orTografia

• orTografia, anu marTlwera gaxlavT saliteraturo enis gramatikuli sistemis pragmatuli

nawili, romelic savaldebulo werilobiTi normebis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. terminis
berZnuls Seesabameba. (orTos grafos, berZ.). orTografia mwignobruli enis problemaa.
Ppirvelive mwignobrul ZeglebTan erTad ukve Cndeba norma da aqve Tavs iCens
orTografiuli problema. metic, damwerlobis Seqmna ukve gaxlavT mTavari
orTografiuli gadawyvetileba, radgan pirvel rigSi is adgens enis fonetikisa da mis
amsaxvel grafikul niSanTa (asoTa) urTierTSesabamisobis wesebs. swored am
obieqturobazea damokidebuli SemdgomSi mTeli mwignobruli saliteraturo enis
ganviTarebis bedi. qarTuli salit. enis SedarebiTi stabiluroba qarTuli anbanis fonetikuri
Seabamisobis bunebas SeiZleba mivaweroT.
• zogadad, orTografia xelmZRvanelobs sami ZiriTadi principiT: fonetikuriT,
morfologiuriT da istoriuliT. nebismieri ena efuZneba TiToeuli maTganis principebs,
Tumca yoveli enis mwignobruli tradicia erT-erT maTgans aZlevs upiratesobas.
 orTografiis principebi

• Ffonetikuri _ rogorc gvesmis, ise vwerT: saxli, svla, WiSkari, cameti, Cvidmeti..dawerili
sityva bgeriTi sisruliT gamoiTqmis, kavSiri orToepiasTan.
• morfologiuri: moiTxovs, rom sityvis (formis) daweriloba asaxavdes mis morfologiur
agebulebas. iq sadac fonetikuri cvlilebebi azaralebs sityvis morfologiur struqturas, orTografia
upiratesobas aniWebs sityvis morf. sisrules. qarTuli rTuli morfologiuri struqturis enaa. mag:
zmnis pirveli piris niSani: v, u da o xmovnebis win TiTqmis arasodes ar gamoiTqmis an (ar
ismis).. Tumca misi dawera savaldebuloa: v-uyureb, v-uwyi, v-ocnebob.. fonet. principi rom
gatarebuliyo, pirveli da meore piris formebi daemTxveoda: me-Sen uyureb, me, Sen ocnebob.
aseTivea: Seuracxyofa (fonet. Seurawyofa an Seurawyofa), gverdze_ fonet. gverZe da sxva.
• istoriuli principi angariSs uwevs da misdevs im dawerilobas, romelic tradiciad Camoyalibda
drois ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa is meore princips ar eTanxmeba. Ees
principi iTvaliswinebs socialuri sanqciis niSnebs. anu enaSi kanondeba xSirad gaumarTlebeli
cvlilebac Tu mas ena iguebs da amis gasworeba Sedegs aRar mogvcems: cameti, WiSkari,
daRmarTi (unda yofiliyo damarTi), diax (ufro marTebulia diaR, radgan momdinareobs
gamoTqmidan dia RmerTo) da sxva.
 orTografia

• orTografia efuZneba Sesabamisi enis morfologias, ufro sworad_morfonologias. morfologia

gramatikis is nawilia, romelic sityvis formas Seiswavlis agebulebis TvalsazrisiT: ra aris
amosavali (Ziri) da ra mawarmoeblebi (TavsarT-bolosarTebi) daerTvis mas romelime
konkretuli formis misaRebad. morfonologia im fonetikur cvlilebaTa tendenciebs gulisxmobs,
romlebic Tavs iCenen sityvis morfologiuri gaformebisas, anu TavsarT-bolosarTebis darTvis
dros mag: micem. Bbrunvis formas kedel-s darTo Tandebuli –Tan, ris gamoc Tavi moiyara
lsT_ TanxmovanTmimdevrobam da moxda misi fonetikuri gamartiveba: kedel (s) Tan, mag:
ezo_ me-ezo-v-e da ase.
• ase rom, orT. problemebi upiratesad enis morfologias ukavSirdeba, oRond fonetikasTan misi
Sexvedra maTi urTierTgadakveTis sazRvarze mdebareobs. orive mniSvnelovania qarTulSi
normirebis procesSi: morfologiac da sintaqsic.
• orive SemTxveva sakmaris wignier kulturas moiTxovs. xSiria orWofoba raime gramatikul
faqtorze.
 Morfologiuri sistemebi

• qarTulSi 3 ZiriTadi morfologiuri sistema moqmedebs: bruneba, uRleba da ricxvis warmoeba.

• bruneba saxelebis (upiratesad arsebiTis) formacvalebas asaxavs; uRleba zmnis formacvalebaa,
ricxvis warmoeba saxelisTvisaa organuli, Tumca is zmnaSic aisaxeba morfologiurad. bruneba
da ricxvis warmoeba ufro martivia, uRleba rTuli da mravalplaniani. amitom, orT. problemebi
mis calkeul qvesistemebSi moiTxovs gansazRvras (piris, mwyrivi, kontaqti).
• mivyveT:
• arsebiTi saxelis bruneba: kumSvadi, ukumSveli, kvecadi, ukveceli, kumSvad-kvecadi: saxeli,
kedeli, Taro, mTvare, fanjara.
• sax. Bbrunebis tipobrivi SemTxvevebi ZiriTadad orT. Pproblemebs naklebad moicavs.
Tumca, zog kiloebSi saxelis fuZis kumSva dundeba. mag: dasavleTSi: dedalis, mgelis…
Tumca mniSvnelovan yuradRebas qarT. salit. enaSi es faqtorebi ar imsaxurebs.
 Brunvis Taviseburebebi

