[Ch.

6] Sequences and Series 435 Mathematics (Part-I)

Balls in the 3rd layer = 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21

Balls in the 4th layer = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
Balls in the 5th layer = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
Balls in the 6th layer = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Balls in the 7th layer = 2 + 1 = 3
Balls in the 8th layer = 1 = 1
Total Balls = 36 + 28 + 21 + 15 + 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 120
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION OR SEQUENCE (G.P):
an

om
A sequence {an} is a geometric sequence or geometric progression if is the same
an – 1
an
non–zero number for all n  N and n > 1. The quotient is usually denoted by r and is
an – 1
called common ratio of the G.P.

.c
General Term of G.P.
General term or nth term of G.P. is given by
an = a1 rn – 1
ty
EXERCISE 6.6
ci
th
Q.1 Find the 5 term of G.P. 3, 6, 12, ......
(Lahore Board 2006, Gujranwala Board 2007)
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Solution:
Given sequence
3, 6, 12, ......
6
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a1 = 3, r = 3 = 2, n = 5

As an = a1 rn – 1
ta

a5 = (3) (2)5 – 1 = 3 (2)4 = 3 (16) = 48

4
Q.2 Find the 11th term of the sequence 1 + i, 2, (Lahore Board 2011)
1+i
Solution:
Given sequence
4
1 + i, 2, 1 + i , …….

1
a1 = 1 + i, r = 1+i, n = 11

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 436 Mathematics (Part-I)

As an = a1 rn – 1
10
a11 = (1 + i) 
2 
1+i
210 210 (1 + i)
= (1 + i) =
(1 + i)10 [(1 + i)2]
5

210 (1 + i) 210 (1 + i)
= =
(1 + i2 + 2i)5 (1 – 1 + 2i)5
210 (1 + i) 210 (1 + i)
= 5 =
25 . i5

om
(2i)
5 1+i 51+i i
= 2 i = 2 i i
(1 + i) i
= 25 .
2
= – 32 (i + i )
i2

.c
= – 32 (i – 1) = 32 (1 – i)
Q.3 Find the 12th term of 1 + i, 2i, – 2 + 2i, …….
Solution:
Given sequence
ty
ci
1 + i, 2i, – 2 + 2i, …….
2i
em

a1 = 1 + i, r = 1+i, n = 12, a12 = ?

As an = a1 rn – 1
11
= (1 + i)  1 + i 
2i
a12
 
le

(1 + i) (2i)11
=
(1 + i)11
ta

211 . i11
=
(1 + i)10
211 . (i2)5 . i 211 . (– 1)5 . i
= 5 =
[(1 + i)2] (1 + i2 + 2i)5

– 211 . i – i . 211
= 5 =
(1 – 1 + 2i) 25 . i5
6 6
2 2
= – 4 = – = – 26 = – 64
i (– 1)2
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 437 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.4 Find the 11th term of the sequence 1 + i, 2, 2 (1 – i), …….

(Lahore Board 2005)
Solution:
Given sequence
1 + i, 2, 2 (1 – i), …….
2
a1 = 1 + i, r = , n = 11
1+i
As an = a1 rn – 1

om
10
= (1 + i) 
2 
a11
 +i
1
(1 + i) . 210 210 (1 + i)
= 10 = 5
(1 + i) [(1 + i)2]

.c
210 (1 + i) 210 (1 + i)
= =
(1 + i2 + 2i)5 (1 – 1 + 2i)5

=
210 (1 + i)
(2i) 5 =
210 (1 + i)
5 5
2 .i
=
ty
25 (1 + i)
(i2)2 . i
ci
32 (1 + i) 32 (1 + i) i
= 2 = .i
(– 1) . i i
em

32 (i + i2)
= = – 32 (i – 1) = 32 (1 – i)
i2
Q.5 If an automobile depreciates in values 5% every year, at the end of 4 years.
What is the value of the automobile purchased for Rs. 12,000?
le

