მოსწავლის წიგნი

II ნაწილი

ფიზ
ფიზიკა
იკა
ქეთევან ტატიშვილი, ქეთევან სადრაძე, ნინო აბესაძე

მასწავლებლის წიგნი
fizika
10
maswavleblis wigni
II nawili
 maswavleblis wignis struqtura

I. Sesavali. maswavleblisa da moswavlis wignis Sesaxeb..............................................................5

II. saSualo safexuris standarti fizikaSi...................................................................................7
III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka..................................................................................................... 17
IV. moswavlis wignis struqtura.................................................................................................. 18
V. kompleqsuri davalebebis matricebi ..................................................................................... 27
VI. swavla-swavlebis strategiebi ............................................................................................. 121
VII. Sefasebis formebi ................................................................................................................ 129
VIII. moswavlis wignSi gamoyenebuli eleqtronuli resursebi .............................................. 142
IX. pasuxebi paragrafebSi mocemul kiTxvebze, amocanebis amoxsnebi da
eqsperimentebis savaraudo Sedegebi.................................................................................... 148
X. testebi weriTi SemajameblebisTvis..................................................................................... 153
XI. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni......................................................................................................... 169
XII. damatebiTi literatura maswavleblisTvis....................................................................... 170

3
4
 I. Sesavali
maswavleblis wigni
maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania fizikaSi swavla/swavlebis xarisxis amaRleba. am
miznis misaRwevad maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs:

1. Tanamedrove samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba.

yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari axldeba. amasTan,
dRes, samecniero-teqnologiuri progresis im epoqaSi, roca lamis yoveli axali dRe axali
samecniero aRmoCenisa Tu teqnologiebis gasaocari miRwevebis mauwyebelia, SeuZlebelia,
fizikis pedagogma absoluturad yvelaferi icodes. maswavleblis wignis erT-erTi funqciaa,
daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos gakveTilebi, rom man moswav­leebTan erTad
moiZios axali informacia ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan, daaxarisxos is, amoarCios
da miznobrivad gamoiyenos praqtikul saqmianobaSi.

2. fizikis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia inovaciuri saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orien­
tirebuli swavla/swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi da swavla-swavlebis axali midgomis
Ziri­Tadi maxasiaTeblebi.
maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli
sagan­manaTleblo reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari
stili, romelic miesadageba TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stils.

3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove, moswavleze orientirebuli gakveTilis
struqtura, misi dagegmvis etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da
sxvadasxva tipis ramdenime gakveTilis scenari.

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi, formebi da saSualebebi.
mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba fizikis maswavlebels Sefasebis axali
sistemis efeqtianad danergvaSi.
maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli rCevebi da rekomendaciebi maswavleblis sagnobrivi
codnis gamdidrebasa da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis daxvewa-ganviTarebas emsaxureba. rCevebi
aramc da aramc ar zRudavs maswavleblis Tavisuflebas, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba, ama
Tu im Temis swavlebisas romeli aqtivobebi da swavlebis meTodi SearCios. dRes fizikis
maswavlebels yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo strategiis SemuSaveba sWirdeba, romelic
xels Seuwyobs fizikis gakveTilze swavlebis aqtiuri meTodis (keTebiT swavla, kvleviTi
samuSaoebi) kidev ufro intensiurad gamoyenebas.
Tu winamdebare wigni mcirediT mainc daexmareba maswavlebels moswavleze orien­­
tirebuli swavla/swavlebis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi (gakve­Ti­lebis dagegmvasa
da CatarebaSi, standartiT gansazRvruli Se­ de­gis miRwevaSi), CavTvliT, rom mizani,
romelsac es wigni isaxavs, miRweulia.

moswavlis wigni
gTavazobT X klasis fizikis saxelmZRvanelos (moswavlis wignis) Zlieri mxareebisa da
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili siaxleebis mokle aRweras:

Zlieri mxareebi:
• saintereso da moswavlisTvis advilad aRsaqmeli eniT dawerili paragrafebi;
• mravalferovani aqtivobebi, romelTa nawili individualuri samuSaoa, nawili ki
wyvilebSi an jgufebSi samuSaodaa gankuTvnili;

5
 • TiToeuli saswavlo Temis saintereso wardgena, romelic moswavleebisTvis damatebiT
motivacias qmnis;
• axali codnis damoukideblad agebis sqemebi: Tanamimdevruli kiTxvebi, romlebsac
daskvnebamde mihyavs moswavle;
• gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisTvis;
• saswavlo Temis farglebSi martividan rTulisken dalagebuli aqtivobebi;
• aqtivobebi, romlebic xels uwyobs maRali saazrovno unarebis gamomuSaveba-daxvewas;
• mdidari eleqtronuli resursebi;
• Tanamedrove samecniero da teqnologiuri progresis Sesabamisi da sando informacia;
• saintereso eqskursebi fizikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi;
• TviTSefasebis testebi TiToeuli Temis bolos, romelTa daxmarebiTac moswavle
gansazRvravs, ramdenad miaRwia Temis Seswavlis dawyebisas dasaxul mizans;
• saintereso kvleviTi samuSaoebi da proeqtebi;
• teqstTan Serwymuli da miznobrivad dakavSirebuli feradi ilustraciebi.

siaxleebi:
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo saganmanaTleblo resursia, romelSic mocemulia:
• aqtivobebi saswavlo procesis diferencirebisTvis: yvela moswavles eZleva davaleba
sakuTari interesebisa da swavlis individualuri stilis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• ara marto TviTSefasebis testebi TiToeuli Temis bolos, aramed ganmaviTarebeli
TviTSefasebis formac: imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni qula daagrova, moswavle SeZlebs
sakuTari namuSevris Sefasebas da Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT rekomendaciasac
miiRebs;
• damatebiTi amocanebi da kiTxvebi. maTi raodenoba da Sinaarsi absoluturad sakmarisia
standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis misaRwevad.

moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi meTodikis TvalsazrisiTac siaxlea:

• damatebiTi amocanebi da kiTxvebi sxvadasxva feris cifrebiTaa aRniSnuli. TiToeuli
feri sirTulis kategorias mianiSnebs. maswavlebels SeuZlia SearCios gansxvavebuli
sirTulis amocanebi sxvadasxva moswavlisTvis imis mixedviT, Tu ra sWirdeba saswavlo
gegmisa da procesis diferencirebisTvis;
• amocanebisa da kiTxvebis sirTulis kategoriis codna moswavlisTvisac mniSvnelovania,
radgan misTvis motivaciis faqtoria umartivesi amocanebidan TandaTan warmatebiT
gadasvla rTuli kategoriis amocanebis amoxsnaze.

moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs usafrTxoebas eqsperimentebis

mimdinareobis dros:
• cdis aRwerilobas Tan axlavs gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi da cdis CatarebisTvis saWiro
aRWurviloba, romelTa gamoyeneba moswavleebs Tavidan aacilebs eqsperimentuli
samuSaos Tanamdev patar-patara usiamovnebebs.

6
II. saSualo safexuris standarti fizikaSi
Sesavali

kursi gankuTvnilia saSualo safexuris moswavleebisTvis. mis farglebSi farTovdeba

da Rrmavdeba sabazo safexurze fizikaSi SeZenili codna.
standartSi Sedegebisa da samizne cnebebis saxiT gansazRvrulia grZelvadiani miznebi.

Sinaarsi gadmoicema Temebis (qveTemebis), sakiTxebis da qvecnebebis saxiT. erovnuli

saswavlo gegma gansazRvravs savaldebulo Temebs. Temebis Sesabamis sakiTxebs ki skole-
bi Tavad irCeven.

TiToeul Temas axlavs Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi. isini gansazRvravs, Tu ra

unda Sefasdes swavla-swavlebis procesSi. indikatorebi dajgufebulia samizne cne-
bebis mixedviT.

safexuris Sedegebi:
saSualo safexurze standartSi gaweril TiToeul Sedegs win uZRvis indeqsi, romelic
miuTiTebs sagans, swavlebis etapsa da standartis Sedegis nomers; mag., fiz.saS.1.:
„fiz.“ _ miuTiTebs sagans „fizika~;

„saS.“ _ miuTiTebs saSualo safexurs;

„1“ _ miuTiTebs standartis Sedegis nomers.

fizikis standartis Sedegebi saSualo safexurze

Sedegebis moswavlem unda SeZlos: samizne cnebebi:
indeqsebi

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis materia

gamoyenebiT nivTierebebis Semadgeneli struqturis (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametrebis Se-
saxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebi-
sa da maTi cvlilebis mizezebis gasaazreblad; energia
(fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis ga-
moyenebiT energiis saxeebsa da maTi urTierTgardaqm-
nis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare Zala
fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad; (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis ga-

moyenebiT sxeulTa urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sede- fizikuri
gebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawe- procesi
rad;
(fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
fiz.saS.4 mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis ga-
moyenebiT bunebaSi arsebuli mizezSedegobrivi kav-
Sirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/ movlenebis
aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

7
savaldebulo Temebi

X klasi
1. eleqtrostatika
2. mudmivi denis kanonebi
XI klasi
3. eleqtromagnituri movlenebi
4. rxevebi da talRebi
5. geometriuli optika
XII klasi
6. molekuluri fizika da Termodinamika
7. atomuri, birTvuli da kvanturi fizikis sawyisebi
8. astrofizikis sawyisebi

rekomendebulia swavla-swavlebis procesSi skolebma daicvan Temebis zemoT SemoTava-

zebuli Tanamimdevroba (X klasSi rekomendebulia erT semestrSi erTi Temis swavleba).

8
savaldebulo Temebisa da Sefasebis indikatorebis damakavSirebeli cxrilebi:
TiToeul cxrilSi mocemulia Temis dasaxeleba, misi aRwera da Sefasebis indikatorebi,
romlebSic naCvenebia, Tu rogor realizdeba Sedegebi konkretul TemaSi.
X klasi

Tema: eleqtrostatika
Temis farglebSi ganixileba:
fizikis kvlevis sagani, amocanebi da kvlevis meTodebi; fizikis mimarTulebebi (darge-
bi) da maTi kavSiri sxva mecnierebebTan; fizikis miRwevebi;

muxtebis urTierTqmedeba da kulonis kanoni; eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da su-

perpoziciis principi; eleqtrostatikuri velis potencialuri energia da poten-
ciali; eleqtrotevadoba, brtyeli kondensatori.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:
materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• elementaruli muxtisa da sxeulis muxtis Sesaxeb msjeloba muxtis Senaxvis kano-

nis gasaanalizeblad;

• muxtis mier eleqtrostatikuri velis warmoqmnisa da velis maxasiaTebeli para­

metrebis (daZabuloba, potenciali) Sesaxeb msjeloba muxtebs Soris eleqtruli
urTierTqmedebis aRsawerad (analogia gravitaciuli velis maxasiaTeblebTan);

• nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis Sesaxeb msjeloba dieleqtrikebSi eleq­

truli velis gavrcelebis dasaxasiaTeblad.

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sesaxeb msjeloba muxtis velTan

urTierTqmedebis potencialuri energiis dasaxasiaTeblad;

• brtyeli kondensatorebis modelebis Seqmna, Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva, maTi

eleqtruli velis energiis raodenobrivi aRwera da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb msjeloba
yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnikaSi kondensatoris rolis Sesafaseblad.

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis gamoyeneba eleqtrul velSi uZravad moTavsebu-

li (wrfivad da Tanabrad moZravi) muxtis wonasworuli mdgomareobis aRsawerad;

• wertilovan muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis raodenobrivad daxasiaTeba

(analogia msoflio mizidulobis kanonTan) da eleqtrostatikuri velis super-
poziciis principis axsna problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

• hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, eqsperimentebis dagegmva da misi usafrTxod Catareba

damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaswavlad.

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• wertilovani muxtis moZraobis daxasiaTeba erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi, moZrao-

bis maxasiaTebeli parametrebisa da maTi cvlilebis/ucvlelobis mizezebis Sesaxeb
msjeloba problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad.

9
Tema: mudmivi denis kanonebi
Temis farglebSi ganixileba:
eleqtruli deni da gamtaris winaRoba; omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis; gamtarebis
mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTeba; denis muSaoba da simZlavre; joul-lencis
kanoni; denis wyaros emZ da omis kanoni Caketili wredisaTvis; eleqtruli deni sx-
vadasxva garemoSi.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:

materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• nivTierebis agebulebis daxasiaTeba misi eleqtruli gamtareblobis Sesaswavlad;

• gamtaris winaRobis zomebze, nivTierebis gvarobasa da temperaturaze damokide-

bulebis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi yofa-cxovrebaSi praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
argumentebis mosayvanad. zegamtarobis movlenis Sesaxeb msjeloba;

• liTonebSi, siTxeebSi, airebsa da naxevargamtarebSi eleqtruli gamtareblobis

Seswavla maTi yofa-cxovrebasa da profesiebTan/teqnologiebTan dasakavSire-
blad;

• P da n tipis naxevargamtarebis kontaqtis gamokvleva naxevargamtaruli diodis

muSaobis principis asaxsnelad da teqnologiebSi misi rolis gasaanalizeblad;

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• denis muSaobisa da simZlavris Sesaxeb argumentirebuli msjeloba/raodenobrivi

aRwera problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

• eqsperimentebis dagegmva (hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi

monacemebis sxvadasxva meTodiT organizeba) da misi usafrTxod Catareba mimde-
vrobiT/paralelurad/Sereulad SeerTebul momxmarebelTa mier gamomuSavebuli
simZlavreebis dasadgenad;

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• Tavisufal muxtebze moqmed eleqtrul Zalasa da gamtarebSi denis warmoqmnas

Soris mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis
gadasaWrelad;

• eleqtrolitebSi gamtarobis warmoqmnis meqanizmis axsna eleqtrolizis movlenis

asaxsnelad/yofa-cxovrebasTan/profesiebTan/sxva disciplinebTan dasakavSire-
blad;

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• gamtarebSi arsebuli Tavisufali muxtebis moZraobis daxasiaTeba gamtaris eleq­

trul velSi moTavsebamde da moTavsebis Semdeg, masSi denis warmoqmnis meqanizmis
gasaanalizeblad;

• airebSi denis warmoqmnis meqanizmis axsna atmosferoSi eleqtruli movlenebis/

procesebis aRsawerad.

10
XI klasi

Tema: eleqtromagnituri movlenebi

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

magnituri velis induqcia da misi wirebi; amperisa da lorencis Zalebi;

eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena; koWas induqciuroba da magnituri velis
energia; eleqtruli denis generatori da eleqtroZrava.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:

materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• magnituri velis warmoqmnisa da magnituri urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb msjeloba yo-
fa-cxovrebaSi magnitebisa da dedamiwis magnituri velis rolis Sesafaseblad;

• nivTierebis magnituri Tvisebebis Seswavla misi praqtikuli gamoyenebisTvis argu-

mentebis mosayvanad;

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenis gaanalizeba eleqtruli denis generato-

risa da eleqtroZravas muSaobis principis asaxsnelad;

• koWas magnituri velis energiis raodenobrivi aRwera problemaze orientirebuli

amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• amperisa da lorencis Zalebis raodenobrivad daxasiaTeba problemaze orientire-

buli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

• martivi eleqtromagnitis damzadeba da misi moqmedebis principis axsna eleqtro-

magnitis yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnologiebSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb argumentebis mo-
sayvanad.

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• erTgvarovan magnitur velSi muxtis moZraobis daxasiaTeba (dinamikis kanonebis

gamoyenebiT), moZraobis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidideebsa da magnituri velis
induqcias Soris damokidebulebis dadgena problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis
gadasaWrelad;

• eqsperimentis dagegmva, kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis usafrTxod ganxor-

cieleba, monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT Cawera da gaanalizeba eleqtromagnituri
induqciis movlenis Sesaswavlad.

11
Tema: rxevebi da talRebi

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

harmoniuli rxeva da misi maxasiaTeblebi; ganivi da grZivi talRa; bgera da misi

gavrceleba; eleqtromagnituri rxevebi - rxeviTi konturi; cvladi deni, cvladi de-
nis generatori; eleqtroenergiis gadacema da transformatori; eleqtromagnituri
talRebi da maTi sixSiris diapazoni.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:
materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• maTematikuri qanqaras modelis Seqmna misi rxeviTi moZraobis dasaxasiaTeblad;
• garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis meqanizmis axsna yofa-cxovrebaSi bgeris rolis Sesa-
faseblad;
• cdebis/eqsperimentebis momzadeba da kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis us-
afrTxod Catareba ganivi da grZivi talRebis gavrcelebis aRsawerad.
energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• harmoniulad merxevi sistemis energiis Sesaxeb msjeloba problemaze orientire-
buli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;
• eleqtruli energiis gadacemis Sesaxeb msjeloba yofa - cxovrebaSi misi rolis
Sesafaseblad;
• transformatoris muSaobis principis axsna yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnologiebSi
misi rolis gasaanalizeblad;
• cvladi denis generatoris muSaobis principis axsna teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi
misi rolis gasaanalizeblad;
• periodulad moqmedi gareSe Zalis mier merxev sistemaze gadacemuli energiis Ses-
axeb msjeloba rezonansis movlenis asaxsnelad.
Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• harmoniuli rxevis gamomwvevi Zalebis daxasiaTeba da rezonansis gamomwvevi Zalis
moqmedebis sixSiris dakavSireba merxevi sistemis sakuTari rxevis sixSiresTan,
problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;
• eqsperimentis dagegmva da kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis usafrTxod ganxor-
cieleba rezonansis movlenis aRsawerad;
fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• eqsperimentis dagegmva da kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis usafrTxod ganxor-
cieleba maTematikur qanqarasa da zambaraze mimagrebuli tvirTis rxeviTi moZ-
raobebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
• harmoniulad merxevi sistemis moZraobis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri sidideebis sx-
vadasxva meTodiT (grafikulad, analizurad da a.S.) raodenobrivad aRwera prob-
lemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;
• meqanikuri da eleqtromagnituri talRis gavrcelebis siCqaris talRis sigrZesa
da sixSireze damokidebulebis Seswavla problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis
gadasaWrelad.

12
Tema: geometriuli da talRuri optika

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

sinaTlis wrfivi gavrceleba, arekvla da gardatexa; Txeli linza da optikuri sis-

temebi.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:

materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• eqsperimentebis organizeba/Catareba vakuumsa da erTgvarovan nivTierebaSi sinaT-

lis wrfivi gavrcelebis Sesaswavlad;

• sinaTlis gardatexis movlenis aRwera optikuri iluziebis asaxsnelad.

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• mzis sxivebis daxris kuTxis mniSvnelobis Sefaseba dedamiwaze sezonebis cvli-

lebis asaxsnelad;

• eqsperimentis Catareba optikuri sistemebiT (magaliTad, lupiT, linziT) sinaT-

lis energiis lokalizebaze (sxivebis erT wertilSi Tavmoyraze) dasakvirveblad.

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• sinaTlis gavrcelebaze gravitaciis gavlenis Sesaxeb sawyisi cnobebis moZieba op-

tikuri iluziebis asaxsnelad.

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• informaciis moZiebis unaris gamoyeneba sinaTlis siCqaris gazomvis sxvadasxva

meTodis Sesaswavlad;

• eqsperimentis dagegmva da usafrTxod ganxorcieleba prizmaSi, brtyel-parale-

lurgverdebian firfitasa da Txel linzaSi sinaTlis svlis aRsawerad;

• sinaTlis arekvlis kanonebis gamoyenebiT brtyel sarkeSi gamosaxulebis ageba

maTi yofa-cxovrebasTan dasakavSireblad;

• sinaTlis arekvlis, gardatexisa da sruli Sinagani arekvlis movlenis Seswavla

sxvadasxva optikuri xelsawyoebis/sistemebis muSaobis principis asaxsnelad;

• sxvadasxva optikuri xelsawyoebis/sistemebis muSaobis principis axsna maT yovel-

dRiurobasa da sxvadasxva profesiasTan dasakavSireblad.

13
XII klasi

Tema: molekuluri fizika da Termodinamika

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:
molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi; idealuri airis mdgomareobis
gantoleba da izoprocesebi; idealuri airis muSaoba mudmivi an wrfivad cvladi wn-
evis dros; idealuri airis Sinagani energia; Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni; siTburi
Zravebis mqk; absoluturi da fardobiTi tenianoba; siTxis zedapiruli daWimuloba
da kapilaruli movlenebi; siTxis siblante.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:
materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• hipoTezis gamoTqma, cdebis/eqsperimentebis momzadeba, kvlevisaTvis saWiro proce-
durebis usafrTxod Catareba nivTierebis diskretuli agebulebis, Semadgeneli mo-
lekulebis qaosurad moZraobisa da maT Soris Sualedebis arsebobis dasadasture-
blad;
• haeris tenianobis raodenobrivi aRwera da misi gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb argu-
mentirebuli msjeloba yofa-cxovrebaSi haeris tenianobis Sesaxeb codnis rolis
Sesafaseblad;
• siTxis zedapiruli daWimulobisa da kapilaruli movlenebis gamomwvev mizezebze
argumentirebuli msjeloba bunebasa da yoveldRiurobaSi maTi rolis gasaanalize-
blad da sxvadasxva disciplinasTan dasakavSireblad.
energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• idealuri airis muSaobis raodenobrivi aRwera izobaruli procesisa da wrfivad
cvladi wnevis dros, teqnikis ganviTarebaSi idealuri airis muSaobis Sesaxeb co-
dnis rolis Sesafaseblad;
• siTburi Zravebis muSaobis principis axsna teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi misi ro-
lis gasaanalizeblad;
• siTburi ZravebiT gamowveuli ekologiuri problemebis gaanalizeba da maTi ga-
daWris gzebze msjeloba garemos dacvis kuTxiT damokidebulebis Sesaqmnelad;
• Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gaanalizeba mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis gan-
viTarebaSi misi rolis Sesafaseblad.
Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• idealuri airis wnevis mis koncentraciasa da temperaturaze damokidebulebis
Seswavla yofa-cxovrebaSi airis wnevis rolis Sesafaseblad;
• kapilarul movlenebsa da mis gamomwvev mizezebze msjeloba yofa-cxovrebasa da
mcenareebSi misi rolis gasaanalizeblad;
• siTxis molekulebis agebulebis dakavSireba mis fizikur TvisebebTan siTxis
siblantis asaxsnelad.
fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• airis Semadgeneli molekulebis moZraobis saxeze msjeloba. molekulebis moZrao-
bis siCqaresa da airis temperaturas Soris kavSiris dadgena problemaze orien-
tirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;
• absoluturi nulis, rogorc bunebaSi arsebuli yvelaze dabali temperaturis
Sesaxeb msjeloba mecnierebasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi misi rolis Sesafaseblad;
• cdebis/eqsperimen­tebis momzadeba, hipoTezis gamoTqma, kvlevisaTvis saWi­ro pro­
ce­du­re­bis usaf­rTxod Ca­tareba idealuri airis izo­pro­cesebis aR­sa­werad.

14
Tema: atomuri, birTvuli da kvanturi fizikis sawyisebi

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

sinaTlis siCqare da plankis mudmiva - klasikuri da kvanturi fizikis moqmedebis ar-

ealebi; sinaTlis ormagi buneba (dualizmi); fotonis energia da fotoefeqti; rezer-
fordis cda, atomis planeturi modeli; boris postulatebi da wyalbadis atomis
boris Teoria; birTvuli Zalebi da radioaqtivoba; birTvis daSlisa da sinTezis
reaqciebi; elementaruli nawilakebis klasifikaciaze zogadi warmodgenebis Camoya-
libeba.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT:

materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• radioaqtivobis movlenis Sesaxeb msjeloba mecnierebaSi, medicinasa da arqeo-

logiaSi misi rolis Sesafaseblad;

• atomis birTvis aRnagobis aRwera da birTvuli reaqciebis Sesaxeb msjeloba pro-

blemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad.

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• fotonis energiisa da fotoefeqtis movlenis Sesaxeb msjeloba yofa-cxovrebasa

da teqnologiebSi fotoefeqtis rolis gasaanalizeblad;

• wyalbadis atomis energetikuli doneebis Sesaxeb msjeloba problemaze orien-

tirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

• birTvuli reaqtoris muSaobis principis axsna yofa-cxovrebaSi birTvuli ener-

giis rolis Sesafaseblad.

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• birTvuli Zalebis daxasiaTeba da birTvis stabilurobis axsna problemaze orien-

tirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;

• sinaTlis wnevis Sesaxeb msjeloba sinaTlis korpuskuluri bunebis gasaanali­

zeblad.

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• atomis planeturi modelis mixedviT eleqtronebis birTvis garSemo moZraobis

maxasiaTebeli parametrebis aRwera problemaze orientirebuli amocanebis gada-
saWrelad;

• amaCqareblebis, rogorc Tanamedrove kvleviTi centrebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

msjeloba nawilakebis aRmoCenasa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi maTi rolis
Sesafaseblad.

15
Tema: astrofizikis sawyisebi

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

Tanamedrove warmodgenebi samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb (didi afeTqebis Teoria);

samyaros obieqtebi (planetebi, varskvlavebi, Savi xvrelebi, galaqtikebi); samyaros
xiluli da uxilavi nawili; samyaros aCqarebulad gafarToeba.
Temis farglebSi Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi samizne cnebebis mixedviT

materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• materiis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriis gacnoba samyaros Semadgenloba-
ze warmodgenebis Sesaqmnelad;

• galaqtikebisa da misi Semadgeneli obieqtebis (Savi xvrelebis, TeTri jujebis,

neotronili varskvlavebis da a.S.) daxasiaTeba samyaros obieqtebis aRsawerad;

• samyaros xiluli da uxilavi nawilis (Savi materiisa da bneli energiis) Sesaxeb

arsebuli Teoriis gacnoba, samyaros Semadgenel materiaze warmodgenebis Sesaqm-
nelad.

energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• varskvlavebSi mimdinare TermobirTvul reaqciebze msjeloba maTi naTebis asaxs-

nelad;

Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• samyaros obieqtebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb msjeloba obieqte-

bis ganlagebisa da moZraobis asaxsnelad;

• Savi xvrelebis gravitaciaze msjeloba maT mier informaciis STanTqmis unaris

Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgenebis Camosayalibeblad.

fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• samyaros aCqarebulad gafarToebis Sesaxeb msjeloba mecnierebis miRwevebisa da

ganviTarebis gasaanalizeblad;

• samyaroSi arsebuli obieqtebis moZraobis Sesaxeb msjeloba sxvadasxva sistemis

(mzis sistema, galaqtika) dasaxasiaTeblad.

16
 III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
indikatoris
saaTebis
Tema Sinaarsi Sefasebis indikatorebi Sesrulebis
raodenoba
saSualebebi
1.1. eleqtruli deni. denis materia - moswavlem unda SeZlos: 1
wyaro • nivTierebis agebulebis daxasiaTeba
1.2. denis Zala misi eleqtruli gamtareblobis Se- 1
1.3. eleqtruli deni liTonis saswavlad;
• gamtaris winaRobis zomebze, niv­ 1
gamtarSi
Tierebis gvarobasa da tempera-
1.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisa-
turaze damokidebulebis Sesaxeb 2
Tvis
msjeloba misi yofa-cxovrebaSi
Tavi I. mudmivi eleqtruli deni (25 sT).

1.5 eleqtruli winaRoba. kuTri praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ar- 1

winaRoba diskusia;
gumentebis mosayvanad. zegamtaro-
eqsperimenti;
1.6 zegamtaroba bis movlenis Sesaxeb msjeloba; saklaso da sa- 1
• liTonebSi, siTxeebSi, airebsa da Sinao davaleba;
1.7. gamtarTa SeerTebis xerxebi naxevargamtarebSi eleqtruli kvleva; 2
gamtareblobis Seswavla maTi yo- amocanebze
1.8. gamtarTa paraleluri fa-cxovrebasa da profesiebTan/ (problemis 2
SeerTeba gadaWraze) muSa­
teq­nologiebTan dasakavSireblad;
oba;
1.9. fizika amocanebSi: denis • P da n tipis naxevargamtarebis kon-
Zala, Zabva da winaRoba eleq­ Semajamebeli 4
taqtis gamokvleva naxevargamta- samuSaoebi (tes-
truli wredis ubanze ruli diodis muSaobis principis ti, kompleqsuri
1.10. denis muSaoba da simZlavre snelad da teqnologiebSi misi
asax­ davaleba). 1
rolis gasaanalizeblad;
1.11. joul-lencis kanoni 1
energia - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
1.12. fizika amocanebSi: denis • denis muSaobisa da simZlavris Se-
muSaoba da simZlavre. saxeb argumentirebuli msjeloba/ 3
joul-lencis kanoni
raodenobrivi aRwera problemaze
1.13. denis wyaros eleqtroma- orientirebuli amocanebis gadasaW- 2
moZravebeli Zala relad;
1.14. fizika amocanebSi: denis • eqsperimentebis dagegmva (hipoTezis
wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Camoyalibeba, Tvisebrivi da rao- 3
Zala denobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva
2.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi meTodiT organizeba) da misi usaf­ 1
rTxod Catareba mimdevrobiT/pa-
2.2. eleqtruli deni airSi 1
ralelurad/Sereulad SeerTebul
2.3. TavisTavadi ganmuxtvis momxmarebelTa mier gamomuSavebuli
1
Tavi II. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi (6 sT).

saxeebi simZlavreebis dasadgenad;

2.4. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi Zala - moswavlem unda SeZlos: 1
diskusia;
• Tavisufal muxtebze moqmed eleq­
2.5. eleqtruli deni naxevargam- uSualo dakvir-
trul Zalasa da gamtarebSi denis veba; 1
tarSi
warmoqmnas Soris mizezSedegobrivi eqsperimenti;
2.6. p-n gadasasvleli kavSiris dadgena problemaze orien- saklaso-saSinao 1
tirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad; davaleba;
• eleqtrolitebSi gamtarobis war- amocanebze
moqmnis meqanizmis axsna eleqtro- (problemis
gadaWraze) mu-
lizis movlenis asaxsnelad/yo-
Saoba;
fa-cxovrebasTan/profesiebTan/sxva kvleva;
disciplinebTan dasakavSireblad; Semajamebeli
fizikuri procesi - moswavlem unda samuSaoebi (tes-
SeZlos: ti, kompleqsuri
• gamtarebSi arsebuli Tavisufali davaleba);
muxtebis moZraobis daxasiaTeba
movlenis mode­
gamtaris eleq­trul velSi moTavse-
lireba.
bamde da moTavsebis Semdeg, masSi
denis warmoqmnis meqanizmis gasaana-
lizeblad;
• airebSi denis warmoqmnis meqaniz-
mis axsna atmosferoSi eleqtruli
movlenebis/ procesebis aRsawerad.
sarezervo saaTebi 9 saaTi

17
 IV. moswavlis wignis struqtura

saxelmZRvanelo (II nawili) xels uwyobs X klasis saswavlo wlis bolos standartiT gaTva-
liswinebuli Sedegebis miRwevas. saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi dabalansebuli, Tanamimdevruli da
mravalferovania: maprovocirebeli kiTxvebi, damoukidebeli da jgufuri samuSaoebi, Teoriuli
informacia xels uwyobs moswavles, iyos aqtiuri, gauCndes garemomcveli samyaros kvlevis inte-
resi da Seecados, axsnas masSi mimdinare procesebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia eqsperimentebi,
laboratoriuli samuSaoebi, romelTa Catarebasac moswavle Tavad SeZlebs, `keTebiT~ swavla
aRrmavebs Teoriuli masalis gagebas da moswavles codnis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs SesZens.

1. saxelmZRvanelos aqvs sarCevi.

2. saxelmZRvanelos II nawili ori Tavisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tema ramdenime paragrafs moicavs.
saxelmZRvanelos II nawilSi sul 20 paragrafia. X klasSi II semestrSi fizikis swavlebisTvis ganku-
Tvnilia 40 sT. aqedan 31 sT daeTmoba paragrafebSi mocemuli masalis aTvisebas da Semajamebel
gakveTilebs, xolo 9 sT sarezervoa.

3. paragrafis teqstSi CarTulia an teqstTan miznobrivadaa dakavSirebuli davalebebi _ kiTxvebi

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis, romlebic danomrilia da asea aRniSnuli: 1.2.1
davalebis numeracia miuTiTebs paragrafis nomers da mocemul paragrafSi davalebis nomers.
mag., 1.2.1. niSnavs, §1.2-is 1-l davalebas.
am tipis davalebebi gankuTvnilia ZiriTadad individualur samuSaod. emsaxureba Sesaswavli
masalis siRrmiseulad gaazrebas.

4. individualur samuSaoebs individualurobis aRmniSvneli logo ar aqvs, wyvilebSi samuSaosa

da jgufur samuSaos ki Sesabamisi logoebi aRniSnavs. jgufuri samuSao odnav meti sirTulisaa
da swored amitomac sruldeba jgufSi: moswavleebi gaerTianebuli ZalebiTa da ganawilebuli
pasuxismgeblobiT ukeT Seasruleben dakisrebul samuSaos.

5. paragrafSi mocemuli davalebebi gansxvavebuli sirTulisaa. moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis,

swav­lebis stilis, interesebisa da winare codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebeli Tavad gadawyvets,
romel davalebas ganixilavs klasSi da romels aaridebs Tavs (es im cdebs, praqtikul samuSaoebs,
kvlevebsa da proeqtebsac exeba, romlebic saxelmZRvaneloSia aRwerili). miTiTeba: saxelZRvanelo-
Si mocemuli davalebebis, proeqtebis srulad `gavla~ aucilebeli ar aris (metic, SeuZlebelia).

6. cdebi. fizika eqsperimentuli mecnierebaa. `mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabuTeba

bevrad metad fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~, _ galileo galileis es sityvebi mTel
saxelmZRvanelos xazad gas­devs. movlenebis Seswavlisas gamoTqmuli yvela hipoTezisa Tu Teoriuli
mtkicebis WeSmariteba cdiT unda dadasturdes. moswavleebi cdis saSualebiT Rrmad unda Caswvdnen
movlenis meqanizms, TviTon unda mividnen garkveul daskvnam­de da Tavadve unda daadginon ama Tu
im movlenis kanonzomierebani. Tqven miznad unda daisaxoT, rom Tqveni moswavleebi Camoyalibdnen
aqtiur Semmecneblebad da ara codnis pasiur mimRebebad. swored amaSi dagexmarebaT saintereso
da sworad SerCeuli cdebi.
avtori maqsimalurad Seecada, TqvenTvis rac SeiZleba advilad Casatarebeli eqsperimentebi Se-
moeTavazebina, romelTa umravlesoba imdenad martivi da usafrTxoa, rom maTi Catareba moswavleebs
Tavisuflad SeuZliaT saxlis pirobebSic ki. Tumca zogjer gverdi mainc ver auara teqnikurad
rTulad Sesasrulebel cdebs. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor dagegmavs sagakveTilo process, aqvs
Tu ara sakmarisi dro, aris Tu ara misTvis xelmisawvdomi ama Tu im cdisTvis saWiro resursebi,
maswavlebeli Tavad wyvets, romeli cda Caataros da romeli _ ara.

18
 SeniSvna:
 mizanSewonilia, cdebi winaswar momzaddes, raTa maTi Catarebisas sasurveli Sedegi miiRoT
da gansazRvrul droSic `CaetioT~. yoveli cdis, maT Soris yvelaze martivis, warmatebulad
Catarebas Tavisi saidumlo aqvs, romelic gamocdilma pedagogma SesaniSnavad icis. Tumca isic ar
aris dazRveuli imisgan, rom cda ar gamovides da amas, SeiZleba, Zalze martivi mizezi hqondes.
cdis warumateb­lobis mizezis dadgena gakveTilis mimdinareobis dros SeiZleba gacilebiT cudi
SedegiT damTavrdes: SesaZ­loa, mTeli gakveTili Cavardes.
 cdebis Catarebisas gaxsovdeT: usafrTxoeba upirvels yovlisa! arc erTi cda ar Rirs imad,
rom vinme dazaraldes, Tundac mcirediT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT usafrTxoebis
zomebis dacvas.

7. praqtikuli samuSao. praqtikuli (laboratoriuli) samuSaos Catareba sabunebismetyvelo

sagnebis swavlebis erT-erTi meTodia. am meTodis arsi is aris, rom moswavleebi uSualod atareben
cdebs fizikuri sidideebis gazomvebisa da kanonebis Semowmebis mizniT. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi
swored imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels cnebebisa da kanonebis gageba/gaazre-
bas. yvela asakis moswavlisaTvis cnebis arsi maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT naTeli, roca igi Tavad miva
im daskvnamde, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im fizikuri sididis codnas, roca damoukideblad
zomavs romelime movlenis maxasiaTebel sidideebs da Tavadve adgens maT urTierTkavSirs. labo-
ratoriuli samuSaoebi xels uwyobs dakvirvebis, aRweris, sidideTa gazomva-gamoyenebis, codnis
damoukideblad gaRrmaveba-gafarToebis unaris ganviTarebas.
gaiTvaliswineT: Tu laboratoriuli samuSaosTvis saWiro aRWurviloba an sakmarisi dro ar
gaqvT, ar aris aucilebeli maTi Catareba. Tavad gadawyviteT, ramdenad Rirs misi Catareba, ras
aZlevs Tqvens moswavleebs esa Tu is samuSao, iqneb sxva saxis aqtivobiT (mag., sademonstracio
cdiT, proeqtiT) Rirs misi Canacvleba? miznebi, romlebic standartiTaa gansazRvruli, alter-
natiuli gzebiTac miiRweva da ar aris aucilebeli saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masalis srulad
gavla. saxelmZRvanelo erT-erTi resursia, romelic am miznis misaRwevad TqvenTvis mxolod
gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs.

8. saSinao davaleba. saklaso da saSinao davalebebi erT mTlianobad moiazreba: saSinao davaleba
klasSi dawyebuli kvlevis gagrZeleba unda iyos. Tu paragrafSi moyvanili yvela im davalebis Ses-
ruleba da yvela im cdis Catareba ar moeswro, romlebic dagegmili gqondaT, daavaleT moswavles,
damoukideblad scados maTi gakeTeba (cxadia, ar igulisxmeba is cdebi, romelTa Catareba garkveul
safrTxes Seicavs an teqnikurad mouxerxebelia saxlis pirobebSi maTi Catareba). damoukideblad
miRweuli Sedegi, damerwmuneT, misTvis ufro sasiamovnoa.
ar aris savaldebulo paragrafSi mocemuli yvela kiTxvisa da amocanis saSinao davalebad micema.
maswavlebels SeuZlia, davaleba Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SearCios an amisTvis Temis damatebiTi
savarjiSoebidan SearCios rame.
saSinao davalebis momzadeba gulisxmobs:
 paragrafis yuradRebiT wakiTxvas.
sTxoveT moswavleebs, ar daizepiron teqsti. dazepirebis nacvlad misi Sinaarsis gaazreba
scadon. amaSi damatebiTi kiTxvebisa da savarjiSoebis nawilSi mocemuli kiTxvebi daexmarebaT.
es kiTxvebi yviTeli feriTaa aRniSnuli da miznad isaxavs, daexmaros moswavles paragrafSi mocemuli
masalis ukeT gaazrebaSi. kiTxvebi erTgvari gegmaa, romlis mixedviTac moswavle paragrafSi mocemu-
li masalidan mTavari azris gamotanas SeZlebs. moswavleebma kiTxvebs pasuxi jer Tavisi sityvebiT
unda gascen (Tu pasuxs werilobiT warmoadgenen, es maT masalis ukeT aRqmaSi daexmareba), xolo
Semdeg paragrafSi monaxon pasuxi da gadaamowmon sakuTari versiis siswore.
moswavlem arc erTi kiTxva ar unda datovos pasuxgaucemeli. auxseniT maT, rom kiTxvebis
dasma mosaridebeli ar aris. piriqiT, Tu kiTxva uCndebaT, e. i. maT ifiqres konkretul sakiTxze.
maswavleb­lis wignSi mocemuli Sefasebis formaSi (ix. Sefasebis formebi) kiTxvebis dasmis unari
kriteriumebSia gawerili (moswavle fasdeba ara marto kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas, aramed ma-
Sinac, Tu is kiTxvebs Tavad dasvams).

19
  im davalebebisa da daskvnebis xelaxla gadaxedvas, romlebic klasSi muSaobisas Seasrules. es
daexmareba maT saSinao davalebis damoukideblad gakeTebaSi.

maswavlebelma moswavleebs winaswar unda gaacnos saSinao davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

saSinao davalebis Sefasebis forma mocemulia maswavleblis wignSi. es da sxva formebic sareko-
mendacio xasiaTisaa. Tqven SegiZliaT SecvaloT kriteriumebi da moargoT konkretul davale-
bas. sasurvelia, wlis dasawyisSi moswavleebTan erTad SeimuSaoT saSinao davalebis (aseve sxva
davalebebis) Sefasebis kriteriumebi da gamoakraT TvalsaCino adgilas.

9. moamzade Tema prezentaciisTvis. Temis saprezentaciod momzadeba gulisxmobs moswavlis mier

ama Tu im Temis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas. informacia ZiriTadad moswavlis ukve arsebul
codnas unda eyrdnobodes, magram amasTan erTad warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes moswavlis
damoukidebeli muSaoba da am Tu im sakiTxisadmi misi SemoqmedebiTi midgoma.
warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes SeZenili codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi,
moswav­lis damokidebuleba ganxiluli movlenebisadmi da misi damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT
(mag., misi, rogorc garemos damcvelis, pozicia, unda Seicavdes rekomendaciebs usafrTxoebis
wesebis dacvis Sesaxeb da a. S.).
sasurvelia, warmodgenil TemaSi moswavle acnobierebdes misTvis xelmisawvdomi codnis
sxvadasxva sferos kavSirs.
namuSevris prezentacia ar unda xdebodes mxolod TxrobiTi formiT, moswavleebma unda
gamoiyenon TvalsaCinoebebi da monacemTa warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxi (suraTebi, naxatebi,
plakatebi, grafikebi, cxrilebi, diagramebi, TavianTive damzadebuli modeli, prezentacia ele-
qtronuli formiT da a. S.). es saSualebas miscemT, masalis TxrobiTi, momabezrebeli xasiaTi
gantvirTon, ufro konkretuli, realuri da saxaliso gaxadon TemaSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsi.
SeaxseneT maT, Tema ise warmoadginon, rom is martivad gasagebi iyos maTi TanatolebisTvis,
gamarTuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad, Seicavdes `damaintrigebel~ informacias, vizualurad saxaliso,
saintereso da amave dros Temis Sinaarsis Sesabamisi iyos.
mniSvnelovania, rom prezentaciis Sefasebis kriteriumebi winaswar gaacnoT moswavleebs
(ix.Sefasebis forma #4).

10. kvleviTi samuSao.