• ZiriTadad o-xmovanfuZean wod-Si v-a.: mTvare-v. Tumca: mTa-o, ca-o, deda-o..orive

SeiZleba aq. Mag: ilia WavWavaZe_,,qarTlis dedao, ZuZu qarTlisa~. Daqve: ,,aq aris,
dedav, Seni maRali daniSnuleba da saRmrTo vali~..paraleluri daboloebebia.
• RmerT-i: es sityva Zvel qarTulSive kumSvadi saxeli iyo, amitomac damkvidrda ase:
RmrT-is, RmrT-iT, RmrT-ad..Semdeg ki damatebiTi fonetikuri cvlilebac moxda: RvT-is,
RvT-iT, RvT-ad. orive dasaSvebia Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi. iliasTan:
dahviwyebiaT, rom qveynad casa RvTad moucia marto mamuli.
• Oo-ze daboloebuli saxelebisgan, mxolod am sityvas ekveceba bolokiduri xmovani:
Rvino, Rvinis, RviniT.
• Ambav-i, xmovanic ikumSeba, Tanxmovanic ikargeba: amb-is, amb-iT, amb-ad.
 Tandebulebi da Tandebuliani brunvis formebi

• Tandebuli, rogorc cnobilia, ars. saxelis romelime brunvas daerTvis da gamoxatavs: sagnis
adgilmdebareobas, mimarTulebas, kuTvnilebas, msgavsebas da sxv. Tandebuli SeiZleba
Serwymuli iyos brunvis formasTan, SeiZleba calkec idges. Tanamedrove qarTulSi Tandebuli
brunvasTan isea Serwymuli, rom brunvis niSnisgan misi gamijvna Wirs. pirvel rigSi swored
es qmnis marTlweris problemebs; aseve viTarebas arTulebs TandebulebSi zogierTi fonetikuri
cvlilebac. TandebulTa umetroba erT brunvas daerTvis, Tumca gvxvdeba iseTi Tandebulebic,
romlebic or brunvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
• weriTi nairgvaroba Semdeg TandebulebTan gvxvdeba:
• viT: daerTvis sax. da mic. Bbrunvebs. saxelobiTSi, mxolod fuZeTanxmovnian sityvebs. mag:
kaciviT, lomiviT…iSviaTad _ kacsaviT, lomsaviT. fuZexmovnianebi Tandebuls mxolod
micemiTze dairTavs: casaviT, wyarosaviT. arasworia: SurdulisaviT, aq orive brunvaa areuli.
mag: nacvalsaxelebTan micemiTia gabatonebuli: CemsaviT, SensaviT, CvensaviT..da ara
CemiviT.
• ze: Tanamedrove qarTulSi es gaxlavT Tandebulis erTaderTi kanonieri forma, Tuki mas raime
daboloeba (nawilaki) ar mosdevs:
• Zvel sagmiro ambebze saubrobdnen
• karebze joxiT daakakunes. amis Tqmaze cota xans SeCerda…. . .
 Tandebuliani brunvebi

• Tu -ze Tandebuls romelime nawilaki mosdevs, is SesaZlebelia Zveli formiTac iyos warmodgenili, orivev
dasaSvebia:
• Aambeb-ze-c, miwa-ze-ve, gul-ze-o da ambeb-zeda-c, miwa-zeda-c, gul-zeda-o.
• ze Tand. darTvisas mic. brunvis niSani dakargulia. mxolod erT nacvalsaxelSia SenarCunebuli: ma-s-ze (da
ara ma-ze).
• igive gamonaklisia saxelebze –Si Tand. darTvisas: ma-s-Si.
• sxva gamonaklisi –Si Tandebuls ar gaaCnia, igi erTaderTi gabatonebuli formaa yvela poziciaSi.
• Gg) –Tvis: daerTvis naTesaobiT brunvas: mezobl-is (a)-Tvis, gul-is (a)-Tvis..kuTxuris gavleniT SeiZleba
Segvxvdes –Tvin –Tvi variantebi (ara, risTvina varT aqa? Seni gulisaTvi wamovedi yanidan..), rac
orTografiulad miuRebelia.
• d) mde, mdis: isini erTmaneTs Tavisuflad enacvlebian. Ggabatonebulad –mde variant unda CaiTvalos:
saxlamde, wyaromde..yvela sxva varianti, romelic cocxal metyvelebaSi vlindeba (mdes, mdin, mdi, mdisin),
arakanonierad unda miviCnioT.
• e) roca naT. brunvis Tandebuli daerTvis: Cem, Sen, Cven, Tqven nacvalsaxelebs, brunvis niSani ar unda
gamoCndes: Cemken, Senken, Cvenken da ara Cemsken. rodesac saxelis fuZis bolos da Tandebulis
dasawyisSi erTnairi Tanxmovnebi iyris Tavs da maTi SenarCuneba aucilebeliaP:
• Tevz-ze, buz-ze, kovz-ze, xaz-ze, kuz-ze, TefS-Si, farS-Si, baliS-Si, komS-Si..
• burT-Tan, wyneT-Tan, baraT-Tan, xuT-Tan..
 Tandebuliani brunvebi

