxvieri qanebiT agebul arteziul auzebSi. magaliTad,
alaznis arteziuli auzis pirveli wneviani horizonti hidrogeologiuri fanjrebis arsebobis gamo sakmaod
intensiur gantvirTvas ganicdis da ereva gruntis wylebSi. gruntis wylebis gantvirTva xdeba dedamiwis
zedapirze wylis gamosavlebiT (wyaroebi, gamonaJonebi), aorTqlebiT, qveda horizontSi gadadeniT da
xelovnuri gzebiT. wyaroebi Cveulebriv ganlagebulia eroziuli zedapirisa da wyalSemcveli horizontis
gadakveTis zolSi. amasTan wyalSemcveli horizontis arasruli gadakveTisas wyaro depresiulia (nax.
#10a), sruli gadakveTisas ki kontaqturi (nax. #10b). Tu wyalSemcveli horizonti eroziuli zedapiriT
ikveTeba gavrcelebis gaswvriv, wyaro frontuli gamosavliT xasiaTdeba. aseve arCeven subflavialur
(flavialuri naleqebis qveS formirebuli), subakvalur (zedapiruli wyalsacavebis qveS formirebuli) da
sxva tipis wyaroebs.