10.1 kvlevis dagegmva da Catareba

moswavleebi gegmaven da atareben kvlevas (mag., dakvirvebas, cdas, eqsperiments) sxvadasxva
garemoSi (skolis laboratoria, bunebrivi garemo, saxli, skolis ezo da a. S.), gansazRvraven
aRWurvilobasa da sxva saWiro resursebs, winaswar aRweren kvlevis etapebsa da procedurebs,
agroveben da aRricxaven monacemebs. am samuSaos Sesrulebisas moswavle:
1. afasebs monacemebis Segrovebis sxvadasxva gzis/resursebis sandoobas kvlevis mizanTan mi-
marTebiT (romeli gzaa ukeTesi konkretuli miznis misaRwevad);
2. gegmavs kvlevas individualurad an jgufSi, raTa Seagrovos saWiro monacemebi sakvlev kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, problemis gadasaWrelad, mtkicebulebis misaRebad ama Tu im movlenis/
procesis `mecnieruli~, argumentirebuli axsnisTvis;
3. gansazRvravs damokidebul, damoukidebel da kontrolirebad cvladebs; gamoTqvams varauds,
ra moxdeba damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulirebis Sedegad;
4. gansazRvravs saWiro monacemebisa da maT misaRebad Casatarebeli manipulaciebis (mag., gazomvis,
daTvlis, TvaliT Sefasebis) raodenobas; gansazRvravs sizustis xarisxs monacemebis aRebisas;
adgens kvlevis CatarebisTvis saWiro dros; afasebs arsebul riskebs da qmnis kvlevis gegmas
amis gaTvaliswinebiT;
5. irCevs da amzadebs saTanado aRWurvilobas/resursebs;
6. atarebs kvlevas _ dakvirvebas/cdas/eqsperiments/modelis gamocdas/gamokiTxvas da aRricxavs,
aanalizebs, afasebs miRebul monacemebs;

20
7. kvlevis Catarebisas icavs usafrTxoebis wesebsa da eTikis normebs, personaluri, sazogadoe-
brivi, garemosdacviTi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
8. cdilobs, axsnas miRebuli Sedegebi (mag., ratom Seicvala damokidebuli cvladi damoukide-
blis cvlilebis Sedegad);
9. imeorebs kvlevas da manipulirebs cvladebiT, raTa axsnas moulodneli Sedegi/kvlevis Ca-
vardna an gaaumjobesos Catarebuli kvleva, miRebuli Sedegebis sizuste dasaxul miznebTan
mimarTebiT.

SeniSvna:
a) xSirad saxelmZRvaneloSi kvleviTi samuSaos aRwerilobaSi ukve mocemulia sakvlevi kiTxva,
miTiTebulia samuSaosTvis saWiro resursebi da is literatura, romelic informaciis mosa-
Ziebladaa saWiro da a. S.
b) ne­bis­mie­ri kiT­xva ar SeiZ­le­ba iyos sak­vle­vi. sak­vlev kiT­xvas Ta­vi­si ma­xa­sia­Teb­le­bi aqvs,
rom­leb­sac qve­moT gTa­va­zobT:

10.2. sakvlevi kiTxvis maxasiaTeblebi

 sakvlev kiTxvas obieqturi, mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli pasuxi aqvs, romelic

ar aris damokidebuli ganwyobaze, survilze, damokidebulebebze. pasuxi SeiZleba
zedmetad martivic ki iyos, ubralod `ki~ an `ara~;
 sakvlevi kiTxva eqvemdebareba `gamocdas~, anu gamoTqmuli hipoTezis sisworis Se-
mowmebas. es niSnavs, rom sakvlev kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad saWiroa gamoTqmuli
hipoTezis Sesabamisi dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis Catareba, obieqturi monaceme-
bis aRricxva da analizi;
 sakvlevi kiTxva, SesaZloa, ar iyos dakavSirebuli konkretul sagnobriv cod-
nasTan, aramed gamomdinareobdes realobidan da miznad isaxavdes raime yofiT,
cxovrebiseul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis, Cven garSemo arsebuli
bunebrivi garemos gamokvlevas; sasurvelia, sakvlevma kiTxvam aRZras bunebrivi
cnobismoyvareoba da gauCinos moswavles survili, upasuxos mas;
 sakvlev kiTxvas, SesaZloa, dasWirdes ganmeorebiT dasma sxva formiT, Tu ga-
moTqmulma varaudma ar gaamarTla.

21
 10. 3. kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos an­ga­ri­Si

kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Ses­ru­le­bis Se­sa­xeb mos­wav­le wers an­ga­riSs, rom­lis sa­re­ko­men­

da­cio for­ma­sac aq­ve gTa­va­zobT.

kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos mim­di­na­reo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis an­ga­ri­Si

Se­niS­vna: kvleviTi samuSao, romlis mixedviTacaa qve­moT mocemuli forma nimuSis

saxiT Sevsebuli, ar Sedis me-10 klasis fizikis programaSi.

mos­wav­lis gva­ri, sa­xe­li --------------------------- kla­si ------- Ta­ri­Ri ..............

kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao # 1 sak­vle­vi Te­ma _ di­fu­zia siT­

xeeb­Si

kvlevis etapebi Sefaseba

1. sakvlevi kiTxva.
2. saWiro informaciis
gansazRvra/moZieba.
3. varaudi, hipoTeza
_ sak­vlev kiT­xva­ze sa­
va­rau­do, kvle­vis win­
mswre­bi pa­su­xi, rom­
lis WeS­ma­ri­te­bac cdiT
Se­mow­mde­ba.
4. cdis mokle aRwera.
cda № 1
0 1 2 3
ra­­zea ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­li ­di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe?
niv­­Tie­­re­­ba­­Ta ­Ta­­vis­­Ta­­vad­ Se­­re­­vis­ mov­­le­­nas­
di­­fu­­zia ­hqvia.­ di­­fu­­zia­ aix­­sne­­ba­ im­ mo­­saz­­
re­­ba­­ze ­day­­rdno­­biT­, rom­ niv­­Tie­­re­­ba ­Sed­­
ge­­ba ­cal­­keu­­li ­na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bis­­gan­, rom­­le­­bic­
ga­­nuw­­yvet­­liv­ da ­qao­­su­­rad­ moZ­­rao­­bs.
difuziis siswrafe damokidebulia
nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis
moZraobis xasiaTze: rac ufro swrafad
moZraobs nawilakebi, miT ufro swrafad
mimdinareobs difuzia.
vak­­vir­­de­­bi­ o­ri ­siT­­xis­ er­­Tma­­neT­­Si ­Se­­re­­vis­
mov­­le­­nas.

5. damoukidebeli siT­­xee­­bis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra.

cvladi _ sidide/
piroba, romelic
icvleba cdis Catarebis
procesSi da iwvevs
sxva sididis/pirobis
cvlilebas.
6. damokidebuli di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe.
cvladi _
sidide/piroba,
romelic icvleba
damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis
mixedviT.

22
 7. parametri -
mocemuli cdis
ganmavlobaSi mudmivi
sidide/ucvleli
piroba.
8. aRricxuli
monacemebi /gazomvis
Sedegebi.
9. monacemebis/
Sedegebis analizi,
interpretacia da
gamotanili daskvnebi.
10. pasuxi sakvlev
kiTxvaze /saboloo
daskvna.
11. dadasturda Tu
ara Seni hipoTeza?
Tu ar dadasturda,
Camoayalibe axali
hipoTeza.
12. TviTSefaseba:
a) ra gamogivida
yvelaze kargad
kvlevisas;
b) ra gamogivida
warumateblad?
g) ras Secvlidi
kvlevis procesSi,
Tavidan rom atarebde
mas?
Se­niS­vna:
1) kvle­vis an­ga­ri­Sis for­mas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs. Sev­se­bu­lia ni­mu­Sis sa­xiT.
Tqven Se­giZ­liaT, kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos eta­peb­Si Tqven­Tvis sa­sur­ve­li sxva eta­pic daa­ma­
toT.
2) kvle­vis an­ga­ri­Sis­Tvis gan­kuT­vni­li for­ma mo­ce­mu­lia sa­xel­mZRva­ne­lo­Si da­nar­Tis
sa­xiT. mos­wav­lee­bi Ta­vad qmnian am for­mebs teq­stur re­daq­tor­Si (Wor­d-is fail­Si) an
siT­­xee­­bi,­ rom­­leb­­Sic­ mim­­di­­na­­re ­di­­fu­­zias­
vak­­vir­­de­­bi,­ ­mud­­mi­­vi rCe­­ba:­ di­­fu­­zias­ vak­­vir­­
de­­bi­ or­ sxva­­das­­xvag­­va­­rad­ Se­­fe­­ril­ wyal­­Si.
im­ dros­, ro­­ca ­siT­­xee­­bis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra ­da­­ba­­
li­ i­yo,­ siT­­xee­­bis­ sru­­lad­ Se­­re­­vas­ ­daax­­loe­­
biT­ 2 sT das­­Wir­­da. ­ma­­Ra­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­
pi­­ro­­beb­­Si­ ki siT­­xee­­bi­ er­­Tma­­neT­s sru­­lad­
na­­xe­­var­ saaT­­Si ­See­­ria.
mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ gaa­­na­­li­­ze­­bis­ Se­­de­­gad mi­­ve­­di
­das­­kvne­­bam­­de:­
1) na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bis­ moZ­­rao­­bis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­
de­­bu­­lia ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­ze:­ Tu ­niv­­Tie­­re­­bis­ /
sxeu­­lis ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra ­ma­­Ra­­lia,­ na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bi
swra­­fad ­moZ­­rao­­bs­­, xo­­lo ­Tu ­niv­­Tie­­re­­bis­ /
sxeu­­lis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra ­da­­ba­­lia,­ na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bi ­
Se­­da­­re­­biT­ ne­­la moZ­­rao­­bs­;­
2) di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­lia ­tem­­
pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­ze:­ da­­ba­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­ pi­­ro­­
beb­­Si ­di­­fu­­zia ne­­la ­mim­­di­­na­­reob­s,­ xo­­lo ­ma­­
Ra­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­ pi­­ro­­beb­­Si ­_ swra­­fad.
di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­lia­ im­ niv­­
Tie­­re­­ba­­Ta ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­ze,­ ro­­mel­­Ta ­Se­­re­­
va­­sac­ vak­­vir­­de­­bi.
da­­das­­tur­­da.
sa­­Re­­ba­­vi ­cdis­ da­­saw­­yis­­Si ­na­­wi­­lob­­riv­ i­yo
­gax­­sni­­li­ er­T-er­T boT­­lSi.­ is­ Tan­­da­­Tan­ gaix­­
sna ­cdis­ msvle­­lo­­bi­­sas­, a­mi­­tom­ TiT­­qos­ or­
e­ta­­pad­ mox­­da ­siT­­xee­­bis­ Se­­re­­va ­da ­cda ­dro­­Si
­gai­­we­­la.­ sxva ­dros­ au­­ci­­leb­­lad­ Ta­­vi­­dan­­ve
­da­­vak­­vir­­debi,­ rom­ sa­­Re­­ba­­ve­­bi ­sru­­lad­ i­yos­
gax­­sni­­li ­cdis­ da­­saw­­yis­­Si­­ve.­
a­na­­lo­­giur­ cdas­ Ca­­va­­ta­­reb­­di ­sxva ­siT­­xee­­bis­
Sem­­Txve­­va­­Sic­, mag­., ga­­mo­­vi­­ye­­neb­ sxva­­das­­xva­­f­­
rad­ Se­­Re­­bil­ zeTs.
23
fur­cel­ze/an mas­wav­le­be­li uri­gebs mos­wav­leebs kvle­vis daw­ye­bi­sas amo­beW­dil fur­
cel­ze, an ug­zav­nis eleq­tro­nul ver­sias;
3) Tu kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao ram­de­ni­me eq­spe­ri­ments moi­cavs, an­ga­ri­Si Ti­Toeu­li eq­spe­ri­
men­tis msvle­lo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis mi­xed­viT un­da dai­we­ros.
4) kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis for­ma ix. mas­wav­leb­lis wig­nSi (Se­fa­se­bis for­me­bi
#7).
5) mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­lem wi­nas­war ico­des yve­la is kri­te­riu­mi, romelTa
mi­xed­vi­Tac mi­si kvle­va Se­fas­de­ba.
re­ko­men­da­cia: amo­beW­deT da gaa­ka­riT sak­la­so oTax­Si. sa­sur­ve­lia, TiTo cali mos­
wav­leebsac dau­ri­goT.

10.4. pre­zen­ta­cia. kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­de­ge­bis ga­zia­re­ba, war­dge­na, pre­zen­ta­cia mniS­

vne­lo­va­ni eta­pia mkvle­v­ris­Tvis da Se­sa­ba­mis una­rebs moiT­xovs. swo­red am una­re­bis ga­
mo­mu­Sa­ve­ba da dax­ve­waa am ti­pis (kvle­viT sa­mu­Sao­Si) aq­ti­vo­beb­Si mos­wav­le­Ta Car­Tu­lo­
bis erT-er­Ti mi­za­ni. mos­wav­les un­da SeeZ­los sa­ku­Ta­ri kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos msvle­lo­bi­sa
da Se­de­ge­bis Se­sa­xeb in­for­ma­ciis sxva ada­mia­ne­bis (mag., kla­se­le­bis) wi­na­Se efeq­tianad
war­dge­na da da­ma­te­biT kiT­xveb­ze pa­su­xis ga­ce­ma. es eta­pic fas­de­ba da Se­fa­se­ba aqac
or­gva­ria: gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­be­li da gan­msaz­Rvre­li, imis mi­xed­viT, ra ti­pis Se­fa­se­bas eni­We­ba
upi­ra­te­so­ba swav­le­bis kon­kre­tul etap­ze, ra iyo sas­wav­lo mi­za­ni da a. S.

pre­zen­ta­ciis war­dge­nis for­me­bi. mos­wav­le ir­Cevs war­dge­nis sa­sur­vel for­mas. mas

SeuZ­lia, au­di­to­riis wi­na­Se wa­rad­gi­nos kvle­vis pro­ce­sis mim­di­na­reo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis
am­sax­ve­li
a) ze­pi­ri pre­zen­ta­cia;
b) pre­zen­ta­cia flip­Car­tis ga­mo­ye­ne­biT;
g) pre­zen­ta­cia eleq­tro­nu­li for­ma­tiT (Po­wer Point-is dax­ma­re­biT);
d) fo­to- da vi­deoma­sa­la (eleq­tro­nu­li an beW­du­ri for­miT);
e) sa­de­mon­stra­cio eq­spe­ri­men­ti.
mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­le wi­nas­war icnob­des yve­la im kri­te­riu­ms, ro­melTa mi­
xed­vi­Tac mi­si pre­zen­ta­cia Se­fas­de­ba (ix. kvle­vis pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #8).

11. proeqti. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia saintereso proeqtebi, romlebic moswavlem (an

moswavleTa jgufma) damoukideblad unda moamzados. proeqts (moklevadiansa da grZelvadians)
Tavisi gansakuTrebuli specifika aqvs, amitom masze muSaobisas, sasurvelia, maswavlebelma
moswavleebTan erTad SeimuSaos gegma, romelic maT samuSaos garkveul mimarTulebas miscems.
am gegmaSi damoukidebeli kvlevis is safexurebia mocemuli, romlebic proeqtis momzadebas
gulisxmobs:
1. problemis gaazreba da sworad gansazRvra;
2. informaciis moZieba, Segroveba, daxarisxeba;
4. eqsperimentis dagegmva da warmarTva;
5. Sedegebis analizi da daskvnebis gakeTeba;
6. monacemTa organizeba;
7. wardgena da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom proeqtebze muSaoba sakmaod rTulia da mxolod gansakuTrebulad

dainteresebul moswavleebs xelewifebaT. proeqtis momzadebisas TiToeuli etapisTvis
moswavleebTan SeTanxmdiT vadebze da aucileblad gamoxateT Tqveni azri, SeafaseT maTi Ses-
rulebuli samuSao yoveli etapis dasrulebis Semdeg. winaswar gaacaniT moswavleebs Sefasebis
kriteriumebi.
Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis/sakiTxis analizs; problemis/sakiTxis
irgvliv Segrovebuli informaciis analizs, proeqtis dagegmvisa da Sesrulebis (aqtivobebis)
aRweras, daskvnebs, proeqtis saboloo produqts (es kvleviTi samuSaoa, romelsac Tan axlavs

24
moswavlis mier damoukideblad Seqmnili produqti: modeli, rekomendaciebis CamonaTvali,
sainformacio bukleti).
proeqtis masalebisa da saprezentacio TemisTvis informaciis mosaZieblad moswavleebs xSi-
rad mouwevT internetiT sargebloba. saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebulia informaciis wyaroebic.
sasurvelia, damoukidebeli kvlevebisa da mopovebuli informaciis prezentacias Tan axldes
vizualuri masala. maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT masalas saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili
proeqtebis Sesaxeb, rac SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daexmaroT moswavleebs proeqtis momzadebisas.
cxadia, es masala Zalze mcirea da avtori imedovnebs, rom TiToeul Tqvengans gacilebiT meti
informacia aqvs ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb. is mxolod valdebulad Tvlis Tavs, mcireodeni
ganmartebebi mogawodoT proeqtebis (ufro sworad, saproeqto ideebis) Sesaxeb.

12. modelebi. fizikaSi udidesi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs modelis Seqmnas _ movlenis mo-
delirebas an raime meqanizmis xelnakeT models. modeli aucileblad sakvlevi obieqtis msgavsia,
Tumca maT Soris gansxvavebacaa, rac gamoricxavs maT imaveobas. modelebis roli gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinoa im movlenaTa Seswavlisas, romelTa mimdinareobis meqanizmi Znelad aRsaqmelia. mo-
delebis Seqmna erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi samuSaocaa moswavleebisTvis, rac maT udides siamovnebas
aniWebs. modelebis Seq­mnisas isini aucileblad TanamSromloben mSoblebTan, megobrebTan, rac
axalisebs gakveTilisTvis mzadebas. maT eamayebaT sakuTari qmnilebebi, rac zogjer namdvilad
ar aris safuZvels moklebuli: maT mier damzadebuli xelsawyoebi xSirad imdenad srulyofilia,
rom SegiZliaT warmatebiT gamoiyenoT saskolo laboratoriaSi.

13. internetis misamarTebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli internetsaitebis misamarTebi did

daxmarebas gauwevs­maswavlebelsa da dainteresebul moswavleebs, magram am saitebs mxolod sare-
komendacio xasiaTi aqvs da saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala internetis gamoyenebis gareSec
sakmarisia saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis misaRwevad. saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli
misamarTebis QR kodebi saSualebas miscems moswavleebs­, daubrkoleblad Sevidnen miTiTebul
misamarTebze. amisaTvis maT Sesabamisi programa-skaneris gadmowera mouwevT mobilur telefonSi.

25
26
 V. kompleqsuri davalebebis
matricebi

kompleqsuri davaleba #1: `grafitis rezistorebi~.............................................................. 28

kompleqsuri davaleba #2: `comis wredebi, anu eleqtrolaboratoria samzareuloSi~... 50
kompleqsuri davaleba #3: `mowyenili yvavili~ anu, davzogoT
eleqtroenergia saxlSi................................................................................................................ 67
kompleqsuri davaleba #4: `baRdadis batarea, anu
2000 wlis win dawyebuli eleqtrobis istoria.......................................................................... 80
kompleqsuri davaleba #5: `eleqtruli muxtis gansazRvra~.................................................. 94
kompleqsuri davaleba #6: `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba~................................................... 108

SeniSvna: aqtivobebi, kompleqsuri davalebebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa da maswavlebeli

Tavad irCevs maTgan sasurvels: sagakveTilo miznebidan gamomdinare, resursebis
xelmisawvdomobisa da moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

27
 kompleqsuri davaleba N1: grafitis rezistorebi

28
rekomendacia: mocemuli kompleqsuri davaleba SeiZleba gaiyos or davalebad
nawili I - moswavleebi amzadeben grafitis rezistorebs;
nawili II -moswavleebi amzadeben grafitis reostatsa da potenciometrs.

grZelvadiani mizani
samizne cneba - materia, fizikuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
procesi (Sedegi 1.2.3,4).
qvecneba -
gamtari, dieleqtriki, atomi, eleq-
troni, myari nivTiereba, eleqtru-
li deni, winaRobis cvlileba.
Tema - mudmivi eleqtruli deni
sakiTxebi:
gamtarebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba
gamtarebis paraleluri SeerTeba
qvesakiTxebi: potenciometri
• rogor SeiZleba davamzado grafitisgan rezistorebi da gamo-
viyeno Cem mier damzadebuli rezistorebi sxvadasxva kvlevaSi?
• rogor davamzado fanqrisgan reostati da rogor gamoviyeno
is, rogorc potenciometri?
kompleqsuri davalebis idea -
grafitis rezistorebi
grafiti _ erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli masalaa Cvens planetaze. is SeiZleba
yvelgan Segxvdes: dawyebuli fanqridan da damTavrebuli birTvuli reaqtorebiT.
grafiti eleqtruli denis gamtaria da mas eleqtrul wredebSi xSirad iyeneben.
uZlebs maRal temperaturas: masSi denis gavlisas xurdeba, magram ar iwveba. misi maRali
Tbogamtaroba mizezia imisa, rom grafits xSirad iyeneben ZravebSi jagrisebad, eleqtrul
batareebis gularebad, eleqtrotransportSi kontaqtebisTvis.
grafitis aTamde saxeoba arsebobs, romlebic mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba. yvela maTgani denis
gamtaria. yvelaze kargi gamtari ki rekristaluri grafitia.
 grafiti rbili masalaa. gamowvisas misi simagre maturobs, Tumca ufro myife xdeba. uhaero
garemoSi misi gaxureba iseT maRal temperaturamdea SesaZlebeli, romelsac liToni ver
uZlebs, dneba. swored amitom iyenebdnen grafitis (naxSiris) Zafebs adreuli Taobis var-
varebis naTurebSi.
sxva sxeulis zedapirze xaxunisas is tovebs kvals. mas iyeneben fanqris gulebad... swored
fanqris gulebis gamoyenebaa Cveni mizani kvlevebSi, radgan grafiti iafi da xelmisawvdomi
masalaa.

Tqveni davalebaa:
• moiZioT informacia grafitis Sesaxeb: rogoria misi agebuleba da ra ganapirobebs mis
iseT fizikur Tvisebas, rogoricaa eleqtrogamtarebloba; gamoikvlioT, rogor aris da-
mokidebuli grafitis winaRoba mis simagreze da geometriul zomebze;
• warmoadginoT Tqven mier Seqmnili
a) grafitis cvladi rezistorebi mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTebuli winaRobebisgan;
b) reostatis (potenciometris) modeli;
• moamzadoT prezentacia.

29
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samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi)
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
materia:
1.yvelaferi rac Cven garSemo ar-
sebobs materiaa. igi ori saxisaa:
nivTiereba da veli. yvela niv-
Tiereba Sedgeba nawilakebisagan -
molekulebisa da atomebisgan;
2.nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebi
damokidebulia mis Semadgenel
nawilakebze da struqturaze,
xolo velis fizikuri Tvisebebi -
velis Semqneli obieqtebis moZ-
raobasa da ganlagebaze;
3.materiis fizikuri Tvisebebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos Sida/gare
faqtorebiT. es Tvisebebi da maTi
cvlileba xasiaTdeba fizikuri
sidideebiT, romlebic izomeba
cdis meSveobiT.
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (konkretul kompleqsur davale-
moswavles SeuZlia: baze misadagebuli)
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
materia 1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs nivTierebis eleqtrul
gamtareblobas da rogor aisaxeba es wredSi denis Zalis
• gaacnobieros, materiis romeli mniSvnelobaze (axseni grafitis magaliTze) (materia 1; 2;
saxeebi xvdeba mas, gansaxilvel 3; fizikuri procesi 2);
sakiTxSi, risgan Sedgeba niv-
Tiereba, romelic mis mier gan- 2. rogor aris damokidebuli nivTierebis gamtarobis
saxilvel sakiTxSi monawileobs; Tviseba misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis gvarobaze, nivTie-
rebis struqturasa da gamtaris geometriul zomebze;
• gaaanalizos, ra damokidebule- (materia 1, 2; fizikuri procesi 2);
baa gansaxilvel sakiTxSi war-
modgenili nivTierebis Tvise- 3. imsjele, rogor aris damokidebuli wredis winaRoba
bebsa da mis struqturas Soris, gamtarTa SeerTebis struqturasa da gamtarebis winaRo-
ra damokidebulebaa gansaxil- bebze da warmoadgine es damokidebuleba grafikulad
vel sakiTxSi arsebuli velis (fizikuri procesi 1,2).
Tvisebebsa da velis Semqmneli
obieqtebis ganlagebas/moZrao-
bas Soris;
•
imsjelos, romeli gare/Sida
faqtorebi ganapirobebs ma-
teriis fizikuri Tvisebebis
cvlilebebs da romeli fi-
zikuri sidideebiT xasiaTdeba
materiis es Tvisebebi da maTi
cvlileba.
 fizikuri procesi: fizikuri procesi

1. fizikuri procesi sistemis/ • imsjelos, ra Tvisobrivi

sxeulis mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs gan-
cvlilebaa, romelic aRiwereba saxilvel fizikur procesSi da
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi rogor aRiwereba es cvlilebe-
maxasiaTeblebiT; bi raodenobrivad;

• daakavSiros erTmaneTTan gan-

2. yvela fizikur movlenas/pro­
saxilveli movlenis/procesis
cess aqvs mizezi da mohyveba
gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sede-
Sedegi, romelTa dakavSirebac
gebi, axsnas es kavSiri bunebis
SesaZlebelia bunebis kanonebis
kanonebis gamoyenebiT.
gamoyenebiT.

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kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)

etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba

resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
resursi 1: http://bitly.ws/sWXm modelireba | CK-12 Foundation (ck12.org)
resursi 2:
http://bitly.ws/sWVJ http://bitly.ws/sWVM http://bitly.ws/sWVR http://bitly.ws/tdmX

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba

sarekomendacio aqtivoba:
• resurs 1-ze dayrdnobiT, maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, imsjelon, ra aris modeli da ratom aris mniSvnelovani modelebis
Seqmna.
• moswavleebi resurs 2 -ze dayrdnobiT gaecnobian grafits da naxaven, rogor atarebs grafiti eleqtrul dens da rogor xdeba
wredebis awyoba misi gamoyenebiT.
• maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs kompleqsuri davalebis pirobas da moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs, ra etapebis gavla mo­
uwevT rezistorebis damzadebisa da reostatis modelis Sesaqmnelad.
SeniSvna: davalebis wardgena xdeba mas Semdeg, rac ukve damuSavebulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:
• eleqtruli deni;
• denis Zala;
• eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi;
• omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis;
• eleqtruli winaRoba.
 kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:
modeli (resursi 1)
• ra aris modeli?
• Segiqmnia Tu ara raimes modeli?
• risTvis aris saWiro modelebi?
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs modelebs?
• ratom aris mniSvnelovani modelireba?
• rogor fiqrob, ra nabijebis gadadgma mogiwevs rezistoris/reostatis modelis dasamzadeblad?
• rogor fiqrob, ra masala/masalebi dagWirdeba grafitis rezistoris da reostatis dasamzadeblad?
grafiti (resursi 2)
• ra fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs grafits?
• atarebs Tu ara grafiti eleqtrul dens?
• rogor fiqrobT, grafiti da almasi erTi da igive nivTierebaa?
kompleqsuri davaleba
• Seni sityvebiT Camoayalibe, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda imuSao?
• sxva dros Tu SegisrulebiaT msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba?

etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba

qvecneba - gamtari, dieleqtriki, atomi, eleqtroni, myari nivTiereba, eleqtruli deni, winaRobis cvlileba.

nawili I - moswavleebi amzadeben grafitis rezistorebs

nabiji 1.
1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs nivTierebis eleqtrul gamtareblobas da rogor aisaxeba es wredSi denis Zalis mniSvnelobaze. (axse-
ni grafitis magaliTze) (materia 1, 2, 3; fizikuri procesi 2);
2. rogor aris damokidebuli nivTierebis gamtarobis Tviseba misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis gvarobaze, nivTierebis struqturaze
da gamtaris geometriul zomebze; (materia 1, 2; fizikuri procesi 2).
SeniSvna: nabij 1- Si mocemuli davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavle iyenebs winare codnas sakiTxebze:
• eleqtruli deni;
• denis Zala;
• eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi;
• omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis;
• eleqtruli winaRoba.

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34
aqtivoba 1. winare codnis gaxseneba (sakiTxebi: eleqtruli deni, denis Zala, eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi, omis kanoni wre-
dis ubnisTvis, eleqtruli winaRoba):
• ras ewodeba eleqtruli deni?
• risi tolia gamtaris ganivkveTSi gamavali sruli muxti, Tu gamtarSi arsebuli Tavisufali nawilakebi qaosurad moZraobs?
ratom?
• romeli nawilakebia Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi liTonebSi?
• ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom nivTierebaSi eleqtruli veli aRiZras (daasaxele ori piroba, ra pirobebSic nivTierebaSi
eleq­truli deni aRiZvreba)?
• ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom gamtarSi eleqtruli deni mudmivad arsebobdes?
• ra mowyobilobis saSualebiT inarCuneben gamtaris boloebze potencialTa sxvaobas?
• ras ewodeba denis wyaros dadebiTi polusi? uaryofiTi?
• ras gviCvenebs denis Zala?
• rogor gamoiTvleba denis Zala da ra erTeulebSi izomeba is?
• ras ewodeba Zabva da rogor gamoiTvleba is?

• ra aris Zabvis erTeuli SI-Si?

• ra aris imis mizezi, rom liTonis gamtari masSi gamaval dens garkveul winaaRmdegobas uwevs?
• ra aris winaRobis erTeuli SI-Si?
• rogor Camoayalibeb omis kanons wredis ubnisaTvis?

aqtivoba 2. maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs grafitis sxvadasxva saxes: fanqris grafitis guli
SeiZleba iyos rbili, magari an saSualo simagris. saWiro fanqris SerCevaSi misi markireba daexmare-
baT. magaliTisTvis aCvenebs sxvadasxva simagris fanqrebs (mag., 3B, B, 2H) da aseve skalas, romelzedac
Cans sxvadasxva fanqris mier datovebuli kvali (ix. moswavlis wigni, proeqti: grafitis rezistorebi).

aqtivoba 3. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTavazobs martiv da saintereso cdas imis sademonstraciod, rogor atarebs grafiti dens.
urigebs saWiro masalas. moswavleebi muSaoben jgufebSi.
 cdisTvis saWiroa: elementi (9 v), Suqdiodi da `ubralo~ fanqari, klipsebiani SemaerTebeli sadenebi.
maswavlebeli yvela jgufs gansxvavebuli simagris fanqars aZlevs.
maswavlebeli aZlevs instruqcias moswavleebs:
1. daxaze konturi _ nebismieri wiri: mag., wrewiri, marTkuTxedi an romelime konkretuli sxeulis moxazuloba (mag., manqanis);
gaiTvaliswine, rom konturi 5 mm sisqis mainc unda iyos;;
2. gaaferade konturi fanqriT sakmaod sqlad;
konturi or adgilas unda gaxsna ise, rom konturis boloebs Soris manZili daaxloebiT 1 sm iyos;
konturis Ria boloebi aRniSne ` +~ da `–~ niSnebiT ise, rogorc es suraTzea naCvenebi;
3. erT boloze moaTavse `krona~, xolo meore Ria boloze Suqdiodi, romlis fexebi winaswar moRune;
gaiTvaliswine:
1) `kronas~ dadebiTi da uaryofiTi polusebi Sen mier datanil niSnebs unda SeuTavsdes: kronas mokle fexi uaryofiTi eleq­
trodia da, Sesabamisad `_~ bolosTan daamagre. meore, dadebiTi eleqtrodi ki _ `+~-iT aRniSnul bolosTan;
2) darwmundi, rom kronac da Suqdiodis `fexebic~ mWidrod exeba konturis boloebs;

Tu yvelafers sworad gaakeTeb, SesaZloa, Suqdiodi ainTos. Tumca SesaZloa, arc ainTos.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu Suqdiodi ar inTeba, maswavlebeli dasvams kiTxvas:
• rogor fiqrobT, ra aris savaraudo mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar ainTo Suqdiodi?
• ra SemTxvevaSi ainTo Suqdiodi: roca fanqari iyo rbili Tu roca iyo magari?

moswavleebi gamoTqvamen sakuTar azrs, msjeloben, gamoaqvT daskvna.

• imeoreben cdas: cvlian fanqars;
• moswavleebi ikvleven sxva mizezebs, ris gamoc SeiZleba Suqdiodi ar ainTos
• aris Tu ara Suqdiodis anTeba damokidebuli wredis sigrZeze? rogor?
• SeiZleba Tu ara Suqdiodi ar ainTos grafitis arasakmarisi fenis gamo?

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36
SeniSvna: kvlevis safuZvelze akeTeben daskvnebs - grafitis wredi ar unda iyos Zalian grZeli. grafitis fena sakmaod sqlad
unda iyos dafenili (ramdenjerme unda gadausvan fanqari).

resursi 4:
http://bitly.ws/sWVT http://bitly.ws/sWVW http://bitly.ws/sWW2

aqtivoba 4. maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs multimetrs _ xelsawyos, romelsac muSaobis sxvadasxva reJimi aqvs da SeiZleba
gamoiyeno, rogorc ampermetri, voltmetri da aseve ommetri (ommetri winaRobas zomavs);
moswavleebi ecnobian mocemul eleqtronul resursebs (resursi 4).
maswavlebeli uxsnis multimetris gamoyenebis wesebs. sTavazobs moswavleebs ommetris saSualebiT sakuTari sxeulis sxvadasxva
wertilebs Soris winaRobis gazomvas: mag., orive xelis TiTebs Soris, an mxris Tavebs Soris, kisris midamoSi da a.S. moswavleebi
darwmundebian, rom maTi sxeulis sxvadasxva wertilebs Soris winaRoba gansxvavebulia (es aqtivoba saxalisoa da amasTan, Semecne-
biTi: moswavleebma ician, rom swored maTi sxeulis winaRobazea damokidebuli denTan Sexebis Tanamdevi movlenebi.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• rogor izomeba Zabva multimetris gamoyenebiT?
• kidev ra xelsawyoTi zomaven Zabvas da rogor rTaven mas eleqtromomxmarebelTan?
• rogor zomaven denis Zalas multimetris gamoyenebiT?
• kidev ra xelsawyoTi zomaven denis Zalas wredSi da rogor rTaven mas im eleqtromomxmarebelTan (mag., naTurasTan), romelSic
gamavali denis Zalis sididea gasazomi?
• rogor gavzomoT gamtaris winaRoba multimetriT?
resursi 5. virtualuri laboratoriis bmulebi:
phet-is laboratoria: http://bitly.ws/sw87
tinkercad-is laboratoria: https://www.tinkercad.com/

aqtivoba 5. maswavlebeli moswavleebs Semdeg davalebebs aZlevs:

• aawyve wredi virtualur laboratoriaSi (ix. resursi 4) gamoiyene: denis wyaro, sadenebi, naTura, CamrTveli, rezistori.
• gazome naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala, Zabva naTuris boloebze multimetris gamoyenebiT.
• gamoiyene omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da gamoTvale naTuris winaRoba.
• gazome naTuris winaRoba multimetriT da Seadare multimetris Cevneba Sen mier gamoTvlil winaRobas.
• upasuxe kiTxvas: daemTxva Tu ara Sen mier gamoTvlili winaRoba ommetris Cvenebas?

moswavleebi asruleben davalebebs maswavleblis fasilitaciiT.

 resursi 6.
saxelmZRvanelo: proeqti: grafitis rezistorebi (davaleba 1,2).
internet-resursebi:
http://bitly.ws/sWVJ http://bitly.ws/sWVM http://bitly.ws/sWVN http://bitly.ws/sWVR http://bitly.ws/tdoi
http://bitly.ws/tdom http://bitly.ws/sWVT http://bitly.ws/sWVW http://bitly.ws/sWW2
aqtivoba 6. maswavlebeli aZlevs davalebas moswavleebs, romelic maT damoukideblad unda Seasrulon:
davaleba 1. moiZie informacia grafitis Sesaxeb.
• moZiebul informaciasa da resursi 6 -Si mocemul eleqtronul resursebze dayrdnobiT upasuxe kiTxvebs:
• rogori agebuleba aqvs grafits?
• ra ganapirobebs grafitis iseT fizikur Tvisebas rogoricaa eleqtrogamtaroba?
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs grafits?

davaleba 2. Caatare cda da daakvirdi, razea damokidebuli grafitis eleqtrogamtaroba.

cdisTvis dagWirdeba: elementi (9 v), Suqdiodi da `ubralo~ fanqari, klipsebiani SemaerTebeli sadenebi.

gaiTvaliswine: fanqris grafitis guli SeiZleba iyos rbili, magari an saSualo simagris. SenTvis saWiro fanqris SerCevaSi misi
markireba dagexmareba (sur.2). cdisTvis samive saxis dagWirdeba (mag., 2B, F, 2H);
1. daxaze konturi _ nebismieri wiri: mag., wrewiri, marTkuTxedi an romelime konkretuli sxeulis moxazuloba.
2. gaaferade konturi fanqriT sakmaod sqlad (gadausvi konturs fanqari ramdenjerme).konturis sigane 5 mm-ze naklebi ar unda
iyos.
3. miaerTe elementis polusebTan klipsebiani sadenebi.
4. miaerTe erTi sadenis (mag., dadebiTi polusTan mierTebulis) bolo konturis romelime wertils, meore sadenis klipsSi ki,
Suqdiodis mokle fexi (uaryofiTi eleqtrodi) Caamagre.
5. Seexe Suqdiodis grZeli fexiT (dadebiTi eleqtrodiT) konturis romeli wertils da daakvirdi: ainTo Tu ara Suqdiodi?
6. amoZrave Suqdiodi konturze da daakvirdi: zogjer mkveTria misi naTeba, zogjer ki susti.
7. gaimeore cda sxvadasxva simagris fanqrisTvis da sxvadasxva sisqis konturisTvis;

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daakvirdi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi: rogor aris damokidebuli Suqdiodis naTeba
a) grafitis simagreze;
b) konturis sisqeze;
g) konturis (grafitis zolis) im sigrZeze, romelic wredSia CarTuli (im or wertils Soris manZilze, romlebTanac elementia
mierTebuli);
davaleba 3. gamoikvlie, rogor aris damokidebuli grafitis winaRoba mis simagreze.
amisaTvis dagWirdeba meqanikuri fanqris sxvadasxva simagris grifelebi (grafitis `guli~).
1. gazome ommetriT erTi da imave sigrZisa da ganivkveTis (0,5 mm diametris) sxvadasxva simagris grifelis winaRoba: CarTuli
ommetris gamomyvanebi grifelis boloebs daade.
2. aage diagrama, romelic gamosaxavs winaRobis damokidebulebas grifelis simagreze.
gamoitane daskvna: romeli grafitia ukeTesi gamtari: magari Tu rbili?

davaleba 4. Sen mier Catarebuli kvlevs Sedegebis mixedviT gansazRvre, romeli fanqaria kargi gamtari da romeli, cudi.
SearCie gamtarobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze `cudi~ da yvelaze `kargi~ grifeli da gamoTvale grafitis kuTri winaRoba orive
SemTxvevaSi.
miTiTeba: gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba gamtaris winaRoba, razea is damokidebuli da ra sidideebi dagWirdeba imisaTvis, rom
grafitis kuTri winaRoba gamoTvalo.
gaiTvaliswine: grifelis diametri miTiTebulia im konteinerze, romelSicaa moTavsebuli.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• razea damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba da rogor gamoisaxeba es damokidebuleba maTematikurad?
• aris Tu ara damokidebuli grifelis winaRoba grifelis simagreze? rogor?
• ra aris nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba da ra erTeulebSi izomeba is?
• rogor Seicvleba gamtaris winaRoba, Tu gamtaris sigrZe gaizrdeba?
• rogor Seicvleba gamtaris winaRoba, Tu misi ganikvkveTis farTobi gaizrdeba?
• erTi da imave sigrZisa da ganivkveTis farTobis mqone spilenZis da aluminis gamtarebidan romels aqvs meti winaRoba da ra-
tom?
resursi 7. amocanebi saxelmZRvanelodan
aqtivoba 7. amocanebis amoxsna omis kanonsa da gamtaris kuTri winaRobis gamoTvlaze.
amocanis piroba: ra sigrZis unda iyos rkinis 2 mm2 ganivkveTis farTobis mqone mavTuli, rom misi winaRoba gautoldes aluminis
im mavTulis winaRobas, romlis sigrZe da ganivkveTis farTobi, Sesabamisad, 1 km da 4 mm2-ia.
 nawili II -moswavleebi amzadeben grafitis reostats da axdenen mis gadakeTebas potenciometrad
nabiji 2
imsjele, rogor aris damokidebuli wredis winaRoba gamtarTa SeerTebis struqturasa da gamtarebis winaRobebze da warmoad-
gine es damokidebuleba grafikulad (fizikuri procesi 1,2)
resursi 1:
virtualuri laboratoriebis bmulebi:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-dc
https://www.falstad.com/circuit/?fbclid=IwAR2LFW3X8qcbmihcDFy2_RgcPXVvcodH9jre6BVZ3YFOGFywTyyhTUmNB7s
https://www.tinkercad.com/
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4jzgqZu-4s&t=101s
https://javalab.org/en/serial_parallel_circuit_3_en/
https://javalab.org/en/serial_parallel_circuit_2_en/
saxelmZRvanelo: 3.7 praqtikuli samuSao N1 – 3.7.1 gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba
aqtivoba 1. maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs gamtarebis mimdevrobiT da paralelur SeerTebas sxvadasxva videoresursis, vir-
tualuri da saskolo laboratoriis saSualebiT (ix. resursi 1. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba).
moswavleebi maswavleblis miTiTebiT asruleben praqtikul davalebebs da ageben sxvadasxva tipis wredebs saskolo da virtua-
lur laboratoriaSi (ix. resursi 1).
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• gamtarebis rogori SeerTebaa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba?
• gamtarebis rogori SeerTebaa paraleluri SeerTeba?
• ra moxdeba, Tu naZvis xis girlandebSi erTi naTura gadaiwveba?
• saxlis eleqtrogayvanilobisTvis gamtarTa rogori SeerTebas gamoiyeneb _ paralelurs Tu mimdevrobiTs? ratom?
aqtivoba 2. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs Seasrulon me-5 da me-6 davaleba. maswavlebeli moswavleebs uwevs fasilitacias
davalebaze muSaobis procesSi.
davaleba 5. Sen mier Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze ukve gaqvs informacia, rogor aris damokidebuli grafitis simagreze
misi winaRoba: amoarCie yvelaze kargi gamtarebidan erT-erTi (saukeTeso gamtari) da daamzade cvladi rezistori mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli winaRobebisgan.

39
40
amisaTvis dagWirdeba: Sen mier SerCeuli fanqari, qaRaldi furceli, saxazavi, ommetri.
1. moniSne furcelze erTmaneTisgan 1 sm manZiliT daSorebuli wertilebi (A,B ... M).
2. gamoiyene saxazavi da SeaerTe wertilebi fanqriT (SemaerTebel xazs ramdenjerme gausvi fanqari);
3. ommetris daxmarebiT gazome OA, OB da a.S. OM monakveTebis winaRoba: CarTuli ommetris gamomyvanebi monakveTis sawyisa da
sabolooo wertilebze moaTavse.
4. TiToeul wertils daawere Sesabamisi winaRobis mniSvneloba.
5. aage winaRobis sigrZeze damokidebulebis grafiki. daakvirdi: rogor aris damokidebuli rezistoris winaRoba
a) gamtaris sigrZeze?
b) mimdevrobiT CarTuli winaRobebis raodenobaze?
davaleba 6. daamzade grafitis rezistori paralelurad SeerTebuli winaRobebisgan.
amisaTvis dagWirdeba: Sen mier SerCeuli fanqari, qaRaldi furceli, saxazavi, ommetri.
1. daxaze furcelze erTmaneTsigan 4 sm manZiliT daSorebuli ori patara marTkuTxedi (50 X 70 mm)
2. daixmare saxazavi da SeaerTe fanqriT marTkuTxedis qveda boloebi (SemaerTebel xazs ramden-
jerme gausvi fanqari);
3. ommetris daxmarebiT gazome winaRoba marTkuTxedebs Soris: CarTuli ommetris gamomyvanebi
marTkuTxedebis centrSi moaTavse.
4. gaavle marTkuTxedebis SemaerTebeli kidev erTi monakveTi wina monakveTis paralelurad da
masTan axlos. kvlav gazome winaRoba marTkuTxedebs Soris (da a.S. gaimeore ramdenjerme).
5. aage grafiki da daakvirdi: rogor aris damokidebuli rezistoris winaRoba paralelurad
CarTuli monakveTebis raodenobaze?
damxmare kiTxvebi: O A B C  D  E  F K  M

• rogor gamoiTvleba gamtarTa saerTo winaRoba mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas?