• v) calke mdgomi Tandebuli

• Serwymuli Tandebulis garda, brunvis formebs SeiZleba daerTos calke mdgomi Tandebulebic,
anu iseTi, romelic damoukidebel sityvad iwereba. isini enaSi, ZiriTadad zmniszedebad
gamoiyeneba. aseTi Tandebulebi upiratesad naTesaobiT brunvasTan gvxvdeba. mag: mier,
mimarT (momarT), gamo, garda, magier, nacvlad, Sesaxeb, mixedviT, qveS, qveviT, qvemoT,
(qvemodan), zeviT, zemoT (zemodan), win, winaT, winaSe, maxloblad, marcxniv, marjvniv,
aqeT (aqedan), meti, umal, Zirs, axlo.. da a.S.L
• micemiTs daerTvis Sua da Soris Tandebulebi: qveb-s Sua, nivTeb-s Soris.
• gasaTvaliswinebelia zogi calke mdgomi Tandebulis Sexameba erTgvar myar
SesityvebebSi: amas winaT, amas garda, mas Semdeg, mas ukan, pirs ukan, guls gareT, Cemi
mxriv/Seni mxriv…iqiT, aqeT naTesaob. Seewyoba..mdinaris iqiT. magram gvxvdeba mic.
formiTac: cxra mTas iqiT, mas aqeT, amas iqiT.
 Tandebuliani brunvebi

• calke mdgom TandebulTa marTlweris TvalsazrisiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes

ramdenime arsebiTi moTxovna:
• naT. brunvis TandebulTa umetesoba SeiZleba Segvxvdes I da II piris nacvalsaxelebTan:
Cem, Cven, Sen, Tqven. Yyvela SemTxvevaSi nacvalsaxeli warmodgenili iqneba brunvis
niSnis gareSe: Cem garda, Sen Sesaxeb, Cven gamo, Tqven Semdeg, Cem mier, Cven da
Tqven Soris, Cem winaSe.
• aqeT, iqiT, aqeTken, iqiTken, aqedan, iqidan da ara aqiT, iqeT, iqedan..)
• garda: daimaxsovreT orgvari wyoba: amxanagis garda da garda amxanagisa.
• roca wina Tandebuli gamoiyeneba winaT, amas winaT anu drois gagebiT, dauSvebelia mas
Seenacvlos ukan Tandebuli: ori kviris win/winaT da ara: ori kviris ukan.
• zeviT, zemoT, qveviT, qvemoT (da ara: zeiT, zemod, qveiT, qvemod)
• winaT, gareT, SigniT (da ara: winad, wineT, gared)
• zog SemTxvevaSi calke mdgomi Tandebuli erwymis fuZes da br. niSani ikveceba:
WerqveS, wyalSua, fexqveS, Tvalwin, TavqveS, cxvirwin, wyalgaRma. . .
 sakuTar saxelTa brunebis morf. Taviseburebebi

• sakuTar saxelTa brunebis Taviseburebani

• sakuTari saxeli sazogadosgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is sakuTriv erT obieqts miemarTeba
anu saganTa saerTo saxeli ar aris. Mmas mr. ricxvi ar sWirdeba, gvaris garda, rodesac gvaris
simravlezea saubari.
• arsebobs sami jgufi sakuTar saxelTa: pirTa saxelebi (aqvea metsaxelebi), gvarebi da adgilTa,
geografiul obieqtTa saxelebi (toponimebi). Amas SeiZleba daematos cxovelTa Serqmeuli
saxelebi da planetebis kerZo saxelwodebebi. sakuTar saxelTa brunebis saerTo suraTi iseTivea,
rogorc sazogado saxelebisa. Tumca aRniSnuli jgufebis mixedviT zogi iseTi Tavisebureba
iCens Tavs, romelTac gamocalkeveba sWirdebaT. kerZod, a) sakuTar saxelTa fuZis sakiTxi.
• maTi fuZec an xmovanze an Tanxmovanze bolovdeba. Tumca aq kumSva-kveca sazog.
saxelebis msgavs wess ar misdevs. jgufebzea damokidebuli.
• pirTa saxelebi arc ikumSebian, arc ikvecebian.: goCasi, maTesi, nodaris)
• gvarebic upiratesad ukumSvelad da ukvecelad gamoiyeneba (xotivar-is, qaldan-is, ocxel-is,
Toria-si, berulava-si). ikumSeba e xmovnis Semcveli zogi gvari: wereTl-is, maCabl-is
• ikveceba Ze-ze daboloebuli yvela gvari: tabiZis, beriZis.
• adg. saxelebis fuZe yvela saWiro adgilas ikveceba: axmetis, uSbis, sairmis, varcixis.
• aseve SeiZleba SeikumSos: alaznis, avlabris, iSxnis, wilknis, yvarlis, ivris, kojris..
 sakuTar saxelTa brunebis Taviseburebebi

• i fuZexmovniani sakuTari saxelebi

• i xmovanze sak. saxelebis fuZe ar bolovdeba, ramdenime ucxo sityvis garda (taqsi, Cai, tramvai).
• sakuTar saxelebSi ki mravlad gvxvdeba iseTi fuZeebi, romlebic i-ze bolovdeba. aseTi saxelebis umetesoba
ucxouri, ZiriTadad berZnuli warmomavlobisaa:
• akaki, amberki, aleqsi, goderZi, terenti, qiSvardi, fati, serge, domenti.
• zogi i fuZexmovniani saxeli ki qarTul niadagze Cans Camoyalibebuli. aseT dros i, Cveulebriv meore
marcvals qmnis: rati, daCi, dali, lali, lili, megi, givi, badri.. amgvari saxelebis Tanaarseboba Cveulebriv
fuZeTanxmovnian sakuTar saxelebTan (rogoricaa, mag: asmaT-i, eTer-i, Tamaz-i) iwvevs maT aRrevas da
iseTi araswori formebis warmoqmnas, rogoricaa: tarasma, eTerim, qiSvardma da a.S. aRniSnuli arevebi
kuTxur, Jargonul metyvelebasTanaa kavSirSi da maTi kontroli rTulia. Tu gveeWveba i brunvis niSania Tu
fuZis nawili, mas vsvamT moTx. brunvaSi, rogorc fuZexmovnians. Mmag: Tamazim, akakim. Tu
fuZeTanxmovniani variant Caenacvla, mag: Tamazma, maSin es ukanaskneli yofila marTebuli forma,;
mag: akakma..misi fuZexmovnianoba UueWvelia.
• SeniSvna: I xmovani fuZis nawilia da qarTulSi asec unda gamoviyenoT araerTi ucxouri gvari da saxeli:
botiCeli, rodari, feline, maZini, tolstoi, dubai.
• g) sak.saxelTa wodebiTi:
• pirTa saxelebi wod. niSans ar dairTaven: qeTevan!, nodar!, rati!.
• Ggvarebi fuZis mixedviT ganirCevian: fuZexm. Aar dairTaven: leoniZe, canava, buTba.
• fuZeTanx. Ggvarebs ki o niSani daerTvis.: dadiano! maCabelo! JRento!
 adgilTa saxelebi