Solution:
ta

5
5% = 100 = 0.05

The value in first year = Rs. 12000

At the end of 1st year = 12000 – 5% of 12000 = 12000 – (0.05) (12000) = 11400
At the end of 2nd year = 11400 – 5% 11400 = 11400 – 570 = 10830
At the end of 3rd year = 10830 – 5% 10830 = 10288.5
At the end of 4th year = 10288.5 – 5% 10288.5 = 9774
So at the end of 4 year its value is = Rs. 9774

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 438 Mathematics (Part-I)

x+y x+y
Q.6 Which term of the sequence is x2 – y2, x + y, , ....... is ?
x–y (x – y)9
Solution:
Given sequence is
x+y
x2 – y2, x + y, , ......
x–y
x+y 1 x+y
a1 = x2 – y2, r = 2 = , an = , n = ?
2
x –y x –y (x – y)9
As an = a1 rn – 1

om
n–1
x+y 2 2  1 
 9 = (x – y ) .
(x – y) x–y
x+y (x + y) (x – y)
 9 =
(x – y) (x – y)n – 1

.c
x+y x+y
 =
(x – y)9 (x – y)n – 2


1
(x – y)9
9 = n–2
=
1
(x – y)n – 2 ty
ci
 n = 11
Q.7 If a, b, c, d are in G.P. Prove that (Gujranwala Board 2003)
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(i) a – b, b – c, c – d, are in G.P.

(ii) a2 – b2, b2 – c2, c2 – d2, are in G.P.
(iii) a2 + b2, b2 + c2, c2 + d2, are in G.P.
le

Solution:
Given that
ta

a, b, c, d are in G.P.
b c d
 a = b = c = r (say)
 b = ar  (1)
2
 c = br = ar . r = ar  (2)
2 3
 d = cr = ar . r = ar  (3)
(i) To prove a – b, b – c, c – d are in G.P. we will prove that
b –c c–d
=
a–b b–c

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 439 Mathematics (Part-I)

b–c
Take L.H.S. = a – b

ar – ar2
= from (1) and (2)
a – ar
ar (1 – r)
= = r
a (1 – r)
c–d
Now R.H.S. =
b–c
ar2 – 2r3
= from (1), (2), (3)

om
ar – ar2
ar2 (1 – r)
= ar (1 – r) = r

 L.H.S. = R.H.S.

.c
 a – b, b – c, c – d are in G.P.
(ii) To prove a2 – b2, b2 – c2, c2 – d2 are in G.P. we will prove that
b2 – c2
a2 – b2
=
c2 – d2
b2 – c2
ty
ci
b2 – c2
Take L.H.S. =
a2 – b2
em

(ar)2 – (ar2)2
= 2 2 from (1) and (2)
a – (ar)
a2r2 – a2 r4 a2 r2 (1 – r2)
= = = r2
a2 – a2 r 2 a2 (1 – r2)
le

c2 – d2
Now R.H.S. =
b2 – c2
ta

2 2 3 2
(ar ) – (ar )
= from (1), (2), (3)
(ar)2 – (ar2)2
2 4 2 6
a r –a r a2 r4 (1 – r2) 2
= = = r
a2 r2 – a2 r4 a2 r2 (1 – r2)
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 a2 – b2, b2 – c2, c2 – d2 are in G.P.