• rogor Seicvleba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli gamtarebis saerTo winaRoba gamtarebis
raodenobis gazrdisas?
• rogor gamoiTvleba wredis winaRoba gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas?
• rogor Seicvleba paralelurad SeerTebuli gamtarebis saerTo winaRoba gamtarebis
raodenobis gazrdisas?
• wredSi mimdevrobiT CarTulia ori naTura. rogor Seicvleba naTurebis sikaSkaSe, Tu na-
Turebs wredSi paralelurad CavrTavT?
 aqtivoba 3. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs Seasrulon me-7 davaleba da daamzadon reostati. maswavlebeli Tvalyurs adevnebs
moswavleebs muSaobis procesSi da uwevs maT fasilitacias.
davaleba 7. daamzade grafitis reostati.
amisaTvis dagWirdeba: elementi (9 v), patara naTura an Suqdiodi, SemaerTebeli sadenebi klipsebiT, webovani lenta, xis an muyaos
sadgami (dafa), `ubralo~ fanqari.

samuSaos msvleloba:

1. waTale fanqars erTi bolo da xis safarveli sigrZeze frTxilad aaTale ise, rom grafiti gamoCndes;
2. fanqari moaTavse sadgamze xis safarveliT qveviT da daamagre webovani lentiT;
3. fanqris xis safarvelze moniSne wertilebi: CaTvale, rom pirveli wertili fanqris wveria (O). yoveli momdevno wertili wi-
nasgan 1 sm-iT unda iyos daSorebuli (suraTze Strixebi gaukeTe);
4. davaleba 5-Si aRwerili meTodiT gazome grafitis winaRobebi OA, OB.. da a.S. monakveTebze: winaRobebi sadgamze wertilebis
gaswvriv daawere.
5. aawyve wredi suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT.
6. amoZrave mcocavi kontaqti grafitis gaswvriv da daakvirdi, rogor icvleba Suqdiodis naTeba (anu masSi gamavali denis Zala)
wredSi CarTuli grafitis sigrZis mixedviT; SeerTebulia
`reostati~ _
7. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamoTvale SuqdiodSi gamavali denis Zala. fanqris wverTan sadenis
fanqris `guli~
Tavisufali
8. aage denis Zalis winaRobaze damokidebulebis grafiki mudmivi Zabvis dros; bolo
klipsiT
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ra aris reostati?
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs reostats?
• rogor Seicvleba Suqdiodis naTeba, Tu Sen mier damzadebul resotatSi
grafitis sigrZe gaizrdeba? ratom?
• rogor Seicvleba Suqdiodis naTeba, Tu Sen mier damzadebul resotatSi SemaerTebeli
grafitis sigrZe Semcirdeba? ratom? sadenebi

resursi 4.
• virtualuri laboratoriebis bmulebi: http://bitly.ws/tdp5 http://bitly.ws/tdp7 http://bitly.ws/tdtN
• resursebi saxelmZRvanelodan: 3.7 praqtikuli samuSao N1; 3.8 praqtikuli samuSao N2

41
42
aqtivoba 4. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs Seasrulon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli praqtikuli samuSao da gamoikvlion gam-
tarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba. maswavlebeli uwevs fasilitacias moswavleebs muSaobis procesSi (ix. resursi 4:
resursebi saxelmZRvanelodan: 3.7 praqtikuli samuSao N1 da praqtikuli samuSao N2).
moswavleebi da awyoben wredebs virtualur/saskolo laboratoriaSi (ix. resursi 4: virtualuri laboratoriis bmulebi)
gamoaqvT Sesabamisi daskvnebi da ayalibeben kanonzomierebebs:
a) gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas; b) gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas.
upasuxeben kiTxvebs:
• eleqtruli denis maxasiaTebeli romeli fizikuri sididea erTnairi wredis yvela ubanSi gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas?
• risi tolia saerTo Zabva wredSi gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas?
• ra damokidebulebaa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas rezistoris winaRobebsa da am rezistorebis boloebze arsebul Zabvebs Soris?
• rogoria Zabva gamtarTa boloebze paraleluri SeerTebisas?
• rogor gamoiTvleba wredSi gamavali denis Zala gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas?
• ra damokidebulebaa paraleurad SeerTebul gamtarebSi gamaval denis Zalasa da am gamtarebis winaRobebs Soris?
resursi 5.
• resursebi saxelmZRvanelodan: 1.9 fizika amocanebSi. 1.10 Tavis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebi da amocanebi.

aqtivoba 5. amocanebis amoxsna omis kanonis gamoyenebasa da gamtarTa mimde-

vrobiT da paralelur SeerTebaze.
amocanis piroba: cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 18 omi; R4 = R5 = 4 omi; R6 = 6
omi. ris tolia wredis sruli winaRoba;
b) R2 winaRobis boloebze arsebuli Zabvis Sefardeba R6 winaRobis bo-
loebze arsebul ZabvasTan.
amocanis amosaxsnelad upasuxe kiTxvebs:
•gamtarTa rogori SeerTebaa mocemuli gansaxilvel amocanaSi?
• rogor gamoiTvleba paralelurad /mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ramdenime gamtaris saerTo winaRoba?

resursi. 6
resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: 3.9 Zabvis gamyofi - potenciometri. amocana 3.9.3
eleqtronuli resursebi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJHFYogSH1U
http://tron.ge/%e1%83%aa%e1%83%95%e1%83%9a%e1%83%90%e1%83%93%e1%83%98-%e1%83%ac%e1%83%98%e1%83%9c%e1%8
3%90%e1%83%a6%e1%83%9d%e1%83%91%e1%83%90-potentiometer/
 aqtivoba 6. potenciometris damzadeba. maswavleblis daxmarebiT moswavleebi ecnobian informacias potenciometris Sesaxeb
saxelmZRvaneloSi da eleqtronul resursebSi (resursi.6).
moswavleebi maswavleblis uSualo meTvalyureobiT amzadeben potenciometrs me-8 davalebis mixedviT.
davaleba 8. daamzade potenciometri fanqris daxmarebiT da aRwere misi moqmedebis principi. ( ix.davaleba7.)
dafiqrdi: rogor SeiZleba me-7 davalebis mixedviT damzadebuli reostati gadakeTo potenciometrad.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs potenciometrs?
• ratom uwodeben potenciometrs Zabvis gamyofs?
• rogor gadaakeTe Sen mier damzadebuli reostati potenciometrad?
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisa da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan indi-
vidualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad

aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;

• rogor gegmav/dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• ra detalebze akeTebdi aqcents reostatisa da potenciometris dasamzadeblad?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmebSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ra produqti SeqmeniT kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?

axseni, ratom Seqmeni modeli? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT?

• ratom Seasrule kompleqsuri davaleba?

• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdiT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis
marTebuloba/Tanmimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad/kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?

43
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ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?

• vis winaSe iyavi angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?

• ra saerTo mizani gqondaT Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqonda Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno TqvenTvis kompleqsur davale-
baze muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTe damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogivida kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromle kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis
procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwie Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels; ra mxardaWera miiRe maTgan);
• waawydi Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeli konfliqtis daregulire-
ba?
• waawydi Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvie bundovanebiT mocul sakiTxebSi?
• Sexvdi Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ramdenad SeZeli TanamSromloba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis,
maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalize, ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdi da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad moaxerxe,
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyavi problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul adamianebze? riT da
rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmara maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Senma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswinoT saimisod, rom Tqveni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis
gasagebi da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensitiuri
niuansebis win wamoweva; Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyeneT Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmaraT teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azriT, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Seni Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvave­
bebs SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• Seafase, ramdenad gamogivida is, rac maswavleblisgan gqonda davalebuli?
solo taqsonomia
cneba: fizikuri procesi, materia
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs gaazre-
buli sakiTxis arsi / arsobrivi maxa-
siaTeblebi, rac mas am codnis ganzoga-
debisa da misi dekonteqstualizebis/
sxva msgavs magaliTebTan Sedarebis sa-
Sualebas aZlevs. ukavSirebs gansaxil-
vel sakiTxs pirad gamocdilebas.
moswavle msjelobs
eleqtruli denis aRZvrisa da xangrZlivad
SenarCunebisTvis saWiro pirobebze. denis wy-
aroze, Sida da gare wredebze, potencialTa
sxvaobaze.
saubrobs, razea damokidebuli denis Zala da
gamtaris winaRoba.
axasiaTebs gamtaris winaRobas gamtaris kuTri
winaRobisa da geometriuli zomebis mixedviT.
saubrobs rezistorisa da reostatis/poten-
ciometris daniSnulebasa da gamoyenebaze
eleqtrul wredSi.
msjelobs omis kanonsa da gamtaris volt-am-
perul maxasiaTebelze.
msjelobs denis Zalasa, Zabvaze da winaRobaze
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/paraleluri SeerTe-
bisas.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs(ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri);
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenob­
rivi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena grafikulad.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimen-
tis Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
amzadebs grafitis rezistors, reostats
da potenciometrs. msjelobs maTi moqme-
debis principze. atarebs kvlevas, warmoad-
gens kvlevis Sedegebs da akeTebs Sesabamis
daskvnebs.
moiZiebs informacias grafitze da saubrobs
mis gamoyenebaze eleqtroobaSi.
amJRavnebs siRrmiseul codnas da axdens
cod­nis transfers.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da iyenebs mas
praqtikaSi (amzadebs sxva mo­
delebs/ata­rebs
eqs­perimentebs).
45
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilveli sakiTxis
arsi; xedavs urTierTmimarTebebs sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebul arsebiT struq-
turul erTeulebs Soris.
46
moswavle msjelobs
eleqtruli denis aRZvrisa da xangrZlivad
SenarCunebisTvis saWiro pirobebze. denis wy-
aroze, Sida da gare wredebze, potencialTa
sxvaobaze.
saubrobs, razea damokidebuli denis Zala da
gamtaris winaRoba.
axasiaTebs gamtaris winaRobas gamtaris kuTri
winaRobisa da geometriuli zomebis mixedviT.
saubrobs rezistoris, reostatisa da poten-
ciometris daniSnulebasa da gamoyenebaze
eleqtrul wredSi.
msjelobs omis kanonsa da gamtaris volt-am-
perul maxasiaTebelze.
msjelobs denis Zalaze, Zabvasa da winaRobaze
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/paraleluri SeerTe-
bisas.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs( ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri).
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodeno-
brivi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena grafikulad.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimen-
tis Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
amzadebs grafitis rezistors, reostats da
potenciometrs da msjelobs misi moqmede-
bis principze. atarebs kvlevas, warmoad-
gens kvlevis Sedegebs da akeTebs Sesabamis
daskvnebs.
moiZiebs informacias grafitze da saubrobs
mis gamoyenebaze eleqtroobaSi.
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramdenime,
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, usiste- ayalibebs omis kanons wredis ubnisaTvis da
mo asociacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel axdens mis formulirebas.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
ganmartavs, ra aris eleqtruli deni, Zabva da
winaRoba.
icis, ra aris aucilebeli wredSi elqtruli
denis arsebobisaTvis.
icis, ra mimarTuleba aqvs eleqtrul dens.
icis denis Zalis, Zabvis da winaRobis er-
Teulebi.
icis denis Zalis gamosaTvleli formula.
icis, ra aris kuTri winaRoba da winaRobis
erTeuli, winaRobis gamosaTvleli formula.
ganmartavs da amoicnobs gamtarebis mimde-
vrobiT da paralelur SeerTebas.
uWirs martivi wredis awyoba.
ayalibebs da gamosaxavs formuliT kanonzo-
mierebebs gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/ paralelu-
ri SeerTebisas.
ganmartavs reostats/rezistors.
icis, ratom aris saWiro wredSi rezistoris/
reostatis CarTva.
SeuZlia/uWirs, amoxsnas martivi amocanebi.
ver atarebs eqsperiments an atarebs xarveze-
biT. ar SeuZlia/uWirs eqsperimentis Sedegeb­
ze msjeloba da daskvnebis gakeTeba eqsperi-
mentis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT.
moswavle ver amzadebs rezistors grafitiT
an amzadebs xarvezebiT.
ver atarebs kvlevas an Catarebuli kvleva da
daskvnebi moicavs uzustobebs.
moiZiebs mwir informacias grafitze, Tumca
uWirs/ver saubrobs mis praqtikaSi gamoyene-
basa da eleqtrogamtarobaze.
47
unistruqturuli done moswavlem icis CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi:

moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi eleqtruli dens qmnis damuxtuli nawilake-

arastruqturirebuli asociacia/war- bis erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
modgena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakav- gamtars gaaCnia winaRoba.
SirebiT.
wredSi eleqtruli velis arsebobisaTvis
saWiroa denis wyaro.
sxeuli SeiZleba daimuxtos dadebiTad an
uar­yofiTad.
zogi nivTiereba atarebs eleqtrul dens,
zogi ki _ ara.
grafiti eleqtrul dens atarebs.
denis wyaros gaaCnia polusebi.
wredSi denis Zalis/Zabvis gazomva SeiZleba
ampermetriT/voltmetriT.
icis an denis Zalis, an Zabvis, an winaRobis
erTeuli.
icis, rom Suqdiodi rom ar gadaiwves, saWiroa
wredSi CavrToT winaRoba.
pre-struqturuli done moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sakiTxe-
bTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba kom-
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar pleqsur davalebas.
aqvs relevanturi informacia.

48
 ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

modelis damzadeba faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis Se-

fasebis kriteriumebi
0-2 qula 0-4 qula
0-4 qula
moswavlem ver/ar faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis
daamzada grafitis moswavlem icis: moswavle kriteriumebs.
reostati, rezis- • eleqtruli deni
tori da poten- • atarebs eqsperiments, kvle- 0 qula
ciometri. • denis Zala. formulebi.erTeuli vas, warmoadgens monacemebs
• potencialTa sxvaoba. formula. er- grafikulad. SeuZlia monace-
0 qula Teuli. mebis damuSaveba da daskvne-
moswavlem daamza- • eleqtruli denis gamtarebi da bis gakeTeba. moswavlem nawilobriv gaarTva
da grafitis reos- dieleq­trikebi. Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
• Teoriul codnis gamoyene-
tati, rezistori
• winaRoba, kuTri winaRoba biT xsnis raodenobriv da 1 qula
da potenciometri.
• omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis. for- Tvisobriv amocanebs.
1 qula mula. • awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wre-
• rezistori debs da iyenebs sazom xel- moswavlem gaarTva Tavi Se-
• reostati/potenciometri sawyoebs. fasebis kriteriumebs, Tumca
aqvs mcire xarvezebi.
• gamtarSi denis aRZvrisa da xangrZli-
0-2 qula
vad SenarCunebisp pirobebi. 2 - 3 qula
moswavlem daamza- • gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba moswavlem srulad gaarTva
da grafitis reos- • gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba. Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
tati, rezistori • kanonzomierebebi gamtarTa mimdevro-
da potenciometri. 4 qula
biTi da paraleluri SeerTebisas.
da SeuZlia axsnas
maT moqmedebis 0-2 qula
principi
2 qula

49
 kompleqsuri davaleba N2: comis wredebi anu, eleqtrolaboratoria samzareuloSi

50
rekomendacia: mocemuli kompleqsuri davaleba SeiZleba gaiyos or davalebad:
nawili I - moswavleebi ikvleven comis wredebs;
nawili II - praqtikulad gadaWrian calkeul amocanebs comis wredebiT.

grZelvadiani mizani Sualeduri saswavlo mizani

samizne cneba - materia, fizikuri proce- sakvanZo SekiTxva - gamtari da aragamtari comebis saSualebiT rogor Sevqmna wredebi,
si gamovikvlio maTSi denis gavlis procesi da warmovadgino posteris saSualebiT.

(Sedegi 1.2.3,4). kompleqsuri davalebis idea -

comis wredebi, anu
qvecneba - materia: atomi, ioni, eleq-
eleqtrolaboratoria samzareuloSi
troni, siTxe, myari nivTiereba,
2011 wels, kaliforniaSi Catarda TED -is yovelwliuri konferencia. TED (technology,
fizikuri procesi: deni liTonis gam- entertainment, design) popularizacias uwevs unikalur ideebs, romlebic globalur pro-
tarSi, deni siTxeSi, siTburi gafar- blemebs exeba, romelTagan erT-erTia: rogor vaswavloT da rogor viswavloT ukeT...
Toeba, winaRobis cvlileba. momxsenebeli sainJinro skolis profesori ana maria tomasia, romelic sent-tomasis
Tema - mudmivi denis kanonebi universitetSi bavSvTa aRzrdis laboratorias xelmZRvanelobs... da Tavis aRsazrdelebs
inJineriis yvela saintereso da momxiblav mxares acnobs...
sakiTxebi - eleqtruli winaRoba, kuTri
winaRoba, omis kanoni, ana maria tomasi elementTan mierTebul ferad comebSi Suqdiodebs aTavsebs da isini
anaTebs... comi gamtaria! Tu comebi erTmaneTs Seexeba, Suqdiodi Caqreba... es mokle
gamtarebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba, CarTvaa! tomasi sxva comsac iyenebs, romelic dens ar atarebs... mere isev gamtar coms
gamtarebis paraleluri SeerTeba ubrundeba: comisgan damzadebul „mfrinav TefSSi“ Suqdiodebs da patara motorze da-
magrebul propelers moaTavsebs da „mfrinavi TefSi“ cocxldeba... darbazi fexze dgas
da taSs ukravs qals, romelmac moaxerxa da mikroCipebis samyaroSi saswaulebs miCveuli
qvesakiTxebi -winaRobis damokidebule- adamianebi Cveulebrivi comebis SesaZleblobebiT aRafrTovana...
ba gamtaris zomebsa da gvarobaze, „Squishy Circuits“ (rbili wredebi) ase daarqva man Tavis gamogonebas, romelmac mTel
winaRobis damokidebuleba temperatu- msoflioSi milionobiT adamianis, didebisa Tu patarebis, aRtaceba gamoiwvia...
raze, uitstonis bogiri https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5M3Dow20KlM
Seni davalebaa, daamzado gamtari da aragamtari comebi da maTi saSualebiT aawyo wredebi,
Seiswavlo mudmivi denis kanonebi Sens mier damzadebuli rbili wredebis gamoyenebiT.
Sens mier damzadebuli wredebis suraTebi, sqemebi, maTi axsna da kriteriumebze pasuxe-
bi warmoadgine posteris saSualebiT, sadac xazgasmiT warmoaCine:
 samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
materia
1. yvelaferi rac Cven garSemo ar-
sebobs materiaa. igi ori saxisaa:
nivTiereba da veli. yvela nivTiere-
ba Sedgeba nawilakebisagan - mole-
kulebisa da atomebisgan;
2. nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebi
damokidebulia mis Semadgenel
nawilakebze da struqturaze, xolo
velis fizikuri Tvisebebi - velis
Semqneli obieqtebis moZraobasa da
ganlagebaze;
3. materiis fizikuri Tvisebebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos Sida/gare
faqtorebiT. es Tvisebebi da maTi
cvlileba xasiaTdeba fizikuri
sidideebiT, romlebic izomeba cdis
meSveobiT.
fizikuri procesi
1. fizikuri procesi sistemis/sxeulis
mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebaa,
romelic aRiwereba raodenobrivi
da Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT;
2. yvela fizikur movlenas/process
aqvs mizezi da mohyveba Sedegi,
romelTa dakavSirebac SesaZlebe-
51
lia bunebis kanonebis gamoyenebiT.
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi) Sefasebis kriteriumi _ (konkretul
kompleqsur davalebaze misadagebuli)
moswavles SeuZlia:
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
materia
• gaacnobieros, materiis romeli saxeebi • materiis romeli saxe monawileobs
xvdeba mas, gansaxilvel sakiTxSi, risgan gamtari comis mier denis gatarebis
Sedgeba nivTiereba, romelic mis mier procesSi; rogor SevcvaloT gamtari
gansaxilvel sakiTxSi monawileobs; comis parametrebi, rom aman gamoiwvios
misi gamtareblobis Secvla da ra gan-
• gaaanalizos, ra damokidebulebaa gansax-
sxvavebaa gamtar da aragamtar coms So-
ilvel sakiTxSi warmodgenili niv-
ris SedgenilobaSi, rac gansazRvravs
Tierebis Tvisebebsa da mis struqturas
comis mier denis gatarebis unars?
Soris, ra damokidebulebaa gansaxilvel
(materia 1, 2, 3; fiz. pr.1, 2)
sakiTxSi arsebuli velis Tvisebebsa da
velis Semqmneli obieqtebis ganlagebas/
moZraobas Soris;
• rogor gamovikvlioT gamtari da aragam-
• imsjelos, romeli gare/Sida faqtorebi tari comebis saSualebiT gamtarTa sx-
ganapirobebs materiis fizikuri Tvise- vadasxva tipis SeerTeba? (fiz. pr.1, 2)
bebis cvlilebebs da romeli fizikuri
sidideebiT xasiaTdeba materiis es Tvise-
bebi da maTi cvlileba.
fizikuri procesi
• imsjelos, ra Tvisobrivi cvlilebebi
mimdinareobs gansaxilvel fizikur pro-
cesSi da rogor aRiwereba es cvlilebebi
raodenobrivad;
• daakavSiros erTmaneTTan gansaxilveli
movlenis/procesis gamomwvevi mizezebi
da Sedegebi, axsnas es kavSiri bunebis
kanonebis gamoyenebiT;
52
kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)
etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
• resursi 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATnoNHtR_-k samotivacio video
• resursi2. https://www.exploratorium.edu/tinkering/projects/squishy-circuits - video-moswavleebi awyoben rbil wredebs
• resursi3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5M3Dow20KlM -ana maria tomasi waradgens „rbil wredebs“
• resursi4 - ra aris posteri
http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=7931&fbclid=IwAR2yyZmXV9npSlUjRSJF4h6p8Bo97jcjXseZuRNLnKcXKNpNtAzHdqUh3lo
kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
sarekomendacio aqtivoba: maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs kompleqsuri davalebis pirobas.
resurs 1, 2, 3 ze dayrdnobiT, maswavlebeli moswavleebs aCvenebs rbil wredebs. resurs 4-is saSualebiT acnobs ra aris posteri.
kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:
rbili wredebi (resursi 1, 2, 3)
• ra aris wredi?
• risi maCvenebelia wredSi naTuris anTeba?
• ra gamoiyeneba rbil wredebSi gamtaris rolSi?
posteri (resursi 4)
• ra aris posteri?
• SegiqmniaT Tu ara posteri?
• rogor gamosaxavT posterze informacias, rom advilad aRsaqmeli iyos?
kompleqsuri davaleba
• Tqveni sityvebiT CamoayalibeT, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda
imuSavoT?
• msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba sxva dros Tu Segisrulebia?
• Seni azriT, saxaliso iqneba Tu ara aseTi wredebis awyoba?
• SeiZleba Tu ara moifiqroT aseTi wredebis gamoyenebis sfero?
maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs, saxlSi daamzadon gamtari comi da aragamtari comi
resursi 5 gamtari comi
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pB3aIkD0rL_U-L7k5sIGBuUPqvXvE6Zk/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103440913621299409555&rtpof=true&s
d=true
resursi 6 aragamtari comi
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1D2OZ7drUBonpyu7zWn7k-L9Y9arSkisO/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103440913621299409555&rtpof=true&
sd=true
 etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba
qvecneba - materia: atomi, ioni, eleqtroni, siTxe, myari nivTiereba;

fizikuri procesi: deni liTonis gamtarSi, deni siTxeSi, siTburi gafarToeba, winaRobis cvlileba

nabiji 1 – Sefasebis kriteriumi 1 materiis romeli saxe monawileobs gamtari comis mier denis gatarebis procesSi; rogor
SevcvaloT gamtari comis parametrebi, rom aman gamoiwvios misi gamtareblobis Secvla da ra gansxvavebaa gamtar da aragamtar coms
Soris SedgenilobaSi, rac gansazRvravs comis mier denis gatarebis unars? (materia 1, 2, 3) (fiz. pr.1, 2)
resursi/aqtivoba/damxmare kiTxvebi:
aqtivoba 1: winare codnis gaxseneba (sakiTxebi: eleqtruli deni, denis Zala, eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi)
• ra aris eleqtruli deni?
• ras warmoadgens eleqtruli wredi?
• ra pirobebi unda Sesruldes, rom wredSi denma gaiaros?
• ramdeni saxis aris nivTierebebi gamtarobis mixedviT?
• romeli nawilakebi qmnian eleqtrul dens liTonis gamtarebSi?
• romeli nawilakebi qmnian eleqtrul dens zogadad, gamtarebSi?
• rogor ganisazRvreba denis Zala? ra erTeulebSi izomeba?
resursi 1. saxelmZRvanelo. sakiTxebi: omis kanoni wredis ubnisTvis. eleqtruli winaRoba, kuTri winaRoba.
resursi 2 . teleskola. omis kanoni https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G5gFjoWx0U
resursi 3 . ra aris winaRoba - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFHUoWFtab0

resursi 4. simulacia-eleqtruli wredebi.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html

aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi ecnobian simulacias da masSi awyoben martiv eleqtrul wreds denis wyaros, sadenebisa da cnobili winaRobis
gamtarisgan da amowmeben omis kanons.

53
54
aqtivoba 3: moswavleebi uerTeben denis wyaros (1 cal elements, 1,5 v) comis rezistors sadenebis daxmarebiT da zomaven multimetriT
denis Zalas comis rezistorSi da Zabvas rezistoris boloebze. Semdeg igive cdas atareben elementebis batareiT da orive SemTxvevaSi
gamoiTvlian comis rezistoris winaRobas.
(saWiro masalebi: gamtari comi, elementebi (1,5 v), elementebis Casadebi 6 adgiliani konteineri, SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis
xelTaTmanebi., multimetri).

damxmare kiTxvebi:
• razea damokidebuli wredSi gamavali denis Zala?
• rogor gamoiTvleba winaRoba denis Zalisa da Zabvis saSualebiT?
• am formulidan SegviZlia Tu ara vimsjeloT, rom winaRoba damokidebulia denis Zalasa da Zabvaze? ratom?
• Seicvleba Tu ara igive rezistoris winaRoba, Tu mas meti Zabvis wredSi CavrTavT (gamoviyenebT elementebis batareas)?

aqtivoba 4: moswavleebi amzadeben comisgan sxvadasxva rezistorebs ( erTnairi sigrZisa da sxvadaxva ganivkveTis farTobis, da
piriqiT) da ikvleven , razea damokidebuli comis rezistoris winaRoba.
(saWiro resursebi: gamtari comi, elementi (9 v), SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi, multimetri)
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ori erTnairi sigrZis da sxvadasxva ganivkveTis farTobis comis gamtaridan romels aqvs meti winaRoba?
• ori erTnairi ganivkveTis farTobis da sxvadsxva sigrZis comis gamtaridan romels aqvs meti winaRoba?
• aageT comis winaRobis gamtaris sigrZeze da ganivkveTis farTobze damokidebulebis grafikebi Tqvens mier Catarebuli
cdebis monacemebis saSualebiT.
rogori xasiaTis aris damokidebuleba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?
 resursi 5. zogadi ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi Cawerili resursi - kuTri winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze
https://drive.google.com/file/d/18o3gvQF2vEH3ct1sNEJbDqAdwPhChvAJ/view?usp=sharing

resursi 6. rogor gamoviyenoT mikrometri https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-cm_ocn9p4

aqtivoba 5: moswavleebi iTvlian comis kuTr winaRobas. miTiTeba: sxvadasxva diametris mqone sasrut Cxirebisgan amzadeben patara
monakveTebs_ milakebs: 5 da 8 sm sigrZis; amoavseben milakebs gamtari comiT.

(saWiro resursebi: gamtari comi, elementi (9 v), SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi., multimetri, wvenis sasruti Cxiri
(2 cali, gansxvavebuli diametriT, araumetes 3 - 5 mm-isa), xis an liTonis wvrili Cxiri, mikrometri).
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• garda gamtaris geometriuli zomebisa, kidev romeli parametri gansazRvravs comis winaRobas?
• razea damokidebuli kuTri winaRoba?
• axseniT, ratom aqvs gansxvavebuli kuTri winaRoba sxvadasxva nivTierebas?
• gamtaris geometriuli zomebis SecvliT Seicvleba Tu ara misi winaRoba? kuTri winaRoba?
• ra formisaa Tqvens mier damzadebuli comis milakebi?
• rogor gamoviTvaloT am milakebis ganivkveTis farTobi (gamoiyeneT mikrometri)?
• rogor gansazRvravT(cdis saSualebiT) Tqvens mier damzadebuli comis milakebis winaRobas?
• romeli formuliT gansazRvravT kuTr winaRobas?
• Tu comi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iqneba wredSi CarTuli, Seicvleba Tu ara misi temperatura?
• daemTxveva Tu ara am meTodiT gansazRvruli civi comis kuTri winaRoba Tbili comis kuTr winaRobas? (SeamowmeT eqsperimentiT)
• rodis eqneba coms meti winaRoba, dabali Tu maRali temperaturis pirobebSi?
• icvleba Tu ara gamtaris geometriuli zomebi misi gaTbobisas? ra movlenis gamo?
• iqoniebs Tu ara es cvlileba SesamCnev gavlenas gamtaris winaRobaze?
• umetesad ris gamo moxdeba gaTbobisas winaRobis cvlileba, gamtaris geometriuli zomebis Tu kuTri winaRobis cvlilebis
gamo?

55
56
aqtivoba 6: moswavleebi ureven erTmaneTs gamtar da aragamtar comebs, uerTeben denis wyaros Sereuli comis rezistors sadenebis
daxmarebiT da zomaven multimetriT denis Zalas comis rezistorSi da Zabvas rezistoris boloebze.

(saWiro masalebi: gamtari comi, aragamtari comi, elementebi (1,5 v), elementebis Casadebi 6 adgiliani konteineri, SemaerTebeli
sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi., multimetri).

damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ratom atarebs dens gamtari comi da ar atarebs aragamtari?
• rogoria maTi Sedgeniloba da ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
• romeli nawilakebi aris muxtis gadamtanebi gamtar comSi?
• saidan warmoiSva es nawilakebi?
• ra rols asrulebs wyali gamtari comis momzadebisas?
• aris Tu ara damuxtuli nawilakebi aragamtar comSi? maSin ratom ar atarebs igi dens?
• Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeba, Tu gamtar da aragamtar comebs erTmaneTs SevurevT?
• romeli nawilakebia muxtis gadamtanebi gamtar comSi da rogor icvleba maTi koncentracia gamtari da aragamtari comebis
Serevisas?
• rogor Seicvleba Sereuli comis gamtarebloba?
• rogor gavlenas iqoniebs es wredSi Suqdiodis naTebaze?
• TandaTan gazardeT Sereul comSi aragamtari comis xvedriTi wili, da daafiqsireT, rodis aRar gaatarebs igi dens?
• rogor axsniT amas comis Sedgenilobis mixedviT?
• rogor warmoadgenT miRebul Sedegebs posterze?
 nabiji 2 Sefasebis kriteriumi 2 - rogor gamovikvlioT gamtari da aragamtari comebis saSualebiT gamtarTa sxvadasxva tipis
SeerTeba? (fiz. pr.1, 2)
resursi 1. saxelmZRvanelo. sakiTxi: mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba.

resursi 2. simulacia- eleqtruli wredebi

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html

resursi 3. zogadi ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi Cawerili resursi - martivi eleqtruli wredi. wredebis gardaqmna.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uz_0ylYrXmEB-EN2g8kqx0o7v7jFd28G/view?usp=sharing

resursi 4. zogadi ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi Cawerili resursi - martivi wredebi. mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I4Ms0fwa93BMOpLuVFtUQYu6rhmrBH63/view?usp=sharing

aqtivoba 1: moswavleebi ecnobian simulacias da masSi awyoben martiv eleqtrul wreds naTuris gamoyenebiT. Semdeg axdenen wredis
modificirebas ise, rom naTura ar ainTos (damokleba)

damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ra aris saWiro martivi wredis asawyobad?
• risi maCvenebelia naTuris anTeba?
• ra aris mokle CarTva da rodis xdeba?

resursi 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvfT95Q9YqE

aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi ecnobian videoresurss da comebis da Suqdiodis gamoyenebiT awyoben martiv wreds, Semdeg Suqdiods
amokleben.

(saWiro masalebi: gamtari comi, aragamtari comi, elementebi (1,5 v), SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi).

57
58
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• rogor unda CavrToT wredSi Suqdiodi, mivaqcioT Tu ara yuradReba mis polarobas?
• ori gamtari comi SuqdiodTan CavrToT mimdevrobiT, da SevaerToT elementTan (ix. meore suraTi), ainTeba Tu ara igi? risi
maCvenebelia es?
• rogorma denma gaiara mimdevrobiT SeerTebul comebsa da SuqdiodSi?
• Tu ori gamtari comis SuaSi aragamtar coms movaTavsebT, Seicvleba Tu ara wredSi Suqdiodis naTeba? ratom?
• Tu aragamtar coms Suidan amoviRebT da gamtar comebs erTmaneTs SevaxebT (ix. mesame suraTi), ra mouva Suqdiods?
• am SemTxvevaSi rogor iqneba Suqdiodi CarTuli gamtar comebTan?
• ra movlena moxda da ratom?

aqtivoba 3: moswavleebi simulaciaSi awyoben 2 gamtarisgan mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebis wredebs, multimetriT zomaven
denis Zalas, Zabvas da winaRobas da amowmeben mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebis formulebs.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ra aris mimdevrobiTi/paraleluri SeerTeba?
• rogor nawildeba Zabvebi mimdevrobiT/paralelur SeerTebaSi?
• rogor nawildeba denis Zalebi mimdevrobiT/paralelur SeerTebaSi?
• rogor gamoiTvleba saerTo winaRoba mimdevrobiT/paralelur SeerTebaSi?
• ra mosdis denis Zalas mimdevrobiT CarTuli rezistorebis ricxvis gazrdisas, Tu Zabva ucvlelia?
• ra mosdis srul denis Zalas paralelurad CarTuli rezistorebis ricxvis gazrdisas, Tu Zabva ucvlelia?
• gansxvavebuli rezistorebis paralelurad CarTvis dros romel rezistorSi gadis meti deni da ramdenjer?

aqtivoba 4: moswavleebi comebiT awyoben 2 gamtarisgan (romelTa winaRoba ukve gamoTvlili aqvT), mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri
SeerTebis wredebs, multimetriT zomaven denis Zalas da Zabvas.
(saWiro resursebi: gamtari comi, elementi (9 v), SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi., multimetri).
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ori comis mimdevrobiTi CarTvisas rogorma denis Zalam gaiara oriveSi?
• ori comis mimdevrobiTi CarTvisas Zabvebis jami udris Tu ara batareis Zabvas?
• cdis saSualebiT gamoiTvaleT ori comis mimdevrobiTi CarTvisas saerTo winaRoba da SeadareT Teoriul formulas. zus-
tad erTi da igive pasuxi miiReT? ratom?
• cdis saSualebiT gamoiTvaleT ori comis paraleluri CarTvisas saerTo winaRoba da SeadareT Teoriul formulas. zus-
tad erTi da igive pasuxi miiReT? ratom?
 aqtivoba 5: amocanebis amoxsna saxelmZRvanelodan mimdevrobiT da paralelur SeerTebaze.

1. 220 v Zabvis qselSi mimdevrobiT CarTulia eleqtruli qura da naTura. pirvelis winaRobaa 40 omi, meoris ki _ 400 omi.
gansazRvreT Zabvebi qurisa da naTuris momWerebze.

2. paralelurad SeerTebuli ori gamtaris saerTo winaRoba 4 omia. gansazRvreT am gamtarTa winaRoba mimdevrobiTi SeerTebi-
sas, Tu erT-erTi gamtaris winaRoba 8 omia.

3. cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 18 omi; R4 = R5 = 4 omi; R6 = 6 omi. ris tolia
a) wredis sruli winaRoba;
b) R2 winaRobis boloebze arsebuli Zabvis Sefardeba R6 winaRobis boloebze arsebul ZabvasTan.

R1 R4 R5

R2

R3 R6

4. rogor Seefardeba sur.1-ze gamosaxuli wredis boloebze arsebuli sruli Zabva sur.2-ze gamosaxuli wredis boloebze
arsebul srul Zabvas (sruli denis Zala orive wredSi erTniria)

6R 2R 2.5R 0.5R

6R R 2R R

6R 2R 1.5R 1.5R

59
60
aqtivoba 6: moswavleebi comebiT da SuqdiodebiT awyoben wredebs.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• rogor icvleba Suqdiodebis naTeba Tu maT
a) comis mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gundebs Soris CarTav (TandaTan gazarde gundebis raodenoba)?;
b) gamtari comis or gundas Soris CarTav (TandaTan gazarde Suqdiodebis raodenoba)?;
• riT aixsneba cdis Sedegebi?
resursi 6. saxelmZRvanelo, par. 3.9 uitstonis xidi. amocana 3.9.5, 3.9.6
resursi 7. videorgoli -uitstonis bogiri (14.25 dan 26.04 -mde) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeUli5cYQoI
resursi 8. zogadi ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi Cawerili resursi
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N6eAQg9QRjNIcSTuPoWG0oHg7-9N2xx3/view?usp=sharing
resursi 9. kvleva- uitstonis bogiri
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Cv2bPrwxZtqLJn-aZygPXP3ZKQM-suUr/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103440913621299409555&rtpof=true&
sd=true
resursi 10.
danarTi- kvleva-uitstonis bogiri.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hNTX0GPIzbnPldeNFKBFazWtPji8J_WK/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103440913621299409555&rtpof=true
&sd=true
aqtivoba 7: moswavleebi simulaciaSi awyoben uitstonis bogirs
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• winaRobebis SerCeviT daabalanseT uitstonis bogiri. ra Tanafardoba arsebobs am
dros winaRobebs Soris? R1 R2
B
• ratom ar gadis deni uitstonis dabalansebul bogiris wredis Sua rezistorSi?
• rogor SegiZliaT SeamowmoT simulaciaSi, rom konkretul StoSi deni ar gadis?
• rogor SegiZliaT ipovoT ucnobi rezistoris winaRoba uitstonis dabalansebuli bo- A R5 C
giris saSualebiT?

R3 D R4
 aqtivoba 8: moswavleebi comebis da Suqdiodebis saSualebiT awyoben uitstonis bogirs da gansazRvraven Suqdiodis winaRobas.
(saWiro resursebi: gamtari comi, elementi (9 v), SemaerTebeli sadenebi, rezinis xelTaTmanebi, multimetri, Suqdiodi).
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• rogor daabalansebT 3 gamtari comisgan da ori Suqdiodisgan Seqmnil uitstonis bogirs?
• rogor SeamowmebT, rom BC StoSi deni ar gadis?
• cnobili Tanafardobidan rogor ipoviT Suqdiodis winaRobas?
• SeadareT miRebuli winaRoba ommetriT gazomils. daemTxva Tu ara winaRobis mniSvneloba da ratom?
rogor warmoadgenT miRebul Sedegebs posterze?
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan
individualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad

aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;

• rogor gegmav/dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• ra detalebze akeTebdi aqcents comebiT wredebis awyobisas?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmebSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ratom aris saWiro davalebis pirveladi versiis Seqmna?
• riT gansxvavdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis pirveladi versia saboloosgan?
• ra faqtorebma gamoiwvia/SeuZlia gamoiwvios pirveladi daskvnebis gadasinjva?
• ra produqti SeqmeniT kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?
• raSi dagvexmareba Sens mier Seqmnili produqti?

axseni, ratom Seqmeni posteri? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT?
• ratom Seasrule kompleqsuri davaleba?
• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdiT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis
marTebuloba/Tanmimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad? / kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?

61
62
ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vis winaSe iyaviT angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?
• ra saerTo mizani gqondaT Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqondaT Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno TqvenTvis kompleqsur
davalebaze muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTeT damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogividaT kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromleT kompleqsur davalebaze
muSaobis procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwieT Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels; ra mxardaWera miiReT maTgan);
• waawydiT Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeliT konfliqtis
daregulireba?
• waawydiT Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvieT bundovanebiT mocul
sakiTxebSi?
• SexvdiT Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ramdenad SeZeliT TanamSromloba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalizeT ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdiT da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad
moaxerxeT azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyaviT problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul
adamianebze? riT da rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmaraT maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Tqvenma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswinoT saimisod, rom Tqveni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis
gasagebi da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensitiuri
niuansebis win wamoweva; Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyeneT Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmaraT teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azriT, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Seni Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvavebebs
SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• SeafaseT, ramdenad gamogividaT is, rac maswavleblisgan gqondaT davalebuli?
moswavleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia
cneba: fizikuri procesi, materia
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs gaaz-
rebuli sakiTxis arsi / arsobrivi
maxasiaTeblebi, rac mas am codnis
ganzogadebisa da misi dekonteqstu-
alizebis/sxva msgavs magaliTebTan
Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs. ukav-
Sirebs gansaxilvel sakiTxs sakuTar
pirad gamocdilebas.
moswavle msjelobs
eleqtrul denis aRZvris da xangrZilivad Se-
narCunebis saWiri pirobebze. denis wyaroze,
potencialTa sxvaobaze.
saubrobs razea damokidebuli denis Zala da
gamtaris winaRoba.
axasiaTebs gamtaris winaRobas gamtaris kuTri
winaRobisa da geometriuli zomebis mixedviT.
msjelobs gamtarebze da dieleqtrikebze maTi
Sedgenilobis mixedviT.
msjelobs omis kanonze da gamtaris volt-am-
perul maxasiaTebelze.
msjelobs denis Zalaze, Zabvaze da winaRobaze
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/paraleluri SeerTebi-
sas.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs (ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri)
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobri-
vi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena sxvadasxva
xerxiT.
atarebs eqspriments. msjelobs eqsperimentis
Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
awarmoebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sedege-
bs da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
awyobs uitstonis dabalansebul bogirs, msje-
lobs, ratom ar gadis deni Sua StoSi. uitsto-
nis dabalansebuli bogiris saSualebiT pou-
lobs ucnob winaRobas.
amJRavnebs siRrmiseul codnas da axdens cod-
nis transfers.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da axdens miRe-
buli codnis gamoyenebas (amzadebs sxva mode-
lebs/atarebs eqsperimentebs)
63
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilveli sa-
kiTxis arsi; xedavs urTierTmimarTe-
bebs sakiTxTan dakavSirebul arse-
biT struqturul erTeulebs Soris.
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramden-
ime, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli,
usistemo asociacia/warmodgena
gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
64
moswavle msjelobs
eleqtrul denis aRZvris da xangrZilivad Se-
narCunebis saWiri pirobebze. denis wyaroze,
potencialTa sxvaobaze.
saubrobs razea damokidebuli denis Zala da
gamtaris winaRoba.
axasiaTebs gamtaris winaRobas gamtaris kuTri
winaRobisa da geometriuli zomebis mixedviT.
msjelobs gamtarebze da dieleqtrikebze maTi
Sedgenilobis mixedviT.
msjelobs omis kanonze da gamtaris volt-am-
perul maxasiaTebelze.
msjelobs denis Zalaze, Zabvaze da winaRobaze
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/paraleluri SeerTebi-
sas.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs( ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri)
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobri-
vi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena grafikulad.
atarebs eqspriments. msjelobs eqsperimentis
Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
awarmoebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sedege-
bs da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
awyobs uitstonis dabalansebul bogirs, msje-
lobs, ratom ar gadis deni Sua StoSi. uitsto-
nis dabalansebuli bogiris saSualebiT pou-
lobs ucnob winaRobas.
moswavle
ganmartavs ra aris eleqtruli deni, Zabva da
winaRoba.
axdens omis kanonis wredis ubnisaTvis formu-
lirebas,magram ver msjelobs maT urTierTda-
mokidebulebaze.
icis ra aris aucilebeli wrdebSi elqtruli
denis arsebobisaTvis.
icis ra mimarTuleba aqvs eleqtrul dens.
icis denis Zalis, Zabvis da winaRobis erTeule-
bi.
. icis denis Zalis gamosaTvleli formula.
icis winaRobis erTeuli, winaRobis gamosaT-
vleli formula, magram ver akavSirebs fizikur
sidideebs erTmaneTTan.
amoicnobs gamtarebis mimdevrobiT da pa-
ralelur SeerTebas.
uWirs martivi wredis awyoba, wredebis gar-
daqmna.
gamosaxas formuliT gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi/
paraleluri SeerTebis zogierT formulas.
SeuZlia mxolod martivi amocanebis amoxsna.
ver atarebs eqsperiments an atarebs xarveze-
biT. ar SeuZlia/uWirs eqsperimentis Sedegebze
msjeloba da daskvnebis gakeTeba eqsperimentis
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT.
moswavle ver awyobs uitstonis bogirs.

unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi ara­
struqturirebuli asociacia/war- eleqtruli denns qmnis damuxtuli nawilakebis
modgena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan daka- erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
vSirebiT.
pre-struqturuli done
moswavlem icis CamoTvlilTagan erT erTi:
gamtars gaaCnia winaRoba.
wredSi eleqtruli velis arsebibisaTvis saWi-
roa denis wyaro.
sxeuli SeiZleba daimuxtos dadebiTad an ua-
ryofiTad.
zogi nivTiereba atarebs eleqtrul dens, zogi
ki ara.
gamtari comi atarebs dens, xolo aragamtari-
ar atarebs.
denis wyaros gaaCnia polusebi.
wredSi denis Zalis/Zabvis gazomva SeiZleba am-
permetriT/voltmetriT.
icis an denis Zalia, an Zabvis an winaRobis er-
Teuli.

moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sakiTxebT-

ar aqvs relevanturi informacia. an dakavSirebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba kompleq­
sur davalebas.