• adgilTa saxelebi iseve dairTaven wod. niSans, rogorc Sesabamisi fuZis sazogado saxelebi:
Tbiliso!A quTaiso! nariyalav! mTawminda!..asec SesaZlebelia.
• Ggvar-saxelis erTad gamoyeneba:
• saxeli, gvari..siis dros piriqiT;
• v) Tu saxeli uswrebs gvars saxeli ucvleli rCeba gvari ibruneba. Tu gvari uswrebs saxels orive
ibruneba. orive SemTxvevaSi sax. da wodeb. fuZis saxiT iqneba warmodgenili. SeadareT:
• Ggrigol orbeliani wereTeli giorgi (zurab)
• Mmamis saxeli gvar-saxels axlavs da uSualod mosdevs piris saxels. : grigol zurabis Ze
orbeliani, orbeliani grigol zurabis Ze.
• Ze da asuli udefisod iwereba.
 ricxviTi saxelebis marTlweris Taviseburebebi

• ricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraA

• sami saxisaa: raodenobiTi, rigobiTi da wilobiTi. rigobiTi raodenobiTzea damokidebuli, wilobiTi rigobiTze. zogi
mravalfuZeania da maTi marTlwera gansxvavebulia:
• nawili Serwymulad iwereba, nawili ki damoukidebeli sityvebis saxiT. erTad iwereba: erTidan asis CaTvliT,
aseulTa saxelebi, milioni, miliardi.
• cal-calke iwereba: yvela danarCeni. Aas ocdaxuTi, ori aTasi, aTas xuTas ocdaxuTi). brunebisas ibruneba, rogorc
Sesabamisi fuZis ars. saxeli, xolo ars. saxelTan erTad, rogorc Sesab. fuZis zedsarTavi saxeli. (msazRvrel-sazRvruli).
• gansxvaveba iCens Tavs, roca rTuli Sedg. ricxviTi saxelis SemadgenlobaSi aTasi da milioni komponentebi
monawileobs. Mmag:
• ori aTasi kaci ori milioni kaci
• ori aTasma kacma orma milionma kacma
• ori aTas kacs or milion kacs
• ori aTasi kacis ori milioni kacis
• ori aTasi kaciT ori milioni kaciT
• ori aTas kacad or milion kacad
• ori aTaso kaco …ANoro miliono kaco
• pirveli SemTxveva ufro xSiria.
• ori milion xuTasi aTas samasi kaci
• samasma kacma
• TxuTmeti da ara TuTxmeti (megr.), Cvidmeti, Tvrameti da ara Svidmeti, Trvameti.
 ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera

• rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli miiReba fuZeze me-e TavsarT-bolosarTis darTviT. me-xuT-e, me-aT-e.
Tumca aqac narsaxeobaa. Mme-or-e, magram ormocda-me-Cvidmet-e..as-me-Svid-e. rTuli
raodenobiTi rigobiTad gadaqcevis SemTxvevaSi iwereba Serwymulad: asormocdameerTe.
erTi-pirveli da ara meerTe..Tumca rTul fuZeSi asmeerTe da ara aspirveli..
• romauli asoebi rigobiTis aRmniSvnelad. aq me-e ar gvinda. X, XI, XII. Tu me-e gvinda
arabul cifrebTan..me-2, me-5, me-6 da ara me-2-e, me-6-e. pirveli rigobiTis formaSi iqneba:
1-li. Aan 25-e, 57-e da ara me-22-e. Semowmeba weriTi formis sisworisa zepiri saSualebiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
• rac Seexeba wilobiTebs: meoradi ara - naxevaria swori forma..meerTedic akrZaluli formaa.
Naxevari sxva sityvebTan erTad defisiT uwereba: or-naxevari, cxra-naxevari, sam lar-
naxevari.
• forma: meoradi fakulteti araa marTebuli, sworia meoreuli..Tumca pirveli gabatonebulia.
• SesaZlebelia raod. Dda rig. saxelebTan brunvis niSnebic da Tandebulebic gvqondes. mag:
petre I-is, vaxtang VI-m.
 nacvalsaxelTa marTlwera

• nacvalsaxelTa marTlwera
• nacvalsaxelebi sxva saxebisgan gansxvavebiT gamoirCevian TavianTi formawarmoebis (brun da ricxv)
sirTuliT da araerTgvarovnebiT. sayuradReboa:
• Mmisi da Tavisi
• maTi aRreva xSiria:
• dedam misi Svili skolaSi waiyvana. unda iyos Tavisi Svili. (anu subieqti Tu sakuTars gulisxmobs unda
iyos Tavisi) Tu sxvisas misi. vamowmebT marTebulobas nacvalsaxeliT sxvisi. aqve zeds. sakuTaric
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. Aaseve dauSvebelia Tavisis gamoyeneba I-II piris (Cemi, Senis) nacvlad.
Sen Seni icode da me Cems gzas vewevi. Dda ara Tavis icode da Tavis gzas vewevi.
• Tavisi da TavianTi
• g)Amx. ricxvSi Tavisi, mr. ricxvSi TavianTi.
• Mman Tavisi CanTa aiRo. maT TavianTi bavSvebic moiyvanes. kuTxuria da Secdomaa: TaviaanTi. Tu
subieqti krebiTia an mravlis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelia, masTan nacv. Tavisi gamoiyeneba. xalxma
Tavisi gareka..
• Ees eg is eseni egeni isini
• Aaman magan iman amaT magaT imaT
• Dda sxv.
• Aamas magas imas
• amis magis imis
 nacvalsaxelTa marTlwera