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 440 Mathematics (Part-I)

(iii) To prove a2 + b2, b2 + c2, c2 + d2 are in G.P. we will prove that

b2 + c2 c2 + d 2
2 2 = 2
a +b b + c2
b2 + c2
Take L.H.S. = 2
a + b2
(ar)2 + (ar2)2
= from (1) and (2)
a2 + (ar)2
a2r2 + a2 r4 a2 r2 (1 + r2)
= 2 2 2 ) = = r2
a +a r a2 (1 + r2)

om
c2 + d 2
Now R.H.S. = 2 2
b +c
(ar2)2 + (ar3)2
= from (1), (2) and (3)
(ar)2 + (ar2)2

.c
a2 r4 + a2 r6 a2 r4 (1 + r2)
= 2 2 2 4 = 2 2 = r2
a r (1 + r2)


a r +a r
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
a2 + b2, b2 + c2, c2 + d2 are in G.P.
ty
ci
Q.8 Show that the reciprocals of the terms of geometric sequence a1, a1r2, a1r4
...... form another geometric sequence.
em

Solution:
Given G.P. is a1, a1 r2, a1 r4, …….
We will show
le

1 1 1
 2 4 ........ is G.P.
a1 a1 r a1 r
ta

1
2
a1 r 1 1
For this take r = = a = 2
1 a1 r 2 1 r
a1
1
4
a1 r 1 2 1
and r = = 4  a1 r = 2
1 a1 r r
a1 r 2
1 1 1
 , 2, , ……. is also G.P.
a1 a1 r a1 r 4
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 441 Mathematics (Part-I)

a5 4 4
Q.9 Find the nth term of geometric sequence, if = and a2 =
a3 9 9
Solution:
Given that
a5 4
=
a3 9

a1 r 4 4 4 2
=  r2 =  r = 
a1 r 2 9 9 3

om
Also given that
4 4 4
a2 =  a1 r =  a1 =
9 9 9r
2 4 2

.c
when r = 3  a1 = = 3
9.3
2
 

when
2
r = –3  a1 =
4
9–3

2

2
= –3 ty
ci
2 2
so when a1 = 3 , r = 3
em

n–1 n
=    =  
n–1 2 2 2
then an = a1 r
33 3
2 2
when a1 = – 3 , r = –3
le

n–1 n–1 n
= –3–3 = (– 1)  3  (– 1)n – 1  3  = (– 1)  3 
n–1 2 2 2 2 n 2
then an = a1 r
        
ta

Q.10 Find three consecutive numbers in G.P whose sum is 26 and their product
is 216.
Solution:
a
Let the required numbers are , a, ar
r
a
then r + a + ar = 26  (1)

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 442 Mathematics (Part-I)

a
and r . a . ar = 216

a3 = 216  a = 6

Put a = 6 in equation (1), we get

6
+ 6 + 6r = 26
r
 6r2 + 6r + 6 = 26r
 6r2 + 6r – 26r + 6 = 0

om
 6r2 – 20r + 6 = 0
 3r2 – 10r + 3 = 0
 3r2 – 9r – r + 3 = 0

.c
 3r (r – 3) – 1(r – 3) = 0
 (3r – 1) (r – 3) = 0
 3r – 1 = 0
1
or 6r – 2 = 0 ty

ci
r = 3 or r = 3

1
when a = 6 , r = 3
em

a 6
r = 1 = 18
3
le

a = 6
1
ar = 6 . 3 = 2
ta

when a = 6 , r = 3 then
a 6
r = 3 = 2
a = 6
ar = 6 (3) = 18
 required numbers are 2, 6, 18, or 18, 6, 2

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 443 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.11 If the sum of four consecutive terms of G.P is 80 and A.M of second and
fourth of them is 30. Find the term.
Solution:
Given that
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 = 80
or a + ar2 + ar + ar3 = 80  (1)
also
ar + ar3
= 30
2

om
 ar + ar3 = 60  (2)
Put (2) in (1), we get
a + ar2 + 60 = 80

.c
a + ar2 = 20  (3)
equation (2) can be written as
r (a + ar2) = 60
Put (3) in (4), we have
ty
 (4)
ci
r (20) = 60

r = 3
em

Put r = 3 in equation (3), we get

a + a (3)2 = 20
a + 9a = 20
le

10a = 20  a = 2
ta

 ar = 2 (3) = 6
ar2 = 2 (3)2 = 18
ar3 = 2 (3)3 = 54
 required terms are 2, 6, 18, 54.
1 1 1 a
Q.12 If  and are in G.P. Show that common ratio is 
a b c c
(Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 444 Mathematics (Part-I)