65
 ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

66
posterze informaciis faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis
warmodgena 0-4 qula Sefasebis kriteriumebi
0-2 qula 0-4 qula
moswavlem ver/ar Seqmna faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis
posteri moswavlem icis moswavle kriteriumebs.
• eleqtruli deni • atarebs eqsperiments, kvlevas,
• denis Zala. formulebi. warmoadgens monacemebs bra- 0 qula
0 qula erTeuli fikulad. SeuZlia monacemebis
• potencialTa sxvaoba. for- damuSaveba da daskvnebis gakeTe-
mula. erTeuli. ba.

• eleqtruli denis gamtarebi • Teoriul codnis gamoyenebiT

da dieleqtrikebi. xsnis raodenobriv da Tvisobri-
vi amocanebs.
• winaRoba, kuTri winaRoba
• awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs
• omis kanoni wredis ubnisaT-
simulaciis saSualebiT da iye­
vis. formula.
moswavlem Seqmna nebs sazom xelsawyoebs. moswavlem nawilobriv gaarTva
• rezistori
posteri, Tumca masze Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
asaxuli informacia ar • reostati/potenciometri
1 qula
aris srulyofili • gamtarSi denis aRZvris da
0-2 qula
1 qula xangrZlivad SenarCunebisp
pirobebi.
• gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi
moswavlem Seqmna posteri SeerTeba moswavlem gaarTva Tavi
da masze asaxuli Sefasebis kriteriumebs,
• gamtarTa paraleluri Seer­
informacia srulad Tumca aqvs mcire xarvezebi.
Teba.
pasuxobs moTxovnebs. 2 - 3 qula
• kanonzomierebebi gamtarTa
2 qula moswavlem srulad gaarTva
mimdevrobiTi da paralelu-
ri SeerTebisas. Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.

0-2 qula 4 qula

 kompleqsuri davaleba N3: `mowyenili yvavili~ anu, davzogoT eleqtroenergia saxlSi
Sualeduri saswavlo mizani- „mowyenili yvavili, anu rogor davzogoT eleqtroenergia “

grZelvadiani mizani Sualeduri saswavlo mizani

samizne cneba - energia sakvanZo SekiTxva - rogor avsaxo posterze sxvadasxva eleqtromomxmareblebis
danaxarjebi da rCevebi, rogor aviciloT Tavidan eleqtroenergiis zedmeti xarji.
(Sedegi 1.2.3,4).
kompleqsuri davalebis idea -
britaneli dizaineris karl smitis keTilSobiluri ganzraxva, adamianebs eleqtruli
qvecneba - muSaoba, eleqtruli energiis dazogvisken mouwodos, safuZvlad daedo mis mier Seqmnili “mowyenili
energia, sinaTlis energia, Sinagani yvavilis” koncefcias.
energia, siTburi energia, meqanikuri
“mowyenili yvavili” erTgvari indikatoria, romelic binaSi eleqtroenergiis danaxarjis
energia.
raodenobaze reagirebs. Tu eleqtroenergiis xarji kritikul zRvars gadascdeba,
Tema - mudmivi denis kanonebi yvavili “moiwyens” da „daWkneba“.

sanam “mowyenili yvavili” seriulad gamova da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba,

sakiTxebi - eleqtruli denis muSaoba
da simZlavre, joul-lencis kanoni.
qvesakiTxebi - margi qmedebis
koeficienti, energiis mudmivobis
kanoni, siTbos raodenoba, kuTri
siTbotevadoba
manamde fizika dagvexmareba aRmovaCinoT yvelaze araekonomiuri eleqtruli
mowyobilobebi saxlSi da vipovoT martivi gzebi eleqtroenergiis dasazogad.
rogor gamoviTvaloT mowyobilobebis mier daxarjuli eleqtroenergia? romeli
fizikuri sididiT SegviZlia maT efeqturobaze msjeloba?
Seni davalebaa gamoikvlio saxlSi arsebuli eleqtromomxmareblebis energiis danaxarji
Tvis ganmavlobaSi,
da aRmoaCino araekonomiuri eleqtromomxmareblebi. aRwero, energiis romel formebSi
gardaqmnian isini eleqtrul energias da imsjelo maT energoefeqturobaze.

Seqmeni posteri, sadac warmoadgen Sen mier gamokvleul eleqtromomxmareblebs,

Sesabamisi danaxarjebiT da rCevebs, rogor aviciloT Tavidan eleqtroenergiis zedmeti
xarji.

67
68
samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
energia
1. energia sistemis mdgomareobis
erT - erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvre-
lia da axasiaTebs mis mier muSao-
bis Sesrulebis unars;
2. sistemis Semadgenel sxeulebs/
nawilakebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva
saxis energia, romelic SesaZle-
belia gardaiqmnas erTi saxidan
meoreSi. Caketili sistemis sruli
energia mudmivia;
3. sistemaSi energiis gardaqmna gan-
pirobebulia Sida faqtorebiT,
xolo sistemis sruli energiis
cvlileba - gare faqtorebiT.
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi)
moswavles SeuZlia:
• imsjelos, energiaze, ro-
gorc sistemis mdgomareobis
ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad sidi-
deze an/da am sistemis muSao-
bis Sesrulebis unarze;
• gaacnobieros, energiis rom-
eli saxeebiT xasiaTdebian
gansaxilvel movlenaSi/
sakiTxSi monawile sxeulebi da
rogor gardaiqmneba energia;
• daadginos, romeli Sida faq-
torebi ganapirobebs sistemaSi
energiis gardaqmnebs da rom-
eli gare faqtorebi - sistemis
sruli energiis cvlilebas;
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (konkretul kompleqsur
davalebaze misadagebuli)
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
• ramodenime eleqtromomxmareblis magali-
Tze imsjeleT ras xmardeba eleqtruli
velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da energi-
is romel formebSi gardaqmnian isini ele-
qtrul energias, romeli fizikuri sididiT
SegviZlia maT energoefeqturobaze saubari.
(energia 1, 2, 3)
• rogor gamoviTvaloT eleqtroenergiis
xarji eleqtromomxmareblebis simZlavris
saSualebiT da ra gzebiT SegviZlia ele-
qtroenergiis danaxarjis Semcireba. (ener-
gia 2)
 kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)
etapi I _ kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba.
resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:

resursi 1. rogor SeqmnaT posteri: https://www.living-democracy.com/ge/textbooks/volume-2/students-manual-10/tool-2/toolbox-6/

resursi 2. „mowyenili yvavilebi“ Wilting flower dies as your energy use blooms - CNET
resursi 3. rogor davzogoT eleqtroenergia : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23XQ-hQoR7A

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba

maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs kompleqsuri davalebis pirobas. me-2 resursiT moswavleebi gaecnobian “mowyenil yvavilebs”-
eleqtroenergiis danaxarjis indikators. me-3 resursiT moswavleebi gaecnobian eleqtroenergiis dazogvis xerxebs. 1-l resursze
dayrdnobiT msjeloben rogor Seqmnan posteri da ra unda asaxon posterze, ra etapebis gavla mouwevT kompleqsuri davalebis
Sesrulebisas da rogor asaxaven gaxorcielebul aqtivobebs posterze.

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

resursi 2, 3
• ra informacia miiRe resursi 3-Si?
• ra daniSnuleba aqvs mricxvels?
• ra erTeulebSi izomeba daxarjuli eleqtroenergia?
• ris mixedviT vixdiT moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis gadasaxads?
• Seni azriT, mniSvnelovania Tu ara eleqtroenergiis dazogva?

posteri (resursi 1)
• SegiqmniaT Tu ara posteri?
• ra unda vicodeT posteris Sesaqmnelad?
• ra nabijebis gadadgma mogiwevT posteris Seqmnisas?
• rogor avsaxavT posterSi Tqven miRebul Sedegebs?

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kompleqsuri davaleba
• Tqveni sityvebiT CamoayalibeT, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda
imuSavoT?
• msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba sxva dros Tu Segisrulebia?
etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba
qvecneba - muSaoba, eleqtruli energia, sinaTlis energia, Sinagani energia, siTburi energia, meqanikuri energia.
nabiji 1 - kriteriumi 1 ramodenime eleqtromomxmareblis magaliTze imsjeleT ras xmardeba eleqtruli velis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba da energiis romel formebSi gardaqmnian isini eleqtrul energias, romeli fizikuri sididiT SegviZlia
maT energoefeqturobaze saubari. (energia 1, 2, 3)

resursi 1. muSaoba, energia da simZlavre: Work, Energy, and Power: Crash Course Physics #9 - YouTube
aqtivoba 1. moswavleebi ixseneben winare codnas- muSaobas da simZlvres

damxmare kiTxvebi:
• rodis ar asrulebs sxeulze moqmedi Zala muSaobas?
• rodis asrulebs Zala uaryofiT muSaobas? dadebiT muSaobas?
• muSaobis romeli erTeulebi ici?
• ra aris simZlavre?
• rogor gamoiTvleba simZlavre?
• raSi mdgomareobs simZlavris fizikuri azri?
• ra aris simZlavris erTeulebi?

resursi 2. saxelmZRvanelo. eleqtruli denis muSaoba da simZlavre.

resursi 3. virtualuri laboratoria: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/battery-resistor-circuit/latest/battery-resistor-circuit.
html?simulation=battery-resistor-circuit
virtualuri laboratoriis videoinstruqcia: denis muSaoba.mp4 - Google Диск
resursi 4. eleqtruli energia da simZlavre https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f1vQAWwjlc&t=30s
aqtivoba 2. moswavleebi ecnobian eleqtruli velis muSaobas da simZlavrs eleqtronuli da saxelmZRvanelos resurebiT.
virtualuri laboratoriis videoinstruqciidan Seiswavlian, raze ixarjeba denis muSaoba. virtualuri laboratoriis
daxmarebiT Seiswavlian, raze ixarjeba denis muSaoba.
 damxmare kiTxvebi:
• aqvs Tu ara eleqtrul dens muSaobis Sesrulebis unari?
• ra saxis energiad SeiZleba gardaiqmnas eleqtruli energia wredis gare ubanSi?
• ras warmoadgens eleqtruli denis energiis cvlileba?
• rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli denis muSaoba?
• ra aris denis simZlavris fizikuri azri?
• rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli denis simZlavre?
• ras niSnavs eleqtroxelsawyoze miTiTebuli simZlavrisa da rekomendebuli Zabvis mniSvnelobebi?
resursi 5. resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: amocanebi eleqtruli denis muSaobasa da simZlavreze.

aqtivoba 3. moswavleebi xsnian amocanebs eleqtruli denis musaobasa da simZlavreze. (resursi 3.)
1. sacxovrebel binebSi, 220 Zabvis qselSi, eleqtruli sadenebi maqsimaluri 10 a denisTvisaa
gaTvlili. gamoTvale
a) sadenSi gamoyofili simZlavre; (P);
b) sadenis mier moxmarebuli eleqtruli energia 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (∆W);
2. gamoTvale TiToeul winaRobaSi gamoyofili simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom Zabva denis
wyaros momWerebze 11 voltia.

10 omi
5 omi
A

resursi 6. saxelmZRvanelo. par. 3.11 joul-lencis kanoni

resursi 7. fizikis dro - eleqtruli denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis kanoni #teleskola - 1TV

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damxmare kiTxvebi:
• asrulebs Tu ara deni muSaobas, rodesac eleqtroxelsawyo CarTulia qselSi?
• ras xmardeba eleqtruli denis muSaoba, rodesac wredis ubanze meqanikuri muSaoba ar sruldeba da deni qimiur gardaqmnebs
ar iwvevs?
• ratom Tbeba liTonis gamtari masSi denis gavlisas?
• rogor viangariSoT gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba?
• romeli eleqtroxelsawyos daniSnulebaa, gamoyos siTbo?
• ras aqceven yuradRebas aseTi xelsawyos Seqmnisas?
• imsjeleT, ra energiad gardaqmnis Tqvens mier SerCeuli xelsawyoebi (Caidani, uTo, feni, miqseri, sarecxi manqana, macivari
da sxva) eleqtrul energias?
• romel maTganSi gvWirdeba siTbos gamoyofa da romelSi ara?
• aqvs Tu ara sadenebs winaRoba? masSi denis gavlisas, gamoiyofa Tu ara siTbo?
• gvWirdeba Tu ara sadenebSi siTbos gamoyofa?
• sadenebSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba rom Seamciron, ras akeTeben amisTvis?
resursi 8. eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo- margi qmedebis koeficienti
resursi 9. videogakveTili- siTbos raodenoba. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiOgy9dzyog
resursi 10. rogor gamoviTvaloT Caidnis mqk 7 Efficiency of Kettle problem - YouTube
Efficiency of a kettle - GCSE Physics - YouTube
aqtivoba 4. maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs, dainiSnon dro da eleqtroCaidanSi aaduRon (aduRebamde miiyvanon) 1 l wyali.
Caidnis simZlavris gamoyenebiT da wylisTvis gadacemuli siTbos raodenobis formulis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoiangariSon Caidnis
margi qmedebis koeficienti.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ras warmoadgens xelsawyos margi qmedebis koeficienti?
• eleqtruli denis sasargeblo muSaoba SeadareT sruls, romelia meti?
• raze metyvelebs es, rogoria nebismieri xelsawyos margi qmedebis koeficienti?
• romeli xelsawyo iqneba ufro energoefeqturi?
• CaidanSi eleqtruli denis muSaoba mTlianad xmardeba Tu ara wylis gacxelebas?
• raze ixarjeba zedmetad energia?
• rogor gamoviTvaloT Caidnis mier moxmarebuli sruli energia?
 • wylis aduRebisas ras warmoadgens sasargeblo muSaoba?
• rogor gamoviTvaloT m masis wylis asaduReblad saWiro siTbos raodenoba?
• romeli monacemebis aReba dagvWirdeba amisaTvis?
• rogor gamoviTvaloT Caidnis mqk?
• rogori sidide gamogvividaT da ratom?
• ras akeTeben imisaTvis, rom Caidnis mqk gazardon?
• Seamcirebs Tu ara Caidnis mier moxmarebuli energiis danaxarjebs is, rom mas mWidrod hqondes morgebuli saxuravi? iyos
TeTri an vercxlisferi? iyos maRali? spiralze ar iyos naleqi? axseniT, ratom.

nabiji 2 - kriteriumi 2. rogor gamoviTvaloT eleqtroenergiis xarji eleqtromomxmareblebis simZlavris saSualebiT da ra

gzebiT SegviZlia eleqtroenergiis danaxarjis Semcireba. (energia 2)
resursi 11. ra aris kilovatsaaTi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRYESRObKqA
resursi 12. rogor viangariSoT daxarjuli kilovatsaaTebi 4 Ways to Calculate Kilowatt Hours - wikiHow

resursi 13. rogor gamoviTvaloT eleqtromomxmareblebis mier daxarjuli energia: What is a kWh - kilowatt hour + CALCULATIONS
💡💰 energy bill - YouTube

resursi 14. 20 wesi rogor dazogoT eleqtroeenergia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB9I2Wp7stg

resursi 15. resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: proeqti 3. „mowyenili yvavili“, anu davzogoT eleqtroenergia saxlSi.

aqtivoba 5. moswavleebi ecnobian eletronul resursebs, asruleben saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul davaleba 1-s da
eleqtromricxvelis saSualebiT msjeloben daxarjul energiaze.

davaleba 1.
1. daaTvaliere eleqtromricxveli, ra informacias gvaZlevs igi?
2. gamoTvale binaSi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis sidide da misi Rirebuleba;
3. Seecade, momdevno dRes Seamciro eleqtroenergiis danaxarji: gamorTe qselidan yvela is eleqtromomxmarebeli romelTa
gamoyeneba mocemul momentSi aucilebeli ar aris (mag., Tundac ramdenime naTura, kompiuteri, romelic, zogjer, mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi momlodine reJimSia CarTuli, televizori). dRis bolos gamoTvale eleqtroenergiis danazogi da misi safasuri;
4. gansazRvre mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi amgvarad dazogili eleqtroenergiis Rirebuleba da dafiqrdi, rogor aisaxeba amgvari
yoveldRiuri eqsperimentebi Seni ojaxis biujetze.

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damxmare kiTxvebi:
• risi erTeulia kvt.sT da ratomaa mosaxerxebeli denis xarjis gamoTvla am erTeulSi?
• ra informaciis gageba SegviZlia eleqtromricxvelis saSualebiT?
• eleqtromricxvelis saSualebiT rogor gavigoT erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis sidide da misi
Rirebuleba?
• Tqveni azriT, ra xerxiT SeiZleba SevamciroT moxmarebuli eleqtroenergia?
• CamowereT wesebi, romelTa dacviT SeZlebT eleqtroenergiis xarjis Semcirebas.

aqtivoba 6: maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs, daakvirdnen saxlSi erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi romeli eleqtromomxmarebeli
saSualod dReSi ramdeni saaTi muSaobs. am monacemebiT gamoiangariSon saSualod erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli
eleqtromomxmarebeli ramden eleqtroenergias moixmars. monacemebi warmoadginon diagramis saxiT.
damxmare kiTxvebi:

• ra fizikuri azri aqvs drois erTeulSi moxmarebul energias?

• Tu xelsawyos ar aweria simZlavre da arc misi teqnikuri pasporti gvaqvs, ra sidideebis codnaa saWiro, rom vipovoT
simZlavre?
• romeli xelsawyos daxmarebiT SegviZlia pirdapir simZlavris gageba?
• Tu viciT xelsawyos simZlavre, rogor gamovTvaloT mis mier daxarjuli eleqtroenergia raRac drois ganmavlobaSi?
• daaxloebiT ramden saaTs/wuTs muSaobs dReSi erTi romelime eleqtromomxmarebeli (gamohkiTxeT ojaxis wevrebi)?
• rogor gamoiTvliT erT dReSi mis mier moxmarebul eleqtroenergias?
• rogor gamoiTvliT erT TveSi moxmarebul eleqtroenergias?
• romeli xelsawyos moxmareba aRmoCnda yvelaze metad xarjiani?
• rogor SeZlebT am xarjis Semcirebas?
• ras daamatebT Tqvens mier SemuSavebul eleqtroenergiis dazogvis wesebs, xelsawyoebSi energetikuli gardaqmnebis da
margi qmedebis koeficientis codnis gaTvaliswinebiT?
• rogor warmoadgenT kvlevis Sedegebs da rogor asaxavT miRebul codnas posterze?
 kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan
individualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad

aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;

• rogor gegmav/dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• ra detalebze akeTebdi aqcents posteris dasamzadeblad?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmebSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ratom aris saWiro davalebis pirveladi versiis Seqmna?
• riT gansxvavdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis pirveladi versia saboloosgan?
• ra faqtorebma gamoiwvia/SeuZlia gamoiwvios pirveladi daskvnebis gadasinjva?
• ra produqti SeqmeniT kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?

axseni, ratom Seqmeni posteri ? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT?
• ratom Seasrule kompleqsuri davaleba?
• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdiT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis mar-
Tebuloba/Tanmimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad? / kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?

75
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ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vis winaSe iyaviT angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?
• ra saerTo mizani gqondaT Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqondaT Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno TqvenTvis kompleqsur davalebaze
muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTeT damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogividaT kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromleT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis
procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwieT Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels; ra mxardaWera miiReT maTgan);
• waawydiT Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeliT konfliqtis daregulireba?
• waawydiT Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvieT bundovanebiT mocul sakiTxebSi?
• SexvdiT Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ramdenad SeZeliT TanamSromloba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalizeT ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdiT da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad moaxerxeT
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyaviT problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul adamianebze? riT da
rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmaraT maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Tqvenma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswinoT saimisod, rom Tqveni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis
gasagebi da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensitiuri
niuansebis win wamoweva; Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyeneT Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmaraT teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azriT, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Seni Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvavebebs
SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• Seafase, ramdenad gamogivida is, rac maswavleblisgan gqondaT davalebuli?
moswaleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia
cneba: energia
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi / ar-
sobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac mas
am codnis ganzogadebisa da misi
dekonteqstualizebis/sxva msgavs
magaliTebTan Sedarebis saSuale-
bas aZlevs. ukavSirebs gansaxil-
vel sakiTxs sakuTar pirad ga-
mocdilebas.
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilveli
sakiTxis arsi; xedavs urTierT-
mimarTebebs sakiTxTan dakav-
Sirebul arsebiT struqturul
erTeulebs Soris.
moswavle msjelobs eleqtruli denis muSaobasa da
simZlavreze.
atarebs kvlevas. SeuZlia sxvadasxva sazomi xel-
sawyoebis gamoyeneba.
ikvlevs eleqtromomxmareblis simZlavres da mox-
marebul eleqtroenergias.
warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegebs sxvadasxva meTode-
biT - diagramebiT da cxrilebiT da a.S.
msjelobs kvlevis Sedegebze.
moiZiebs saWiro informacias.
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobrivi
da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da axdens miRebu-
li codnis gamoyenebas. amzadebs modelebs/atarebs
eqsperimentebs, atarebs siRrmiseul kvlevas.
moswavle msjelobs eleqtruli denis muSaobasa da
simZlavreze.
atarebs kvlevas. SeuZlia sxvadasxva sazomi xel-
sawyoebis gamoyeneba.
ikvlevs eleqtromomxmareblis simZlavres da mox-
marebul eleqtroenergias.
warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegebs sxvadasxva meTode-
biT - diagramebiT da cxrilebiT da a.S.
msjelobs kvlevis Sedegebze.
moiZiebs saWiro informacias. akavSirebs sxvadasxva
codnas erTmsneTTan.
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobrivi
da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
77
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramde-
nime, erTmaneTTan daukavSire-
beli, usistemo asociacia/war-
modgena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi moswavle icis CamoTvlilTagan erT erTi:
arastruqturirebuli asociacia/ muSaobis erTeuli, formula.
warmodgena gansaxilvel sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT.
pre-struqturuli done
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT ar aqvs relevanturi infor-
macia.
78
moswavlem icis
ra aris muSaoba da simZlavre. muSaobis da
simZlavris erTeuli.
icis rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli denis muSao-
ba da simZlavre.
ra erTeulebiT izomeba daxarjuli eleqtroener-
gia, magram ver akavSirebs am codnebs erTmaneTTan.
ver akavSirebs energiis cvlilebas muSaobasTan.
ver atarebs kvlevas damoukideblad da ver msje-
lobs kvlevis Sedegebze.
uWirs informaciis moZieba.
ver xsnis amocanebs.
simZlavris erTeuli, formula.
eleqtrul denis muSaobis gamosaTvleli formula
eleqtruli denis simZlavris gamosaTvleli for-
mula.
moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba kompleqsur
davalebas.
 posteris Seqmna faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis Se-
fasebis kriteriumebi

0-2 qula 0- 4 qula 0-4 qula

faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna

moswavlem ver/ar Seqmna poste- ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis
ri kriteriumebs.
moswavlem icis: moswavle
0 qula • muSaoba. erTeuli. formula • atarebs eqsperiments, kvlevas, 0 qula
moswavlem Seqmna posteri, Tum- • simZlavre. erTeuli. formula. warmoadgens monacemebs cxrile- moswavlem nawilobriv gaar-
ca masze asaxuli informacia ar • eleqtruli energia. Sesabamisi biT. SeuZlia monacemebis damuSa- Tva Tavi Sefasebis krite-
aris srulyofili formulebi da erTeulebi. veba da daskvnebis gakeTeba. riumebs.
• eleqtruli denis muSaoba. • Teoriuli codnis gamoyenebiT 1 qula
1 qula • eleqtruli denis simZlavre. xsnis raodenobriv da Tvisobrivi
amocanebs.
moswavlem gaarTva Tavi Se-
0-2 qula fasebis kriteriumebs, Tumca
0-2 qula aqvs mcire xarvezebi.
2 – 3 qula
moswavlem Seqmna posteri da
masze asaxuli informacia sru- moswavlem srulad gaarTva
lad pasuxobs moTxosnebs. Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
4 qula
2 qula

79
 kompleqsuri davaleba N4: baRdadis batarea
80
rekomendacia: mocemuli kompleqsuri davaleba SeiZleba gaiyos ramdenime davalebad.
grZelvadiani mizani
samizne cneba - energia, Zala
(Sedegi 1.2.3,4).
qvecneba - eleqtruli energia, qimiuri
energia, siTburi energia, muSaoba,
eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala, potencialTa
sxvaoba, eleqtruli Zala, gare Zala.
Tema - mudmivi denis kanonebi
sakiTxebi - eleqtruli deni siTxeebSi
qvesakiTxebi - eleqtrolitebi,
eleqtrolituri disociacia,
eleqtrolizi
sakvanZo SekiTxva - rogor movamzado posteri, sadac warmovaCen Cem mier damzadebul
denis wyaros da avxsni misi moqmedebis princips.
kompleqsuri davalebis idea - baRdadis batarea
1938 wels baRdadis axlos arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas 2000-ze meti wlis winandeli
momcro Tixis qoTani aRmoaCines. qoTnis TavsaxurSi (romelic TixiTaa dagmanuli)
rkinis Rero iyo gayrili, xolo SigniT cilindrulad daxveuli spilenZis firfita
iyo moTavsebuli. masSi Rvinos an Zmars inaxavdnen.... savaraudod, es uZvelesi denis
wyaro iyo! mkvlevarebma baRdadis artefaqtis analogebi Seqmnes da daamtkices, rom
maTi gamoyeneba denis wyaros rolSi namdvilad SesaZlebelia...
warmoidgine, rom distanciuri marTvis pultSi elementi dajda. Sen SegiZlia daamzado
mowyobiloba, romelsac pultis amuSaveba SeuZlia.
daamzade denis wyaro da aRwere misi moqmedebis principi. Seqmeni posteri.
 samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi Sefasebis kriteriumi _ (zogadi) Sefasebis kriteriumi _ (konkretul
kompleqsur davalebaze misadagebuli)
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom: moswavles SeuZlia:
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
energia energia • energiis rogori gardaqmna xdeba Sen
mier damzadebul denis wyaroebSi da
1. energia sistemis mdgomareobis erT • imsjelos, energiaze, rogorc sistemis romeli Zalis mier muSaobis SesrulebiT
_ erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da mdgomareobis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad icvleba misi energia? (energia 1,2,3;
axasiaTebs mis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis sidideze an/da am sistemis muSaobis Zala 1, 2);
unars; Sesrulebis unarze;
• rogoraa damokidebuli denis wyaros
2. sistemis Semadgenel sxeulebs/nawilakebs
• gaacnobieros, energiis romeli sax- energia gamoyenebul eleqtrodebsa da
gaaCniaT sxvadasxva saxis energia, ro-
eebiT xasiaTdebian gansaxilvel mov- eleqtrolitis Semadgenlobaze? (ener-
melic SesaZlebelia gardaiqmnas erTi gia 2, 3);
lenaSi/sakiTxSi monawile sxeulebi da
saxidan meoreSi. Caketili sistemis sruli
rogor gardaqimneba energia;
energia mudmivia;
• energiis rogori gardaqmna xdeba gare
3. sistemaSi energiis gardaqmna ganpirobe- • daadginos, romeli Sida faqtore-
wredSi da romeli Zalis mier muSaobis
bulia Sida faqtorebiT, xolo sistemis bi ganapirobebs sistemaSi energiis SesrulebiT icvleba igi? (energia 1,2,
sruli energiis cvlileba - gare faq- gardaqmnebs da romeli gare faqtorebi 3; Zala 1, 2).
torebiT. - sistemis sruli energiis cvlilebas;

Zala Zala

1. sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba xasiaT- • imsjelos, ra saxis urTierTqmedebebi

deba fizikuri sididiT - ZaliT. bunebaSi xvdeba mas, gansaxilvel movlenaSi da
rogor aRiwereba es urTierTqmedebebi;
urTierTqmedebis oTxi saxe gvxvdeba;
• gaaanalizos, ras iwvevs sxeulze/siste-
2. Zalis moqmedeba gansazRvravs sxeulis maze moqmedi Zalebi da razea damokide-
moZraobis cvlilebas an/da mis defor- buli Zalis moqmedebiT gamowveuli
macias, Sedegi ki damokidebulia Zalis Sedegebi;
modulze, mimarTulebasa da modebis
wertilze;

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kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)
etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
baRdadis batarea -
• resursi 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Z4if9KgyeY
• resursi2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWKa_tuTx_w
• resursi 3. https://www.discoveryuk.com/mysteries/the-mystery-of-the-baghdad-battery/
rogor SevqmnaT posteri
• resursi 4 https://www.living-democracy.com/ge/textbooks/volume-2/students-manual-10/tool-2/toolbox-6/
denis wyaroebi
• resursi 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aavyQv7o5j8
• resursi 6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq-tKJ_zG34
kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
sarekomendacio aqtivoba: resurs 1,2,3-ze dayrdnobiT, maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaecnon baRdadis batareis istorias.
resurs 4-is saSualebiT acnobs, ra aris posteri

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

denis wyaro
• ra aris denis wyaro?
• rogori denis wyaroebi ginaxavT?
• SeuZlia Tu ara eleqtromowyobilobas, denis wyaros gareSe imuSaos?

posteri (resursi 4)
• ra aris posteri?
• Segiqmnia Tu ara posteri?
• rogor gamosaxav posterze informacias, rom advilad aRsaqmeli iyos?
kompleqsuri davaleba
• Seni sityvebiT Camoayalibe, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda imuSaoT?
• msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba sxva dros Tu Segisrulebia?
 etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba
qvecneba - eleqtruli energia, qimiuri energia, siTburi energia, eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala, muSaoba, potencialTa sxvaoba,
eleqtruli Zala, gare Zala.
nabiji 1 -
Sefasebis kriteriumi 1 . energiis rogori gardaqmna xdeba Sen mier damzadebul denis wyaroebSi da romeli Zalis mier muSaobis
SesrulebiT icvleba misi energia? (energia 1,2,3; Zala 1, 2)

Sefasebis kriteriumi 2 . rogoraa damokidebuli denis wyaros energia gamoyenebul eleqtrodebsa da eleqtrolitis
Semadgenlobaze? (energia 2, 3)
resursi 1. zogadi ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi Cawerili resursi-denis aRZvris pirobebi, denis wyaro.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/15-__jalBZfsgIWo0PfBiJ3wpqwcKQs8s/view?usp=sharing
resursi 2. analogiebi eleqtrul da meqanikur movlenebs Soris.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NmlibrNRkVLuFEA1Z_S4sQoaibf5WqmL/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103440913621299409555&rtpof=true&sd=true

aqtivoba 1: winare codnis gaxseneba (sakiTxebi: eleqtruli deni, denis wyaro (par.3.1))
• ra aris eleqtruli deni?
• ra pirobebi unda Sesruldes denis aRZvrisa da misi xangrZlivad SenarCunebisTvis?
• ra tipis denis wyaroebi arsebobs?
• romeli energia SeiZleba gardaiqmnas eleqtrul energiad?
• ramdeni polusi aqvs denis wyaros?
• SeuZliaT Tu ara eleqtrul Zalebs denis wyaros SigniT muxtebis gancalkeveba?
• ras niSnavs eleqtruli Zalebis konservatiuloba?
• SeuZliaT Tu ara aseT Zalebs Sekrul traeqtoriaze muSaobis Sesruleba?
• ras niSnavs gare Zala?
• wredis romel nawilSi asrulebs muSaobas eleqtruli Zalebi da romelSi - gare Zalebi?
• romeli energiis xarjze asrulebs muSaobas eleqtruli veli?

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resursi 3. saxelmZRvanelo, paragrafi 2.1 eleqtruli deni siTxeebSi
resursi 4. wredebis simulacia https://www.tinkercad.com/circuits
aqtivoba 2: daamzade baRdadis batarea
samuSaosTvis dagWirdeba: minis WurWeli (qila) 4 cali (200 ml), spilenZis (8 cali), TuTiisa (4 cali) da rkinis (4 cali) lursmani,
limonmJava, ZmarmJava, Rvino, Sabiamani, wyali, multimetri, SemaerTebeli sadenebi klipsebiT, rezinis xelTaTmanebi.
samuSaos msvleloba:
• sam sxvadasxva WurWelSi Caasxi 100 ml wyali, meoTxeSi ki _ 50 ml wyali da 50 ml Rvino; wylian WurWlebSi gaxseni: a) 1-Si: 10 g
limonmJava; b) me-2-Si: 10g Sabiamani; g) me-3-Si: 10 ml ZmarmJava;
• xsnarebSi moaTavse eleqtrodebi: 1 cali spilenZisa da1 cali rkinis lursmani;
• gazome eleqtrodebs Soris Zabva yvela WurWelSi (Caiwere monacemebi);
• gaimeore cda, oRond amjerad Secvale:
a) eleqtrodebi: xsnarebSi moaTavse 1 cali spilenZisa da1 cali TuTiis lursmani;
b) xsnarebis koncentracia: gaaormage wyalSi gaxsnili nivTierebis (produqtis) raodenoba.
• SeaerTe mimdevrobiT Sen mier damzadebuli denis wyaroebi (aarCie maTgan sami, romlebmac SedarebiT meti Zabva mogca) da
gazome Zabva miRebuli batareebis boloebze;
• rogor iyofa siTxeebi gamtarobis mixedviT?
• rogori gamtaria sufTa wyali?
• ras niSnavs wylis dipoli?
• ra aris eleqtroliti?
• rogor gadavaqcioT sufTa wyali eleqtrolitad?
• rogori agebuleba aqvs sufris marils?
• ratom atarebs dens mariliani wyali?
• kidev romeli siTxeebi atareben dens?
• rogori agebuleba aqvs marilmJavas?
• rogor iSleba marilmJava wylis molekulebis moqmedebiT?
• romeli Zalebi Slis marilmJavas?
• wylis molekulebis moqmedebiT romel ionebad daiSleba gogirdmJava? Sabiamani?
• romeli Zalebi monawileobs disociaciis procesSi?
 • ra aris disociaciis xarisxi?
• ra mouva disociaciis xarisxs, Tu temperatura gaizrdeba?
• rogor moZraobas asrulebs Tavisufali ionebi?
• romeli nawilakebia muxtis gadamtanebi eleqtrolitis wyalxsnarebSi?
• ras warmoadgens Sen mier Catarebul cdaSi limonmJavis, Sabiamanisa da ZmarmJavas wyalxsnarebi?
• romeli nawilakebi iqneba maTSi Tavisufali muxtis gadamtanebi?
• ra rols asrulebs wyali Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis warmoqmnaSi?
• ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtrolitSi eleqtrodebs CavdebT?
• romeli eleqtrodebi gamoiyene cdebSi?
• gamtarobis mixedviT, rogori unda iyos eleqtrodi?
• iqneba Tu ara eleqtrodebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba?
• eleqtrodSi romel damuxtul nawilakebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad moZraoba?
• Tu eleqtrodebs gamtariT SevaerTebT, gaivlis Tu ara masSi deni?
• Tu xsnarebSi produqtebis raodenobas gavzrdiT, rogor Seicvleba Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis koncentracia?
• rogor Seicvleba potencialTa sxvaoba eleqtrodebs Soris?
• razea damokidebuli Sen mier Catarebul cdaSi eleqtrodebze miRebul Zabva?
• Tu Sen mier damzadebul „denis wyaroebs“ mimdevrobiT miuerTeb, rogor Zabvas miiReb?
• ra aris eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala?
• rogor gavzomoT batareis emZ?
• gamoTvale mimdevrobiT SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli batareis emZ da Sida winaRoba; gamoiyene resursi 4)
resursi 5. rogor davamzadoT voltas sveti https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIHfUJu3aKo
resursi 6. voltas sveti https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02n8h0WsoxU&t=229s
resursi 7. animacia -rogor muSaobs voltas elementi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpFC_Ecu_yQ
resursi 8. galvanuri da eleqtrolituri da wyaroebi
https://psiberg.com/galvanic-vs-electrolytic-cell/
resursi 9. simulacia-galvanuri da eleqtrolituri da wyaroebi
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?s=elkap_akumulator&l=en
resursi 10. galvanuri elementebi yoveldRiur cxobrebaSi
https://studiousguy.com/examples-of-galvanic-cells-in-everyday-life/
resursi 11. voltas sveti xurda fulisa da folgisgan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4n1HIsfjZM&t=57s

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aqtivoba 2: amocanebis amoxsna emZ-ze da Siga winaRobaze.
aqtivoba 3: daamzade voltas sveti.
dagWirdeba: spilenZisa da TuTiis Txeli firfitebi (an mza diskebi), 20- TeTriani monetebi (5 cali), folgis furceli,
eleqtroliti (marilxsnari, limonis wveni, Zmari), qaRaldis furceli, saizolacio lenti, gamomyvani sadenebi, Suqdiodi.
1. gamoWeri 20 TeTriani monetis zomis wreebi spilenZisgan, TuTiisa da qaRaldisgan ( 5-5 cali);
2. qaRaldis wreebi Cayare marilxsnarSi, rom xsnariT kargad gaiJRinTos;
3. daalage liTonebisa da qaRaldis firfitebi monacvleobiT,
4. daamagre gamomyvani sadenebi svetis qveda da zeda firfitaze da sveti saizolacio lentiT Sekari;
5. gazome Zabva sadenebis boloebs Soris:
a) Tu Zabvis mniSvneloba 2 v-s ar aRemateba, miuerTe batareas Suqdiodi da daakvirdi Sen mier Seqmnili denis wyaros efeqturobas;
b) Tu Zabva sakmarisi ar aris, Suqdiodi ar ainTeba. moifiqre, ra unda gaakeTo imisaTvis, rom Suqdiodi ainTos?
6. Caatare ganmeorebiT cdebi, oRond amjerad Secvale:
a) liTonebi: erTis nacvlad 20- TeTriani moneta aiRe, meore ki Caanacvle aluminis folgisgan gamoWrili firfitiT;
b) eleqtroliti: qaRaldis firfitebi sxvadasxva eleqtrolitebiT gaJRinTe.
• ras warmoadgens Sen mier Catarebul cdaSi spilenZis da TuTiis wreebi?
• ra daniSnuleba aqvs qaRalds?
• gamova Tu ara voltas sveti, Tu qaRaldi mSrali iqneba?
• raSi unda dasveldes qaRaldi?
• aRiZra Tu ara potencialTa sxvaoba kidura firfitebs Soris?
• ra sididis potencialTa sxvaoba miiRe?
• SeZlo Tu ara Senma damzadebulma elementma Suqdiodis anTeba?
• SeZlo Tu ara Senma damzadebulma elementma pultis marTva?
• Tu Senma damzadebulma elementma SeZlo Suqdiodis anTeba, hqonia Tu ara mas energia?
• saidan warmoiSva es energia?
• SeZlebda Tu ara kulonuri Zalebi muxtebis gancalkevebas?
• rogori Zalebi acalkeveben dadebiT da uaryofiT muxtebs denis wyaroSi?
 • Tu elementma ver SeZlo Suqdiodis anTeba, ra unda gaakeTo imisaTvis, rom igi ainTos?
• ratom daamzade bevri ujredisgan Semdgari sveti?
• ra moxdeba, Tu ujredebis raodenobas kidev gazrdi?
• romel SemTxvevaSi miiRe ukeTesi batarea? warmoadgine cdis Sedegebi diagramis saxiT;
• gamoTvale saukeTeso batareis emZ da Sinagani winaRoba.
• axseni voltas svetis moqmedebis principi anu, rogor miiReba masSi eleqtruli energia?
• rogor aisaxeba posterSi Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi?
resursi. 12. rogor davamzadoT limonis batarea
https://www.howitworksdaily.com/british-science-week-home-science-experiment-make-a-lemon-battery/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EA751OyNLOk

resursi. 13. limonis batareis awyoba https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2861568987454525

resursi. 14. kartofilis batareis awyoba https://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Potato-Battery

resursi. 15. xilis elementebi. http://bitly.ws/te26

aqtivoba 4: daamzade limonis batarea me-13 resursis mixedviT

• ras viyenebT eleqtrodebis rolSi limonis batareaSi?
• romeli eleqtroliti gvaqvs limonis batareaSi?
• rogor potencialTa sxvaobas vRebulobT limonis batareaSi?
• imisaTvis, rom SesamCnevi potencialTa sxvaoba miviRoT, rogor avawyoT batarea?
• rogor Seicvleba miRebuli potencialTa sxvaoba, Tu limonebis raodenobas gavzrdiT?
• Tqveni azriT, mxolod limonebisgan SeiZleba batareis awyoba?
• romeli xili an bostneuli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT?
• Tqveni azriT, sxvadasxva xili erTnair potencialTa sxvaobas mogvcems (resursi 15)?
• raze iqneba damokidebuli aseTi batareis mier gamomuSavebuli potencialTa sxvaoba?
• rogor miiReba limonis batareaSi eleqtruli energia?

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nabiji 2 - Sefasebis kriteriumi 3.

energiis rogori gardaqmna xdeba gare wredSi da romeli Zalis mier muSaobis SesrulebiT icvleba igi? (energia 1,2,3; Zala 1, 2)
resursi/aqtivoba/damxmare kiTxvebi:

resursi 16. galvanuri elementi. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV2i1lpcyyE

resursi 17. galvanuri elementis gamoyeneba https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpFC_Ecu_yQ

aqtivoba 5. warmoidgineT, rom zambariani kari gamovaReT da Semdeg xeli gavuSviT.