• Cven. nacvalsaxelis mxolod es formebia miRebuli Tanamedrove salit. qarTul

metyvelebaSi. arasworia maT magivrad kuTxuri formebis gamoyeneba: agi, magi,
amaTma, maTma, amgenma, imgenma, mageniT..
• SeniSvna: maTma, magaTma, cxadia, roca isini kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia:
• maTma megobrebma moiyvanes. magaTma iRbalma ajoba..
• Cems, Sens..maTs
• kuTv. nacvalsaxelebi Cemi, Seni, misi, Cveni, Tqveni, maTi.. Cveulebisamebr Sesabamis
ars. saxelTan erTad gamoiyeneba da Seewyoba mas, rogorc msazRvreli. micemiTsa da
viTarebiT
• brunvebSi Taviseburebas iCens_aucileblad mic. brunvas iTxovs.
• Cem-s megobar-s (da ara Cem megobars)
• Cven-s megobar-s (da ara Cven megobars)
• Sens Zmas da ara Sen Zmas
• Cems megobrad da ara Cem megobrad
• maTs ezod maT ezod
• mesame pirSi mis Zmas da ara miss Zmas
 nacvalsaxelTa brunebis TaviseburebaNI

• v) TiToeuliAD
• TiToeuli, TviTeuli, TviToeuli aqedan salit. normaa mxolod TiToeuli.
• z) Cvengani, Tqvengani, maTgani
• maTze - gan Tandebulis darTviT warmoiqmneba Sesabamisi zedsarTavi saxelebi:
• Cvengan erT-erTi aris Cvengani
• Tqvengan erT-erTi aris Tqvengani
• maTgan-maTgani
• da ara CvenTagani, TqvenTagani, maTTagani arasworia..radgan Cven, Tqven, maT gamoxataven
mravlobiTs.
• TqvenTagani arasworia
• T) Avin da ra am kiTviT nacvalsaxelebs mravl. Fformebi ar ewarmoeba.
• ra-rani (iSviaTad)
• mcdaria-vinebi
• vin gamoCnda? vin iTamaSa fexburTi? vin aris? vin arian? enas maTi gameorebis xerxi
gamouyenebia mag: vin da vin midixarT?, ra da ra xexili icis?
 nawilakian nacvalsaxelTa bruneba

• droTa ganmavlobaSi nacvalsaxelebs darTvia: me, ve, Ra, Rac (a) nawilakebi; amis Sedegad axali-
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebic warmoqmnila (vinme, raRaca). am SemTxvevaSi nawilaki fuZes
ekedleba da br. niSans TiSavs. viRas, visRa, rasme, rames..qarT. enaSi gabatonebulia e.w.
Sexorcebuli saxeoba. Nnawilaki+fuZe:
• vinme rame
• vinmem ramem da a.S.
• vinmes
• vinmesi
• vinmeTi
• vinmed
• asevea: raRa, ramdenime, raRaca, romelime. viRaca mr. ricxvSi. sworia: viRacebi, raRacebi da ara
viRaceebi, raRaceebi. xSirad Secdomebs iwvevs: igive da erTi da igive nacv. bruneba damoukideblad
da arsebiTTan erTad. Aam SemTxvevaSi fuZis cvalebadobac gvxvdeba.
• igive, imanve (manve), imasve (masve), imisve (misve), imiTve (miTve), imadve (madve).
• erTi da igive, erTma da imavem, erTsa da imaves..wigni.
• Tumca igive wigni, imave wignma.
• -ve nawilaki ricxvit saxelebsac daerTvis. Orive, orivem, orives, orivesi, oriveTi, orived da a.S.msazR.
ampluaSi yvela nawilakiani saxeli ucvlelia, garda igive-si. raRa kiTxva, vinme kacma da a.S.
 msazRvrel-sazRvrulis marTlwera

• saxelebi: arsebiTi, zedsarTavi, ricxviTi da nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba winadadebaSi frazaSi

erTad, erT wyvilSi aRmoCndnen. arsebiTi-arsebiTi, zedsarTavi-arsebiTi an
nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi-arsebiTi an nacvalsaxeli, nacvalsaxeli-arsebiTs.roca ori saxeli
erTad iyris Tavs, aqedan erTi msazRvrelia, meore sazRvruli. erTi meores
axasiaTebs..raodenoba, Tviseba, kuTvnileba axasiaTebs meores. ori wigni, maRali xe..
brunebis da ricxvis mixedviT unda iyos warmodgenili.
• msazRvrel-sazRvrulis erTad bruneba
• mniSvnelovania msazRvreli fuZeTanxmovniania Tu fuZexmovniani, ra pozicia
ukavia msazRvrels sazRvrulis mimarT, uswrebs Tu mosdevs mas.
• 4 varianti warmoaCens:
• fuZeTanx. msazRvr. wina poziciaSi didi mindori
• fuZeTanx. mindori didi
• patara burTi
• burTi patara
• msazRvrelis meore poziciaSi yofna xSiria mxatvrul literaturaSi:
• mTani maRalni, saxe gamxdari, kuSti da mwyrali..”
 msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis Taviseburebani