Given that
1 1 1
  are in G.P
a b c
1
b 1 a
 r = 1 = b.a = b  (1)
a
1
c 1 b
and r = = .b =
1  (2)
c c

om
b
multiply equations (1) and (2), we get
a b a
r2 = . =
b c c

.c
a
 r2 = 
c

ty
Q.13 If the numbers 1, 4, and 3 are subtracted from three consecutive terms of an
A.P, the resulting numbers are in G.P. Find the numbers, if their sum is 21.
Solution:
ci
Let a – d, a, a + d are in A.P.
then a – d + a + a +d = 21
em

 3a = 21  a = 7
also given that
a – d – 1 , a – 4 , a + d – 3 are in G.P
a–4 a+d–3
le

 a–d–1 = a–4
Put a = 7
ta

7–4 7+d–3
 7–d–1 = 7–4
3 4+d
 6–d = 3
 (6 – d) (4 + d) = 9
2
 24 + 6d – 4d – d = 9
 24 + 2d – d2 = 9
2
 d – 2d – 24 + 9 = 0
 d2 – 2d – 15 = 0
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 445 Mathematics (Part-I)

 d2 – 5d + 3d – 15 = 0
 d (d – 5) + 3 (d – 5) = 0
 (d + 3) (d – 5) = 0
 d = – 3 or d = 5
when a = 7 , d = – 3
a – d = 7 – (– 3) = 10
a = 7
a + d = 7 + (– 3) = 4

om
when a = 7 , d = 5
a– d = 7 – 5 = 2
a = 7

.c
a + d = 7 + 5 = 12
so required numbers are 10, 7, 4 or 2, 7, 12

ty
Q.14 If three consecutive numbers in A.P are increased by 1, 4, 15 respectively,
the resulting numbers are in G.P. Find original numbers of if their sum is 6.
Solution:
ci
Let a – d, a, a + d be the consecutive terms in A.P.
then a–d+a+a+d = 6
em

3a = 6  a = 2

also given that

a – d + 1, a + 4, a + d + 15 are in G.P
le

a+4 a + d + 15
 a–d+1 = a+4
ta

Put a = 2
2+4 2 + d + 15
 =
2–d+1 2+4
6 d + 17
 3–d
=
6
 36 = (3 – d) (17 + d)
2
 36 = 3d + 51 – d – 17d
 36 = – d2 – 14d + 51

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 446 Mathematics (Part-I)

 d2 + 14d – 51 + 36 = 0
 d2 + 14d – 15 = 0
 d2 + 15d – d – 15 = 0
 d (d + 15) – 1 (d + 15) = 0
 (d – 1) (d + 15) = 0
 d = 1 or d = – 15
when a = 2 , d = 1
a–d = 2–1 = 1

om
a = 2
a+d = 2+1 = 3
when a = 2 , d = – 15

.c
a – d = 2 – (– 15) = 2 + 15 = 17
a = 2
a + d = 2 + (– 15) = 2 – 15 = – 13
so the required numbers are 1, 2, 3
ty
or 17, 2, – 13
ci
GEOMETRIC MEANS
A number G is said to be a geometric means (G.M) between two numbers a and b if
a, G, b are in G.P. therefore
em

G b
a = G  G2 = ab  G =  ab

EXERCISE 6.7
le

Q.1 Find G.M. between

(i) – 2 and 8 (Lahore Board 2007)
ta

(ii) – 2i and 8i (Gujranwala Board 2007, Lahore Board 2008)

Solution:
(i) – 2 and 8
Let a = – 2 and b = 8
as G.M. =  ab
=  (– 2i) (8i) =  – 16 =  – 1 16 =  4i
(ii) – 2i and 8i
Let a = – 2i , b = 8i
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