• zambaris gaWimvisas izrdeba Tu ara zambaris potenciuri energia?
• ris xarjze xdeba zambaris potenciuri energiis gazrda?
• Tu zambarian kars gamovaRebT, vasrulebT Tu ara muSaobas?
• xels rom vuSvebT, romeli Zalis moqmedebiT ixureba kari?
• rogori energiis gardaqmna mimdinareobs karis daxurvisas?
• ra analogia arsebobs zambaris gaWimva-SekumSvasa da denis wyaros mier qimiuri da eleqtruli energiebis gardaqmnas Soris?
• ra Zalebi moqmedebs me-16 resursSi galvanur elementSi muxtebis gacalkevebisas?
• rogor icvleba(gardaiqmneba) maTi saSualebiT sistemis energia?
• rogori energia hqonda sistemas (eleqtrolitis wyalxsnars da eleqtrodebs)?
• Tu galvanur elementTan mierTebuli naTura ainTo, gaiara Tu ara masSi denma?
• rogor energias miviRebT SuqdiodSi?
• romeli Zala ganapiroebebs denis gavlas?
• rogor gardaiqmneba am dros sistemis energia?
• gare wredSi denis gavlisas romeli Zala asrulebs muSaobas?
• Tu gare wredSi naTura ainTo, romel energiad gardaiqmna eleqtruli energia?
• kidev rogor energiad SeiZleba gardaiqmnas denis wyaros energia?
• rogor aisaxeba posterSi Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi?
 kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisa da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan
individualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad
aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;
• rogor dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• ra detalebze akeTebdi aqcents kompleqsuri davalebis momzadebisas?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmaSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ratom aris saWiro davalebis pirveladi versiis Seqmna?
• riT gansxvavdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis pirveladi versia saboloosgan?
• ra faqtorebma gamoiwvia/SeuZlia gamoiwvios pirveladi daskvnebis gadasinjva?
• ra produqti Seqmeni kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?
axseni, ratom Seqmeni posteri? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT?

• ratom SeasruleT kompleqsuri davaleba?

• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdiT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis mar-
Tebuloba/Tanamimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad/kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?

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ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?

• vis winaSe iyavi angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?

• ra saerTo mizani gqondaT Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqonda Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno SenTvis kompleqsur davalebaze
muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTe damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogivida kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromle kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis
procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwie Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels; ra mxardaWera miiRe maTgan);
• waawydi Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeli konfliqtis daregulireba?
• waawydi Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvie bundovanebiT mocul sakiTxebSi?
• Sexvdi Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ramdenad SeZeli TanamSromloba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalize, ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdi da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad moaxerxe
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyaviT problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul adamianebze? riT da
rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmara maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Senma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswino saimisod, rom Seni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis gasagebi
da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensitiuri niuansebis
win wamoweva; Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyene Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmara teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azri, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Seni Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvavebebs
SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• Seafase, ramdenad gamogivida is, rac maswavleblisgan gqondaT davalebuli?
moswavleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia
cneba: energia, Zala
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs gaazrebu-
li sakiTxis arsi/arsobrivi maxasiaTeb­
lebi, rac mas am codnis ganzogadebi-
sa da misi dekonteqstualizebis/sxva
­msgavs­magaliTebTan Sedarebis saSuale- cvlilebas.
bas aZlevs, ukavSirebs gansaxilvel sa- qmnis sxvadasxva tipis denis wyaroebs da iye­nebs
kiTxs pirad gamocdilebas.
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilveli sakiTxis
arsi; xedavs urTierTmimarTebebs sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebul arsebiT struq-
turul erTeulebs Soris.
moswavle msjelobs denis wyaroebis moqmede-
bis principebze, energiis gardaqmnaze, imaze,
Tu rogori Zalebi moqmedeben denis wyaroSi da
gare wredSi da romeli Zala rogor muSaobas as-
rulebs. rogor gansazRvravs es Zalebi energiis
sazom xelsawyoebs (ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri).
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobri-
vi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimentis
Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
atarebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegebs
da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena sxvadasxva me-
TodiT.
msjelobs yofa-cxovrebaSi da bunebaSi arsebul
denis wyaroebze, denis wyaroebis gamoyenebaze,
ganixilavs mzes, rogorc energiis ZiriTad wya-
ros da msjelobiT mihyavs energetikuli jaWvi
energiis ZiriTad wyarosTan.
amJRavnebs siRrmiseul codnas da axdens codnis
transfers.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da iyenebs miRe-
bul codnas praqtikaSi.
moswavle msjelobs denis wyaroebis moqmedebis
principebze, energiis gardaqmnaze, imaze, Tu
rogori Zalebi moqmedebs denis wyaroSi, gare
wredSi. romeli Zala rogor muSaobas asrulebs.
rogor gansazRvravs es Zalebi energiis cvlile-
bas.
qmnis sxvadasxva tipis denis wyaroebs da iyene-
bs sazom xelsawyoebs (ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri).
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobri-
vi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimentis
Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
atarebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegebs
da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena sxvadasxva me-
TodiT.
91
multistruqturuli done moswavlem icis, ra aris ioni, rogor miiReba igi.
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramdenime, erT- ra aris eleqtroni, ras warmoadgens deni. icis
maneTTan daukavSirebeli, usistemo aso- energiis formulebi, erTeuli. aqvs warmodgena
ciacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel sakiTx- Zalaze, magram ver akavSirebs Zalis moqmedebas
Tan dakavSirebiT. energiis gardaqmnasTan.
ver atarebs eqsperiments, an atarebs mkafio ins-
truqciebis mixedviT, Tumca ver xsnis Sedegebs.
ver atarebs kvlevas, ver warmoadgens monace­
mebs sxvadasxva xerxiT. mis mier moZiebuli in-
formacia mwiria, an masSi ar aris kavSiri sa-
kiTxebs Soris.
ver akavSirebs sxvadasxva codnas erTmaneTTan.
unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi arastruq- moswavlem icis CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi:
turirebuli asociacia/warmodgena gan- ramdeni saxisaa muxti, izidavs Tu ganizidavs
saxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTmaneTs, atomis Semadgeneli nawilakebi. ra
aris ioni, eleqtruli denis ganmarteba.
icis, rom eleqtromowyobilobebi dens iyenebs,
naTura inTeba masSi denis gavlis gamo.
ar SeuZlia sakiTxis irgvliv informaciis moZie-
ba, an misi moZiebuli informacia Zalian mwiria.
ver atarebs eqsperiments, ver svams logikur
kiTxvebs da ver pasuxobs SekiTxvaTa umravle-
sobaze.
pre-struqturuli done moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sakiTxe-
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar bTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba
aqvs relevanturi informacia. kompleq­sur davalebas.

92
 ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

posteris Seqmna faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis Sefasebis krite-

riumebi
0-2 qula 0-4 qula
0-4 qula
faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna
moswavlem ver/ar ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
Seqmna posteri moswavlem icis: moswavle
• atomis aRnagoba;
• atarebs eqsperiments, 0 qula
0 qula • ioni; kvlevas, warmoadgens mona-
moswavlem Seqmna • dipoli; cemebs cxrilebiT. SeuZlia moswavlem nawilobriv gaarTva Tavi Sefase-
posteri, Tumca masze • ra aris anodi da kaTodi; monacemebis damuSaveba da bis kriteriumebs.
asaxuli informacia daskvnebis gakeTeba.
ar aris srulyofili • rogori gamtarobiT xa- 1 qula
• Teoriul codnis ga-
siaTdeba siTxeebi;
1 qula moyenebiT xsnis raodenob­
• eleqtrolitebi; riv da Tvisobrivi amocanebs.
moswavlem gaarTva Tavi Sefasebis krite-
• eleqtrolituri diso- riumebs , Tumca aqvs mcire xarvezebi.
• qmnis sxvadasxva tipis
ciacia;
denis wyaroebs da iyenebs 2 - 3 qula
• eleqtruli Zala; sazom xelsawyoebs.
moswavlem Seqmna moswavlem srulad gaarTva Tavi Sefasebis
posteri da masze • gare Zala; kriteriumebs.
asaxuli informacia
• denis wyaroebSi energiis
srulad pasuxobs
gardaqmna;
moTxovnebs. 4 qula
• Zalis moqmedebis Sedegi. 0-2 qula
2 qula

0-2 qula

93
 kompleqsuri davaleba N5: eleqtruli muxtis gansazRvra

94
grZelvadiani mizani
samizne cneba - sakvanZo SekiTxva - rogor avsaxo posterSi elementaruli muxtis gansazRvra eleq-
• fizikuri procesi. trolizis meTodiT?
(Sedegi 1.2.3,4).
kompleqsuri davalebis idea -
qvecneba -
1881 wels irlandielma fizikosma da maTematikosma jorj stonim pirvelad gamoTva-
eleqtrolizi, la eleqtrolizis dros eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis erTvalentiani ionis
eleqtrolituri disociacia. muxti.
ase rom, manam, sanam eleqtrons aRmoaCendnen, misi muxti (erTvalentiani ionis muxti)
faradeis eleqtrolizis kanonis daxmarebiT gansazRvres. scade Senc.

Tema - mudmivi denis kanonebi Seni davalebaa, gamoikvlio eleqtrolizis movlena, razea damokidebuli eleqtrodebze
sakiTxebi - gamoyofili muxtis masa, ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs eleqtrolizis movlenas, Caataro
eleqtruli deni siTxeebSi eqsperimenti da gasazRvro elementaruli muxti.
qvesakiTxebi -
• eleqtrolitebi; Seqmeni posteri Temaze `elementaruli muxtis gansazRvris xerxi eleqtrolizis meTodiT~.
• eleqtrolizi;
• eleqtrolituri disociacia;
• faradeis kanoni;
• eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba praqti-
kaSi.
 samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
fizikuri procesi
1. fizikuri procesi sistemis/sxeulis
mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebaa,
romelic aRiwereba raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT;
2. yvela fizikur movlenas/process aqvs
mizezi da mohyveba Sedegi, romelTa
dakavSirebac SesaZlebelia bunebis
kanonebis gamoyenebiT.
95
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi)
moswavles SeuZlia:
fizikuri procesi
• imsjelos, ra Tvisobrivi cv-
lilebebi mimdinareobs gansax-
ilvel fizikur procesSi da
rogor aRiwereba es cvlile-
bebi raodenobrivad;
• daakavSiros erTmaneTTan
gansaxilveli movlenis/pro-
cesis gamomwvevi mizezebi da
Sedegebi, axsnas es kavSiri
bunebis kanonebis gamoyenebiT;
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (konkretul kompleqsur
davalebaze misadagebuli)
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
• ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs siTxeSi denis aRZ-
vras da eleqtrdebze gamoyofili nivTierebis
raodenobas, daakavSire erTmaneTTan am proce-
sis mizezebi da Sedegi (fizikuri procesi 1, 2).
• Catarebuli eqsperimentis safuZvelze aRwere,
rogor aris SesaZlebeli muxtis gansazRvra
eleqtrolizis meTodiT (fizikuri procesi 1,2).
96
kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)

etapi I _ kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba

resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
resursi 1. rogor SeqmnaT posteri: http://bitly.ws/tduZ
resursi 2. ra aris posteri: http://bitly.ws/pD2D
resursi 3. eleqtruli denis siTxeebSi: http://bitly.ws/tdv7 http://bitly.ws/tdv9
resursi 4. eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba: http://bitly.ws/tdvc
resursi 5. http://bitly.ws/tdvd http://bitly.ws/sSG6
kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
• resurs 3 da 4 -ze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi ecnobian eleqtrul dens siTxeebSi da eleqtrolizis gamoyenebas yofa-cxovrebaSi.
• resursi 5 moswavleebi ecnobian saintereso faqtebs istoriidan.
• maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs kompleqsuri davalebis pirobas da resurs 1,2- ze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi gaecnobian post-
ers da msjeloben posterze informaciis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb.

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

eleqtruli denis siTxeebSi (resursi 3, 4, 5)
• ra aris muxtis gadamtanebi siTxeSi?
• rogor xdeba siTxe eleqtruli denis gamtari?
• ras vuwodebT siTxeebSi denis gavlis Sedegad eleqtrodebze nivTierebis gamoyofis process?
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs eleqtrolizs praqtikaSi?
• gsmenia Tu ara aqamde galvanoplastikis Sesaxeb?

posteri (resursi 1,2)

• ra aris posteri?
• Segiqmnia Tu ara posteri?
• ratom qmnian posterebs?
• ra nabijebis gadadgma mogiwevs posteris Seqmnis procesSi?
• ra unda gaiTvaliswino posterze informaciis ganTavsebisas?
 kompleqsuri davaleba
• Seni sityvebiT Camoayalibe, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda imu­
SaoT?
• msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba sxva dros Tu Segisrulebia?

etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba

qvecneba - eleqtrolizi, eleqtrolituri disociacia.
nabiji 1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs siTxeSi denis aRZvras da eleqtrodebze gamoyofili nivTierebis raodenobas, daakavSire erTmaneT-
Tan am procesis mizezebi da Sedegi (fizikuri procesi 1, 2).

resursi 1.
• eleqtruli denis siTxeebSi:
http://bitly.ws/tdwW http://bitly.ws/tdv7 http://bitly.ws/tdx2
• saxelmZRvanelo: 4.1 eleqtruli deni siTxeSi: 4.1.1 eleqtrolitebi. 4.1.2 eleqtrolituri disociacia

aqtivoba 1. moswavleebi saklaso eqsperimentiT (ix. saxelmZRvanelo 4.1.1, cda I) da eleqtronuli resursebiT ecnobian eleq­
trul dens siTxeebSi.

cda I
cdisTvis saWiroa: denis wyaro (9 v), patara naTura (farniani an Suqdiodi), CamrTveli, Wiqa (200 ml) gamoxdili wyali, sufris
marili, sadenebi liTonis klipsebiT.
eqsperimentis msvleloba:
1. miuerTe denis wyaros mimdevrobiT CamrTveli, naTura da Wiqa, romlis kedlebzec sadenebi liTonis klipsebiTaa mimagrebuli
(sur.4.1.3).
2. Caasxi WurWelSi gamoxdili wyali ise, rom klipsebi wyalSi aRmoCndes da CarTe wredi. daakvirdi: ainTo Tu ara naTura?
3. Cayare wyalSi 1 Cais kovzi sufris marili (NaCl) TandaTan da daakvirdi: ra Seicvala?

97
 damxmare kiTxvebi:

98
• ratom ar ainTo naTura gamoxdil wyalSi marilis damatebamde?
• ra icvleba wyalSi marilis damatebis Sedegad?
• ra aris dipoli?
• ra aris ioni?
• rogori agebuleba aqvs wylis molekulas?
• ra procesi mimdinareobs, roca wyals sufris marils vumatebT?
• rogor nivTierebebs ewodeba eleqtrolitebi?
• ras wamoadgens deni siTxeebSi?
• ra aris anodi? kaTodi?
• ras vuwodebT eleqtrolitur disociacias?
• ras vuwodebT eleqtrolituri disociaciis xarisxs?
• rogor icvleba disociaciis xarisxi temperaturis gazrdiT?

resursi 2.
• eleqtronuli resursi. eleqtrolizi: http://bitly.ws/tdxV http://bitly.ws/tdxY
• saxelmZRvanelo: 4.1.3 eleqtruli deni siTxeSi (4.1.4. eleqtrolizi; 4.1.5 faradeis kanoni; 4.1.6 faradeis mudmiva).
aqtivoba 2. moswavleebi ecnobian eleqtrolizis movlenas (resursi 2), atareben eqsperiments da ikvleven, Tu razea damokidebuli
eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis raodenoba (ix. saxelmZRvanelo 4.1.3 cda II) da faradeis kanons.
cda II
cdisTvis saWiroa:
eleqtrolituri abazana_ WurWeli, romlis TavsaxurSic magrdeba naxSirisori eleqtrodi _ gamtari Reroebi, rom-
lebic denis wyaros polusebTanaa SeerTebuli. denis wyaro (12 v), reostati, CamrTveli, sadenebi, Sabiamani (CuSO4).
eqsperimentis msvleloba:
• Caasxi WurWelSi Sabiamnis wyalxsnari da CauSvi Sig winaswar gasuf Tavebuli naxSiris Reroebi.
• aawyve wredi suraTis mixedviT.
• CarTe CamrTveli da 2-3 wT-is Semdeg gamorTe;
• amoiRe naxSiris Reroebi xsnaridan da daakvirdi maT zedapirs: kaTodi spilenZisfradaa SeRebili.
• upasuxe kiTxvas: rogor fiqrob, ratom Seferadda eleqtrodi spilenZisfrad?
 • gaimeore cda ramdenjerme. daakvirdi kaTodze daleqili nivTierebis fenas, rogoaa damokidebuli misi sisqe (SeamCnev
TvaliT):
a) denis gavlis droze - daayovne didxans (denis Zala wredSi da Sabiamnis koncentracia ucvleli datove);
b) denis Zalaze wredSi - cvale denis Zala reostatis daxmarebiT wredSi (denis gavlis dro da Sabiamnis koncentracia ucvleli
datove);
g) Sabiamnis koncentraciaze xsnarSi - Cayare meti raodenobiT Sabiamani xsnarSi (denis gavlis dro da denis Zala wredSi ucv-
leli datove); gamoitane daskvna: razea damokidebuli eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis raodenoba?
moswavleebi eqsperimentis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT gamoaqvT daskvnebi da upasuxeben kiTxvebze:
• rogor Seicvleba eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis raodenoba Tu gavzrdiT:
a) denis gavlis dros?
b) denis Zalas wredSi?
b) Sabiamnis koncentracias xsnarSi?
• rogor Camoayalibeb faradeis kanons?
• ra aris eleqtroqimiuri eqvivalenti?
• ra aris eleqtroqimiuri eqvivalentis erTeuli?
• ras vuwodebT faradeis mudmivas da risi tolia is ricxobrivad?

resursi 3. amocanebi saxelmZRvanelodan

aqtivoba 3. moswavleebi xsnian amocanebs saxelmZRvanelodan faradeis kanonis gamoyenebaze (resursi 3).
amocanis piroba: risi tolia natriumis eleqtroqimiuri eqvivalenti, Tu misi valentoba 1-ia, xolo erTi ionis masaaa 3,8·10-26kg?

resursi.4
• eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi:
http://bitly.ws/tdyJ http://bitly.ws/tdyL http://bitly.ws/tdyM http://bitly.ws/tdyP
• saxelmZRvanelo: 4.1.7 eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi

aqtivoba 4. moswavleebi moiZieben informacias eleqtrolizis gamoyenebaze praqtikaSi. moZiebul informaciasa da eleqtronul
resursebze dayrdnobiT (resursi 4), saubroben eleqtrolizis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaze.

99
 upasuxeben kiTxvebs:

100
• ra gamoyeneba aqvs eleqtrolizs praqtikaSi?
• ra aris galvanoplastika?
• ra aris rafinireba?
• ratom aris eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovani yofa-cxovrebaSi?
• rogor xdeba samkaulebis mooqroeba? (aRwere es procesi Seni sityvebiT).

nabiji 2 . Catarebuli eqsperimentis safuZvelze aRwere, rogor aris SesaZlebeli muxtis gansazRvra eleqtrolizis meTodiT (fizi-
kuri procesi 1,2).

resursi 1. resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: proeqti N4 eleqtruli muxtis gansazRvra

aqtivoba 1. moswavleebi atareben eqsperiments da gansazRvraven elementarul muxts eleqtrolizis meTodiT.
eleqtruli muxtis gansazRvra:
M
faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad: m = k I∆t = I∆t
NAne
M
faradeis kanonidan: e = I∆t
mNAn
sidideebi, romlebic cnobilia sidideebi, romlebic
mocemuli nivTierebisTvis: eqsperimentulad unda gazomo:

M, NA, Z m, I, ∆t

eqsperimentisTvis dagWirdeba: denis wyaro (12 v), minis WurWeli (1 l), wyali, Sabiamani (200 g), 20-TeTriani moneta, spilenZis firfi-
ta, eleqtronuli saswori, ampermetri (multimetri), reostati, klipsebiani sadenebi, saaTi.
 eqsperimentis etapebi:
1. awone moneta eleqtronul sasworze da aiRe anaTvali (m1) maqsimaluri sizustiT (ris sa- A
Sualebasac saswori gaZlevs);
2. Caasxi WurWelSi Sabiamnis wyalxsnari da moaTavse masSi klipsiani ori sadeni erTi boloTi
xsnarSi: erTi sadenis boloze klipsiT moneta miamagre, meore sadenis boloze ki _ ki spi-
lenZis firfita;
3. aawyve wredi me-2 suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT: SeaerTe denis wyarosTan mimdevrobiT
CamrTveli, ampermetri, reostati, WurWeli masSi CaSvebuli sadenebis gareT darCenili bo-
loebiT (gaiTvaliswine: moneta kaTodis rolSi unda iyos);
4. CarTe wredi da CainiSne cdis dawyebis dro; sur. 2
5. reostatis mcocavi kontaqtiT aregulire misi winaRoba ise, rom eqsperimentis msvlelobi-
sas wredSi denis Zala mudmivi iyos. aiRe ampermetris Cveneba (I);
6. gamorTe deni 15-20 wuTis Semdeg. amoiRe moneta xsnaridan, gadaavle gamoxdili wyali da gaaSre xelsawmend qaRaldze. awone moneta
da CainiSne misi masa (m2);
7. cda gaimeore orjer;
8. moiZie sxva saWiro sidideebi me-2 formulis daxmarebiT, gamoTvale elementaruli muxti yoveli cdis bolos;
9. Seavse cxrili.
∆e |esaS – e|
10. Seafase gazomvis fardobiTi cdomileba: ε = =
e e
sadac e elementaruli muxtis sididea, xolo esaS elementaruli muxtis eqsperimentulad miRebuli saSualo mniSvneloba
cdis monetis monetis monetaze denis denis gamoTvlis elementaruli saboloo
# sawyisi saboloo gamoyofili Zala gavlis Sedegi muxtis saSualo Sedegi
masa, m1, masa, m2, spilenZis masa, wredSi, dro eeqsp mniSvneloba esaS esaS ± ∆e
kg kg m, kg I, a
∆t, wm
1
2

101
 damxmare kiTxvebi:

102
• romeli formuliT SesZeli elementaruli muxtis gansazRvra?
• rogor moaxerxe wredSi denis Zalis cvlileba?
• ampermetris nacvlad, kidev romeli xelsawyos gamoyenebiT SegviZlia gavzomoT denis Zala wredSi?
• romeli sidideebi iyo SenTvis cnobili da romeli sidideebis gansazRvra dagWirda eqsperimentiT?
• rogor Seafase gasazomi sididis fardobiTi cdomileba?
• ratom gaimeore cda ramdenjerme?
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan in-
dividualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad
aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;
• rogor dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmaSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ratom aris saWiro davalebis pirveladi versiis Seqmna?
• riT gansxvavdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis pirveladi versia saboloosgan?
• ra faqtorebma gamoiwvia/SeuZlia gamoiwvios pirveladi daskvnebis gadasinjva?
• ra produqti Seqmeni kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?

axseni, ratom Seqmeni posteri? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT?
• ratom SeasruleT kompleqsuri davaleba?
• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis mar-
Tebuloba/Tanamimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad/kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?
 • ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vis winaSe iyavi angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?
• ra saerTo mizani gqondaT Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqondaT Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno TqvenTvis kompleqsur dava-
lebaze muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTe damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogivida kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromle kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis
procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwie Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels; ra mxardaWera miiReT maTgan);
• waawydi Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeli konfliqtis dareguli-
reba?
• waawydi Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvie bundovanebiT mocul sakiTxebSi?
• Sexvdi Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ramdenad SeZeli TanamSromloba gan-
sxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalizT ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdi da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad moaxerxe,
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyaviT problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul adamianebze? riT
da rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmara maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Senma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswino saimisod, rom Seni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis
gasagebi da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensiti-
uri niuansebis win wamoweva; Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyene Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmara teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azri, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Seni Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvave-
bebs SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• Seafase, ramdenad gamogivida is, rac maswavleblisgan gqonda davalebuli?

103
moswaleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia
cneba: fizikuri procesi
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs gaazrebu-
li sakiTxis arsi/arsobrivi maxasiaTeb­
lebi, rac mas am codnis ganzogadebi-
sa da misi dekonteqstualizebis/sxva
­msgavs­magaliTebTan Sedarebis saSuale-
bas aZlevs. ukavSirebs gansaxilvel sa-
kiTxs pirad gamocdilebas.
104
moswavle msjelobs eleqtrul denze siTxeeb­
Si. xsnis, ra procesi mimdinareobs wyalSi ma-
rilis gaxsnisas. axasiaTebs eleqtroli­tebs.
msjelobs disociaciis xarisxze. ikvlevs
eleqtrolizs da msjelobs, razea damokide-
buli eleqtrodebze gamoyofili nivTiere-
bis masa.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs (ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri).
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenob­
rivi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimen-
tis Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
atarebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sede-
gebs da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena cxrilebis
saSualebiT.
gansazRvravs elementarul muxts Catarebul
eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT.
moiZiebs informacias eleqtrolizis praqti-
kaSi gamoyenebaze.
amJRavnebs siRrmiseul codnas da axdens
cod­nis transfers.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da iyenebs
miRebul codnas praqtikaSi (amzadebs sxva
modelebs/atarebs eqsperimentebs).
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilveli sakiTxis
arsi; xedavs urTierTmimarTebebs sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebul arsebiT struq-
turul erTeulebs Soris.
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramdenime, erT-
maneTTan daukavSirebeli, usistemo aso-
ciacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT.
moswavle msjelobs eleqtrul denze siTxeeb­
Si. xsnis, ra procesi mimdinareobs wyalSi ma-
rilis gaxsnisas. axasiaTebs eleqtroli­tebs.
msjelobs disociaciis xarisxze. ikvlevs
eleqtrolizs da msjelobs, razea damokide-
buli eleqtrodebze gamoyofili nivTiere-
bis masa.
awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wredebs da iyenebs
sazom xelsawyoebs (ampermetri, voltmetri,
multimetri).
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenob­
rivi da Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimen-
tis Sedegebze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
atarebs kvlevas, warmoadgens kvlevis Sede-
gebs da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs.
SeuZlia monacemebis warmodgena cxrilebis
saSualebiT.
gansazRvravs elementarul muxts Catarebul
eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT.
moiZiebs informacias eleqtrolizis paqti-
kaSi gamoyenebaze.
moswavlem icis:
ra aris ioni. rogor miiReba dadebiTi/ua-
ryofiTi ioni.
rom gamoxdili wyali eleqtrul dens ar
atarebs.
ra aris eleqtroliti, eleqtrolituri di-
sociacia, dsocoaciis xarisxi, anodi, kaTo-
di.
ra aris eleqtrolizi.
razea damokidebuli eleqtrodze gamoyofi-
li nivTierebis masa.
faradeis kanoni, eleqtroqimiuri eqvivalen-
ti. eleqtroqimiuri eqivalentis erTeuli
da faradeis mudmiva.
ver atarebs eqsperiments an uWirs eqsperi-
mentis damoukideblad Catareba.
ver msjelobs eqsperimentis Sedegebze an
msje­lobisas uSvebs Secdomebs.
ver atarebs kvlevas an Catarebuli kvleva da
daskvnebi moicavs uzustobebs.
uWirs an ver awyobs martiv wredebs.
mis mier moZiebuli informacia eleqtroli-
zis gamoyebenebaze mwiria.
105
unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi arastruq- moswavlem icis CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi:
turirebuli asociacia/warmodgena gan- ra aris ioni.
saxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi Tavisufali ionebis
mimarTuli moZraobaa.
gamoxdili wyali dens ar atarebs.
sufris marilis damatebiT gamoxdili wyali
xdeba gamtari.
ra aris anodi da kaTodi.
siTxeSi denis gavlis Sedegad eleqtrodebze
nivTiereba gamoiyofa.
faradeis kanonis gamomsaxveli formula.
pre-struqturuli done moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sa-
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ukavSirde-
aqvs relevanturi informacia. ba kompleqsur davalebas.

106
 ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

posteris Seqmna faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis Sefasebis

0-2 qula kriteriumebi
0-4 qula
0-4 qula
moswavlem ver/ar faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis
Seqmna posteri kriteriumebs.
moswavlem icis: moswavle
• atomis aRnagoba; • atarebs eqsperiments, kvle-
• ioni; vas, warmoadgens monacemebs
0 qula cxrilebiT. SeuZlia monace- 0 qula
• dipoli;
mebis damuSaveba da daskvne-
• ra aris anodi da kaTodi; bis gakeTeba.
moswavlem Seqmna • rogori gamtarobiT xasiaTdeba • Teoriul codnis gamoyene- moswavlem nawilobriv gaarTva Tavi
posteri, Tumca masze siTxeebi; biT xsnis raodenobriv da Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
asaxuli informacia ar • eleqtrolitebi; Tvisobriv amocanebs.
aris srulyofili
• eleqtrolirturi disociacia; • awyobs sxvadasxva tipis wre- 1 qula
1 qula debs da iyenebs sazom xel-
• eleqtrolizi;
• ra aris eleqtroqimiuri ekviva- sawyoebs. moswavlem gaarTva Tavi Sefasebis
lenti. eleqtroqimiuri ekviva- kriteriumebs, Tumca aqvs mcire
lentis erTeuli; 0-2 qula xarvezebi.
• faradeis kanoni 2 - 3 qula
moswavlem Seqmna • faradeis mudmiva moswavlem srulad gaarTva Tavi
posteri da masze Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
asaxuli informacia 0-2 qula
srulad pasuxobs
4 qula
moTxovnebs.
2 qula

107
 kompleqsuri davaleba N6: cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba

108
rekomendacia: mocemuli kompleqsuri gavaleba SeiZleba gaiyos or davalebad
nawili I - elva. mexamridi;
nawili II - ionuri qari.

grZelvadiani mizani
samizne cneba - energia, fizikuri sakvanZo SekiTxva -
procesi
(Sedegi 1.2.3,4).
qvecneba - ionizaciis energia, po-
tencialTa sxvaoba, ganmuxtva, io- kompleqsuri davalebis idea -
nizacia, nawilakebis rekombinacia,
eleqtruli deni,
Tema - mudmivi denis kanonebi
sakiTxebi - eleqtruli deni airSi
qvesakiTxebi -
ionizacia
TavisTavadi ganmuxtva
araTavisTavadi ganmuxtva
najeri deni
• rogor davwero statia, romelSic avxsni, rogor warmoiqmneba elva da rogor da-
vicvaT Senobebi mexisgan?
• rogor avxsna movlena _ ionuri qari _ romelsac igive movlena udevs safuZvlad, rac
elvas.
cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba
parizSi, Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumSi, msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi ferweruli
tilo, monumenturi pano raul diufis ekuTvnis, romelmac naxati 1937 wels, msoflio gamo-
fenisTvis Seqmna. mas `eleqtrobis jadoqrebi” uwoda.
damTvalierebelTa yuradRebas centralur adgilas gamosaxuli amerikeli fizikosis, benja-
min franklinis (1706 -1790), figura ipyrobs. is iyo pirveli, romelmac `cas elva gamostaca”
da daamtkica, rom elvas eleqtruli buneba aqvs.
tansacmelTan Sexebisas adamianis sxeuli imuxteba da ganmuxtvisas naperwkali da tkacunis
xma warmoiqmneba. es eleqtrostatikuri movlenaa, romlis analogi bunebaSi, oRond ufro
masStaburi, Rrublebs Soris gamkrTali elvaa. isic naperwkalia, oRond giganturi zomis. Tu
naperwkali dedamiwasa da Rrublebs Soris Cndeba, es ukve mexia!
franklini mixvda, rogor SeiZleboda Tavis dacva `RmerTebis maxvilisgan” _ mexisgan _ da
mexamridi Seqmna.
Seni davalebaa, aRwero, rogor xdeba haeri gamtari, rogor warmoiqmneba elva, mexi da ener-
giis ra gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs elvis arxSi, Seqmna mexamridis sqema da axsna misi moqmedebis
principi.
• Camoayalibo: usafrTxoebis ra zomebis miRebaa aucilebeli Weqa-quxilis dros?
• moamzade statia `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba”.
 samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgene- Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi) Sefasebis kriteriumi - (konkretul kompleqsur davaleba-
bi ze misadagebuli)
moswavles SeuZlia:
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom: naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
energia: energia • aRwere, ra pirobebSi xdeba haeri gamtari da ra aris el-
vis, mexisa da Weqa- quxilis warmoSobis mizezi. energiis
1. energia sistemis mdgomareobis • imsjelos, energiaze, rogorc ra gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs elvis arxSi (energia 2,3;
erT - erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazR- sistemis mdgomareobis ganm- fiz.proc. 2);
vrelia da axasiaTebs mis mier sazRvrel ZiriTad sidideze
muSaobis Sesrulebis unars; an/da am sistemis muSaobis • Sen mier warmodgenili mexamridis sqemis mixedviT aRwere,
Sesrulebis unarze; ra aris mexamridi da rogoria misi moqmedebis principi. (
2. sistemis Semadgenel sxeulebs/ fiz. proc. 1,2);
nawilakebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva • gaacnobieros, energiis rome-
saxis energia, romelic SesaZle- li saxeebiT xasiaTdebian gan- • axseni, ra aris ionuri qaris warmoSobis mizezi (energia 
belia gardaiqmnas erTi saxidan saxilvel movlenaSi/sakiTxSi 2,3; fiz.proc. 2).
meoreSi. Caketili sistemis sru- monawile sxeulebi da rogor
li energia mudmivia; gardaqimneba energia;

3. sistemaSi energiis gardaqmna • daadginos, romeli Sida faq-

ganpirobebulia Sida faqtore- torebi ganapirobebs sistemaSi
biT, xolo sistemis sruli energiis gardaqmnebs da rome-
energiis cvlileba - gare faq- li gare faqtorebi - sistemis
torebiT. sruli energiis cvlilebas;

fizikuri procesi fizikuri procesi

1.fizikuri procesi sistemis/ • imsjelos, ra Tvisobrivi

sxeulis mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs gan-
cvlilebaa, romelic aRiwereba saxilvel fizikur procesSi da
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi rogor aRiwereba es cvlilebe-
maxasiaTeblebiT bi raodenobrivad;

2.yvela fizikur movlenas/process • daakavSiros erTmaneTTan gan-

aqvs mizezi da mohyveba Sedegi, saxilveli movlenis/procesis
romelTa dakavSirebac SesaZle- gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sede-
belia bunebis kanonebis gamoye- gebi, axsnas es kavSiri bunebis
nebiT. kanonebis gamoyenebiT;

109
 kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)

110
etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
resursi 1. rogor davweroT statia - http://bitly.ws/tdAb
resursi2. elva - http://bitly.ws/tdAc http://bitly.ws/tdAd
resursi 3. mexamridi - http://bitly.ws/pD36 http://bitly.ws/pD39

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba

resurs 2-ze dayrdnobiT, moswavleebi ecnobian elvas, mexsa da maTi warmoqmnis meqanizms. resurs 3-ze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi
ecnobian, Tu rogor SeiZleba davicvaT Senobebi mexis dacemisgan da Seityoben mexamridis Sesaxeb.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs davalebis pirobas, ra nabijebis gavla mouwevT kompleqsuri davalebaze muSaobis procesSi da
resurs 1-is daxmarebiT moswavleebi gaecnobian, Tu rogor daweron statia.

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gaazrebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

elva, mexamridi (resursi 2, 3)
• ra aris elva?
• ra aris mexi?
• rogor warmoiqmneba elva?
• aris Tu ara elva saSiSi?
• ra aris mexamridi?
• rogor fiqrob, ratom ecema mexi ufro maRal da wvetian Senobebs?

statia (resursi 1)
• ra aris statia?
• wagikiTxavs Tu ara statia?
• ras exeboda statia, romelic Tqven wagikiTxavT?
• ra funqcia aqvs statias?
• rogor unda dawero statia _ `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba”, rom is Seni TanatolebisTvis saintereso wasakiTxi iyos?
• rogor fiqrob, ratomaa mexi zafxulSi ufro xSiri?

kompleqsuri davaleba
• Seni sityvebiT Camoayalibe, ras Seexeba dRes mocemuli davaleba, romelzec ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi unda imuSao?
msgavsi formis, an Sinaarsis davaleba sxva dros Tu Segisrulebia?
 etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba
qvecneba - ionizaciis energia, potencialTa sxvaoba, ganmuxtva, ionizacia, rekombinacia, eleqtruli deni,

nabiji 1. aRwere, Tu ra pirobebSi xdeba haeri gamtari da ra aris elvis, mexisa da Weqa- quxilis warmoSobis mizezi. energiis ra gar-
daqmnebi mimdinareobs elvis arxSi (energia 2,3; fiz. proc. 2).

resursi/aqtivoba/damxmare kiTxvebi:
resursi 1. eleqtronuli resursi:
• eleqtroforuli manqana : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zd_HwgrJjI
• kondesatoris damuxtva eleqtroforuli manqaniT : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kggwapexwc

• resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: 2.2. eleqtruli deni airSi.

aqtivoba 1. eleqtronuli da saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masaliT (resursi 1.)
moswavleebi ecnobian eleqtrul dens airSi.
moswavleebi akvirdebian airis araTavisTavad ganmuxtvas saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemu-
li eqsperimentiT (2.2.1 airis araTavisTavadi ganmuxtva (cda I).
cda I
cdisTvis saWiroa: eleqtroforuli manqana, kondensatori, eleqtrometri, SemaerTe-
beli sadenebi, spirtqura.
1. kondensatoris firfitebi erTmaneTis paralelurad moaTavse da damuxte ele- sur. 2.2.2
qtroforuli manqaniT;
2. kondensatoris erTi Semonafeni eleqtrometris RerosTan, xolo meore eleqtro-
metris korpusTan SeaerTe. eleqtrometris isari gadaixreba.
4. Seitane damuxtuli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris spirtquris ali da daakvir-
di, ra moxdeba.

moswavleebi cdis safuZvelze ecnobian, rogor xdeba haeri gamtari, rogor mimdi-
nareobs ionizaciis procesi, ecnobian ionizaciis saxeebs, TavisTavad da araTavisTa-
vad ganmuxtvas da najerobis dens.

sur. 2.2.3

111
 damxmare kiTxvebi :

112
• Cveulebriv pirobebSi airi gamtaria Tu dieleqtriki?
• SeiZleba Tu ara, rom garkveul pirobebSi airi (haeri) gamtari gaxdes?
• ra procesi mimdinareobs airSi, Tu temperatura gaizrdeba?
• rogori gamtaroba axasiaTebs airs?
• ra aris airis ganmuxtva?
• energiiis rogori gardaqmna SeiZleba mohyves airis ganmuxtvas?
• ra aris ionizacia? ra aris nawilakTa rekombinacia?
• ras vuwodebT siTbur ionizacias?
• rodisaa SesaZlebeli ionizacia eleqtronuli dartymiT?
• ra aris ionizaciis energia? rogor gamosaxaven ionizaciis energias?
• ra aris ionizaciis energiis erTeuli?
• rodis mimdinareobs TavisTavadi ganmuxtva?
• rodis xdeba deni najeri?
• ra movlenaa airis eleqtruli garRveva?
• aRwere, ra procesia eleqtronuli emisia?
• ras vuwodebT Termoeleqtronul emisias?
• ganimuxteba Tu ara kondensatori, Tu mas eleqtroforuli manqaniT aRar vmuxtavT?
• raze miganiSnebs es?
• atarebs Tu ara haeri (kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris) eleqtrul dens?
• ra moxdeba, Tu kondesatoris Semonafenebs Soris sanTels SevitanT? ratom?

nawili I – elva. mexamridi

resursi 2. eleqtronuli resursi: http://bitly.ws/tdAr http://bitly.ws/tdAs
• rogor miviRoT elva eqsperimentulad: http://bitly.ws/pco9 http://bitly.ws/t36t http://bitly.ws/pcuI
• resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: proeqti N3 `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba~
aqtivoba 2.
moswavleebi eleqtronuli resursebiT (resursi 2) ecnobian, rogor warmiqmneba elva da Weqa-quxili.
sakiTxis ukeT gasaazreblad atareben saSinao cdas da cdiloben, miiRon elva eqsperimentulad, ise rogorc aRwerilia
saxelmZRvaneloSi (cda I) da mocemuli resurs 2-Si.
 cdisTvis dagWirdeba: aluminis forma keqsisTvis (an Tavad daamzade folgisgan TefSi); Salis naWeri (an Salis Zafis gorgali),
penoplastis erTjeradi TefSi an sakvebisTvis gankuTvnili konteineri, fanqari, romlis boloze saSlelia mimagrebuli, liTo-
nis Wikarti.
samuSaos msvleloba:
1. aluminis formis qveda mxridan, centrSi CaarWe Wikarti.
2. daaamagre fanqari saSlelis daxmarebiT formis meore, CaRrmavebul mxares Wikartis wvetian boloze (fanqari formisTvis
saxeluris rols Seasrulebs);
3. moaTavse penoplastis TefSi magidaze, fskeriT zemoT da fskerze Salis qsovili 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi swrafad axaxune;
4. mokide xeli aluminis formis saxelurs (fanqars) da moaTavse penoplastis TefSze;
5. Seexe TiTiT aluminis formas. Sen umniSvnelo dartymas igrZnob da Tu cdas bnel oTaxSi Caatareb, naperwkalsac dainaxav.
daakvirdi, rogor aris damokidebuli naperwklis siZliere droze, romlis ganmavlobaSic penoplastis TefSs muxtav?
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ratom gaCnda naperwkali, roca aluminis formas TiTiT Seexe?
• razea damokidebuli naperwklis siZliere?
• ra saerToa Sen mier miRebul naperwkalsa da elvas Soris?
• rogor warmoiqmneba elva?
• ratom axlavs gaelvebas Weqa-quxili?
• ratom ismis Weqa-quxulis xma gaelvebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg?
• ratom imuxteba Rrublis qveda fena uaryofiTad da zeda fena dadebiTad?
nabiji 2 .
• Sen mier warmodgenili mexamridis sqemis mixedviT aRwere, ra aris mexamridi da rogoria misi moqmedebis principi (fiz. proc. 1,2).
resursi 1. eleqtronuli resursi:

• mexamridi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBbybbmcguo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhu5pIrPw7U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=td0WEtf1pQk
• resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: proeqti N3 _ `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba~.

113
 aqtivoba 1

114
moswavleebi resurs 2-is gamoyenebiT ecnobian, ra aris mexamridi da rogor xdeba misi gamoyenebiT mexisgan Senobebis dacva.
msjeloben, ra usafrTxoebis zomebi unda iyos daculi Weqa-quxilis dros.
damxmare kiTxvebi:
• ra aris mexamridi?
• ratom ecema mexi ufro xSirad maRal da wvetian saxlebs?
• adamianebi wawvetebul rkinis Reroebs qolgebze amagrebdnen. isini Tvlidnen, rom amgvari mexamridi elvas `aSinebs~. ro-
gor fiqrob, SeeZloT Tu ara maT am meTodiT mexisgan Tavis dacva? ratom?
• ratomaa zamTarSi mexi ufro iSviaTi?
• rogor davicvaT usafrTxoeba Weqa-quxilis dros?
• aris Tu ara manqanaSi jdoma usafrTxo Weqa-quxilis dros?
• ratomaa, rom mexi xmeleTze ufro xSirad ecema, vidre okeaneebisa da zRvebis zedapirze?

resursi 2.
• resursi saxelmZRvanelodan: proeqti N3 _ `cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba~.
aqtivoba 2. moswavleebi xsnian amocanebs resursi 2 mixedviT.
nawili II – ionuri qari
nabiji 3. axseni, ra aris ionuri qaris warmoSobis mizezi (energia 2,3; fiz. proc. 2).

resursi 1.
https://demos.smu.ca/index.php/demos/e-n-m/56-ion-wind
https://rimstar.org/science_electronics_projects/how_ion_propulson_lifter_ionocraft_ion_wind_works.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNB3Ch-RIIU&t=173s
https://rimstar.org/science_electronics_projects/ion_wind_rotor_propeller.ht
https://rimstar.org/science_electronics_projects/how_ion_propulson_lifter_ionocraft_ion_wind_works.htm
aqtivoba 1. moswavleebi ecnobian resurs 1-is da saxelmZRvanelos resursebs, amzadeben `franklinis borbals~ da atareben
saxelmZRvaneloSi davaleba 4-Si miTiTebul eqsperiments.
miTiTeba: `franklinis borblis~ dasamzadeblad SesaZlebelia wvenisTvis gankuTvnili liTonis qilis gamoyeneba.
 davaleba 4. Caatare cda:
cdisTvis saWiroa: `franklinis borbali~ sadgamiT, eleqtroforuli manqana, SemaerTebeli sadeni.
samuSaos etapebi:
1. moaTavse `borblis~ centri izolirebul sadgamSi (2) Camagrebul wvetiani liTonis Re-
roze (3) ise, rom borbali sayrdenis garSemo Tavisuflad brunavdes;
2. miuerTe liTonis Rero eleqtrostatikuri manqanis erT-erT burTulas (konduqtors).
manqanis meore konduqtori ki daamiwe;
3. abrune eleqtrostatikuri manqanis saxeluri: borbali brunvas TandaTan daiwyebs; 1

maswavlebeli moswavleebs esaubreba ionur qarze da moswavleebi cdiloben, axsnan 3

borblis brunvis mizezi.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTavazobs saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul davaleba 3-s da 2
moswavleebi akvirdebian, rogor gdaixreba sanTlis ali ionuri qaris moqmedebiT.

davaleba 3. sur. 10
cdisTvis saWiroa: eleqtroforuli manqana, SemaerTebeli sadeni, liTonis Cxiri wamaxvile-
buli wvetiT (mag., saqsovi Cxiri), sanTeli.

samuSaos etapebi:
1. Caamagre Stativis izolirebul TaTSi grZeli wamaxvilebuli liTonis Cxiri horizontalurad;
2. miuerTe Cxiri eleqtroforuli manqanis erT-erT konduqtors;
3. moaTavse Cxiris wvetis win anTebuli sanTeli Zalian axlos (daaxloebiT 5 _ 7 mm-is tol manZilze);
4. abrune eleqtroforuli manqanis saxeluri da daakvirdi sanTlis als: is wvetidan mopirdapire mxares gadaixreba.
moswavleebi msjeloben da akeTeben daskvnebs.
ecnobian momavlis Zravebis _ ionuri Zravebis _ moqmedebas.