• msazR. sazRvr. Semdeg srulad ibruneba., Tanxmovanf. winamavali

nawilobriv, fuZexm. msazRvreli ar ibruneba.. Cems megobris
garda.gamonaklisia: profesiisa da wodebis aRmniSvneli msazRvreli. naT da
wod. fuZis saxiTaa. Ggeneral leseliZis, profesor kiknaZiT.
•
• naT. brunviani msazRvreli. calke dgas msazRvrelTa es tipi. igive
substantiuri msazRvreli. ZiriTadad arsebiTi saxeliTaa gamoxatuli. Aam dros
msazRvreli gamoxatavs ramis kuTvnilebas an masalas: xis saxli, Zmis
saxli. igivea, rac fuZexmovniani msazR. SemTxvevaSi, fuZis saxiT
gvxvdeba.saxli xisa-am SemTx.naT da moqm. naTesaobiT formiT rCeba.
am wyobiT TiTqmis xSirad ar gamoiyeneba. mravlobiTSic SesaZlebelia
idges am tipis msazRvreli ebianSi an narTanianSi: devebis qorwili, ZmaTa
erToba. Tu msazR. warmomavlobiT viT. Aan moqm. formaa mic. brunvaSi
niSans dairTavs: yofiTi problema, piradi saqme: yofiTs problemebs, pirads
saqmes..
 msazRvreli saxelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulis mravlobiTTan

• ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxic Zalze rTulia. sazRvr. SesaZloa -ebian mravl. iyos an
narTanianSi..SesaZlebelia Sebrunebuli saxiTac. msazRv. winamdebare da momdevno.
maRali xeebi, xeebi maRlebi, maRali mTani, mTani maRalni.U
• winamavali msazRvreli ar Seesabameba qarTulSi sazRvruls ricxvSi, arc ebian arc
narTanian mravlobiTSi…Tumca vaJasTAn gvxvdeba: ,,yvavilT pirs ekonebian civni
namcvrevni cisani~ Sesabamis sazRvruls _sazRvruli Taniani, sax. da wod.
• ,, momapyres gaSmagebuli Tvalebi Sxamianebi~(vaJa)_msazR. momdevno pozicia -ebian
mravlobiTTan mxolod poeziisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
• SeniSvna: SesaZloa mr. msazRvrelad ricxviTi da nacvalsaxelic mogvevlinos. Oori Zma,
bevri mteri, yvela msurveli. aq msazRvr. mxolobiTSia. Tu msazRvr. narTanianSi ar
gvxvdeba: orni Zmani, mravalni mterni..aqac SeTanxmebaa.
• naT. brunviani msazRvreli am SemTxvevaSic ucvleli iqneba rogorc sazRvrulis winamaval
ise momdevno poziciaSi.:
• mTis wyaroni, mTis wyaroTA, mTis wyarono
• wyaroni mTisa, wyaroTa mTisa, wyarono mTisa.
•
•
•
•
•
 Kkompozitebis marTlweris sakiTxebi

• Kkompozitebis marTlweris sakiTxebi

• kompozitebs iseT sityvebs uwodeben, romlebic ramdenime (ori an meti)
damoukidebeli sityvis (fuZis an formis) SeerTebiT aris warmoqmnili. K
kompozits qarTul enaSi Sesatyvisi sityvac aqvs _ rTuli sityva.
• Kkompozitebis Semadgenel sityvaTa formobrivi da Sinaarsobrivi
urTierTmimarTeba araerTgvarovania, rac maTi asaxvis Taviseburebasac
ganapirobebs. kompozitTa dawerilobis dasadgenad swored amitom maT
Sedgenilobaze keTdeba aqcenti.
• Ddidi alternativa aqac araa? Serwymulad davweroT Tu defisiT?
• Aamis gasarkvevad unda gavmijnoT ori jgufi: fuZegaorkecebuli da nairfuZiani
kompozitebi.
 fuZegaorkecebuli sityvebi

• fuZegaorkecebuli sityvebi
• fuZis gaorkeceba (romelsac reduplikaciasac uwodeben) axal sityvaTa warmoqmnis friad
gavrcelebuli xerxia. am dros amosavali sityva, Cveulebisamebr martivi fuZe TavisTavs
gaimeorebs da amgvari gaormagebniT axal sityvas Seqmnis: tol-toli.
• gaorkecebuli SeiZleba iyos: arsebiTi saxeli: TavTavi, wamwami, wyalwyala..
• zedsarTavi: did-didi, patar-patara, maRal-maRali, Wrel-Wreli..
• ricxviTi: erT-erTi, or-ori, sam-sami, oTx-oTxi..
• nacvalsaxeli: es-es, is-is, viRac-viRac(ebi)..
• zmnizeda: napir-napir, xev-xev, quCa-quCa, uban-uban..
• Sorisdebuli: viSviSi, vai-vai..
 kompozitebi

• Aamave dros gaorkecebuli fuZeebi SeiZleba da kavSiriT SeerTdes: pirdapir, guldagul,

TandaTan, mxardamxar, xeldaxel, kardakar, windawin, xandaxan..
• gaorkecebisas SesaZloa amosavali fuZis romelime bgera Seicvalos da rTuli sityva erTi
SexedviT gansxvavebul fuZeTa SeerTebad SeiZleba mogveCvenos: axaluxali, erTurTi,
balaxbulaxi, nayarnuyari, sxapasxupi, kantikunti, biWbuWebi, bindbundi, gorguri, qoxmaxi,
giJmaJi, aremare, axlomaxlo, uswormasworo, avanCavani… gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa
iseTi gaorkecebis magaliTebi, romelSic damoukidebel fuZes saerTod ver gamovyofT: bajbaji,
butbuti, kaSkaSi, luRluRi, laqlaqi, WikWiki, xarxari…aseTebi ZiriTadad xmabaZviTi
sityvebia.
 kompozitebi

• rodis rogor unda davweroT zemoT CamoTvlili kompozitebi?

