fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

2
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
• damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
• eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
• korelaciis meTodi
• qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
• sandooba da
validoba
• TviTangariSi
• qcevis dakvirveba da
gazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
• informirebuli
Tanxmoba
• riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
• ganzrax motyueba
• kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
• cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
22 • ZiriTadi cnebebi
T
avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-
ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-
lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-
deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-
logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-
teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-
nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-
bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-
kvnebis gakeTeba.
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs
geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-
ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-
saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-
debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-
mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-
meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-
mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-
filebina.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-
aRmoCenis etapi
zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: „kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
„faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
23
 aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or
Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-
robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-
bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-
naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-
nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-
xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-
lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-
tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
24
degi mohyveba.
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-
giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-
baTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad „Tu-maSin~ winas-
warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-
cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam „Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-
bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-
sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-
lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-
teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,
man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,
1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-
geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-
vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-
ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-
qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-
yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-
cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-
vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-
turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-
luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-
turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar „xe-
daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-
bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
lavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-
dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-
veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-
berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-
tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-
buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos- 25
 belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-
tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-
Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-
ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-
robis minimumamde dasayvanad?

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis- damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde
mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-
Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).

saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-

indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi
iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-
lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
„dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram

es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-

dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis

is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
suraTi
2.1
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
momdinareobs.
26 Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?
saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-
tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli
unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-
zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-
ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-
ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-
martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-
viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-
bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-
li procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)
_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-
nebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-
melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-
ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT
dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-
rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-
erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-
reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-
lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-
qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-
nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-
pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-
sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-
reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-
mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-
genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-
rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-
edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-
vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs. 27

obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,
ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-
warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-
tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-
natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-
ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, „Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-
tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-
snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-
melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis

rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur

mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-
toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko

eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _

kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-
diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,
romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
28 iRebs.
qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-
beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-
dinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-
nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,
1966).
saidan
viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-
kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-
suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-
naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-
tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-
dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-
lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-
wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-
dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-
ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-
tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT
xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-
jebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-
mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-
ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-
lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-
ti (Roberts et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-
Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-
liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-
li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-
tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-
29
debeli cvladisa.
 cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-
beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-
tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-
tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-
bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-
mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-
tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-
rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-
troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-
mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-
melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: „rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, „mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,
rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
30 TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden
Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis
salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-
trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-
lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-
sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-
TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-
ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-
debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-
xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-
TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-
vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _
eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-
tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
suraTi
2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia
anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas
miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi
jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
Sedegia.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-
Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _
SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-
gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-
kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-
mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-
vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-
vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.
31
 saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A
sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,
sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-
mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-
lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-
tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-
valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-
nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-
kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-
survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-
bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-
buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
32
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-
tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-
rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-
logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-
tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-
lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-
sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-
Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.

suraTi
2.4
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-
tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro
met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-
muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-
Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-
zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-
ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-
tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-
laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-
rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-
Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-
buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-
uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-
rioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-
basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-
ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
33
 es faqti amgvarad axsna: „im saRamos seqsis
Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,
Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa
darCenodaT?~ („niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da
sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. „miwis-
Zvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,
_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),
magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Soba-
dobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad
SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa
da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris
korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakon-
trolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis
Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,
rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas
miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiT-
qos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi
xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, rom-
lebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsi-
qologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs
gTavazobT:
saidan
viciT
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu
ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis
gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxve-
viTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota
an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda
daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamov-
lindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba
am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis
konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes
fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa
saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi
survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia
saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani
reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan
Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi
reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,
meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas
gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur
daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec „qviSian napirze
okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.
qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqti-
kulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokv-
levam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furcleb-
ze. qvezRurblovani reklamis „gamomgonebeli~
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekran-
ze gaelvebulma warweram „iyideT batibuti!~
58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,
1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu
orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira

biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?

qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani
mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
teqstis ganTavsebiT: „Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cav-
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris
jdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma
destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT
satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamoki-
(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan
Txuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRur-
gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs
blovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mar-
sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
ketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom
raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qve-
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadas-
zRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa
tura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis
da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperi-
maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad
mentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.
avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
2.5).
34 qcevas.
suraTi
2.5
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli
kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma

eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.

cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg
SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an
TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav
uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba
damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qve-
zRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.

efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi

moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
saidan
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
viciT
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daama-
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba tes. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars
mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsiere-

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi

bis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti
Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237
qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes
saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSve-
obiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles
or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines
mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.
isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5
kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laborato-
rias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gae-
zomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da
TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma
ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri
romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).
am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Se-
degebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba
da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobe-
sebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
„TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kase-
taze „mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu
Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mous-
mendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera „mexsiere-
ba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli
rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxar-
javT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.
`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani miza-
nia myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs
gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romleb-
sac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem- 35
 deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan pro-
cesebs.
Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.
amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods
iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZ-
leulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedu-
rebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli
gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi
mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron
alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, ro-
goricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari
daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs
iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli
da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis
dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia
da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs
Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pir-
Ta SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamod-
gebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iye-
neben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis
mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gu-
lisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri sam-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
yaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis
efeqti.
fsiqologiuri gazomva
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalfe-
rovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dak-
virvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva
da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erT-
erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-
36
gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo
piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi feno-
menis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazR-
vrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis
an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis
mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upi-
ratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis
sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis
ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da vali-
doba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis
sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agro-
vebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Se-
samowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur mona-
cemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan
erTad unda ganixiloT.
sandooba da validoba
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da
validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs
fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis
Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi
sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda
gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda
miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac
aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237
cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,
rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis
Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba
im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,
romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bed-
nierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bed-
nieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. va-
liduri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis
gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.
rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT
rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi
validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi
sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,
Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi
sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),
magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da
validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazo-
mebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.
TviTangariSi
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari
gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver
daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi
(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdi-
leba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi
mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsua-
luri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT
SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report
measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an
zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis
sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron
erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze
miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an
anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. ki-
Txvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi
(„Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo
qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebu-
lebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb („ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi
saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,
sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac
pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,
ara, ar vici.
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris
dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.
mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan
gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. intervi-
uerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi
interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis pro-
cessac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports
_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas responden-
tTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis
gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mraval-
gvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver
gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze mola-
parakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da
fsiqologiuri gazomva
validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba
ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon
TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos
socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac
adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar
Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STa-
beWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos nam-
dvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma
37
ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT
 SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,
gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans
miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSua-
lebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoe-
bulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier
gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva

fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ain-
teresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirin-
TSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;
students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,
romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis
sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa
dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,
zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba
qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,
daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis Camo-
naTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas
aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirve-
bisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da
Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis
laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis
piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is
emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad
iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bu-
nebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar
ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis
TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.
adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxo-
lod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba
sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri
iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi
movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvle-
vari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti
aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis

is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWir-
debaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,
an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti ga-
zomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec ar-
sebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqni-
lobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis
Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi
uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis Rirs-
SesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,
rogor muSaobs tvini.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qce-
vebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da
iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
38 qceva.
rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia
jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Pater-
son and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze
swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tan-
ganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi
rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tav-
dapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaa-
keTebda:
Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mra-
val saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagv-
rCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi
bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,
vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli
dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT
 dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-
fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-
li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-
genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-
uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-
rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-
lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-
rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-
liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-
las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-
keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-
menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-
leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,
rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-
logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-
qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-
sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-
lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-
neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-
gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-
wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-
formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-
wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-
leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-
taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT. 39
 reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-
reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
ganzrax motyueba fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba

magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
et al., 1988).
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-
Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-
40 ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-
nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev
mcdarad miaCniaT, rom „homo sapiensis sxva qmni-
lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-
bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben „la-
boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-
nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-
velebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-
rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-
gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,
rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-
virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-
lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-
kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-
nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-
lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-
vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-
tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-
saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-
bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, „saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis 41
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

internetSi fsiqologii- Tavsebuli, romelTa ume- vreba~, magram, zogadad, es

sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-
zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-
obas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela Cvenganisa-
Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli mox-
mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-
ro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
Z i r i Ta d a d s e r i o z u l i
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-
qologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-
mebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ug-
zavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Te o r i u l i s a f u Z v l e b i s ,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-
deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-
ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srul-
yofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-
rebiT susti rogorRac „gaZ-
procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofi-
lebs.
amitom, rodesac infor-
macias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-
Si seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-
mieri informacia unda Sei-
cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-
raturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-
rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-
ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
m i Ti Te b u l i s a Ta n a d o
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!

samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-

kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-
vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-
cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis „bul-
varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-
qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-
pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-
lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-
formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom

42 Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.

 yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi
wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-
raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-
tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da
movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-
cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-
nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-
diaze dakvirvebas, Se-
xedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov- dasabuTebis etapi:
lenis axleburi xedvi-
saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ide-
ebi mowmdeba da dastur-
deba, an uariyofa.
43
 ideebis SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi mecnierul me- fsiqologiuri gazomva ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tods iyeneben. es aris fsiqologebi cdiloben ise A-B-A sqema
monacemebis imgvarad Seg- gazomon monacemebi, rom aRmoCenis etapi
roveba da interpretireba, isini sando da validuri TviTangariSi
rom Secdomebi minimumamde iyos. dasabuTebis etapi
iqnes dayvanili. fsiqologiuri kvleva damatebiTi cvladi
mkvlevrebi ebrZvian dam- moicavs sakuTari Tavis damokidebuli cvladi
kvirveblis tendenciuro- Sefasebis da qcevis damoukidebeli cvladi
bas procedurebis stan- gazomvas. damkvirveblis
dartizaciis da operaci- tendenciuroba
uli gansazRvrebebis ga- determinizmi
kvlevis eTikuri
moyenebis gziT. eqsperimentuli meTodi
sakiTxebi
kvlevis eqsperimentuli validoba
yvela mkvlevari valde- Teoria
meTodebi gansazRvravs,
bulia pativi sces kvlevis kvlevis Semdegi interviu
arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
m o n a w i l e Ta , a r a a q v s kontrolis procedura
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu korelaciis koeficienti
mimarTeba.
cxovelis, ZiriTad uf- korelaciuri meTodi
mkvlevrebi alternatiul
lebebs. eTikuri da huma- mecnieruli meTodi
axsnebs kontrolis sa-
nuri mopyrobis garanti- molodinis efeqti
Tanado procedurebis
rebisaTvis SemuSavebulia operaciuli gansazRvreba
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
mTeli igi damcveli saSu- ormagad brma kontroli
kvlevis korelaciuri me-
alebebi. placebo efeqti
Todi gansazRvravs, ram-
denad aris ori cvladi placebo kontroli
dakavSirebuli erTmaneT- rogor gamoviyenoT populacia
Tan. korelacia ar gulis- sworad mecnieruli reprezentatuli SerCeva
xmobs mizez-Sedegob- kvlevis Sedegebi sandooba-standartizacia
riobas. qcevis gazomva
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Se-
SemTxvevis Seswavla
degebi sworad gamoviyenoT,
SerCeva
unda vicodeT, rogor
cvladi
viazrovnoT kritikulad
cdis pirTa Soris sqema
da rogor SevafasoT
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
kvlevis Sedegebi.
hipoTeza

44