115
 damxmare kiTxvebi:

116
• rogor gaakeTe `franklinis borbali~?
• rogor aris damokidebuli `borblis~ brunvis siCqare eleqtrostatikuri manqanis konduqtorebs Soris Zabvaze?
• ra aris ionuri qari?
• rogor aRiZvreba ionuri qari?
• ra iwvevs `franklinis borblis~ brunvas?
• ratom gadaixara sanTlis ali davaleba 3.-Si mocemul eqsperimentSi?
• rogor aris damokidebuli sanTlis alis gadaxris kuTxe eleqtrostatikuri manqanis konduqtorebs Soris Zabvaze?
• rogor fiqrob, ionuri Zravebi fantastikaa Tu realoba? ratom?
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisa da prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi konkretul moswavlesTan
individualuri muSaobis sawarmoeblad
• aRwere, rogor mimdinareobs/warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;
• rogor gegmav/dagegme kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi? ras iTvaliswinebdi samuSao procesis dagegmvisas?
• dagexmara Tu ara pirveladi gegma muSaobis procesSi?
• ra detalebze akeTebdi aqcents statiis dawerisas?
• warimarTa Tu ara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi dagegmilis Sesabamisad?
• gaxda Tu ara saWiro Tavdapirvelad SemuSavebul gegmaSi cvlilebebis Setana?
• ratom aris saWiro davalebis pirveladi versiis Seqmna?
• riT gansxvavdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis pirveladi versia saboloosgan?
• ra faqtorebma gamoiwvia/SeuZlia gamoiwvios pirveladi daskvnebis gadasinjva?
• ra produqti Seqmeni kompleqsuri davalebis saxiT?
• ratom fiqrob, rom Sen mier Seqmnili produqti gvexmareba mexis dros usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebaSi
• axseni, ratom dawere statia `cidan daSvebuli eleqtrooba”? ra sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoxate Seni codna kompleqsuri davalebis
saSualebiT?
• ratom SeasruleT kompleqsuri davaleba?
• ra grZelvadian da moklevadian miznebs isaxavdiT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• visTvis da ratom aris es produqti sasargeblo da saintereso?
• ra icodi Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra gaige axali? damatebiT ris gagebas isurvebdi?
• ra daskvnebamde mixvedi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? riTi dasturdeba Sen mier gakeTebuli daskvnebis marTebu-
loba/Tanmimdevruloba?
• ra xerxebi gamoiyene saswavlo masalis ukeT gasaazreblad /kompleqsuri davalebis ukeT Sesasruleblad?
 • ra dabrkolebebs waaawydi davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ra dagexmaraT kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vis winaSe iyavi angariSvaldebuli samuSao procesSi (maswavleblis, Tanaklaselebis)?
• ra saerTo mizani gqonda Sen da Sens maswavlebels kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• gqonda Tu ara saerTo miznebi TanaklaselebTan erTad? iyo Tu ara saintereso da sasiamovno SenTvis kompleqsur davalebaze
muSaobis procesi?
• ra gaakeTe damoukideblad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• ra gamogivida kargad kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
• vin da rogor dagexmara kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? visTan iTanamSromle kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis
procesSi? (ra daxmareba gauwie Tanaklaselebs/maswavlebels, ra mxardaWera miiRe maTgan);
• waawydi Tu ara konfliqtur situaciebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor SeZeli konfliqtis daregulire-
ba?
• waawydi Tu ara gaurkvevlobebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? rogor gaerkvie bundovanebiT mocul sakiTxebSi?
• Sexvdi Tu ara gansxvavebul mosazrebebs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? ramdenad SeZeli TanamSromloba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis adamianebTan? ra dagexmareba, rom ukeT gaigo Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis saTqmeli?
• gaaanalize ra wesebs/kanonebs icavdi da ratom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? (magaliTad, ramdenad moaxerxe
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis viTarebaSi orientirebuli yofiliyaviT problemaze da ara komunikaciaSi CarTul adamianebze? riT
da rogor gamoxatavdi adamianebis mimarT pativiscemas kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi)?
• riT dagexmara maswavlebelTan, sxva moswavleebTan dialogi kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi?
• riT SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios Senma SekiTxvebma Tanaklaselebs saTqmelis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi?
• ra faqtorebi gaiTvaliswine/unda gaiTvaliswino saimisod, rom Seni kompleqsuri davalebis prezentacia msmenelisTvis ga-
sagebi da misaRebi yofiliyo (mag.: funqciuri sametyvelo qmedebis (Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba) sworad SerCeva, sensitiuri
niuansebis win wamoweva, Jestikulaciis, mimikis, araverbaluri signalebis gamoyeneba)
• gamoiyene Tu ara teqnologiebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesSi? raSi dagexmara teqnologiebis gamoyeneba?
• ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebaze muSaobas?
• Seni azriT, riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Seni davaleba Tanaklaselebis naSromebisgan? rogor warmoaCen am gansxvavebebs
SekiTxvebis saxiT?
• Seafase, ramdenad gamogivida is, rac maswavleblisgan gqonda davalebuli?

117
moswaleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia
cneba: fizikuri procesi. energia
abstraqtuli done
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi / ar-
sobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac
mas am codnis ganzogadebisa
da misi dekonteqstualize-
bis/sxva msgavs magaliTebTan
Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs.
ukavSirebs gansaxilvel sa-
kiTxs pirad gamocdilebas.
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles esmis gansaxilve-
li sakiTxis arsi; xedavs ur-
TierTmimarTebebs sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul arsebiT struq-
turul erTeulebs Soris.
118
moswavle msjelobs eleqtrul denze airSi.
msjelobs ionizaciis processa da ionizaciis saxee-
bze. axasiaTebs TavisTavad da araTavisTavad ganmuxt-
vas. xsnis, ras niSnavs najeri deni, airis eleqtruli
garRveva, eleqtronebis emisia. aRwers Termoeleq-
tronul emisias.
msjelobs ionizaciis energiaze da aRwers energiis
gardaqmnas elvis arxSi.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimentis Sedege-
bze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis safuZvelze aRwers, ra
aris elvisa da mexis warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
warmoadgens mexamridis sqemas da saubrobs misi moqme-
debis prinnicipze
ikvlevs ionur qars da axasiaTebs mas.
saubrobs usafrTxoebis zomebze elvisa da Weqa-quxu-
lis dros.
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
ganazogadebs miRebul codnas da iyenebs miRebul co-
dnas praqtikaSi (amzadebs sxva modelebs/atarebs eqspe-
rimentebs).
msjelobs ionizaciis processa da ionizaciis saxee-
bze. axasiaTebs TavisTavad da araTavisTavad ganmuxt-
vas. xsnis, ras niSnavs najeri deni, airis eleqtruli
garRveva, eleqtronebis emisia. aRwers Termoeleq-
tronul emisias.
msjelobs ionizaciis energiaze da aRwers energiis
gardaqmnas elvis arxSi.
atarebs eqsperiments. msjelobs eqsperimentis Sedege-
bze da akeTebs daskvnebs.
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis safuZvelze aRwers ra
aris elvisa da mexis warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
warmoadgens mexamridis sqemas da saubrobs misi moqme-
debis principze.
ikvlevs ionur qars da axasiaTebs mas.
saubrobs usafrTxoebis zomebze elvis da Weqa-quxu-
lis dros.
iyenebs Sesabamis Teoriul codnas raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi amocanebis amoxsnisas.
multistruqturuli done

moswavles aqvs mxolod ramde- moswavlem icis:

nime, erTmaneTTan daukavSire-
beli, usistemo asociacia/
warmodgena gansaxilvel sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
unistruqturuli done
ra aris ioni, rogor miiReba dadebiTi/uaryofiTi
ioni;
Cveulebriv pirobebSi airi dieleqtrikia;
ra aris airSi denis gadamtani;
ra aris ionizacia, ionizaciis saxeebi;
ra aris TavisTavadi da araTavisTavadi ganmuxtva;
ras niSnavs nawilakTa rekombinacia;
najeri deni;
ionizaciis energiis ganmarteba;
icis, rom elva eleqtruli xasiaTisaa;
icis, ra aris mexamridi;
ver atarebs eqsperiments an uWirs eqsperimentis da-
moukideblad Catareba;
ver msjelobs eqsperimentis Sedegebze an msjelobisas
uSvebs Secdomebs;
ver msjelobs eqsperimentis Sedegebze;
ver xsnis amocanebs.

moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi moswavle icis CamoTvlilTagan erT- erTi:

arastruqturirebuli asocia- ra aris ioni;
cia/warmodgena gansaxilvel ra aris eleqtroni;
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
airi Cveulebriv pirobebSi eleqtrul dens ar ata­
rebs.
elvas eleqtruli buneba aqvs;
airi SeiZleba gaxdes eleqtroobis gamtari;
ra aris ionizacia.
pre-struqturuli done

moswavles sakiTxTan dakav- moswavles ar aqvs Sesabamisi codna im sakiTxebTan da-

SirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi kavSirebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba kompleqsur davale-
informacia. bas.

119
 ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

120
statia faqtobrivi da proceduruli codna kompleqsuri davalebis
Sefasebis kriteriumebi
0-2 qula 0-4 qula
0-4 qula
faqtobrivi codna proceduruli codna
moswavlem ver/ar moswavlem icis: moswavle ver gasca pasuxi Sefasebis
dawera statia kriteriumebs.
• atomis aRnagoba • atarebs eqsperiments, kvlevas, war-
• ioni moadgens monacemebs. SeuZlia mo-
• dieleqtriki nacemebis damuSaveba da daskvnebis 0 qula
gakeTeba.
0 qula • gamtari
moswavlem dawera • ionizacia • warmoadgens mexamridis sqemas. moswavlem nawilobriv
statia, Tumc ar • ionizaciis saxeebi gaarTva Tavi Sefasebis
aris srulyofili • TavisTavadi ganmuxtva • Teoriul codnis gamoyenebiT kriteriumebs.
x­ snis raodenobriv da Tvisobrivi
• araTavisTavadi ganmuxtva amocanebs. 1 qula
1 qula
• rekombinacia
• najeri deni moswavlem gaarTva Tavi
• eleqtruli deni airSi 0-2 qula Sefasebis kriteriumebs,
• ra aris energia Tumca aqvs mcire xarvezi.
• energiis mudmivobis da gardaqm- 2 - 3 qula
nis kanoni
moswavlem dawera
statia, romelic • ionizaciis energia
srulad pasuxobs moswavlem srulad gaarTva
moTxovnebs. Tavi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
0-2 qula
2 qula 4 qula
 VI. swavla _ swavlebis strategiebi

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesaval nawilSi mkafiod ganisazRvra pirovnebis gan-

viTarebaze orientirebuli konstruqtivistuli saganmanaTleblo koncefcia da
swavla-swavlebis 5 principi, romlebsac unda daeyrdnos swavla-swavlebis procesi.

swavla-swavlebis 5 principi:
1. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes moswavleTa Sinagani Zalebis gaaqtiurebas.
miRebuli informacia codnad gardaiqmneba moswavlis mier misi aqtiuri damuSavebis Se-
degad. moswavle miwodebuli informaciidan gamoarCevs codnis SenebisTvis (konstruire-
bisTvis) mniSvnelovan elementebs da codnad gardaqmnis SerCeul informacias sxvadasxva
saazrovno operaciis ganxorcielebis safuZvelze.
2. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnis etapobrivad konstruirebas winare
codnaze dafuZnebiT. informaciis damuSaveba da codnad gardaqmna winare codnis sa-
SualebiT xorcieldeba. winare codna ganapirobebs imas, Tu miwodebuli informaciidan
ra komponentebs miaqcevs yuradRebas moswavle da ris swavlas SeZlebs igi.
3. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnaTa urTierTdakavSirebas da organizebas.
mexsierebaSi codnaTa urTierTdakavSireba da organizeba zrdis gaazrebis, damaxsovre-
bisa da codnis funqciuri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs.
4. swavla-swavleba unda uzrunvelyofdes swavlis strategiebis dauflebas (swavlis
swavla). swavlis procesSi marTebuli xerxebisa da midgomebis gamoyeneba warmatebuli
swavlis ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens. konkretuli miznis misaRwevad gansaxor-
cielebel qmedebaTa gaazrebulad, gacnobierebulad dagegmva da koordinireba zrdis
moswavlis qmedobaunarianobas, exmareba mas miznis efeqtianad miRwevasa da siZneleTa
gadalaxvaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, maswavlebeli valdebulia daafiqros moswavle im xerxe-
bsa Tu midgomebze, romlebsac igi gamoiyenebs miznis misaRwevad da daexmaros maT Soris,
saukeTesos aRmoCenaSi.
5. swavla-swavleba unda moicavdes codnis samive kategorias: deklaratiuls, proce-
durulsa da pirobiseuls.
a) deklaratiuli codna statikuri xasiaTisaa. igi gulisxmobs Teoriebis, faqtebis,
wesebis codnas da pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra vici?
b) proceduruli codna dinamikuria da iZleva codnis realizebis saSualebas. proce-
duruli codna pasuxobs kiTxvas: rogor gavakeTo/rogor Sevasrulo?
g) pirobiseuli codna dinamikuria da gulisxmobs pirobebis, anu arsebiTi niSan-Tvise-
bebis amocnobas. igi uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva konteqstSi codnis adekvaturad gamoye-
nebas da pasuxobs kiTxvas: rodis da/an ratom gamoviyeno es codna? (muxli 9. erovnuli
saswavlo gegmis ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo principebi).

ra aris swavlis strategiebi?

swavlis strategia gulisxmobs SemecnebiTi procesebis mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas
swavlis dros. igi aiolebs axalmiRebuli informaciis aRqmas, gadamuSavebas da gone-
baSi Senaxvas. swavlis efeqturi strategiebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, informaciis
organizeba, damuSaveba, Sejameba da daskvnebis gamotana, Canawerebis gakeTeba, sakuTa-
ri swavlis procesis monitoringi, samuSaos ganawileba-dagegmva da sxv. moswavles ma-

121
Ral saazrovno unarebs (transferis unars, analitikur, SemoqmedebiT da kritikul
azrovnebas) uviTarebs.
swavlis romeli strategiaa mniSvnelovani?
1. swavlis strategiebs Soris erT-erTi centraluri adgili uWiravs kognitur
strategiebs, romelTa saSualebiTac moswavle codnas moipovebs, gadaamuSavebs, gaaana-
lizebs, kritikulad Seafasebs, gonebaSi CaibeWdavs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoixmobs
da sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoiyenebs.
2. aranakleb mniSvnelovania metakognituri strategiebi. metakognicia aris azrovneba
sakuTari azrovnebis Sesaxeb. moswavleze orientirebuli saswavlo procesi gulisxmobs
moswavlis aqtiur CarTvas sakuTari swavlis procesis dagegmvaSi, marTvaSi, monito-
ringsa da SefasebaSi. moswavlis unari, gamoitanos daskvna imis Taobaze, ra da ro-
gor iswavla da dagegmos sakuTari TviTganviTareba, metakognituri strategiaa. rac
ufro maRalia moswavlis metakognituri azrovneba, miT ufro adekvaturad iyenebs igi
swavlis efeqtian strategiebs.
3. efeqtiani swavla mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli swavlis emociur-mo-
tivaciur strategiebzec, romlebic swavlis process muxtsa da energias aZlevs da
moswavles Sesaswavli sakiTxisadmi dadebiT ganwyobas uqmnis.
4. efeqtiani swavla socialuri interaqciis gziT miiRweva. Sesabamisad, saswavlo
garemoSi codnis konstruirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis ga-
moyeneba, magaliTad, jgufuri muSaoba, diskusiebi, urTierTswavleba da sxv.
5. resursebis moxmareba – resursebze dafuZnebul strategiebs miekuTvneba samu-
Sao kuTxe, multimediuri, qseluri saswavlo saSualebebi, magaliTad, biblioTekebi,
interneti da sxv. mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens saswavlo droc, romlis sworad
gamoyeneba efeqtiani swavlis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa.
Zneli saTqmelia, CamoTvlil strategiaTagan (kognituri, metakognituri, emo-
ciur-motivaciuri, socialuri, resursebze dafuZnebuli) romelia yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani efeqtiani swavlisTvis, radgan maT metwilad kompleqsurad iyeneben. SesaZloa,
swavlis procesSi SeiniSnebodes swavlis romelime strategiis deficiti, magram misi
kompensireba moxerxdeba, Tu sxva strategiebi maRal doneze iqneba ganviTarebuli.
Tumca arsebobs iseTi rTuli da kompleqsuri davalebebi, romelTa Sesasruleblad
swavlis yvela strategiis codna da gamoyenebaa.

swavlebis strategiebi
moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba aris ganaTlebis midgoma, romelic fokusirdeba
moswavleebis saWiroebebze, SesaZleblobebze, interesebsa da swavlis stilze.
swavla rom saxaliso, saintereso procesad da namdvil inteleqtualur gamowvevad
iqces, pedagogma Tavisi swavleba sxvadasxvagvari strategiis gamoyonebiT unda datvir-
Tos.
strategiis SerCevisas maswavlebelma unda gansazRvros gakveTilis mizani da savarau-
do Sedegi. aucilebelia, rom SerCeuli strategia Seesebamebodes moswavleTa SesaZle-
blobebs. amisaTvis moswavleebi aucileblad unda flobdnen swavlis efeqtur strate-
giebs, rogorebicaa informaciis organizeba, damuSaveba, Sejameba da daskvnebis gamotana,
Canawerebis gakeTeba da sxva.

122
 strategia - „ vici/minda vicode/gavige“

strategia moswavleebSi:
• amaRlebs Sesaswavli Temisadmi motivacias;
• xels uwyobs gaazrebul kiTxvasa da sakiTxis siRrmiseul gagebas;
• saSualebas aZlevs moswavles Temis irgvliv arsebuli codna „amoativtivos“;
• daafiqsiros sakuTari interesebi da Sesaswavli sakiTxi siRrmiseulad daamuSaos.

strategiis aRwera:
1) maswavlebeli dafaze gamoakravs an daxazavs samsvetian cxrils;
ra viciT? ra gvinda vicodeT? ra viswavleT?
ra gvainteresebs?

2) maswavlebeli moswavleebs mimarTavs SekiTxviT: rogor ggoniaT, ra iciT mocemuli

Temis Sesaxeb? (moswavleTa pasuxebi  iwereba pirvel svetSi).
3) maswavlebeli ekiTxeba moswavleebs: ra gainteresebT am TemasTan dakavSirebiT?
(moswavleTa interesebi iwereba meore svetSi).
4) maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, rom miwodebuli informacia (mag., paragrafis te-
qstis, amonaridi samecniero statiidan, masala internetidan da a.S.) waikiTxon da kiTxvis
dros yuradReba gaamaxvilon im sakiTxebze, romlebic meore svetSia dafiqsirebuli;
5)kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg warimarTeba diskusia Sevsebuli cxrilis mixedviT.
moswavleebi pasuxoben SekiTxvebs:
ramdenad dakmayofilda Tqveni interesebi teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg? xom ar darCa
romelime sakiTxi gaurkveveli?
6) maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, Seajamon. moswavleebi pasuxoben SekiTxvas; ra
viswavleT?
moswavleTa pasuxebi mesame svetSi iwereba;

Sedegebi: moswavleebs SeuZliaT damoukideblad muSaoba garkveul sakiTxze, teqstis

gaazrebulad wakiTxva da gaanalizeba, sakuTari codnis monitoringi.

strategia - pauzebiT kiTxva

pauzebiT kiTxva moswavleebs xels uwyobs gaiazron da siRrmiseulad daamuSaon axa-
li informacia. aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebisas moswavleebs uviTardebaT kritikuli
azrovneba - isini swavloben kiTxvis dasmas, varaudebis gamoTqmas da argumentirebul
msjelobas. meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs yvela moswavles gavaazrebinoT da davamuSave-
binoT Tundac rTuli Sinaarsis Semcveli informacia.

strategiis aRwera:
maswavlebeli dayofs teqsts ramdenime nawilad (teqsti ise unda daiyos, rom wyveta
sakvanZo sakiTxebTan moxdes);
maswavlebeli moswavleebs ganumartavs, rom teqsti pauzebiT unda waikiTxon da kiTxvis
dros gaxazon mTavari azris gamomxatveli Tu maTTvis gaugebari Sinaarsis winadadebebi,
ucxo sityvebi, fizikuri sidideebi da a.S..

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 yoveli monakveTis wakiTxvis Semdeg imarTeba diskusia kiTxvebis daxmarebiT: ra aris
wakiTxuli monakveTis mTavari azri? ra Sinaarsi aqvs teqstis damuSavebul monakveTSi
xsenebul fizikur sidideebs, kanons da a.S.
moswavleebi gamoTqvamen sakuTar azrs da icaven mas argumentirebuli msjelobiT.
Sedegebi:  moswavleebs SeuZliaT
• wignze damoukidebeli muSaoba;
• teqstis gaazrebulad wakiTxva da gaanalizeba;
• argumentirebuli msjeloba;
• hipoTezis gamoTqma;
• daskvnebis gamotana da wakiTxulis Sejameba;
• logikuri azrovneba;

saazrovno sqemebi anu kognituri diagramebi

kognituri diagramebiT muSaoba moswavleTa aqtivobis zrdis kargi saSualebaa.
• kognituri diagramebis saSualebiT moswavle:
• anawevrebs mocemul informacias
• organizebas ukeTebs informacias
• Seicnobs mTelisa da detalebis urTierTmimarTebas
• eCveva kritikul azrovnebas,swavlobs damoukideblad muSaobas.

kognituri diagramebi gamoiyeneba:

• axali masalis gacnoba-warmodgenisas, aseve masalis aTvisebis Semdeg Semajamebe-
li samuSaos Catarebis dros;
• saSinao davalebis, aseve saklaso samuSaos Sesrulebis dros;
• individualuri da jgufuri muSaobis dros.

kognituri diagrama: gadajaWvuli

kognituri diagrama: problema da misi gadaWris gzebi

problema
gansxvaveba gansxvaveba
msgavseba

mizezebi

kognituri diagrama: movlenaTa jaWvi

gadaWris gzebi

exmareba moswavles daafiqsiron movlenebisa

da faqtebi urTierTkavSiri

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 xSirad gamoyenebuli strategiebi sakuTari praqtikidan...

paragrafze muSaoba damxmare SekiTxvebis gamoyenebiT: maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZle-

vs SekiTxvebis CamonaTvals, romlebzedac maT pasuxi unda gascen paragrafze (sakiTxze)
muSaobisas. paragrafs moswavleebi pauzebiT, nawil-nawil kiTxuloben da cdiloben mo-
Zebnon kiTxvebze pasuxi. pasuxi SekiTxvebs werilobiT (an Tundac zepirad) unda gascen,
Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom pasuxi TavianTi sityvebiT Camoayalibon da wignis sityvebi
ar amoiweron. amgvari SekiTxvebi uadvilebs moswavleebs sakiTxis damuSavebas, mTavari
aqcentebis gamokveTasa da sagakveTilo masalis siRrmiseul gaazrebas. sakuTari sityve-
biTa da werilobiT gacemuli pasuxebi axali informaciis gaanalizebasa da damaxsovre-
baSi exmarebaT.

Canawerebis warmoeba. moswavleebi gakveTilze axali masalis axsnisas akeTeben Canawe-

rebs. Canawerebis keTeba maT exmareba yuradRebis koncentraciasa da informaciis aRq-
maSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Canawerebis gakeTeba qmnis safuZvels, miRebuli informacia
daileqos maT mexsierebaSi. miaCvieT moswavleebi, rom jer moisminon da Semdeg sakuTari
sityvebiT Caweron miwodebuli informacia. Canawerebis warmoeba xels uwyobs swavlis
process, moswavleebs SeuZliaT axlad mosmenili informaciis interpretacia, arsebul
codnasTan misi dakavSireba, Camoyalibeba da struqturireba. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia isic, rom Tu Canawerebis warmoeba moswavles xels uSlis mosmenasa da mosmenilis
gaanalizebaSi, maSin maTi warmoeba uefeqtoa.
Canawerebi saSualebas miscems moswavleebs, daubrundnen da xelaxla gaaanalizon
miRebuli informacia. praqtika aCvenebs, rom moswavleebi, romlebic Canawerebs awar-
moeben, ukeT weren testebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Canaweri xarisxiania. sworad
SerCeuli da Cawerili informacia maT ZiriTadi ideisTvis alRos aRebaSi, cnebebis
gagebasa da kavSirebis dadgenaSi exmareba

xazgasma da informaciis gamoyofa. sagakveTilo masalaze muSaobisas xazgasmis

strategiebs, Cveulebriv, maRali klasis moswavleebi iyeneben, Tumca xSirad uefe-
qtod. mTavari problema isaa, rom moswavleebs sCveviaT bevri winadadebis xazgasma da
moniSvna. gacilebiT efeqtiania xazgasasmeli informaciis sworad SerCeva. dauweseT
moswavleebs erTgvari SezRudva: mag., paragrafis yovel qveTavSi mxolod ori an sami
winadadebis xazgasmis ufleba mieciT.
moswavles, garda imisa, rom sworad SearCevs „mTavar“ winadadebebs, unda SeeZlos
moniSnuli informaciis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemac.

„gadaSlili wigni“ („open book“). damoukidebeli samuSaos (testuri Semajameblis, qvi-

zis) dros moswavles eZleva ufleba, gamoiyenos saxelmZRvanelo an misive gakeTebuli
Canawerebi.
amgvar strategias optimaluri Sedegi aqvs yvela tipis moswavlis SemTxvevaSi:
a) Tu moswavles xarisxiani codna aqvs im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac damoukidebeli
samuSao moicavs, „gadaSlili wigni“ mas mxolod Tavdajerebulobas matebs da samuSaos
stresis gareSe asrulebs. amasTan mas saSualeba eZleva, rom codna sakiTxis garCemo,
ufro srulyos an masSi is xarvezebi gamoasworos, romlebsac damoukidebeli muSaobisas
aRmoaCens;
b) Tu moswavlem sakiTxi ar icis, maSin mas damoukidebeli samuSaosTvis gankuTvnil
mcire droSi, Tundac „gadaSlili wigni“ did samsaxurs ver gauwevs. samagierod, mas
eZleva SesaZlebloba, rom samuSaos SesrulebisTvis saWiro codnis Tundac mcire nawili
SeiZinos da rac SeiZleba efeqtianad gamoiyenos... (aseT „gadamwyvet“ momentSi, rogorc

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wesi, moswavleebi Zalian motivirebulebi arian xolme, miT ufro, Tu samuSao quliT
fasdeba...)

„swavla keTebiT“ (modelebis Seqmna) warmoadgens swavla-swavlebis erT-erT efeqtur

strategias, romlis drosac moswavlis mier codnis miReba xdeba procesSi misi uSualo
CarTulobiT, praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebiTa da aqtiuri TanamonawileobiT.
nacvlad imisa, rom is iyos pasiuri msmeneli miwodebuli informaciisa, moswavle aq-
tiurad aris CarTuli procesSi problemis gadaWrisa da axlis Seqmnis gziT. keTebiT
swavlebis mTavari idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Cven ukeT SevimecnebT da ufro mets
vswavlobT keTebiT, gamocdilebiTa da praqtikuli aqtivobebiT.

urTierTswavla. moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebSi. TiToeuli damoukideblad xsnis

amocanas an wers mokle tests. samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg wyvilSi momuSave moswavlee-
bi erTmaneTs namuSevrebs ucvlian da TiToeuli maTgani mewyvilis namuSevars aswore-
bs. namuSevrebis gasworebis Semdeg isini erTmaneTs uziareben TavianT mosazrebas namu-
Sevrebis Sesaxeb, aanalizeben daSveul Secdomebs, warmoadgenen sakuTar argumentebs.
moswavle eCveva obieqtur Sefasebasa da TviTSefasebas, kritikul azrovnebas.
es strategia aZlevs moswavleebs socialuri swavlebis SesaZleblobas, aviTarebs
moswavleebSi Tanatolebisagan swavlis unars. Tanatolebs erTmaneTisagan bevri ra-
mis swavla SeuZliaT. sasurvelia, maswavlebelma xSirad amuSaos moswavleebi erTad,
radgan erTad muSaobis dros moswavleebi erTmaneTs gauziareben TavianT codnas,
Sexedulebebs, azrebs, daskvnebs.

TviTswavla. moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben problemis gadaWraze, xsnian amoca-

nas, asruleben werilobiT davalebas (mag., tests) mniSvnelovania is, rom maT am samuSaoSi
ganmsazRvreli niSani ar ewerebaT. samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg maswavlebels dafaze
gamoaqvs amocanis swori amoxsna / testis pasuxebi. moswavleebi Tavad asworeben sakuTar
namuSevrebs, aanalizeben Secdomebs da gamoaqvT garkveuli daskvnebi. is faqti, rom maTi
Secdomebi aseT SemTxvevaSi niSniT ar „isjeba“, moswavleebi daZabulobis gareSe muSaoben
da mtkivneulad ar aRiqvamen Secdomebs, romelTa gaanalizebis fasad maT xarvezebis
gamosworeba SeuZliaT. aseTi strategia gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa SemajameblisTvis
mzadebis periodSi.
gaxsovdeT, rom Secdomebi swavlis saukeTeso saSualebaa. Zalian mniSvnelovania
klasSi iseTi garemos Seqmna, romelSic moswavleebs potenciuri negatiuri Sefasebis,
kritikis an Secdomis daSvebis SiSi ar eqnebaT. daSvebuli Secdoma da swori pasuxis
aRmoCenis survili moswavlisaTvis xSirad axali codnis miRebis, sakuTari unarebis da
SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebis biZgi xdeba. moswavleTa swavlis xarisxis gaumjobese-
bis mizniT bevrad ufro efeqturia maTTvis sakuTar nawerSi Secdomebis gasworebis
SesaZleblobis micema, vidre am Secdomebis ubralod wiTeli kalmiT moniSvna da sabo-
loo Sefasebis dawera.
gamoiyeneT `uniSno~ aqtivobebi. maswavleblis mizania, saswavlo procesi saxali-
so da saintereso gaxados moswavleebisaTvis. amisTvis sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos
`uniSno“ aqtivobebis/davalebebis praqtikis SemoReba. amgvar davalebebSi moswavleTa
yuradReba saboloo Sedegidan ufro procesze gadaerTveba, maTTvis mniSvnelovani
iqneba ukve ara imdenad niSani, aramed sakuTari progresi da aqtiuroba

moswavleTa mier Seqmnili davalebebis banki. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs,

moifiqron sul 2-3 testuri an Ria davaleba, romelTagan saukeTesos maswavlebeli

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Semajamebel samuSaoSi gamoiyenebs. testuri davalebebis Sedgenisas yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani testis gansxvavebuli pasuxebis gaazrebuli mofiqrebaa. swori pasuxis garda,
maT unda moifiqron araswori pasuxebic, romlebSic unda Candes garkveuli logika,
romelic efuZneba moswavlis gamocdilebas, Tu Tavad sad uSvebda Secdomas sakiTxis
Seswavlisas. moswavleebs mouwevT dafiqreba im savaraudo Secdomebze, romlebsac misi
Tanatolebi dauSveben da pasuxebic Sesabamisad unda moifiqron.
Sedegi: moswavleebs SeuZliaT resursze (saxelmZRvaneloze, eleqtronul masalebze)
damoukidebeli muSaoba, raTa moifiqron gansxvavebuli, gonivruli da „eSmakuri“ davale-
ba, romelic gamoirCeva ara sirTuliT, aramed patara „saidumloTi“, romlis amocno-
bac misma Tanatolebma unda SeZlon.... es advili ar aris, cxadia, magram samagierod
araCveulebrivi saSualebaa axali codnis SeZenis. amasTan saxalisoa, radgan moswavleebs
Zalian moswonT maxvilgonivruli (ara rTuli!) amocanebis erTmaneTisTvis SeTavazeba.

amocana zedmeti an arasakmarisi monacemiT. zogjer moswavleebs eZlevaT amocana zed-

meti an arasakmarisi monacemiT, Tumca maT ar aqvT amis Sesaxeb informacia. moswavleebs
aqvT saxelmZRvanelos gamoyenebis ufleba. amgvari strategiis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi
erTgvar monitorings uweven sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, gadaamowmeben arsebul codnas da
SeiZenen axalsac. „Tamami“ gadawyvetileba, rom amocanaSi zedmeti/arasakmarisi monace-
mia, an sulac Secdomaa, moswavleebs Tavdajerebulobas matebs da codnis ganmtkicebaSi
exmareba.

video eqsperimenti. moswavleebi damoukideblad atareben eqsperiments (jgufebSi an

individualurad). eqsperimentis Tematika saswavlo masalas exmianeba. gamoTqvamen hi-
poTezas, aanalizeben Sedegs, gamoaqvT daskvnebi. eqsperimentis mimdinareobas iReben
videoze, romelsac axmovaneben: daurTaven eqsperimentis mimdinareobis calkeuli etape-
bis aRwerilobas, movlenis axsnas. videos danarCeni moswavleebis TandaswrebiT warmoad-
genen da msjeloben eqsperimentis Sedegebze (es saintereso SemecnebiTi procesia, miT
ufro Tu ramdenime jgufi atarebs erTsa da imave eqsperiments da sakuTar mosazrebebs
gamoTqvams);
Sedegi: moswavlisTvis videoze muSaoba Zalian saxaliso procesia da gaxmovanebis pro-
cesSi is axal codnasa da unarebs iZens .

Sebrunebuli saklaso oTaxi

ra sxvaobaa tradiciul da Sebrunebul saklaso oTaxs Soris?
tradiul  saklaso  oTaxSi: maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs axal masalas, saSinao
davalebad ki eZleva aqtivobebi, romlebic maT axali masalis ganmtkicebaSi exmareba;
Sebrunebul saklaso oTaxSi: maswavlebeli saSinao davalebad aZlevs axal masalas,
romelic moswavlem damoukideblad unda daamuSavos. saklaso oTaxSi xdeba damoukide-
blad damuSavebuli axali masalis ganmtkiceba;
Sedegi: moswavle eCveva damoukidebel muSaobas, TanamSromlobas sxva adamianebTan
(mag., TanatolebTan, ufrosebTan, romelebsac daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs), eleqtronuli
Tu beWduri resursebis sworad gamoyenebas, damoukideblad mopovebuli informaciis
sandoobis dadgenas, swavlobs kiTxvebis dasmas.

swavlis strategiebi uamravia. maTgan zogierTi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da

aRiarebulia. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom yvelaze faseuli TiToeuli maswavleblis unika-
luri gamocdilebaa, romlis safuZvelze maT TavianTi mignebuli sxvadasxva „saavtoro“
strategia aqvT SemuSavebuli... ase, rom gaiziareT sxvaTa gamocdileba, magram yvelaze

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metad endeT sakuTars. gaxsovdeT, rom aqtiuri swavlis strategiebis gamoyeneba aZlie-
rebs swavlis motivacias da moswavlis saukeTeso Tvisebebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
Tumca yoveli strategiis gamoyenebis win maswavlebeli unda dafiqrdes da kargad
gaiazros, Seesabameba Tu ara arCeuli strategia konkretul gakveTils da winaswarve
warmoidginos savaraudo Sedegi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
• mesame Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
• konceptualuri da meTodologiuri gzamkvlevi (avtorebi: Tamar jayeli, niko-
loz silagaZe).
• ganviTarebisa da swavlebis Teoriebi. swavla da Sefaseba (maswavlebelTa profe-
siuli ganviTarebis centri, 2008)
• kiTxvisa da weris meTodebi. „skola, ojaxi, sazogadoeba“. 2007
• sofiko lobJaniZe. swavlebis meTodebi da swavlis strategiebi http://mastsa-
vlebeli.ge/?p=2536&fbclid=IwAR0m1LXwoqsjzFcDB_-1sWHj2fOtHsXB9cKL1I5hIuYm-
p6UY-MwkWsMI_Oc
• cvata berZeniSvili. swavlis strategiebi da taqtika. http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=11997
• efeqtiani swavleba https://naec.ge/uploads/postData/PED-2017/efeqtiani_swavleba.pdf

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 VII. Sefasebis formebi
SeniSvna: Sefasebis formebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.

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 forma #1. saSinao weriTi davalebis Sefaseba
ganmsazRvreli
miRwevis donis aRwera Sefaseba

saSinao davaleba srulad aqvs Sesrulebuli. 10 qula

namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa,
Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi _ amomwuravi. gaazrebulad pasuxobs saSinao
davalebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

9 qula
saSinao davalebis umetesi nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli.
namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa,
Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi _ amomwuravi. gaazrebulad pasuxobs saSinao
davalebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.
aqvs gaugebari sakiTx(eb)i, romelzec aqvs namuSevari, Tumca ar aqvs
bolomde miyvanili. dasvams gaugebar sakiTx(eb)Tan dakavSirebul
adekvatur kiTxvebs.

saSinao davaleba nawilobriv aqvs Sesrulebuli. 8 qula

namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa,
Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi _ amomwuravi. aqvs gaugebari sakiTxebi,
romlebzec aqvs namuSevari, Tumca ar aqvs bolomde miyvanili.
dasvams gaugebar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul adekvatur SekiTxvebs.
pasuxobs davalebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

saSinao davaleba nawilobriv aqvs Sesrulebuli. namuSevari kargadaa 7 qula

organizebuli. amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa. Ria kiTxvebze
pasuxebi srulia da amomwuravi. SekiTxvebi gaugebar sakiTxebTan
mimarTebiT ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom davalebis
nawili „ver gaigo“. davalebis Sesrulebul nawilTan dakavSirebul
kiTxvebs pasuxobs.

saSinao davalebis mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli. amoxsnebi ar aris 6 qula

TvalsaCino. ar uweria mocemulobebi, amoxsna da a.S. Ria kiTxvebze
pasuxebi aqvs Zalian mokle, ar Cans, ra kiTxvaze pasuxobs. aRniSnavs,
rom davalebis nawili „ver gaigo“, Tumca SekiTxvebi gaugebar
sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli. Sesrulebul
davalebasTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebze uWirs pasuxis gacema.

saSinao davalebis mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli. amoxsnebi ar aris 5-4 qula
TvalsaCino. ar uweria mocemulobebi, amoxsna da a.S. Ria kiTxvebze
pasuxebi aqvs Zalian mokle, ar Cans, ra kiTxvaze pasuxobs. aRniSnavs,
rom davalebis nawili „ver gaigo“, Tumca SekiTxvebi gaugebar
sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli. Sesrulebul
davalebasTan dakavSirebul damazustebel kiTxvebs ver pasuxobs.

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saSinao davalebis mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli, Tumca arasworad. 3-2 qula
davaleba ar aris organizebuli. davalebasTan mimarTebiT SekiTxvebs
ver ayalibebs. ver pasuxobs davalebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

davaleba gadawerilia an saerTod ar aqvs davaleba Sesrulebuli 1 qula

forma #2. sagakveTilo procesSi CarTulobis Sefaseba

miRwevis donis aRwera ganmsazRvreli

Sefaseba
aqtiuradaa CarTuli sagakveTilo procesSi: usmens auditorias 9-10 qula
(maswavlebels / Tanaklaselebs);
monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi
an muSaobs dafasTan,
an monawileobs diskusiaSi: dasvams gansaxilvel TemasTan dakavSirebul
gonivrul kiTxvebs, umeteswilad sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs,
koreqtulad icavs Tavis azrs;
amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

CarTulia sagakveTilo procesSi: usmens auditorias; 7- 8 qula

monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi / muSaobs
dafasTan;
monawileobs diskusiaSi.

usmens auditorias; 5- 6 qula

iSviaTad an ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/
ar muSaobs dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi.
akeTebs Canawerebs _ iwers dafasTan garCeul sakiTxebs.

ar usmens auditorias; 3-4 qula

ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs
dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;
xels ar uSlis sagakveTilo process.
ar akeTebs Canawerebs.

ar usmens auditorias; 1-2 qula

ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs
dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;
xels uSlis sagakveTilo process (xSirad wydeba mis gamo sagakveTilo
procesi).

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 forma #3. damoukidebeli weriTi samuSaos Sefaseba

miRwevis donis aRwera ganmsazRvreli

Sefaseba

 zustad icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (jer muSaobs 9-10 qula

mkacrad individualurad, xolo Semdeg mewyvilesTan erTad ga-
nixilavs Sedegebs);

 warmoadgens namuSevars dafasTan klasis winaSe;

 namuSevari organizebulia;

 problemis gadaWris gza sworia/umoklesia/SemoqmedebiTia;

 sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs, koreqtulad icavs Tavis

azrs;

 aRniSnavs mewyvilis damsaxurebas davalebis SesrulebaSi;

 amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

 metwilad icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (jer muSaobs 7- 8 qula

metwilad individualurad, xolo Semdeg mewyvilesTan erTad
ganixilavs Sedegebs);

 warmoadgens namuSevars dafasTan klasis winaSe;

 namuSevari naklebad organizebulia, aqvs mxolod monaxazi;

 problemis gadaWris gza sworia, Tumca araoptimaluri.

 metwilad sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs, koreqtulad

icavs Tavis azrs;

 aRniSnavs mewyvilis damsaxurebas davalebis SesrulebaSi;

 metwilad amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

 ar icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (ar muSaobs indi- 5- 6 qula
vidualurad, mxolod mewyvilesTan erTad ganixilavs amocanas);

 akeTebs namuSevris prezentacias dafasTan, mTeli klasis winaSe;

 namuSevari ar aris organizebuli: fizikuri sidideebis er-

Teulebi ar aqvs gadayvanili erT sistemaSi, ar uweria samuSao
formula. asrulebs mxolod gamoTvlebs ganyenebul ricxvebze.
uSvebs Secdomebs, swor Sedegamde misvla uWirs;

 uWirs pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvebze da ver icavs Tavis azrs;

 avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis nawilobriv codnas.