• amisaTvis Semdegi ori pirobis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli:
• aris Tu ara sityvis TiToeuli komponenti realuri sityva damoukideblad;
• …da Tu aris:
• aqvs Tu ara fuZegaorkecebul sityvas arsebiTad igive mniSvneloba, rac mis
Semadgenel fuZes (mag: sityvaSi wamwami wami damoukideblad
gamoiyofa, Tumca am ori sityvis Sinaarsi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia).
• Sesabamisad: fuZegaorkecebuli sityva defisiT daiwereba, Tu am orive
pirobas dadebiTi pasuxi aqvs: bevr-bevri, napir-napir, as-asi, patar-patara, nel-
nela. aseTi fuZeebi Serwymulad daiwereba maSinac, roca pirveli komponenti
saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaa: nelinel, karikar, wamiwams, SoriSors, Soriaxlos.
Yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi sityva Serwymulad daiwereba: TavTavi,
bajbaji, lawlawi, giJmaJi, riJraJi.. aseve Serwymulad daiwereba da kavSiriT
Serwymuli fuZeebi: TandaTan, pirdapir, guldagul, cxendacxen.
 kompozitebi

• nairfuZiani kompozitebi
• aq Tavs iyris iseTi kompozitebi, romlebic sxvadasxva sityvaTa SeerTebiT aris
warmoqmnili. es sityvebi SeiZleba kompozitSi sxvadasxva formiT iyos
SeerTebuli. kerZod:
• fuZis saxiT: Zal-Rone, dRe-Rame, qal-vaJi, kvleva-Zieba, qarTl-kaxeTi..
• SeiZleba erTi komponenti fuZis saxiT iyos, meore sxva formiT: Zmiswuli,
qviTkiri, naTlideda, mzeTamze.
• TiToeuli komponenti sakuTari formiT: amierkavkasia, wuTiwuTs, zedamxedveli,
kaciWamia..
 kompozitebi

• ganirCevian erTcnebiani da orcnebiani kompozitebi (mniSvnelobas gulisxmobs

cneba). erTcnebiania, Tu damoukidebel Sinaarss atarebs kompoziti da ara sityvaTa
meqanikur jams. Mmag: ciskari ar niSnevs kars caze da a.S. aramed niSnavs ganTiads.
• orcnebiani kompoziti: gulisxmobs TiToeuli kompozitis mniSvnelobas: wver-ulvaSi,
mSvild-isari da a.S. sainteresoa : pirSavi, rac ar niSnavs Sav pirians. erTcnebiani
Serwymulad, orcnebiani defisiT. rogor SevamowmoT? erTcnebiania Tu orcnebiani?
Dda kavSiris meSveobiT Tu kavSuri ar gawyda orcnebiania Tu ara erTcnebiani. Da-
kavSiri zogjer TviT kompozitis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. Ayvela amgvari kompoziti
Serwymulad daiwereba: dRedaRam, wamdauwum, ocdaaTi..
• orcnebianma TavsarT-bolosarTis darTviT SeiZleba axali rTulfuZeani sityva mogvces:
da-Zma, daZmuri saxl-kari_ usaxlkaro, ded-mama-udedmamo, col-Svili_colSviliani,
deda-Svili_dedaSviloba, dedaSviluri, mTa-bari_momTabare.
• defisiT daiwereba iseTi ormagi saxelwodebebi, rogoricaa: saxl-muzeumi, wevr-
korespondenti, telefon-avtomati, akademikos-mdivani, mecnier-TanamSromeli,
eqim-konsultanti..
•
 sityvis Semokleba da abreviaturaD

• sityvis Semokleba mwignobrul enaTa uZvelesi tradiciaa, rac imTaviTve saweri saSualebebisa
da drois ekonomias emsaxureba. es exeba xSirad xmarebul sityvebs. ase myardeboda
standartuli Semoklebebi. Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba qaragmebi: v.a_viTarca,
a.n_amen, r.a raiTa, r|_ rameTu, R-i_RmerTi, C-n_Cuen..
• Tanamedrove epoqaSi sityvaTa Semoklebam garkveuli samecniero-teqnikuri stilis niSnebi
SeiZina. Uaxlesi samecniero naSromebi, presa, sxvadasxva informaciebi sul ufro da ufro
farTod iyenebs amgvar ,,pirobiT enas~_Semoklebis mTel sistemas, romelic zog enaSi
imdenad mravalricxovania, rom calke leqsikonis saxiTac gamodis. mag: Teb., apr.,_aqve
misamarTebis dros: kvart.(kvartali), korp. (korpusi), sad. Sadarbazo, b.bina da misT. Aqve: a.
wereTeli, iv. javaxiSvili., arn. Ciqoba. iliaseuli: i.W. pirTa saxelebis Semokleba qaragmis
saxiT Zvelad iyo gavrcelebuli: T_e(Teodore), i_e (ioane), g-i(giorgi)..
• Ffsevdonimebisa da wodebaTa (zedwodebaTa) gamomxatveli gvarsaxelebis gamoyenebis
dros Semokleba dauSvebelia (i.curtaveli, g.merCule, S.rusTaveli, v.FSavela).
 abreviatura