132
 ar icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (ar muSaobs 3-4 qula
damoukideb­lad, Canawerebs akeTebs sxvisi daxmarebiT);

 ar akeTebs namuSevris prezentacias dafasTan;

 ver avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

 uWirs pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvebze da ver icavs Tavis azrs.

 ar muSaobs damoukideblad, ar akeTebs Canawerebs, ar aris Car- 1-2 qula
Tuli mewyvilesTan muSaobaSi;

 ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar

muSaobs dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;

 ver pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs;

 ver avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

133
 forma # 4. saprezentacio Temis Sefaseba

saprezentacio Temis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

a) Sinaarsi

1. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala SesabamisobaSia gansaxilvel sakiTxTan;

0 1 2 3

2. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala eyrdnoba mecnierulad swor Tvalsazriss;

0 1 2 3

3. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala siRrmiseuladaa ganxiluli;

0 1 2 3

4. warmodgenili TvalsaCinoeba / eqsperimenti / simulacia Seesabameba Sinaarss;

0 1 2 3

5. warmodgenili slaidebi Sinaarsis Sesabamisia.

0 1 2 3

b) wardgenis forma
prezentatori

6. avlens Tavdajerebulobas, ar kiTxulobs teqsts;

0 1 2 3
7. laparakobs gasagebad da Sedegad damswre sazogadoebas uadvildeba Sinaarsis
gaazreba;

0 1 2 3

8. urTierTobs auditoriasTan efeqtianad;

0 1 2 3

9. icavs drois limits.

0 1 2 3

134
 saprezentacio Temis Sefasebis sqema.

maqsimaluri qulaa 27

dagrovili qulebi ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

1-3 1
4-6 2
7-9 3
10-12 4
13-14 5
15-17 6
18-20 7
21-22 8
23-25 9
26-27 10

SeniSvna: mocemuli sqema individualuri prezentaciis Sefasebas gulisxmobs.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moargeT jgufur prezentacias, mag., SeafaseT gunduroba:

10. moqmedeben rogorc gundi da ara rogorc calkeuli individebi

0 1 2 3

135
 136
jgufis nomeri
5
4
3
2
1

jgufis wevrebi #
gvari,
saxeli
moswavlis
klasi ………. Tema:

ar monawileobs samuSao procesSi

1q

da xels uSlis mis mimdinareobas.

ar /TiTqmis ar monawileobs
2q

samuSao procesSi;
pasiurad monawileobs samuSao
procesSi, xSirad mxolod garedan
akvirdeba mas, Tumca ar gaurbis
3q

TanamSromlobas jgufis sxva

wevrebTan.
aqtiuradaa CarTuli, misi ideebi
da unarebi faseulia jgufisTvis,
4q

Tumca xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs

sxvis azrs da ar TanamSromlobs
maTTan.
CarTuloba samuSao procesSi

aqtiuradaa CarTuli, misi ideebi

……………………………. TariRi ………

da unarebi faseulia jgufisTvis,

gamokveTili lideria, romelic
5q

amavdroulad iTvaliswinebs sxvis

azrs da TanamSromlobs maTTan.
ar monawileobs prezentaciaSi da
1q

xels uSlis mis mimdinareobas.

ar/TiTqmis ar monawileobs
prezentaciaSi; uWrs sakuTri
2q

azris Camoyalibeba; ver iyenebs

terminebs, ar aris Tavdajerebuli.
monawileobs, Tumca Tavis
mosazrebas sworad ver ayalibebs,
3q

ver iyenebs terminebs.

aqtiurad monawileobs, ar
uWirs azris Camoyalibeba,
4q
iyenebs terminebs, Tumca xSirad
gaazrebuli ar aqvs SekiTxvis arsi
forma #5. jgufur samuSaoSi monawilis individualuri Sefaseba.

da naCqarev daskvnebs akeTebs.

monawileoba diskusiaSi
aqtiurad monawileobs;
Tavdajerebulia, saTqmels
kargad ayalibebs; aqvs gaazrebuli

5q
pasuxebi dasmul SekiTxvebze
da gamoirCeva SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebiT.
(dagrovili qula / maqsimalur
qula) X 100% = moswavlis Sefaseba

Sefaseba
saboloo

maqs. qula 10
 SeniSvna.
forma #5. jgufur samuSaoSi monawilis individualurad Sefaseba.

gaiTvaliswineT: formas mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. miRwevis doneebis

aRweriloba SegiZliaT SecvaloT Tqveni moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis an samuSaos
moTxovnebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna:
a) ar aris aucilebeli yvela moswavlis ganmsazRvreli niSniT Sefaseba. SegiZliaT, am
formis mixedviT daweroT rogorc ganmaviTarebeli, ise ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba;
b) SegiZliaT, SeafasoT mxolod CarTuloba an mxolod prezentaciaSi monawileoba;
g) sasurvelia, Sefaseba yoveli aqtivobis Semdeg gakeTdes zepirad, magram saboloo
komentari ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis saxiT, umjobesia, gakveTilis damTavrebis
Semdeg, Canawerebis analizis Sedegad daweroT. amas, ra Tqma unda, dro sWirdeba
da gakveTilze, savaraudod, ar moxerxdeba. Sefasebis Sedegebi meore gakveTilze
SegiZliaT, gamoucxadoT moswavleebs an eleqtronuli saxiT miawodoT.

ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis (niSnis) gamoyvana:

dagrovili qula
a) moswavlis Sefaseba procentebSi = · 100%
maqsimaluri qula
b) procentuli maCvenebeli daamrgvaleT mTel ricxvamde;
g) moswavlis Sefaseba qulebSi :
1 qula - 0-dan 14 % CaTvliT;
2 qula - 15-dan 24 % C;
3 qula - 25-dan 34 % C;
4 qula - 35-dan 44 % C;
5 qula - 45-dan 54 % C;
6 qula - 55-dan 64 % C;
7 qula - 65-dan 74 % C;
8 qula - 75-dan 84 % C;
9 qula - 85-dan 94 % C;
10 qula - 95-dan 100 % C;

SeniSvna: Tu qulebi ise gaqvT ganawilebuli, rogor mocemul cxrilSia (gv. 136),
maSin orive kriteriumSi dagrovil qulaTa jami pirdapir mianiSnebs saboloo qulas.

forma # 6. saklaso kvlevis Sefaseba

1 - 3 qula 4 - 5 qula 6 - 7 qula 8 -10 qula

arasworad ayali­ nawilobriv sworad ayalibebs mizans. srulyofilad
bebs kvlevis mizans, ayalibebs mizans. ayali- ayalibebs da nawilob­ ayalibebs kvlevis
ver ayalibebs varauds, bebs, magram ver asa­ riv asabuTebs Tavis mizans, ayalibebs
ver aRwers an araswo- buTebs Tavis varauds. varauds. aRwers cdis da asabuTebs Tavis
rad aRwers cdis CamoTvlis kvlevis Sedegebs srulad, magram varauds. aRwers cdis
Sedegebs, ver aana- procesis zogierT usistemod. aanalizebs Sedegebs srulad.
lizebs Sede­gebs, ver etaps. aRwers cdis Sedegebs. gamo­aqvs Ziri- aana­lizebs monace­
gamoaqvs daskvnebi. Sedegs nawilobriv da Tadad swori daskvnebi. mebs da gamoaqvs
usistemod. nawilobriv srulfasovani das-
aanalizebs Sedegebs. kvnebi. SeuZlia SeZe-
gamoaqvs nawilobriv nili codnis inter-
swori daskvnebi. pretacia.
137
 kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #7

miRwevis doneebis aRweriloba

kvlevis etapebi
0 qu­­la 1 qu­­la 2 qu­­la 3 qu­­la

1. sakvlevi kiTxva ar­ aq­vs Ca­­mo­­ kiT­­xva ­bun­­ kiT­­xva ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­ kiT­­xva ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­
ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li. do­­va­­nia,­ mok­­ bu­­lia­ a­ras­­wo­­rad­, be­­bu­­lia ­swo­­rad­,
le­­bu­­lia ­kon­­ rad­­gan­ mas­­ze ­pa­­su­­xis­ mas­­ze ­pa­­su­­xis­ ga­­
kre­­ti­­kas­, ar­ ga­­ce­­ma ­kvle­­vas­ ar­ ce­­ma ­moiT­­xov­s
See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba sa­­Wi­­roebs. kvle­­vas.
­sak­­vlev­ Te­­mas.

2. saWiro informaciis ar­ aq­vs mo­­ ar­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­vlev­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­
gansazRvra/moZieba Zie­­bu­­li. ­sak­­vlev­ Te­­mas. Te­­mas­, Tum­­ca­ ar vlev­ Te­­mas­ da
aris­ sak­­ma­­ri­­si ­kvle­­ ­sav­­se­­biT­ sak­­ma­­ri­­
vis­­Tvis. sia ­kvle­­vis­­Tvis.

3. varaudi, hipoTeza ar­ aq­vs Ca­­mo­­ ar­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­vlev­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­
_ sak­vlev kiT­xva­ze sa­ ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li. ­sak­­vlev­ kiT­­ kiT­­xvas­, Tum­­ca ­mi­­si vlev­ kiT­­xvas­ da
va­rau­do, kvle­vis win­ xvas. ­WeS­­ma­­ri­­te­­bis­ dad­­ ­mi­­si ­WeS­­ma­­ri­­te­­bis­
mswre­bi pa­su­xi, rom­lis ge­­na ­ cdiT SeuZ­­le­­ dad­­ge­­na ­Se­­saZ­­le­­
WeS­ma­ri­te­bac cdiT Se­ be­­lia. be­­lia ­cdiT.
mow­mde­ba

4. cdis mokle aRwera ar­ aq­vs cdis aq­vs Za­­lian­ aq­vs, Tum­­ca­ aR­­we­­ aq­vs mok­­led­, ga­­sa­­
aR­­we­­ra. mok­­led­ Ca­­mo­­ ra­­Si­ ar­ a­ris­ ga­­ ge­­bad­ Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­
ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li,­ mok­­ve­­Ti­­li ­cdis­ bu­­li.­ yu­­rad­­Re­­ba
bun­­do­­va­­nia war­­ma­­te­­bu­­lad­ mim­­ ga­­max­­vi­­le­­bu­­lia ­
­cdis­ mim­­di­­ di­­na­­reo­­bis­ mTa­­va­­ri ­cdis­ war­­ma­­te­­biT­
na­­reo­­ba/­cdis­ ­`sai­­dum­­lo“. Ca­­ta­­re­­bis­­Tvis­
Se­­de­­gi. au­­ci­­le­­bel­ mo­­men­­
teb­­ze.

5. damoukidebeli ar­ aq­vs mi­­Ti­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
cvladi- sidide/piroba, Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li­ da­­mo­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
romelic icvleba cdis kiT­­xvas­­Tan. uki­­de­­bu­­li ­cvla­­
Catarebis procesSi di/­pi­­ro­­ba ­mo­­ce­­mu­­li
da iwvevs sxva sididis/ ­cdis­ dros.
pirobis cvlilebas

6. damokidebuli ar­ aq­vs mi­­Ti­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
cvladi- sidide/piroba, Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li­ da­­mo­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
romelic icvleba Se­­kiT­­xvas­­Tan. ki­­de­­bu­­li ­cvla­­di/­
damoukidebeli pi­­ro­­ba ­mo­­ce­­mu­­li
cvladis cvlilebis ­cdis­ dros.
mixedviT

7. parametri _ ar­ aq­vs mi­­Ti­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
mocemuli cdis Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li,­ da­­mo­­ki­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
ganmavlobaSi mudmivi Se­­kiT­­xvas­­Tan­/ de­­bu­­li/­da­­mou­­ki­­de­­
sidide/ucvleli cdis­ mim­­di­­na­­ be­­li ­cvla­­di ­mo­­ce­­
piroba reo­­bas­­Tan. mu­­li ­cdis­ dros.

8. aRricxuli ar­ aq­vs aR­­ aras­­wo­­rad­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs aR­­ric­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs aR­­
monacemebi /gazomvis ric­­xu­­li. aq­vs aR­­ric­­xu­­ xu­­li.­ Se­­sa­­ba­­mi­­sia ric­­xu­­li.­ Se­­sa­­ba­­
Sedegebi li.­ Seu­­sa­­ba­­moa ­cdis­ mim­­di­­na­­reo­­ mi­­sia ­cdis­ mim­­di­­
­cdis­ mim­­di­­na­­ bas­­Tan­, mag­­ram­ a­ra­­ na­­reo­­bas­­Tan­, sak­­
reo­­bas­­Tan. sak­­ma­­ri­­sia ­das­­kvnis­ ma­­ri­­sia ­das­­kvnis­
ga­­mo­­sa­­ta­­nad. ga­­mo­­sa­­ta­­nad.

138
9. monacemebis/ ar­ aq­vs gaa­­ mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ a­na­­li­­zi mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ a­na­­
Sedegebis analizi, na­­li­­ze­­bu­­li a­na­­li­­zi ­ da ­ ­swo­­ria,­ Tum­­ca ­ das­­ li­­zi ­swo­­ria,­
interpretacia da ­mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bi.­ ga­­mo­­ta­­ni­­ kvna­ a­ras­­wo­­rad­ aq­vs das­­kvne­­bi ­swo­­rad­
gamotanili daskvnebi ar­ aq­vs ga­­mo­­ li ­das­­kvne­­bi­ Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li­ an­ aq­vs Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­
ta­­ni­­li ­das­­ a­ras­­wo­­ria. ram­­de­­ni­­me ­Se­­saZ­­lo bu­­li.
kvne­­bi. ­das­­kvni­­dan­ mxo­­lod­
na­­wi­­li­ aq­vs war­­mod­­
ge­­ni­­li.

10. pasuxi sakvlev ar­ aq­vs ga­­ce­­ pa­­su­­xi­ ar­ See­­ pa­­su­­xi/­sa­­bo­­loo pa­­su­­xi/­sa­­bo­­loo
kiTxvaze /saboloo mu­­li ­pa­­su­­xi sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­kiT­­ ­das­­kvna ­na­­wi­­lob­­riv­ ­das­­kvna ­sru­­lad­
daskvna ­sak­­vlev­ Se­­ xvas­/sa­­bo­­loo pa­­su­­xob­s sak­­vlev­ pa­­su­­xob­s sak­­vlev­
kiT­­xva­­ze,­ ar­ ­das­­kvna­ a­ras­­ kiT­­xvas. kiT­­xvas.
aq­vs das­­kvna wo­­ria.
­ga­­mo­­ta­­ni­­li.

11. dadasturda Tu ar­ aq­vs pa­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs upasuxa, rom­` ar­ upasuxebs,­ rom­
ara Seni hipoTeza? su­­xi. gan­­saz­­Rvru­­li. da­­das­­tur­­da“­, mag­­ `da­­das­­tur­­da“­
Tu ar dadasturda, ram­ ar­ aq­vs Ca­­mo­­
an­
Camoayalibe axali ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li­ a­xa­­li
­`ar­ da­­das­­tur­­da“­
hipoTeza ­hi­­po­­Te­­za.
da ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­
li­ aq­vs a­xa­­li ­hi­­
po­­Te­­za.

12. TviTSefaseba : ar­ aq­vs ga­­ke­­ pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ce­­mu­­li pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ce­­mu­­li
a) ra gamogivida yve­ Te­­bu­­li. ce­­mu­­li aq­vs aq­vs ­mxo­­lod­ or­ ­aq­vs sa­­mi­­ve ­kiT­­
laze kargad kvlevisas ? ­mxo­­lod­ er­T kiT­­xva­­ze. xva­­ze.
b) ra gamogivida waru­ kiT­­xva­­ze.
mateblad?
g) ras Secvlidi kvle­
vis procesSi, Tavidan
rom atarebde kvlevas?

Se­niS­vna:
a) Se­fa­se­bis formas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs;
b) Se­fa­se­bis kri­te­riu­me­bi da miR­we­vis do­nis aR­we­ri­lo­ba Se­giZ­liaT, Sec­va­loT kvle­
vis­Tvis sa­Wi­ro eta­pe­bi­sa da sas­wav­lo miz­ne­bis mi­xed­viT.
g) Se­fa­se­bis forma da­gex­ma­re­baT ara mar­to mos­wav­lis gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­bel, ara­med gan­msa­
z­Rvre­l Se­fa­se­baSic.
 sul 12 eta­pia. Ti­Toeu­li eta­pis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis gaTvaliswinebulia maq­si­ma­lu­ri 3
qu­la.
 kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 12 . 3 = 36
 am ni­mu­Sis mi­xed­viT, mos­wav­lem daag­ro­va 34 qu­la.
34
 gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­ba ase ga­moiT­vle­ba: ∙ 100%  ≈   94 %. e.i. sa­bo­loo Se­fa­se­baa
36
9 qu­la.
 niS­nis ga­moy­va­nis we­si esg-s mi­xed­viT ix. gv. 137-ze.

gaiT­va­lis­wi­neT:
a) imis mi­xed­viT, Tu ra iyo sas­wav­lo mi­za­ni, Se­saZ­le­be­lia, Se­fas­des kvle­vis cal­keu­li
eta­pi da ara mTlia­nad kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao. mag., Tu mas­ wav­
leb­ lis mi­ za­
nia, rom mos­
wav­lem sak­vle­vi Se­kiT­xvis Ca­mo­ya­li­be­ba SeZ­los, ma­Sin Se­fas­de­ba mxo­lod is eta­pi,
ro­mel­ze­c Se­kiT­xvis for­mu­li­re­ba xde­ba, anu mxo­lod 1-li eta­pi (ix. an­ga­ri­Sis
for­ma). Tu miz­nad gaqvT, rom mos­wav­lem SeZ­los da­mou­ki­de­be­li da da­mo­ki­de­bu­li
cvla­de­bis swo­rad gan­saz­Rvra, ma­Sin Se­fas­de­ba mxo­lod me-5 da me-6 eta­pe­bi.
b) Tu kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao ram­de­ni­me eq­spe­ri­ments moi­cavs, an­ga­ri­Si un­da dai­we­ros Ti­
Toeu­li eq­spe­ri­men­tis msvle­lo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis mi­xed­viT. cal­keu­li eq­spe­ri­men­
139
 tis msvle­lo­ba Se­fas­de­ba yve­la eta­pis mi­xed­viT (ix. Se­niS­vneb­Si) da sa­bo­loo gan­
msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­ba ma­Ti sa­Sua­lo ariT­me­ti­ku­liT ga­moiT­vle­ba.

kvle­viTi samuSaos pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #8

mos­wav­lis gva­ri, sa­xe­li ....................................................... kla­si ............. Ta­ri­Ri

..............

sap­re­zen­ta­cio Te­ma ....................................................................................................

Se­­­fa­­­se­­­bis­­ miRwevis doneebis aRweriloba

kri­­­te­­­riu­­­mi 1 qu­­la 2 qu­­la 3 qu­­la 4 qu­­la

1. Si­­naar­­sis­ Se­­sa­­ pre­zen­ta­ciis pre­zen­ta­ciis Si­ pre­­zen­­ta­­ciis­ Si­­ pre­­zen­­ta­­ciis­

ba­­mi­­so­­ba ­sap­­re­­ Si­naarsi ar naarsi na­wi­lob­ naar­­si ­met­­wi­­lad­ Si­­naar­­si ­sru­­
zen­­ta­­cio ­Te­­mas­­ Seesabame­ba Te­mas. riv See­sa­ba­me­ba See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­Te­­mas. liad­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­
Tan Te­mas. ba Temas.
2. sa­kiT­xis cod­na/ mos­wav­lis mier mos­wav­lis mier mos­wav­lis mier mos­wav­lis mier
gaaz­re­ba gad­mo­ce­mu­li in­ gad­mo­ce­mu­ gad­mo­ce­mu­ gad­mo­ce­mu­li
for­ma­cia bun­do­ li in­formacia li in­formacia in­formacia
va­nia; nawilob­riv ga­sa­ umeteswi­lad ga­ sru­liad ga­sa­
mo­saz­re­be­bi ar ge­bia; sa­ge­bia; ge­bia;
aris gam­ya­re­bu­li zo­gier­Ti mosaz­ mo­saz­re­be­bis yve­la mo­saz­re­
faq­te­biT, ar ey­ reba gam­ya­re­bu­ umete­soba gam­ya­ ba gam­yarebulia
rdno­ba mec­nie­ru­ lia faq­te­biT. re­bu­lia faq­te­ faq­te­biT, ey­
lad swor Tval­ na­wi­li ki ar ey­ biT da ey­rdno­ba rdno­ba mec­nie­
saz­riss rdno­ba mec­nie­ru­ mec­nie­ru­lad ru­lad swor
lad swor Tval­ swor Tval­saz­ Tval­saz­riss
mos­wav­les uWirs saz­riss riss
saT­qme­lis sa­ku­ mos­wav­le kar­
Ta­ri sit­yve­biT mos­wav­le axer­ mos­wav­le axer­xebs gad axer­xebs
gad­mo­ce­ma da das­ xebs saT­qme­lis saT­qme­lis Zi­ri­ saT­qme­lis sa­ku­
mul kiT­xveb­ze na­wi­lis sa­ku­Ta­ri Ta­di na­wi­lis sa­ Ta­ri sityve­biT
pa­su­xis ga­ce­ma. sityve­biT gad­mo­ ku­Ta­ri sit­yve­biT gad­mo­ce­mas da
ce­mas da zo­gierT gadmo­cemas da swo­rad pa­su­
kiT­xva­ze pa­su­xis das­mu­li kiT­xve­ xobs yve­la das­
ga­ce­mas. bis umetesoba­ze mul kiT­xvas.
pa­su­xis ga­ce­mas.
war­mod­ge­nil in­ war­mod­ge­nil war­mod­ge­nil war­mod­ge­nil
3. in­for­ma­ciis for­ma­cia­Si ar in­for­ma­cia­ in­for­ma­cia­ in­for­ma­cia­
or­ga­ni­ze­bu­lo­ba/ aris ga­mok­ve­Ti­li Si nawi­lobriv Si ga­mok­ve­Ti­lia Si mka­fiod
lo­gi­ku­ri kav­Si­ri Se­sa­va­li da/an gamokveTi­lia Se­sa­va­li da/an gamokve­Tilia
sa­kiT­xebs So­ris das­kvni­Ti na­wi­li; Se­sa­va­li da/an das­kvni­Ti na­wi­li; Se­sa­va­li da/an
ar Cans lo­gi­ku­ri das­kvni­Ti na­wi­li; Zi­ri­Ta­dad, lo­gi­ das­kvni­Ti na­
kav­Si­ri sa­kiT­xebs na­wi­lob­riv lo­ ku­ria kav­Si­ri sa­ wi­li; sru­liad
So­ris. gikuria kav­Si­ri kiT­xebs So­ris. lo­gi­ku­ria kav­
sa­kiT­xebs So­ris. Si­ri sa­kiT­xebs
So­ris.

140
4. kon­­taq­­ti­ au­­ mos­wav­le kiT­ mos­wav­le xSi­ mos­wav­le iS­via­ mos­wav­le mxo­
di­­to­­rias­­Tan­ da xu­lobs mTlian rad kiT­xu­lobs Tad kiT­xu­lobs lod Tvals
­saub­­ris­ ma­­ne­­ra teqsts slai­de­bi­ teqsts slai­de­ teqsts slai­de­ av­lebs teqsts
dan/fur­cli­dan bi­dan, fur­cli­ bi­dan da ume­tes­ slai­de­bi­dan da
da ar am­ya­rebs dan da zog­jer wi­lad am­ya­rebs mud­mi­vad am­ya­
Tva­liT kon­taqts am­ya­rebs Tva­liT Tva­liT kon­taqts rebs Tva­liT
au­di­to­rias­Tan; kon­taqts au­di­ au­di­to­rias­Tan; kon­taqts au­di­
saub­ri­sas xSi­rad to­rias­Tan; saub­ri­sas iS­ to­rias­Tan;
ake­Tebs xan­grZliv saub­ri­sas zog­ via­Tad ake­Tebs saub­ri­sas ar
pau­zebs an xSi­rad jer ake­Tebs xan­ xan­grZliv pau­ ake­Tebs xan­
iye­nebs saub­ris grZliv pau­zebs zebs da iS­via­Tad grZliv pau­zebs
Se­mav­se­bel iseT da iye­nebs saub­ iye­nebs saub­ris da ar iye­nebs
sit­yvebs, ro­go­ ris Se­mav­se­bel Se­mav­se­bel sit­ saub­ris Se­mav­
ri­caa „isa“, „ra sit­yvebs. yvebs. se­bel sit­
hqvia“ da sxv. yvebs.

5. war­­dge­­nis­ for­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­ mos­­wav­­le w ­ ar­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­
me­­bi moad­­gen­s ze­­pir­ moad­­gen­s ze­­pir­ moad­­gen­s ze­­pir­ moad­­gen­s pre­­
pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­, pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­/ pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­/ zen­­ta­­cias­
ar­ i­ye­­neb­s ar­c pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­ pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­ e­leq­­tro­­nul­
flip­­Car­ts da­ flip­­Car­­tze;­ flip­­Car­­tze;­ war­­ for­­mat­­Si;­
ar­c e­leq­­tro­­nul­ moad­­gen­s fo­­to-­ war­­moad­­gen­s
for­­mat­s; war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­ vi­­deoma­­sa­­las­ da­ fo­­to-­vi­­deo­
to-­vi­­deo­ma­­sa­­las­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­mon­­ ma­­­sa­­las­ da
ar­ war­­moad­­gen­s an­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­ stra­­cio­ eq­­spe­­ri­­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­
fo­­to­-vi­­deo­ma­­sa­­ mon­­stra­­cio­ eq­­ men­ts mon­­stra­­cio­ eq­­
las,­ ar­ a­ta­­reb­s spe­­ri­­ments. an­ spe­­ri­­ments.
sa­­de­­mon­­stra­­cio­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­
eq­­spe­­ri­­ments. moad­­gen­s pre­­zen­­
ta­­cias­ e­leq­­tro­­
nul­ for­­mat­­Si;­
war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­
to-­vi­­deoma­­sa­­las­
an­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­
mon­­stra­­cio­ eq­­
spe­­ri­­ments.

Se­niS­vna:
a) Se­fa­se­bis rub­ri­kas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs.
b) Se­fa­se­bis kri­te­riu­me­bi da miR­we­vis do­nis aR­we­ri­lo­ba Se­giZ­liaT, Sec­va­loT sas­wav­
lo miz­ne­bis mi­xed­viT.
g) Se­fa­se­bis rub­ri­ka da­gex­ma­re­baT ara mar­to mos­wav­lis gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­bel Se­fa­se­ba­Si,
ara­med imaSic, rom mos­wav­les gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­bac dau­we­roT.
 sul 5 kri­te­riu­mia. Ti­Toeu­li kri­te­riu­mis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 4.
 pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 5 . 4 = 20
 mag., mos­wav­lis mier dag­ro­vi­li qu­laa 17.
17
 gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­ba ase ga­moiT­vle­ba: ∙ 100% = 85 %. e.i. sa­bo­loo Se­fa­
20
se­baa 9 qu­la (ix. niS­nis ga­moy­va­nis we­si, gv. 137)
gaiT­va­lis­wi­neT:
mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­lem wi­nas­war ico­des yve­la is kri­te­riu­mi, rom­lis
mi­xed­vi­Tac mi­si pre­zen­ta­cia Se­fas­de­ba.
re­ko­men­da­cia: amo­beW­deT da gaa­ka­riT sak­la­so oTax­Si. sa­sur­ve­lia, dau­ri­goT
mos­wav­leebs amo­beW­di­li sa­xiT.

141
 VIII. moswavlis wignSi gamoyenebuli eleqtronuli resursebi

paragrafebSi, proeqtebSi, damatebiT amocanebSi gamoyenebuli internet misamarTebi

(misamarTebis Tanmimdevroba iseTivea, rogoric moswavlis wignis ZiriTad teqstSi)

Sesavali 6. Sedegebis gaziareba.naxe video samecniero meTo-

dis Sesaxeb: http://bitly.ws/rSvi

samedicino fizika. naxe video samedicino fizikis

eqspertebze: http://bitly.ws/rSvj

denderas naTura gaige ufro meti:

http://bitly.ws/t68B http://bitly.ws/t68K

1.1.eleqtruli deni. denis wyaro naxe video: http://bitly.ws/uSnE

naxe video wylisa da denis analogiaze:

http://bitly.ws/sKNz

denis siTburi moqmedeba.

naxe cda videoze: http://bitly.ws/sKPT

denis qimiuri moqmedeba.

naxe cda videoze: http://bitly.ws/sKQk

1.2. denis Zala cdebis Casatareblad SegiZlia sxvadasxva

virtualuri laboratoriac gamoiyeno: phET-is
laboratoria: http://bitly.ws

Tinkercad-is laboratoria: http://bitly.ws/sVes

1.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis 5.cdebis Casatareblad SegiZlia sxvadasxva

virtualuri laboratoriac gamoiyeno: phET-is
laboratoria: http://bitly.ws

Tinkercad-is laboratoria: http://bitly.ws/sVes

daakvirdi denis Zalis damokidebulebas Zabvasa da

winaRobaze virtualur laboratoriaSi:

phET-Si: http://bitly.ws/sAv3

Tinkercad-Si: http://bitly.ws/sVes

142
proeqti#1: grafitis grafitis saSualebiT Sen SegiZlia eleqtruli
rezistorebi wredebi sakuTari dizainiT Seqmna da uamravi
saxaliso cda Caataro. gaecani informacias:

http://bitly.ws/sWVN http://bitly.ws/sWVJ.

davaleba 2. naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t5x7

http://bitly.ws/sWVM http://bitly.ws/t5xz

davaleba 3.

gaecani ommetris gamoyenebis wess: http://bitly.ws/t5vD

davaleba 5.

gaecani informacias: http://bitly.ws/t5xr

davaleba 7. gaecani informacias: http://bitly.ws/t5xn

http://bitly.ws/t5xK

1.6.zegamtarebi naxe video

maisneris efeqtze: http://bitly.ws/sBGK

proeqti#2: comis wredebi ana maria tomasi. naxe video:

anu, eleqtrolaboratoria http://bitly.ws/t4fQ
samzareuloSi http://bitly.ws/t4fR
http://bitly.ws/t4fS

`Squishy Circuits~ (rbili wredebi) ase daarqva man

Tavis gamogonebas: naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t6hI
3. aawyve sxvadasxva `skulptura~ (sur.3) da axseni
ra daniSnuleba aqvs maTSi aragamtar coms;

naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t4gm

davaleba 1. naxe video: http://bitly.ws/uSrM

davaleba 8. gamtari comis kuTri winaRobis

gamoTvla.

gaecani mikrometris gamoyenebis wess. naxe video:

http://bitly.ws/t4hT
1.7.gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi 1.7.1
SeerTeba SegiZlia virtualuri laboratoriac gamoiyeno:
http://bitly.ws/sw87

http://bitly.ws/sVes
kvlevis Catareba `SegiZlia `Golabz~-is
eleqtronul platformazec. scade. Zalian
martivi da saintereso SesaZleblobaa:

https://graasp.eu/s/be9a4u

143
1.8.gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba cdebis Catareba SegiZlia rogorc realur, ise
virtualur laboratoriaSi: http://bitly.ws/sw87
http://bitly.ws/sVes
proeqti#3: `mowyenili ase rom, aseT SemTxvevaSi an unda SezRudo ele-
yvavili anu, rogor davzogoT qtroenergiis moxmareba, an moemzado, rom Seni
eleqtoenergia saxlSi ojaxis biujeti gvarianad dazaraldeba (moZebne
meti informacia misamarTze: http://bitly.ws/sLhZ

miTiTebul misamarTebze SegiZlia damatebiT

informacias gaecno, Tu rogor gamovTvaloT
eleqtroenergiis danaxarji:

http://bitly.ws/sLit

http://bitly.ws/sLiu

ganaTebulobas luqsometriT zomaven (sur. 5).

luqsometris funqcia Zalian bevr telefons aqvs
da misi gamoyeneba Zalian martivia. gaecani luq-
sometris gamoyenebis wess:
http://bitly.ws/t4iW
http://bitly.ws/t4iY
luqsometris Cveneba ricxobrivad sinaTlis
nakads (simZlavres) daemTxveva (sur. 6).
gaige ufro meti:
http://bitly.ws/t7gZ
http://bitly.ws/t7ha

1.13. denis wyaros eleqtruli gvelTevza, romelic periodulad

eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala ganmuxtvis `xasiaTze~ dgeba da am dros ele-
qtrul dens warmoqmnis...

naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sL2y

eleqtruli organoebi erTgvar biologiur aku-

mulatorebad iqceva, romelTa dadebiT da uaryo-
fiT polusebs Soris sakmaod didi potencialTa
sxvaoba aRiZvreba. gaige ufro meti eleqtrul
Tevzebze:

http://bitly.ws/sNDc

http://bitly.ws/sLti

144
proeqti # 4: baRdadis `batarea~
anu, 2000 wlis win
dawyebuli eleqtrobis istoria.
2.1 eleqtruli deni siTxeSi
davaleba 1. daamzade baRdadis `batarea~
muSaobis dawyebamde gadaxede informacias:
http://bitly.ws/t2Vm
http://bitly.ws/t2Vq
http://bitly.ws/sSG6
davaleba 2. daamzade voltas sveti.
moiZie damatebiTi informacia:
http://bitly.ws/t2XL
http://bitly.ws/t2XQ
http://bitly.ws/t2XV
davaleba 3. daamzade xilisa da bosteulisgan
eleqtruli batarea.
moiZie damatebiTi informacia:
http://bitly.ws/t2Ya
http://bitly.ws/t2Yd
http://bitly.ws/t2Yi
davaleba 4. denis eleqtroqimiuri wyaroebi
orgvaria: eleq­trolituri (sur. 13) da galvanuri
(sur. 14). maT Soris msgavsebacaa da gansxvavebac.
gaecani informacias:
http://bitly.ws/t8yB
http://bitly.ws/t2Yr
http://bitly.ws/t2Ys
davaleba 5.
naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t8yE
gaige ufro meti: http://bitly.ws/sSG5
http://bitly.ws/sSG6
mag., nakeTobebis mooqroebis, movercxvlisa an
spilenZiT dafarvis dros (sur. 2.1.12).
naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sSK7
145
proeqti # 6: cidan daSvebuli dawyebuli Tales miletelidan, damTavrebuli
eleqtroba edisoniTa da lorenciT. naxe videoze es
STambeWdavi tilo: http://bitly.ws/okEX

davaleba 1.
Caatare cda: Seqmeni `elva~ saxlSi
gaecani informacias:
http://bitly.ws/t36t
http://bitly.ws/pcuI
iTamaSe `elviT~: http://bitly.ws/pcr3
uyure videos. is cdis warmatebulad CatarebaSi
dagexmareba: http://bitly.ws/pco9
5. ra aris mexamridi da rogoria misi moqmedebis
principi? ras efuZneba is?
gaecani informacias: http://bitly.ws/t37b

davaleba 4. Caatare cda: http://bitly.ws/t5w9

borblis brunvis mizezi, e.w. ionuri qaria. gaige
ufro meti:
http://bitly.ws/t38m
http://bitly.ws/t38q
http://bitly.ws/t38s
http://bitly.ws/t38u
da, albaT, uaxloes momavalSi Cven kidev erTxel
gavxdebiT mowme imisa, Tu rogor iqca fizikis
wyalobiT fantastika realobad...

naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t39f

gaige meti: http://bitly.ws/t39g

2.2. eleqtruli deni airSi es movlenebi ufro sareklamo ganaTebebSi mimdinare

ganmuxtvas hgavs, vidre Cveulebrivi elvis dros...
naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sVhy

gaige am movlenebis Sesaxeb ufro meti:

http://bitly.ws/sVhz
http://bitly.ws/sVhC

ici Tu ara, rom... naTuris Tanamedrove dizaini ki mecniersa

da gamomgonebels, jeims falks ekuTvnis,
romelic 1970-1980 wlebSi plazmur naTurebs
koleqcionerebisa da samecniero muzumebisTvis
amzadebda. naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sVoo

swored ganmuxtvis Sedegad Cndeba dieleqtrikSi

`elvis~ is kvali, romelsac me-4 suraTze xedav.

gaige lixtenbergis figurebis Sesaxeb ufro meti:

http://bitly.ws/sVoC

146
2.3 TavisTavadi ganmuxtvis saxeebi
daamzade plazmotroni
Tu CarTul plazmur naTuras axlos miutan
neonis an luminescenciur naTuras (sur. 2.3.2), es
ukanaskneli naTebas iwyebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu
mwyobridanaa gamosuli.
naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sVoU
luminescenciuri naTurebi anaTebs maRali
Zabvis gadamcemi xazebis maxlobladac (sur.
2.3.8), Zlier eleqtrul velSi da maSinac, Tu mas
Salis qsovilze gavaxaxunebT, radgan mRvivari
ganmuxtvis aRZvrisTvis Zalian maRali Zabva
aucilebeli ar aris..
naxe video:
http://bitly.ws/sVqz
http://bitly.ws/sVqA
http://bitly.ws/sVqB
mwyobridan gamosuli naTurebi specialur, e.w.
utilizaciis punqtebSi unda bardebodes, sadac
vercxliswylis gauvnebelyofa (demerkurizacia)
xdeba.
gaige meti am safrTxeebis Sesaxeb: http://bitly.ws/sVri
daakvirdi videomasalaze sadenebs Soris
gvirgvinisebri ganmuxtvis movlenas misamarTze:
http://bitly.ws/t2K8
eleqtrul rkals uwode­ben (sur. 2.3.11.).
naxe video: http://bitly.ws/t2K3
arsebobs specialuri mowyobilobebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac mkvriv, dabaltemperaturuli
plazmis nakads qmnian. maT plazmotronebi hqvia
(sur.1). plazmotronebs iyeneben liTonTa Wrisa
da SeduRebisaTvis, magar qanebSi WaburRilebis
gasakeTeblad da sxv. gaige ufro meti:
http://bitly.ws/sVnM
Sen xelSi namdvili plazmot­roni gaqvs - plazmis
wyaro, romliTac liTonze Wra SegiZlia.
cdis dawyebamde, naxe video: http://bitly.ws/sVnN
147
 IX. pasuxebi paragrafebSi mocemul kiTxvebze, amocanebis
amoxsnebi da eqsperimentebis savaraudo Sedegebi.
damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis

sarCevi pasuxebisTvis

Tavi I. mudmivi eleqtruli deni

1.3 eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi................................................... 149
1.4 omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis............................................................ 149
1.5 eleqtruli winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba............................................... 149
1.6 zegamtaroba.......................................................................................... 150
1.10 eleqtruli denis muSaoba da simZlavre......................................... 151
1.11 joul-lencis kanoni.......................................................................... 151
Tavi II. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi
2.1 eleqtruli deni siTxeSi..................................................................... 152

148
 1.3.eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi
gv.26
1.3.1
aRiZvreba Tu ara liTonis neitralur gamtarSi eleqtruli deni, Tu mas erTi
mimarTulebiT, `mowesrigebulad~ vamoZravebT? ratom?
pas.: Tu neitralur gamtars `mowesrigebulad~, erTi mimarTulebiT vamoZravebT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronebi gamtarTan erTad `mowesrigebulad~ imoZravebs,
deni mainc ar aRiZvreba: am dros gamtaris nebismier ganivkveTSi gamavali
sruli muxti nulis tolia, radgan, gamtaris ganivkveTSi garkveul droSi erTi
mimarTulebiT gasuli eleqtronebis raodenoba, saSualod, toli iqneba imave
ganivkveTSi, imave droSi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gasuli eleqtronebis
raodenobisa..

1.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis

gv.34
1.4.1
U
omis kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom gamtaris winaRoba ase gamoiTvleba: R = .
I
SeiZleba Tu ara, winaRobis gamosaTvleli formulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mtkiceba:
`gamtaris winaRoba pirdapirproporciulia gamtaris boloebs Soris arsebuli
Zabvisa da ukuproporciuli gamtarSi gamavali denis Zalisa~. pasuxi axseni.
pas.: mocemuli gamtaris winaRoba mudmivia da ar aris damokidebuli arc Zabvasa
da arc denis Zalaze, amitom aseTi mtkiceba marTebuli ar aris. Secdomaa R=U/I
formulis amgvarad `wakiTxva~. unda `wavikiTxoT~ ase:
`gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala gamtaris boloebs Soris arsebuli Zabvis
pirdapirproporciulia, amitom Sefardeba U/I , mocemuli gamtarisTvis mudmivi
sididea~.

1.5. eleqtruli winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba

gv.36
1.5.1
1. daakvirdi: suraT 1.5.2-ze erTi da imave liTonis gamtaris sami gansxvavebuli
ubnis kristaluri meseria sqematurad gamosaxuli (CaTvale, rom wiTeli nawilakebi
Tavisufali eleqtronebia, lurji ki _ kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli
ionebi).
rogor fiqrob, gamtaris romel ubans aqvs ufro meti eleqtruli winaRoba:
a) I-s Tu II-s (ubnebis sigrZeeebi erTnairia)?
b) I-s Tu III-s (ubnebis ganivkveTis farTobebi erTnairia)? pasuxi daasabuTe.
gamoTqvi hipoTeza: aris Tu ara gamtaris winaRoba damokidebuli mis geometrul
zomebze (sigrZeze, ganivkveTis farTobze) da rogoria am damokidebulebis xasiaTi?
pas.: gamtaris winaRobis gamomwvevi mizezi liTonis gamtarSi kristaluri mesris
kvanZebSi ganlagebul ionebTan Tavisufali eleqtronebis urTierTqmedebaa.
I da III ubnis ganivkveTis farTobi erTnairia, sigrZe _ gansxvavebuli, I ubnis sigrZe
metia, vidre III ubnis sigrZe, Sesabamisad, I ubanze ionebis ricxvi metia, ris gamoc
I ubanze eleqtronebs meti winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba.

149
 I da II ubnis sigrZe erTnairia, ganivkveTis farTobi _ sxvadasxva. cxadia, II ubanze
winaaRmdegoba metia imis gamo, rom ganivkveTis farTobi mcirea da eleqtronebis
ionebTan SejaxebaTa ricxvi meti iqneba.

2. suraT 1.5.3-ze ori gansxvavebuli liTonis kristaluri meseria sqematurad

gamosaxuli. rogor fiqrob, romel gamtars aqvs meti eleqtruli winaRoba: a Tu
b SemTxvevaSi gamosaxuls? pasuxi daasabuTe.
gamoTqvi hipoTeza: aris Tu ara gamtaris winaRoba im nivTierebis gvarobaze
damokidebuli, romlisganacaa damzadebuli?
pas.: I da II gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi da sigrZe erTnairia, oRond II-Si
ionebi erTmaneTTan ufro axlosaa ganlagebuli, ris gamoc eleqtronebis
ionebTan SejaxebaTa ricxvi meti iqneba. amitom II gamtarSi eleqtrul dens meti
winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba.
gv.39
1.5.2
1. rogor Seicvleba denis Zala wredSi, Tu reostatis (sur.1.5.8) mcocav kontaqts,
marcxniv, A wertilisken gadavaadgilebT?
pas.: gaizrdeba, radgan Semcirdeba wredSi CarTuli reostatis ubnis winaRoba
2. risi toli iqneba reostatis wredSi CarTuli ubnis winaRoba, Tu mcocav
kontaqts zustad A momWerTan davayenebT? gaiTvaliswine: reostatis gamoyenebisas
akrZalulia ase moqceva. ratom?
pas.: reostatis winaRoba nulis toli gaxdeba, denis Zala Zalian gaizrdeba wredSi,
ramac SeiZleba wredSi CarTuli xelsawyoebi mwyobridan gamoiyvanos.

3. rodis iqneba reostatis wredSi CarTuli ubnis winaRoba udidesi? rogori iqneba
am dros denis Zala wredSi?
pas.: roca mcocav kontaqts C momWerTan davayenebT. dros denis Zala wredSi
minimaluri, an sulac 0-is toli iqneba.

1.6. zegamtaroba
gv.50
cda I
cdis Sedegi: denis Zala mcirdeba.
daskvna: Tu liTonis gamtaris temperatura gaizrdeba, maSin misi winaRoba gaizrdeba.

gv.52
1.6.1
gamoTqvi varaudi, rogor Se­ i cvleba liTonis gamtaris wi­
n aRoba, Tu mis
temperaturas Zalian SevamcirebT? ratom?
savaraudo pasuxi: savaraudod, Tu liTonis gamtaris temperaturas Zalian
SevamcirebT. winaRobac Zalian Semcirdeba, radgan kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi
ganlagebuli ionebis rxeva Semcirdeba, aseve Semcirdeba Tavisufali eleqtronebis
siTburi moZraobis saSualo siCqare da Sedegad eleqtronebis ionebTan Sejaxebebis
ricxvi daiklebs. Sesabamisad, Semcirdeba gamtaris winaRoba.
150
gv.53
1.6.2
kamerling-onesi zegamtarul wriul gamtarSi gamzom xelsawyoebs ver CarTavda,
radgan es energiis kargvas gamoiwvevda.
dafiqrdi: rogor SeeZlo kamerling-oness wriul gamtarSi denis arseboba
daemtkicebina?
pas: Tu zegamtarul wriul gamtars axlos magnitur isars mivutanT, zegamtaris
magnituri velis zemoqmedebiT, isari Semobrundeba.

1.10. eleqtruli denis muSaoba da simZlavre

gv.76
1.10.1
1.10.2, 1.10.3 da 1.10.4 ekvivalenturi formulebia da gamoiyeneba amocanis mocemuli
pirobebis Sesabamisad. dafiqrdi: romeli formulis gamoyenebaa mosaxerxebeli
denis muSaobis gamosaTvlelad:
1. gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas? ratom?
2. gamtarTa paralelurad SeerTebisas? ratom?
pas.: denis mier Sesrulebuli simZlavris gamoTvlisas:
1. gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas mosaxerxebelia N = I2R formulis gamoyeneba,
radgan am Sem­TxvevaSi denis Zala yvela gamtarSi erTi da igivea.
2. gamtarTa paralelurad SeerTebisas, mosaxerxebelia N = U2 /R formulis
gamoyeneba, radgan am Sem­TxvevaSi yvela gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabva erTi
da igivea.

1.11. joul-lencis kanoni

gv.85
1.11.1
im eleqtromowyobilobebis mTavari nawili (saxurebeli elementi), romelTa
muSaobis principi denis siTbur moqmedebas efuZneba, spiralia (sur. 1.11.6),
romelsac umetes SemTxvevaSi niqromisgan amzadeben.
dafiqrdi:
1. ratom aqvs saxurebel elements spiralis forma?
pas.: spirals meti winaRoba aqvs, radgan spiralurad daxveuli mavTuli sigrZe
didia. spiralurad adgilis optimizaciisTvis axveven.

2. ratom amzadeben spirals niqromisgan, ra upiratesoba aqvs niqroms sxva

liTonebTan (mag., aluminTan, spilenZTan) SedarebiT? miTiTeba: gaaanalize 1.5
cxrilis monacemebi.
pas.: Q = I2Rt formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom rac ufro metia gamtaris winaRoba,
miT meti raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa masSi denis gavlisas. Tu nivTierebaTa kuTri
winaRobebis #1 cxrils CavxedavT, niqromi didi kuTri winaRobis mqone masalaa,
misi ρ = 1,1 omi mm2/m-ia, rac daaxloebiT 70-jer aRemateba spilenZis kuTr winaRobas.

151
 3. ratom cxeldeba denis gavlisas uTos spirali im dros, roca uTos denis
wyarosTan SemaerTebeli sadenebis gaTboba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia (gaiTvaliswine:
uTos spirali da eleqtrosadenebi erTmaneTTan mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli)?
pas.: uTos spirali da eleqtrosadenebi mimdevrobiTaa erTmaneTTan mierTebuli,
anu denis Zala spiralsa da sadenebSi erTnairia, magram imis gamo, rom spiralis
winaRoba gacilebiT didia, vidre Tundac imave sigrZis mimyvani sadenebisa,
Q = I2Rt formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom spirali gacilebiT metad gaxurdeba,
vidre sadenebi.

2.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi

gv.135
2.1.1
marilmJavas (HCl), sufris marilisgan gansxvavebiT, molekuluri agebuleba aqvs.
daakvirdi suraT 2.1.7-s da Seecade, aRwero procesi, rogor iSleba marilmJavas
molekula wylis molekulebis moqmedebiT calkeul ionebad (H+; Cl-).
pas.: marilmJavas wyalSi gaxsnisas misi yoveli polaruli molekulis garSemo
wylis molekulebi ise orientirdeba, rogorc es sur. 5-zea gamosaxuli: wylis
molekulebis dadebiTi polusebi mJavas molekulis uaryofiT polusTan ganlagdeba,
wylis molekulebis uaryofiTi polusebi ki _ mJavas molekulis dadebiT polusTan.
amis Sedegad wylis molekulebiT garSemortymuli mJavas neitraluri molekulebi
wylis dipolebis eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT `gaiweleba~. wylisa da mJavas
molekulebis sapirispiro polusebs Soris aRZruli urTierTqmedebis Zalebi
mJavas neitralur molekulaSi kovalentur bmas asusteben da mJavas neitraluri
molekula calkeul ionebad iSleba: HCl→ H++ Cl-
swored am ionebis mimarTuli moZraoba ganapirobebs mJavas wyalxsnaris
eleqtrogamtarobas.

152
 X. Tavis Semajamebeli samuSaoebi

SeniSvna: Tavis Semajamebel samuSaoebs sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs

153
 Semajamebeli testi № 1 Temaze: eleqtruli deni. omis kanoni.
maqsimaluri qula 20 qula
I varianti

gvari saxeli –––––– klasi ––––––––––––––––––

1. eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi aris

a) Tavisufali eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba;
b) ionebisa da Tavisufali eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba;
g) damuxtuli nawilakebis siTburi moZraoba;
d) ionebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba.

2.eleqtruli denis mimarTulebad miRebulia

a) neitronebis moZraobis mimarTuleba;
b) eleqtronebis moZraobis mimarTuleba;
g) dadebiTad damuxtul nawilakTa moZraobis mimarTuleba;
d) gamtaris moZraobis mimarTuleba.

3. denis Zala ewodeba fizikur sidides, romelic gviCvenebs

a) gamtarSi gamaval maqsimalur dens;
b) gamtarSi arsebuli muxtis raodenobas;
g) Zabvis namravls winaRobaze;
d) gamtaris ganivkveTSi drois erTeulSi gamavali muxtis sidides.

4. denis Zalis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris

a) amperi; b) volti; g) omi; d) vati;

5. denis Zalis gasazomi xelsawyoa

a) reostati; b) voltmetri; g) dinamometri; d) ampermetri;

6. CamoTvlilTagan romeli ori aris kuTri winaRobis erTeuli

a) volti/omi; b) m/omi; g) omi∙ m; d) omi∙mm2/ m.

7. winaRobis cvlileba wredSi SesaZlebelia xelsawyoTi, romelsac hqvia:

a) reostati; b) voltmetri; g) dinamometri; d) ampermetri;

8.romelia marTebuli debuleba: Tu gvsurs naTuraSi gamavali denis Zalisa da mis boloebze
arsebuli Zabvis gazomva, naTurasTan CairTveba
a) voltmetric da ampermetric paralelurad;
b) voltmetri mimdevrobiT, ampermetri paralelurad;
g) voltmetri paralelurad, ampermetri mimdevrobiT;
d) voltmetri mimdevrobiT, ampermetri mimdevrobiT.

9.Zabva rezistoris boloebze gazardes 30%-iT. ramdeni procentiT Seicvleba rezistoris

winaRoba?
a) gaizrdeba 30%- iT; b) Semcirdeba 30%-iT;
g) gaizrdeba 900% - iT; d) ar Seicvleba.

10.rogor Seicvleba gamtarSi gamavali deni, Tu gamtaris boloebze Zabvas 4-jer gavzrdiT,
xolo winaRobas 2-jer SevamcirebT?
a) gaizrdeba 2-jer; b) Semcirdeba 4-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 8-jer; d) Semcirdeba 16-jer.

154
11. rogor Seicvleba gamtaris winaRoba, Tu mas Suaze gadavkecavT?
a) gaizrdeba 2-jer; b) Semcirdeba 2-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 4-jer; d) Semcirdeba 4-jer.

12.rogor Seicvleba gamtaris winaRoba, Tu mis sigrZes gavzrdiT orjer, xolo ganivkveTis
farTobs gavzrdiT 4-jer?
a) Semcirdeba 2-jer; b) gaizrdeba 4-jer;
g) Semcirdeba 8-jer; d) ar Seicvleba.

13. ras udris gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu gamtaris ganivkveTSi 5 wm-Si 30 k muxti
gadis?
a) 0,6a; b) 6a; g) 12a; d) 30a.

14. ra Zabva unda movdoT gamtaris boloebs, romlis winaRoba 5 omia, rom masSi gaiaros 8 a
denma?
a) 1,6v; b) 5v; g) 8v; d) 40v;

15.risi tolia Zabva gamtaris boloebze, Tu masSi 2 wm-Si gadis 1019 eleqtroni, xolo
winaRoba 4 omis tolia?
a) 3,2 v; b) 6,4 v; g) 8 v; d) 16 v.

16. ra sigrZis unda iyos 0,5 mm2ganivkveTis farTobis mqone spilenZis mavTuli, rom misi
winaRoba 34 oms gautoldes. spilenZis kuTri winaRobaa 0,017 omi∙mm2/m.
a) 100 m; b) 0,5 m; g) 25 sm; d) 1 km.

17. gansazRvre wredis ubanSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu eleqtruli veli am ubanze 3 k muxtis
gadaadgilebisas 120 j muSaobas asrulebs da cnobilia, rom ubnis winaRoba 20 omia.
a) 0,5 a; b) 2 a; g) 18 a; d) 120 a.

18. gamoTvale 100 m sigrZis spilenZis mavTulis ganivkveTis farTobi, Tu mavTulSi 2 a deni
gadis, roca mis boloebze Zabva 34 v-is tolia. spilenZis kuTri winaRobaa 0,017 omi · mm2/m.
a) 1 mm2; b) 0, 1 mm2; g) 0,0025 mm2; d) 0,17 mm2.

19. gansazRvre 1-l suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, ra sididis muxti gadis wredSi
20 wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
a) 0,2 k; b) 0,4 k; g) 8 k; d) 50 k.

20. me-2 suraTze gamosaxuli grafiki mocemul gamtarSi gamavali denis Zalis Zabvaze
damokidebulebas asaxavs. ipove gamtaris winaRoba
a) 0,4 omi; b) 0,9 omi; g) 2 omi; d) 2,5 omi.

I, A R = const
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.5 1.0 1.5 U, B

sur. 1 sur. 2

155
 Semajamebeli testi N 1 Temaze: eleqtruli deni. omis kanoni.
(sul maqsimaluri qula 20 qula )
II varianti

gvari saxeli –––––– klasi ––––––––––––––––––

1. eleqtruli deni, zogadad, aris

a) eleqtronebis moZraoba;
b) damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba;
g) damuxtuli nawilakebis siTburi moZraoba;
d) ionebis moZraoba.

2. eleqtruli denis aRZvrisa da SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia:

a ) gamtarSi arsebobdes Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi;
b) gamtaris boloebs Soris arsebobdes potencialTa sxvaoba;
g) gamtari imyofebodes eleqtrul velSi;

d) gamtarSi arsebobdes Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi, gamtaris boloebs Soris ki –
potencialTa sxvaoba.
3. Zabva igivea, rac
a) daZabulobis erToblioba; b) potencialTa sxvaoba;
g) muxtebis jami; d) erTeuli muSaoba;

4. Zabva ganimarteba, rogorc

a) eleqtruli velis mxridan muxtze moqmedi Zala;
b) eleqtronebis kinetikuri energiebis jami;
g) gamtarSi gamoyofili siTbos fardoba gamtaris winaRobasTan;
d) eleqtruli denis mier wredis ubanSi 1k muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

5. SI -Si Zabvis erTeulia:

a) vati; b) kelvini; g) volti; d) amperi.

6. romelia marTebuli debuleba: Tu gvsurs naTuraSi gamavali denis Zalisa da mis boloebze
arsebuli Zabvis gazomva, naTurasTan CairTveba
a) voltmetric da ampermetric paralelurad;
b) voltmetri mimdevrobiT, ampermetri paralelurad;
g) voltmetri paralelurad, ampermetri mimdevrobiT;
d) voltmetri mimdevrobiT, ampermetri mimdevrobiT.

7. Zabvis sazomi xelsawyoa

a) vatmetri; b) ommetri; g) dinamometri; d) voltmetri.

8. CamoTvlilTagan romeli ori ar aris kuTri winaRobis erTeuli

a) volti/omi; b) m/omi; g) omi∙m; d) omi∙mm2/ m.

9. winaRobis cvlileba wredSi SesaZlebelia xelsawyoTi, romelsac hqvia:

a) reostati; b) voltmetri; g) dinamometri; d) ampermetri.

10.rogor Seicvleba gamtaris kuTri winaRoba, Tu mis sigrZes SevamcirebT 3-jer, xolo
ganivkveTis farTs gavzrdiT 9-jer?
a) gaizrdeba 3-jer; b) Semcirdeba 9-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 27-jer; d) ar Seicvleba;

156
11. rezistorSi gamavali denis Zala gazardes 10%-iT, ramdeni procentiT Seicvleba
rezistoris winaRoba?
a) ar Seicvleba; b) gaizrdeba 30%-iT;
g) Semcirdeba 30%-iT; d) gaizrdeba 900% -iT.

12. ra sididis muxti gavida gamtarSi 2 wm–Si, Tu gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala 5 a-ia.
a) 10 k; b) 2,5k; g) 5 k; d) 2 k.

13.risi tolia gamtaris winaRoba, Tu masSi gadis 0,1 a deni, rodesac boloebze modebulia
6 v Zabva?
a) 0,6 omi; b) 6 omi; g) 60 omi; d) 600 omi.

14. rogor Seicvleba gamtaris boloebze Zabva, Tu masSi gamavali deni 4-jer gaizrdeba,
xolo winaRobas 2-jer SevamcirebT?
a) gaizrdeba 2-jer; b) Semcirdeba 4-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 8-jer; d) Semcirdeba 16-jer.

15. risi tolia gamtaris winaRoba, Tu mis boloebze arsebuli Zabva 3,2 voltia da 3 wm-Si
masSi 1019 eleqtroni gadis
a) 15,36 omi; b) 6 omi; g) 4 omi; d) 2/3 omi.

16. rogor Seicvleba gamtaris winaRoba, Tu mas Suaze gadavkecavT?

a) gaizrdeba 2-jer; b) Semcirdeba 2-jer; g) gaizrdeba 4-jer; d) Semcirdeba 4-jer.

17. gamoTvale, ra muSaobas asrulebs eleqtruli veli wredis ubanze 5k muxtis

gadaadgilebisas, Tu ubnis winaRobaa 20 omi da masSi gamavali denis Zala 6 a-ia.
a) 1,5 j; b) 5 j; g) 24 j; d) 600 j.

18. ra sididis Zabvaa modebuli reostatis boloebze, Tu cnobilia, rom reostatze

daxveulia niqromis 5 m sigrZis mavTuli, romlis ganivkveTis farTobia 2,2 mm2 da mavTulSi
gamavali denis Zala 10 a –s utoldeba. niqromis kuTri winaRobaa 1,1 omi · mm2/m
a) 4 v; b) 18 v; g) 25 v; d) 100 v.

19. gansazRvre 1-l suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, ra drois ganmavlobaSi gaivlis
wredSi 0, 12 k sididis muxti.
a) 0, 12 wm; b) 0,2 wm; g) 0,6 wm; d) 5 wm.

20. me-2 suraTze gamosaxuli grafiki gamtarSi gamavali denis Zalis winaRobaze
damokidebulebas asaxavs mudmivi Zabvis dros. ipove gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabva.
a) 0,32 v b) 0,8 v; g) 2 v; d) 50 v
I, A
0.8 U = const

0.6

0.4

0.2

2.5 5.0 7.5 10 R, OM

sur. 1 sur. 2

157
X klasi. Semajamebeli testi N 1 (II semestri) Temaze: eleqtruli deni. omis kanoni.
saswavlo mizani: moswavle SeZlebs
• eleqtruli denis, rogorc movlenis, arsis aRweras;
• denis Zalis, Zabvisa da winaRobis fizikuri arsi sworad gansazRvras; raodenobrivad
aRweras da maT Soris kavSiris gaanalizebas;
• omis kanonis daxmarebiT, erTmaneTTan denis Zalis, winaRobisa da Zabvis dakavSirebas;
• Temis Sejamebas da misi ZiriTadi cnebebisa da gansazRvrebebis adekvatur gamoyenebas
konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetisas;

davalebaSi qulebis ganawileba da maTi procentuli wili

• Teoriuli sakiTxebi 1–10 C – TiToeuli sakiTxi fasdeba 1 quliT (sul 10 qula);
• amocanebi – 11–20 C – TiToeuli sakiTxi fasdeba 1 quliT (sul 10 qula);
amocanebis Sefasebis sqema :
a) garkveviT Cans amoxsnis gza da miRebuli aqvs swori pasuxi –1
g) miRebuli aqvs swori pasuxi – 0, 5
d) amoxsnis gza sworia, Tumca aqvs mcire xarvezebi – 0,5
sul 20 qula.
• saboloo niSani gamoiTvleba moswavlis mier dagrovili qulebis procentuli wilis
mixedviT (testis sruli qulidan ) .

• testis swori pasuxebi:

I varianti II varianti
1 a 11 d 1 b 11 a
2 g 12 a 2 d 12 a
3 d 13 b 3 b 13 g
4 a 14 d 4 d 14 a
5 d 15 a 5 g 15 b
6 g, d 16 d 6 g 16 d
7 a 17 b 7 d 17 d
8 g 18 b 8 a, b 18 g
9 d 19 g 9 a 19 b
10 g 20 d 10 d 20 g

158
 Semajamebeli testi N 2 Temaze: gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba
(sul maqsimaluri qula 15 qula)
I varianti

gvari saxeli –––––– klasi ––––––––––––––––––

1. ori gamtaris paraleluri SeerTebis dros samarTliania tolobebi:

a) R = R1 + R2; I = I1 = I2; U = U1 + U2;
b) R = R1 – R2 ; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 + U2;
1 1
g) = 1 + ; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 = U2;
R R1 R2
d) R = R1 + R2; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 = U2;

2. gamoTvale wredis sruli winaRoba, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2

omi (sur.1)
a) 6 omi; b) 2 omi; g) 3/2 omi; d) 2/3 omi;

3. gamoTvale wredSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu cnobilia,

rom TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi, xolo Zabva denis wyaros 4 v
momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.1)
a) 6 a; b) 8/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 2/3 a; sur. 1

4. gamoTvale wredis sruli winaRoba, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli

gamtaris winaRobaa 3 omi (sur.2) II
a) 9 omi; b) 3 omi; g) 2 omi; d) 1/2 omi; I
4 v
5. gamoTvale wredSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom
TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 3 omi, xolo Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze
4 v-ia (sur.2) III
a) 4/9 a; b) 4/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 8 a; sur. 2

6. gamoTvale I naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli gamtaris

winaRobaa 3 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 4/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 8 a;

7. gamoTvale I I naTuraSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli

gamtaris winaRobaa 3 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 4/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 8 a;

8. gamoTvale I I I naTuraSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli

gamtaris winaRobaa 3 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 4/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 8 a;

9. Seadare A da B wertilebs Soris CarTuli voltmetris Cveneba im voltmetris Cvenebas,

romelic A da C wertilebs Sorisaa CarTuli? (sur.3)
a) 1,5-jer metia; b) 1,5-jer naklebia; R
g) 2- jer metia; d) erTmaneTis tolia. R
B R C
A
10. Seadare AB ubanSi gamavali denis Zala paralelur gamtarebidan
TiToeulSi gamaval denis Zalas (sur.3): sur. 3
a) 2– jer metia; b) 2 –jer naklebia;
g) 1,5 – jer metia; d) erTmaneTis tolia .

159
11. risi tolia R4 winaRobis boloebze arsebuli Zabvis Sefardeba R2 winaRobis boloebze
arsebul ZabvasTan, Tu cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 36 R1
omi; xolo R4 = 12 omi (sur.4);
a) 36; b) 12; g) 2 ; d) 1; R2 R4

R3
sur. 4
12. ris tolia wredis sruli winaRoba, Tu cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 9 omi; R4 = R5 = 2 omi;
R6 = 4 omi (sur.5).
a) 5 omi; b) 35 omi; g) 12 omi; d) 15 omi;
R1 R4 R5

R2

R3 R6
sur. 5

13. sur.6.1-ze gamosaxuli wredis boloebze arsebuli sruli Zabva ise Seefardeba sur.6.2-ze
gamosaxuli wredis boloebze arsebul srul Zabvas (sruli denis Zala orive wredSi erT-
nairia) rogorc
a) 11 : 5 ; b) 9 : 2 ; g) 3 : 4 ; d) 3 : 2.

6R 2R 2.5R 0.5R
6R R 2R R
6R 2R 1.5R 1.5R
sur. 6.1 sur. 6.2

14. 220 v Zabvis qselSi CarTulia 5 omi winaRobis eleqtruli rkali. ra winaRobis gamtari
unda CavrToT rkalTan mimdevrobiT, rom denis Zala wredSi 10 amperis toli iyos?
a) 5 omi; b) 10 omi; g) 17 omi; d) 44 omi

15. paralelurad SeerTebuli ori gamtaris saerTo winaRoba 4 omia. gansazRvre am gamtarTa
winaRoba mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas, Tu erT-erTi gamtaris winaRoba 8 omia.
a) 4 omi; b) 8 omi; g) 16 omi; d) 32 omi

160
 Semajamebeli testi N 2 Temaze: gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba
(sul maqsimaluri qula 15 qula)
II varianti

gvari saxeli –––––– klasi ––––––––––––––––––

1. ori gamtaris mimdevrobiTi SeerTebis dros samarTliania tolobebi:

a) R = R1 + R2; I = I1 = I2; U = U1 + U2;

b)R = R1 = R2 ; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 + U2;
1
g) = 1 + 1 ; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 = U2;
R R1 R2
d)R = R1 + R2; I = I1 + I2; U = U1 = U2;

2. gamoTvale wredis sruli winaRoba , Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli

gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi (sur.1)
a) 6 omi; b) 2 omi; g) 3/2 omi; d) 2/3 omi;

4 v
3. gamoTvale wredSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu cnobilia,
rom TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi, xolo Zabva denis wyaros
momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.1).
a) 6 a; g) 8/3 a; g) 2 a; d) 2/3 a; sur. 1

4. gamoTvale wredis sruli winaRoba , Tu cnobilia, rom

TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi (sur.2)
a) 6 omi; b) 3 omi; g) 2 omi; d) 4/3 omi; 4 v II
5. gamoTvale wredSi gamavali sruli denis Zala, Tu I
cnobilia, rom TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi, xolo
Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2). III
a) 2/3 a; b) 3 a; g) 2 a; d) 4/3 a; sur. 2

6. gamoTvale I naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli

gamtaris winaRobaa 2 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 3 a; g) 2 a; d) 4/3 a;

7. gamoTvale II naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli gamtaris

winaRobaa 2 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 3 a; g) 2 a; d) 4/3 a;

8. gamoTvale III naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli gamtaris
winaRobaa 2 omi. Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur.2)
a) 2/3 a; b) 3 a; g) 2 a; d) 4/3 a;

9. Seadare A da B wertilebs Soris CarTuli voltmetris Cveneba im voltmetris Cvenebas,

romelic B da C wertilebs Sorisaa CarTuli (sur.3)?
a) 1,5-jer metia;
b) 1,5-jer naklebia; R
g) 2-jer metia; R
d) ar gansxvavdeba. B R C
A
sur. 3

161
10. risi tolia qselSi arsebuli mTliani Zabvis R1
Sefardeba R2 winaRobis boloebze arsebul ZabvasTan,
Tu cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 36 omi; xolo R4 = 12 omi R2 R4
(sur.4);
R3
a) 36; b) 12; g) 2 ; d) 1; sur. 4

11. Seadare R4 winaRobaSi gamavali denis Zala R1 winaRobaSi gamaval denis Zalas, Tu
cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 (sur.4);
a) 2– jer metia; b) 3 -jer naklebia; g) 3 - jer metia; d) erTmaneTis tolia

12. cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = 9 omi; R4 = R5 = 2 omi; R6 = 4 omi (sur.5). R2 winaRobis
boloebze arsebuli Zabva ise Seefardeba R6 winaRobis boloebze arsebul Zabvas,
rogorc

a) 9 : 4 ; b) 27 : 4 ; g) 3 : 4 ; d) 3 : 2.
R1 R4 R5

R2
sur. 5
R3 R6

13. sur. 6.1–ze gamosaxuli wredis sruli winaRoba da sur. 6. 2–ze gamosaxuli wredis
sruli winaRoba, Sesabamisad aris

6R 2R 2,5R 2,5R

6R R4 2R R
6R 2R 1,5R 1,5R

sur. 6.1 sur. 6.2

a) 11 R da 5 R ; b) 9 R da 2 R ; g) 3 R da 4 R ; d) 3 R da 2 R.

14. eleqtruli uTo gaangariSebulia 120 v Zabvaze da 2 a denisTvis. ra winaRobis gamtari

unda mivuerToT uTos mimdevrobiT 220 v Zabvis qselSi, rom uToSi normaluri deni
gadiodes?
a) 50 omi; b) 60 omi; g) 110 omi; d) 120 omi.

15. gansazRvreT ori gamtaris winaRoba, Tu maTi saerTo winaRoba paraleluri SeerTebisas
2,4 omia, xolo mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas 10 omia.
a) 4 omi da 6 omi; b) 5 omi da 5 omi;
g) 8 omi da 2 omi; d) 9 omi da 1 omi.

162
X klasi. Semajamebeli testi № 2 (II semestri) Temaze: gamtarTa paraleluri da
mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba

saswavlo mizani: moswavle SeZlebs

• ganasxvavos gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebis tipebi;
• sworad gansazRvros wredis sruli winaRoba, gamtarebSi denis Zala da Zabva
TiToeuli gamtaris boloze;
• Temis Sejamebas da misi ZiriTadi cnebebisa da gansazRvrebebis adekvatur gamoy-
enebas konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetisas;

esg-s Sesabamisi Sedegi: fiz.X. 5.moswavles SeuZlia eleqtruli da magnituri

movlenebis kvleva

davalebaSi sakiTxebis ganawileba da maTi procentuli wili

• Teoriuli sakiTxebi 1_10 C – TiToeuli sakiTxi fasdeba 1 quliT (sul 10 qula);
• amocanebi _ 11_15 C – TiToeuli sakiTxi fasdeba 1 quliT (sul 5 qula);
• amocanebis Sefasebis sqema :
• a) garkveviT Cans amoxsnis gza da miRebuli aqvs swori pasuxi _ 1
• g) miRebuli aqvs swori pasuxi _ 0, 5
• d) amoxsnis gza sworia, Tumca aqvs mcire xarvezebi _ 0,5
• sul 15 qula.
• saboloo niSani gamoiTvleba moswavlis mier dagrovili qulebis procentuli
wilis mixedviT (testis sruli qulidan).

testis swori pasuxebi

I varianti II varianti
1 g 11 d 1 a 11 g
2 d 12 a 2 a 12 d
3 a 13 d 3 d 13 d
4 g 14 g 4 b 14 a
5 g 15 g 5 d 15 a
6 b 6 d
7 a 7 a
8 a 8 a
9 b 9 g
a 10 g

163
 Semajamebeli testi N 3 Temaze: joul-lencis kanoni. denis muSaoba

1. denis romeli moqmedebaa gamoyenebuli varvarebis naTuraSi?

a)magnituri; b) meqanikuri; g) siTburi; d) qimiuri

2. denis romeli moqmedebaa gamoyenebuli eleqtroTerapiis dros?

a) magnituri; b) fiziologiuri; g) siTburi; d) qimiuri.

3. denis romeli moqmedebaa gamoyenebuli eleqtromagnitSi

a) magnituri; b) meqanikuri; g) siTburi; d) qimiuri.

4. denis romeli moqmedebaa gamoyenebuli saiuvilero nakeTobebis mooqrovebis proces-

Si
a) magnituri; b) fiziologiuri; g) siTburi; d) qimiuri.

5. romeli formula gamosaxavs maTematikurad joul-lencis kanons:

U2
a) Q = t; b) Q = I2 R t ; g) Q = P t ; d) Q = I U t.
R
6. romeli formuliT ar gamoiTvleba denis simZlavre :
U2 A
a) P =   ; b) P = I2 R ; g) P =   ; d) P = I U t.
R t

7. ra erTeulebSi izomeba eleqtroenergia:

a) voltebSi; b) amperebSi; g) kolovatsaaTebSi; d) vatebSi.

8. ra erTeulebSi izomeba denis simZlavre:

a) voltebSi; b) amperebSi; g) kilovatsaaTebSi; d) vatebSi.

9. aarCie ori pasuxi: romeli xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT SegiZlia denis simZlavris ga-
zomva:
a) voltmeti da saaTi; b) ampermetri da saaTi;
g) voltmetri da ampermetri; d) vatmetri.

10. aarCie ori pasuxi: romeli xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT SegiZlia denis muSaobis gazomva:
a) ampermetri, eleqtroskopi da voltmetri;
b) ampermetri, voltmeti da saaTi;
g) voltmetri da ampermetri da galvanometri;
d) vatmetri da saaTi.

11. rogor Seicvleba deniani gamtaris mier gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba, Tu gamtarSi
gamavali denis Zala 4-jer Semcirdeba
a) gaizrdeba 16-jer; b) Semcirdeba 16-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 4-jer; d)Semcirdeba 4-jer.

12. rogor Seicvleba deniani gamtaris mier gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba, Tu gamtarSi
gamavali denis Zala 2-jer gaizrdeba
a) gaizrdeba 2-jer; b) Semcirdeba 2-jer;
g) gaizrdeba 4-jer; d) Semcirdeba 4-jer.

164
13. siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi reostatSi, romlis winaRoba
100 omia, xolo denis Zala wredSi 2 a.
a) 200 kj; b) 400 kj; g) 720 kj; d) 1440 kj;

14) siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi gamaTbobelSi, romlis spira-

lis winaRoba 20 omia, xolo denis Zala wredSi 6 a.
a) 240 j; b) 1440 j; g) 86 400 j; d) 720 j;

15. denis wyarosTan paralelurad mierTebulia ori

naTura, romelTagan pirvelis winaRoba naklebia,
vidre meoris (sur. 1). romeli maTganis sikaSkaSe iqne-
ba ufro mkveTri?
a) pirvelis;
b) meoris;
g) orives sikaSkaSe erTnairia;
d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra. sur. 1

16. denis wyarosTan mimdevrobiT mierTebulia ori

naTura, romelTagan pirvelis winaRoba naklebia, vi-
dre meoris (sur. 2). romeli maTganis sikaSkaSe iqneba
ufro mkveTri?
a) pirvelis;
b) meoris;
g) orives sikaSkaSe erTnairia,
d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra. sur. 2

17. erTnairi sigrZis aluminis gamtarebi, romelTa ganivkveTis farTobebia 8 mm2, 4 mm2,
2mm2, denis wyarosTan mimdevrobiTaa mierTebuli. romel maTganSi gamoiyofa yvelaze
naklebi siTbo?
a) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 8 mm2;
b) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 4 mm2;
g) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 2 mm2;
d) yvela gamtarSi erTnairi siTbo gamoiyofa.

18. erTnairi ganivkveTis spilenZis gamtarebi, romelTa sigrZeebia 8 m, 4 m, 2 m, denis

wyarosTan paraleluradaa mierTebuli. romel maTganSi gamoiyofa yvelaze meti siTbo?
a) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 8 m;
b) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 4 m;
g) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 2 m;
d) yvela gamtarSi erTnairi siTbo gamoiyofa.

19. 100 vt-iani varvarebis naTura daaxloebiT iseTive ganaTebulobas iZleva, rogorsac

20 vt-iani luminescenciuri. erTi da imave drois ganmavlobaSi romeli moixmars nakleb
eleqtroenergias da ramdenjer?
a) varvarebis naTura, 5-jer naklebs;
b) luminescenciuri, 5-jer naklebs;
g) luminescenciuri, 25-jer naklebs;
d) radgan ganaTebuloba erTnairia, eleqtroenergiis xarjic orive SemTxvevaSi erTnai-
ria.

165
20. erTnairi sigrZis aluminis gamtarebi, romelTa ganivkveTis farTobebia 8 mm2, 4 mm2,
2mm2, denis wyarosTan paraleluradaa mierTebuli. romel maTganSi gamoiyofa yvelaze
naklebi siTbo?
a) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 8 mm2;
b) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 4 mm2;
g) gamtarSi, romlis ganikveTis farTobia 2 mm2;
d) yvela gamtarSi erTnairi siTbo gamoiyofa.

21. erTnairi ganivkveTis spilenZis gamtarebi, romelTa sigrZeebia 8 m, 4 m, 2 m, denis

wyarosTan mimdevrobiTaa mierTebuli. romel maTganSi gamoiyofa yvelaze meti siTbo?
a) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 8 m;
b) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 4 m;
g) gamtarSi, romlis sigrZea 2 m;
d) yvela gamtarSi erTnairi siTbo gamoiyofa.

22. 100 vt-iani varvarebis naTura daaxloebiT iseTive ganaTebulobas iZleva, rogorsac
10 vt-iani dioduri. erTi da imave drois ganmavlobaSi romeli moixmars nakleb ele-
qtroenergias da ramdenjer?
a) varvarebis naTura, 10 jer naklebs;
b) dioduri, 100-jer naklebs;
g) dioduri, 10-jer naklebs;
d) radgan ganaTebuloba erTnairia, eleqtroenergiis xarjic orive SemTxvevaSi erTnai-
ria.

23. gansazRvre erTi Tvis (30 dRis) ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis safa-
suri, 100 vt-iani varvarebis da 20 vt-iani luminescenciuri naTuris SemTxvevaSi cal-
calke, Tu cnobilia, rom dRis ganmavlobaSi naTurebi saSualod 5 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
anTia da 1 kvt∙sT energiis Rirebuleba 15 TeTria.

24. gansazRvre erTi Tvis (30 dRis) ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis safa-
suri, 20 vt-iani luminescenciuri da 10 vt-iani dioduri naTuris SemTxvevaSi cal-
calke, Tu cnobilia, rom dRis ganmavlobaSi naTurebi saSualod 5 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
anTia da 1 kvt∙sT energiis Rirebuleba 15 TeTria.
10 omi
5 omi
25. gamoTvale TiToeul winaRobaSi gamoyofili simZ­ A
10 omi
lavre, Tu cnobilia, rom Zabva denis wyaros momWere-
bze 11 voltia (sur. 3). V
sur. 3

26. gamoTvale TiToeul winaRobaSi gamoyofili simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom Zabva

denis wyaros momWerebze 11 voltia (sur. 4).
5 omi
A 3 omi B

2 omi 3 omi
sur. 4

166
27. gamoTvale Zabva wredis ubanze, romelSic 30 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 0,1 a deni gadioda
da cnobilia, rom denis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 60 j-ia.
a) 1/20 v; b) 20v; g) 180 v; d) 200 v;

28) gamoTvale wredis ubnis winaRoba, romelSic 30 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 0,1 a deni ga-
dioda da cnobilia, rom denis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 60 j-ia.
a) 1/20 omi; b) 20 omi; g) 180 omi; d) 200 omi;

29. rogor Sefardeba R2 da R4 winaRobebSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenobebi erTmaneTs

(sur. 5), Tu cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = R4
a) 1 : 9 ; b) 9 :1 ; g) 3 : 1; d) 1 : 3 ; R1

R2 R4
30. rogor Sefardeba R4 da R1 winaRobebSi gamoyo-
fili siTbos raodenobebi erTmaneTs (sur. 5), Tu R3
cnobilia, rom R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 sur. 5
a) 1 : 9; b) 9 :1 ; g) 3 :1 ; d) 1 : 3
II III
31) gamoTvale III naTuraSi 3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili
siTbos raodenoba, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli naTuris wina-
Robaa 3 omi, xolo Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur. 6). I
a) 360 j; b) 240 j; g) 6 j; d) 4 j;
4 v
sur. 6

32. gamoTvale I I I naTuraSi 18 wT-is ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili
siTbo, Tu cnobilia, rom TiToeuli naTuris winaRobaa 2 omi.
Zabva denis wyaros momWerebze 4 v-ia (sur. 7).
a) 16 j; b) 24 j; g) 960 j; d) 1440 j; 4 v II
I

III
sur. 7

167
 SeniSvna: testi #3 SegiZliaT gayoT or variantad.

testis swori pasuxebi

1 g 11 b 21 a 31 b
2 b 12 g 22 g 32 g
3 a 13 d 23 varvarebis naTura
xarjavs 2,25 lars,
luminescenciuri 45
TeTrs., 5 jer nak­lebs;
4 d 14 g 24 luminescenciuri
xarjavs 45 TeTrs,
dioduri 22,5 TeTrs.
5 b 15 a 25 6,05 vt; 3,025 vt
6 d 16 b 26 12 vt;

5 vt;

2 vt;

3 vt.
7 g 17 a 27 b
8 d 18 g 28 d
9 g, d 19 b 29 a
10 b, d 20 g 30 b

168
 XI. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
aqtivobebi _ miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli
swavlisa da swavlebis savarjiSoebi, romle­bic
moswavleTa asaks, SesaZleblobebsa da swav­lis
stils Seesabameba.
gonebrivi ieriSi _ swavlebis meTodi, rodesac
moswavleebi mokle droSi adgilze mofiq­re­bul
sakuTar azrebs gamoTqvamen.
dakvirveba _ procesze an mis amsaxvel masalaze
monacemebis Segroveba.
debrifingi _ ukukavSiri, anu pozitiuri gamox­mau­
reba samuSaos ganxilvisa da gaazrebis Semdeg.
diferenciacia _ saswavlo procesis dagegmva
mos­wavleTa saswavlo saWiroebebis dadgenis
sa­fuZ­vel­ze.
diskusia _ sadavo sakiTxebze azrTa gacvla-ga­
mocv­la, kamaTi.
drama _ dialogis saxiT dawerili scenaze war­
mo­sad­geni teqsti, romelSic asaxulia Zlieri
gancdebi, mZafri konfliqti.
efeqtiani swavleba _ maswavleblis saswavlo stra­­
tegiis SeTavseba moswavleTa swavlis stil­Tan.
indikatori _ maCvenebeli, romelic gansaz­Rvravs,
ramdenad aris mizani miRweuli.
instruqcia _ zogadi CarCo, romelSi mocemuli
prin­cipebis dacva evalebaT skolis maswavleb­
lebs.
integracia _ Sevseba, nawilebis mTlianSi gaerTia­
neba.
konstruqtivizmi _ saswavlo Teoria, romlis Ta­
naxmad, moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs samyaroSi
arsebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze da aSenebs
codnas e.i. axdens codnis konstruirebas (pia-
Je). socialuri konstruqtivizmis modeliT
(vigotski) moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs socia­
lur konteqstSi da ufrosebTan (maswavlebel­
Tan) urTierTobiT.
kritikuli azrovneba _ azrovnebis stili, rome­
lic gadawyvetilebis misaRebad SekiTxvebis
dasmas gulisxmobs.
kurikulumi _ saskolo dokumenti, romelSic
detaluradaa gansazRvruli, Tu ras vaswavliT,
ra resursebze dayrdnobiT vaswavliT, ra me-
TodebiTa da principebiT vaswavliT da rogor
vafasebT moswavleebs.
meTodologiuri gansja _ sakuTari peda­gogi­uri
praqtikis gamokvleviTa da analiziT gadawyve­
tilebis miReba.
meTodologiuri codna _ saswavlo procesis da­
gegmva moswavleTa swavlis stilis, saWiroebe­
bisa da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
motivacia _ risame sasargeblod mosazrebis,
safuZvlis, sabuTis moyvana. motivi aris raRac
qmedebis gamomwvevi mizezi an sababi. yuradRebis
koncentracia, swavlis survili, CarTuloba
swavlis procesSi da masalis saSualo siZnele
motivaciis faqtorebia.
monitoringi _ arsebuli situaciis analizisa da
Semowmebis safuZvelze realuri monacemebis
Segroveba.
profesiuli ganviTareba _ procesi, romelic am­
zadebs maswavlebels skolisTvis saWiro cvli­
le­ bebis Sesasruleblad. miiRweva treningebis
gziT.
refleqsia _ igive TviTSemecneba, saazrovno
unar-Cveva. igi aris sakuTari gamocdilebis
kritikuli gadamuSavebis procesi, romelic
gulisxmobs sakuTari qcevis da azrovnebis
analizs, gacnobierebas, Sefasebas, dagegmvasa
da kontrols. TviTSemecnebas (refleqsias)
maswavlebeli/moswavle iyenebs maSin, rodesac
fiqrobs sakuTar moqmedebebze: mag. rodesac
fiqrobs imaze, Tu ram ganapiroba misi warmateba
an warumatebloba.
saswavlo garemo _ swavla/swavlebisTvis gan­kuT­
v­nili adgili, aRWurviloba.
saswavlo Teoria _ maswavleblobaSi daostate­
bisTvis saWiro wesebis erToblioba. princi­pebis,
ideebis sistema, romelic praqtikul gamoc-
dilebas ganazogadebs, bunebis, sazoga­ doebisa
da azrovnebis kanonzomierebebs asa­xavs.
saswavlo miznebi _ ganacxadi, ras unda mivaRwioT
swavlis procesSi. zogadi miznisgan gamomdi­nare
konkretuli amocanis ganviTarebas hqvia speci­
fikuri saswavlo mizani.
saswavlo Sedegebi _ codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da
ganwyoba-damokidebulebebis erToblioba, ro­
mel­Tac moswavleebi swavlisas SeiZenen.
saswavlo teqnologia _ dadebiTi Sedegebis misaR­
wevad SerCeuli saswavlo meTodebis kom­p­leqsis
gamoyenebiT swavlebis specifikuri organizacia.
stili _ manera, qcevis an moqmedebis Tavisebureba.
strategia _ miznis misaRwevad gadamwyveti ope­
raciebis momzadebis, dagegmvis, warmoebis, xel­
mZRvanelobis xelovneba (ostatoba). damokide­
bulia ganaTlebis politikaze da gamomdina­
reobs skolis SesaZleblobidan.
swavlebis meTodi _ saswavlo Sinaarsis Sesaba­misad,
maswavleblisa da moswavlis erToblivi, mizanmi­
marTuli saqmianoba, saswavlo miznis miRwevis
xerxi.
treningi _ jgufuri muSaobis meTodi, romelic
aZlevs maswavlebels saWiroebebis xedvas da
uzrunvelyofs mis profesiul ganviTarebas.
treneri _ mwvrTneli, romelic adgens audito­
riis saWiroebas, arCevs didaqtikur masalas,
awodebs, marTavs informacias da konstruq­
ciuli dialogis gziT exmareba msmenelebs miz­
nis miRwevaSi.
Sefaseba _ monitoringis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT
procesis analizi.
169
 XII. damatebiTi literatura maswavleblisTvis

1. erovnuli saswavlo gegma (zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisTvis, 2018-2024 ww.);

2. m. boWoriSvili, diferenciaciis Teoriis ramdenime aspeqti, 2014;

3. m. xunZayiSvili, s. biveri, ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba da diferencirebuli swavleba. 2018

4. g. WauWiZe, rogor davweroT refleqsia Catarebul gakveTilze. 2018

5. g. nozaZe, ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Sesaxeb. 28 oqtomberi, 2013

6. s. lobJaniZe, rogor davgegmoT moqnili da SemoqmedebiTi gakveTili;

7. g. nozaZe, sagnobriv Sedegebze orientirebuli gakveTilebis dagegmva;

8. s. gorgoZe, efeqturi ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba;

9. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi (2011). maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

centri, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “saqarTvelos macne”;

10. rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba (2007). saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministro, erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri.

11. n. janaSia, n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi. 2008

12. a. vulfolki, ganaTlebis fsiqologia (2009), Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba.

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