• qarTul saliteraturo enaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebula garkveul sityvaTa Semoklebani, romelTa codna wignieri
adamianisaTvis aucilebelia. aseTebia:
• TviT mwignobrobasTan, teqstTan dakavSirebuli Semoklebani:
• Txz._Txzuleba sq.-sqolio
• Sr._Sroma ix._ixile
• t.-tomi Sdr._Seadare
• T.-Tavi n._naxe
• naw._nawili nax._naxatiE
• gv._ gverdi mag._magaliTad
• wodebaTa da TanamdebobaTa aRmniSvneli Semoklebani:
• akad._akademikosi
• akad. w/k_akademiis wevr-korespondenti
• prof._profesori
• doc._docenti
• lab._laboranti
• masw._maswavlebeli
• drois erTeulTa aRmniSvneli Semoklebani:
• wm._wami, wT._wuTi, sT._saaTi, a.w._ama wlis, w._weli, ww._wlebi, s._saukune, ss._saukuneebi
• wonisa da manZilis (sigrZis) sazomebi:
• mg. miligrami, g. grami, kg. kilogrami, t. tona, mm.milimetri, sm.santimetri, dm-dcm. Ddecimetri, km. kilogrami, ha-
heqtari, kv.m kvadratuli metri
• gvxvdeba zogi sxva kavSir-zmnizedaTa Semokleba. E.i._ese igi, a.S. ase Semdeg, misT._ misTanani, sxv._sxva, e.w._egreT
wodebuli.Tu Semokleba brunvis niSnebs da defizebs moiTxovs, isini defisiT unda daerTos: 100 kg.-s udris, raRac ambavi 475-
483 ww.-Si moxda da a.S.
 abreviatura

• amgvar sityvaTa SemoklebebTan calke unda gamovyoTSemoklebis is forma, roca ori an

ramdenimesityviani saxeli Semokldeba erT kompleqsad, erT sityvad. Aam formas
abreviatura ewodeba. asset SemTxvevaSi pirveli aso am sityvis warmomadgenlad
abreviaturaSi rCeba, Tumca SesaZloa bgeraTkompleqsic iyos gamoyenebuli.
Abreviatura wertilebis gareSe iwereba. mag: hesi, eqTani(eqimis TanaSemwea),
Temqa_Tbilisis elmavalmSenebeli qarxana, gaero, nato da a.S.
• saqarTvelos uaxloes warsulSi araerTi abreviaturuli sityvaTSemokleba gaCnda:
• qegl-qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni;
• qsr_qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia;
• ike-iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba;
• Tsu-Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti;
 abreviatura

• aRmaskomi_aRmasrulebeli komiteti;
• zahesi-zemo avWalis hidroeleqtrosadguri;
• engurhesi_enguris hidroeleqtrosadguri, hesi-hidroeleqtrosadguriu, saxbanki-saxelmwifo banki, cekavSiri,
monkavSiri, avtobaza da a.S.
• nato_ NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization( CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia).
• iunesko _UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis dargSi;
• interpoli _Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization_saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis policiis
organizacia.
• biseki _ BSEC: Black Sea Economic Corporation - Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba;
• iunisefi _UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund-gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
bavSvTa dacvis saerTaSoriso fondi;
• traseka_ TRACECA: Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia-satransporto derefani evropa-kavkasia-azia;
• Uefa _UEFA: United European Football Association- evropis safexburTo asociaciebis ganviTareba;
• fide _ FIDEDE- Wadrakis saerTaSoriso asociacia (frnag.)
• fifa_ FIFA: safexburTo asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia;(frang).
• aseani _ASEAN: Association of South-East Asian Nations-samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebis asociacia;
• bi-bi-si_ BRITISH BROADCASTING Corporation -britaneTis samauwyeblo korporacia;
• en-bi-si_ NBC: National Broadcasting Company_aSS-is radiomauwyeblobisa da satelevizio kompania;
• ef-bi-ai _FBI: Federal Bureau OF Investigation _ aSS-is gamoZiebis centraluri biuro;
• ti-bi-si _TBC-Tbilisis biznescentri;
 abreviatura

• iu-pi_ UPI: United Press International-aSS-is sainformacio saagento;

• si-en-eni_ CNN: Cable News Network_ aSS-is axali ambebis satelevizio kompania;
• ka-ge-be_ saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti; КГБ_Комитет государственной безопасности.
• defisiT iwereba iseTi ucxouri abreviaturebi, romlebic sityvis pirveli asoebiT arian Sedgenilebi.
• qarTul enaze gaCnda axali abreviaturebic: dsT_ damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba;
• dRg_ damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi;
• seoki_ saqarTvelos erovnuli olimpiuri komiteti;
• euTo_ evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia;
• Sidsi_ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi;
• Sps_ SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba:
• cesko_ centraluri saarCevno komisia;
 abreviatura

• amo_amoucnobi mfrinavi obieqti;

• smk _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri.
• qarTuli abreviaturebis warmoTqma Wirs, Tuki isini mxolod TanxmovnebiTaa
Sedgenili, radgan laT. Anbanis analogiurad maTi gaxmovaneba
gaumarTlebelia. Mag: Tsu_Te-se-us vambobT; aseve: dRg_ de-Re-ge; msk-
gaSla, rogorc man-san-kani..mxolod saxumaro xasiaTiTaa miRebuli;
• pirveli asoebiT Seqmnil abreviaturebs, vinaidan isini saxels utoldebian
daerTvis brunvis niSnebic da Tandebulebic saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi; oRond
defisiT: qegl-is, dsT-dan, aSS-Si.. Tu abreviatura sityvas utoldeba is ibrunvis
ise, rogorc Sesabamisi fuZeukumSveli Tu fuZekvecadi saxeli..bi-se-ki bi-sek-
ma..magram, ti-bi-sim, iu-pim..(I xmovani fuZis nawilad CaiTvleba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, roca is Sesabamis asoTa dasaxelebaSi Sedis).
•
madlobT yuradRebisaTvis!